IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems, Vol. PAS-97, No.

5, Sept/Oct 1978 1689

MOTOR STARTING PROTECTION BY IMPEDANCE SENSING
J. M. Shulman W. A. Elmore K. D. Bailey
Westinghouse Electric Corp. Westinghouse Electric Corp. Bechtel Power Corp.
San Francisco, Calif. Newark, N. J. San Francisco, Calif.

ABSTRACT EFFECT OF INERTIA AND VOLTAGE ON STARTING TIME

A linestart induction motor, when protected againstt Accelerating time of a motor is derived from the law
locked rotor by a time overcurrent relay, can be tripped off relating instantaneous torque T, inertia I and angular accele-
during a normal start under some conditions of load inertia and ' ration a of a rotating mass, T = Ia. During any time interval (t
voltage. Such failure to start can occur even when the relay \- t ) in the starting period when the change in speed is (s2 -
appears to be correctly set. To prevent it the relay should be acAelerationis (s - s )/(t - t), and the interval is
SI?,
disabled at a time after rotation begins and before the relay can 2 1 2 1
operate. A speed sensing switch can supervise in this way but ' (t2 - t1) = I (s2 -s (l)
requires direct access to rotating parts, sometimes not feasible TA
or not economical. Impedance sensing offers an
setable alternate means by direct relay monitoring
accurately!tVkwhere
of voltage,
T is average accelerating torque in the interval. Equa-
Q tionA (l) is atertg i scond when ( s) intrada Er
.. .. ~~~~'
current and phase angle without requiring access to rotating 22second gives (t - t ) in seconds when (sn - s )iS in radians per
parts.
INTRODUCTION A more useful form of equation (1) is

Starting problems with auxiliary motors have recently" (t2 - t1)= )! (n2 -n1) (2)
been a costly and time-consuming deterrent to the smooth 60g/ TA
startup procedure of some large power plants. A frequent \
problem has been failure to start when the motor coupled to its h ( n iS in. revolutions 2
frteistim. ;Swhere (n -
n,) per minute. In (2), g, WK and
load~
load is
appears
enrie
iS toenergized for the first time. Typically.
Tyic. th
the motor
mtr 5T
start properly, then is tripped off the line by relay t A
can i in either metric or English units: [1]
action before it reaches full speed. (2T/60g)2 TA
Large motors have customarily been protected againstS Metric 9.807 m/s2 .0107 kg m2 m kg
locked rotor current and overheating by a time overcurrent i
relay. The accepted method of setting the relay has been to H
find a relay time-current curve which fits between the thermal s English 32.17 ft/s2 .00325 lb ft2 ft lb
limit curve of the motor and the time-current starting curve of Average accelerating torque T A is the difference
the motor and load. between motor torque T and load torque TL. Motor torque
as tesur
the square offvrae
voage, soofrmtrtria otg E
When starting time is significantly less than permissible varies
v for motor terminal voltage
locked rotor time, full speed is reached well before the relay other than rated voltage ER
can operate. However, when starting time is prolonged enough 2
to approach or exceed permissible locked rotor time, the relay k TA TM I T L
can operate even though its time-current curve is at all points
above the motor starting curve. Thiscree tecauea r Starting time-current curves can be calculated using
SE equation (2) from the curve
corresponding constant discrete values of current, whereas a load the speed-current speed-torque curves of the motor and
of the motor, and the total inertia
motor starting curve a current which varies continuously as a c)
is of motor aEnd load. Speed-torque and speed-current data for an
function of time. d actual power plant motor driving an induced draft fan are given
In applications where starting time is prolonged many
5>in F 1.1 Inertia data for this application were:
Fig.
users have expressed concern that the small margin between Motor Rotor 1188 kg m2 ( 28 200 lb ft2
defined thermal limits and the starting curve justifies starting Coupling and load 8 934 kg 2 212 000 lb ft2)
protection devices over and above those normally applied. CTotal 10 122kg m" (24000 lb ft2)
The following discussion examines motor and load F
parameters which cause prolonged starting time. It proposes Fi. 2 s and
impedance sensing as an improved method of protection under speed intervals
curves in these intervals.
linear segments of the torque
assumingTime to reach full speed is 22.3
this condition. It illustrates a graphical method of setting an seconds at rated voltage and 49.4 seconds at 80% voltage. Also
impedance relay when voltage, current and phase angle at shown for comparisor~(curve C) is ghe starting curve for a load
locked rotor and at full load are known. \) inertia of 5 002 kg m (118 700 lb ft ), a maximum value defined
% by motor standards as that which a motor of standard design
t rated at this horsepower and speed should be capable of
'J accelerating without injurious temperature rise. [2j
Starting
J time with this load is 13.6 seconds. Starting time for the motor
uncoupled is 2.6 seconds.
r 77 501-0. A paper recorrended and approved by
the IEEE Power System Relaying Canmittee of the THERMAL LIMITS AND MARGINS
Pcwer Engineering Societv for presentation at the IEEE
PES Sunrer Meeting, Me-xico City, Mex., July 17-22, A portion of the thermal limit curve for the locked
1977. Manuscript submitted Januaxy 17, 1977; made rotor condition is also shown in Fig. 2. A thermal limit curve,
available for printing Marci 30, 1977. like a relay time-current curve, is a locus of points representing
0018-9510/78/0900 1689$00.75 ( 1978 IEEE
1690
temperature rise. Moreover, the thermal limit curve will have
a steeper slope once rotation begins because of ventilation, and
the margin will be greater tharn indicated by Fig. 2. [33
PRECAUTIONS ON INITIAL STARTUP
600 300
If premature tripping of a locked rotor overcurrent
relay occurs under prolonged starting conditions similar to Fig.
500 250
2, it is first essential to verify that both motor and load are in
satisfactory mechanical running condition. This is especially
important if the motor coupled to its load is being energized for
the first time. In most cases all prior testing of both motor and
400 200 __ load will have been done as individual units.
The best way to verify mechanical running condition on
initial startup is by visual monitoring. This practice is
300 150 recommended in the IEEE/ANSI Guide for AC Motor Protection.
[47
LOCKED ROTOR PROTECTION IN NORMAL OPERATION
200 100

It is rarely possible to visually monitor each start of a

large motor under normal operating conditions. The need then
100 _SO __D_ _ __
is for a device which will accurately and positively differentiate
between a start and a non-start condition, and which will
supervise the overcurrent protection relay by blocking it if start
does occur.
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 % Speed The IEEE/ANSI Guide for AC Motor Protection recom-
Fig. 1. Speed-torque and speed-current curves of induction motor driving mends a zero speed switch for this purpose, which is usually set
induced draft fan. to block the overcurrent relay at 5 to 10% speed. Speed
switches using mechanical, magnetic or optical sensing can be
maximum safe times for discrete, constant values of current. applied in this way. Their only real disadvantages are the
Since the motor starting curve is a current varying with time, requirement of some form of access to rotating parts and the
the term margin applied to the time between these two curves possible poorer reliability inherent to mechanical devices as
for a given current can be misleading. The only points on the compared with electrical devices.
starting curves which should be directly related to the thermal
curve are the locked rotor values. Impedance sensing can accomplish the same function as
a speed switch without access to rotating parts. The method
Starting times at both 100% and 80% voltage in this and the type of impedance relays which can do this will be
application are greater than permissible locked rotor times. described.
However, contrary to the impression which might be created,
this does not mean the motor has insufficient thermal capability IMPEDANCE CHANGE OF A MOTOR DURING START
for its high inertia load. If it begins rotating and accelerates
normally, at no time during start will it experience injurious Fig. 2 shows how motor current magnitude varies with
A - 100% Voltage. ilK2 = 240 200 lb ft2 time during start. To determine phase angle change the motor
i B - 80% Voltage, VK1 = 240 200 lb ft2
- 100% Voltage . W 146 900 lb ft2
phasor diagram can be used. This is a portion of the circle
8 C
D - Locked rotor thermal limit diagram discussed in most references on induction motors. [5]To
E
F
- Maximus locked rotor time at 100% Voltage
- Maxia locked rotor tbe at 80% Voltage
construct the phasor diagram for a given fixed voltage the
current and phase angle at locked rotor and at rated load must
60 be known. These data at 100% voltage for the motor under
consideration are:
D Full Load Locked Rotor
50 B Amps 337 1854 (550%)
Power Factor 91.4W 22.0 %
77.30
40 _ \N Phase Angle 23.9
Locked current OL and rated current OR are plotted at
their respective phase angles and a circle arc drawn through
both points L and R with center on the 90 degree current axis
F \ per Fig. 3.
30

20
A~~ curve
On the phasor diagram any current magnitude from
A Fig. 2 can be drawn as a line of length equal to that
current from the origin to its intersection with the circle, and
A ._ its phase angle then measured directly.
By selecting an arbitrary number of currents at times
10 _ through the starting range from Fig. 2, and determining phase
angle for each current from Fig. 3, a plot of motor impedance
from locked current point L to rated current point R can be
made on an R-X diagram per Fig. 4.
0

too 200 300 4w 500 600 % Current Fig. 5 is a phasor diagram for the motor at 80% voltage.
If current points from curve B Fig. 2 are plotted on Fig. 5, and
Fig. 2. Starting time-current curves calculated from Fig. 1. the motor impedance characteristic calculated as done at 100%
 1691

400

300

200

100

Fig. 3. Motor phaeor diagram at 100% voltage.

Fig. 5. Motor phasor diagram at 80% voltage.

Fig. 4. Motor impedance change during start

voltage, the impedance plot will be the same as Fig. 4. The

important conclusion is that the single impedance line of Fig. 4
is valid throughout the starting period, with accuracy sufficient
to determine impedance relay settings, regardless of voltage at
the motor terminals. Fig. 6. Distance relay setting for 15 seconds at 100% voltage.

APPLICATION OF AN IMPEDANCE (DISTANCE) RELAY

Impedance relays are used primarily for fault protection
on transmission lines. To optimize them for this purpose they
are designed to have circular R-X diagrams offset from the
origin and are referred to as distance relays.
A distance relay is responsive to all three parameters,
voltage, current and phase angle. It has a circular R-X
characteristic with half or more of the circle in the first
quadrant per Fig. 6. There is a separate circle for each setting
of the relay. Therefore, if the motor impedance curve Fig. 4 is
plotted on the same coordinates, a relay setting can be found
which crosses the motor impedance curve at any desired point.
The circle is the relay balance point. At motor start
the impedance is inside the circle and the relay contacts close.
If the motor starts its impedance will move along the line to the
right till it crosses the circle and the relay contacts open. If it
does not start the relay contacts will stay closed and allow the
overcurrent relay to trip the motor off.
The size of the impedance circle can be adjusted in very
small steps so it is possible to set the relay to open at any
desired value of starting current corresponding with any desired
value of time during the starting period in Fig. 2. Overload and
other types of protection at normal operating speed are
normally provided by separate sets of relays.
1692
DETERMINING DISTANCE RELAY SETTINGS [ 2] Load WK2 for Polyphase Squirrel Cage Induction
Motors, NEMA Standards for Motors and Generators
To make use of setting procedures and tables applicable MG-1, Part 20, par. 20.42, Jan. 1974.
to distance relays it is necessary to know the desired setting in
ohms on the secondary side of the voltage and current
transformers. The equation for converting motor per unit
[3] J. D. Russell and A. A. Regotti, "Thermal Limit
Curves - Protection for Auxiliary Induction Motors."
impedance to secondary ohms is IEEE Paper F76-614-8, 1976.
Z m
ohms
ER RC (Z
per unit) [4] Guide for AC Motor Protection, IEEE Standard 588-
NG-YTR\RV
IR (4) 1976, ANSI C37.96, par. 2.2.7.
[51
1-
Fink & Carroll, Eds., Standard Handbook for Electrical
Engineers. New York: McGraw Hill, 10th Ed. 1969, Sec.
where E and I are rated 3 phase line voltage and line current,
R is curent gansformer ratio and RV is voltage transformer 18_56, W8_57.
raYio.
For the motor under discussion E = 6600 volts, I =
[6] W. A. Elmore, "Motor Protection", Applied Protective
Relaying. Newark, N. J. 07101: Westinghouse Electric
337 amps, R = 400/5 (80) R = 7200X20 (60). Maxinm Corp. Relay Instrument Division, 1976, pp. 7-4 to-7-6.
permissible loSked rotor time is Y8 seconds at 100% voltage and
30 seconds at 80% voltage. With a time overcurrent relay set AC BUS
for 18 seconds at 550% current, a suitable time for the distance
relay is 15 seconds.
I
From Fig. 2 Curve A, current at 15 seconds is 518% and 52a
impedance is 19.6%. From Fig. 3 the phase angle is 66 . The CT
impedance circle for this setting is shown in Fig. 6. At 80%
voltage this setting will give operation in approximately 28
seconds. -o ___

SUPERVISION OF TIME OVERCURRENT OR OVERVOLTAGE

RELAY + DC

In most operating situations a time overcurrent relay ,+14

curve can be found which will position at or slightly below 51 or 59
permissible locked rotor times for both rated voltage and some
lower specified starting voltage. However, in some cases where
starting voltage is very low a curve may be needed which is
more inverse than any available overcurrent relay. A long time
overvoltage relay has inverse curves which may better match
the thermal curve. Since voltage and current are proportional
under locked rotor conditions the functional operation of Fig. 7. Supervision of overcurrent or overvoltage relay by
overvoltage and overcurrent relays is identical. speed switch.
14 - Speed switch
51 - Time overcurrent relay
Fig. 7 shows how supervision of an overcurrent or 52 - Breaker
overvoltage relay is accomplished by a speed switch with 52T- Breaker trip coil
59 - Time overvoltage relay
normally closed contacts, and Fig. 8 by a distance relay with
normally open contacts.
In figures 7 and 8 the voltage transformers for distance
and overvoltage relays are normally those connected to the
motor switchgear bus. If there is significant voltage drop on
the feeder between the switchgear bus and the motor terminals,
this drop should be taken into account in setting an overvoltage
relay.
CONCLUSIONS
One electric utility has applied a distance relay in the
manner described to prevent failure to start. It does work as
intended and accomplishes the desired result.
+ DC

Either a 3 phase or single phase distance relay can be 21

used. The latter is less costly, but some 3 phase distance relays I 51 or 59
have additional features which can be used for motor fault
protection or to back up other fault responsive devices. One
such relay, in addition to a 3 phase unit which recognizes the 2T
locked rotor condition and a 3 phase fault, has a phase to phase
unit which is directional, non responsive to balanced conditions,
and capable of sensing a phase to phase, phase-phase--ground, or
phase-ground fault with as low a magnitude as 15 ma. L61 Fig. 8. Supervision of overcurrent or overvoltage relay by
distance relay.
REFERENCES 21 - Distance relay
51 - Time overcurrent relay
[1] Metric Practice, IEEE Standard 268-1976, ANSI Z210.1- 52 -
52T-
Breaker
Breaker trip coil
1976, pp. 31-46. 59 - Time overvoltage relay
 1693
APPENDIX I
Calculation of Time-Current Starting Curves - Fig. 2
E = 100% ER, (n2 -n1) = 71 RPM
%n %IR %T7M %TL %TA TA- ft lb (t2 -
tI) sec. time-sec.
0 550 80 18 62 20 600 0
10 545 81 15 66 22 000 2.5 2.5
20 540 84 11 73 24 300 2.3 4.8
30 535 87 10 77 25 600 2.2 7.0
40 532 90 13 77 25 600 2.2 9.2
50 528 95 20 75 25 000 2.2 11.4
60 520 100 32 68 22 600 2.4 13.8
70 504 110 45 65 21 600 2.6 16.4
80 480 128 60 68 22 600 2.4 18.8
90 440 160 77 83 27 400 2.0 20.8
100 100 205 93 112 37 300 1.5 22.3
E = 80% ER, (n2 - n1) = 71 RPM
0 435 51 18 33 11 000 0
10 425 52 15 37 12 300 4.5 4.5
20 415 54 11 43 14 300 3.9 8.4
30 415 56 10 46 15 300 3.6 12.0
40 414 58 13 45 15 000 3.7 15.7
50 412 61 20 41 13 700 4.0 19.7
60 408 64 32 32 10 600 5.2 24.9
70 395 70 45 30 10 000 5.5 30.4
80 375 82 60 22 7300 7.6 38.0
90 335 102 77 25 8300 6.7 44.7
100 100 128 93 35 11 700 4.7 49.4

APPENDIX II
Calculation of Motor Impedance During Start - Fig. 4

E = 100% ER

time-sec. %IR %Z 80 Zohms E = 80% ER

0 550 18.2 77 2.74
5 540 18.5 74 2.79 time-sec. %IR %Z 00 Zohms
10 530 18.9 70.5 2.85
15 510 19.6 66 2.95 0 435 18.4 77 2.77
20 460 21.7 57 3.27 15 415 19.3 72.5 2.91
21 440 22.7 53 3.42 30 395 20.3 66 3.06
21.5 400 25.0 48 3.77 35 380 21.1 62 3.18
22.0 300 33.3 36 5.02 40 365 21.9 58.5 3.30
22.2 200 50.0 27 7.54 45 325 24.6 50 3.71
22.3 100 100.0 24 15.08 49.4 100 80.0 24 12.10
1694
Discussion
W.H. Butt and K.J. Khunkhun (Stone & Webster Engineering Corp.,
Boston, MA): We are grateful to the authors of this paper for providing
protection engineers with valuable application guidelines for the in-
creasingly difficult problem of locked rotor protection. In recent years,
locked rotor protection of motors used for reactor coolant pumps, in-
duced draft fans, forced draft fans and gas recirculating fans using only
overcurrent relays has become impossible. We have experienced cases
where the accellerating time at 100% voltage exceeds the rotor thermal
limit by as much as 10 seconds or more. Such conditions demand ade-
quate locked rotor protection.
We have been reviewing the application of impedance sensing for
locked rotor protection and offer the following comments for the
authors consideration.
1. The motor example in this paper indicates a change in phase angle
from 77.3° to 66° during the initial 15 seconds of motor starting.
From our review of reactor coolant pump motor data, we believe the
relative change in phase angle with respect to accellerating time may
not always be significant. In such cases, however, there is a definite
change in magnitude of the motor impedance. This helps to insure
resetting of the distance unit since the impedance locus is increasing
as well as changing in phase angle as shown in figure 6.
2. One of the disadvantages in the use of speed switches is the inability
to determine motor accelleration to relatively high values of rated
speed. Our studies indicate that the use of impedance sensing permits
verification of accelleration up to approximately 50% of rated speed.
3. It appears a margin of 3 seconds was allowed for resetting of the
distance relay in the example given. Would the authors care to ex-
pand on how this margin was determined and also give a minimum
margin for coordination of the distance relay with the overcurrent or
undervoltage relay?
4. We are considering the application of impedance sensing for locked
rotor protection of two speed motors using a single relay. By careful-
ly selecting the proper ratio of auxiliary current transformers and
switching the CT's into service during low speed operation, it appears
locked rotor protection for both high and low speed conditions can
be achieved.
5. For those uncommitted to differential protection of motors, the
backup protection of the 3 phase distance relay should be a definite
consideration.
6. This analysis demonstrates the need for accurately specifying load
and motor requirements and the assurance of receiving motor data
from the manufacturer.
7. We have been informed by Westinghouse Nuclear Steam Division
that a speed monitoring system will be included in the reactor coolant
pump motor protection package which will count preset revolutions
over two different adjustable time periods. Are the authors familiar
with the speed monitoring system and, if so, do they consider im-
pedance sensing a better application?
In conclusion, we would like to take the opportunity to acquaint
the authors of still one more problem in motor protection. We have
seen the application of gas recirculating fans which require accelerating
times as long as 60 seconds. Many of the long-time overcurrent relays
now available do not provide sufficient time delay at maximum time
dial to allow motor starting without compromising relay pickup. Such
cases may require the long-time overcurrent relays to be disabled during
motor starting.
Manuscript recieved July 28, 1977.
David H. Jackson (Gibbs & Hill Engineers, Inc., NY): The author's
presented a novel idea for detection of a start or non-start of a induc-
tion motor. There is a problem in selecting and coordinating a speed
switch, that invariably may be required after the motor is ready for
shipment or at times after it has been installed and ready for service.
Other conditions that may occur, which were not addressed in the
paper, are the operation of the protection scheme for sustained motor
overloads, bus overvoltage conditions, bus transfer for loss of voltage
and transients caused by clearing nearby faults. Was other protection
used, and if so what were the setting criteria? Was consideration given
to using a timer initiated by the impedance relay to supervise the over-
current protection?
A plot of the overcurrent relay setting on Figure 2 would be very
beneficial in order to see the pickup and the protection timing sequence,
although the plot would only represent discrete time values for cor-
responding values of current.
We have developed a computer program and have made computer
runs to provide data for the calculation of motor impedance during
starting.
The computer program takes into account the voltage change dur-
ing starting, source impedance, power factor and slip, which eliminates
the necessity of constructing a motor phasor diagram that may in some
cases be inaccurate. The information from the computer compared
favorably with the data presented in the paper.
What has been the operating history on the installation referred to
in the paper? Do the authors know of other applications where an im-
pedance sensing relay may not work satisfactorily due to the
characteristics of the motor, load, or other conditions that affect the
application?
Manuscript received August 5, 1977.
J.C. Appiarius (General Electric Co., Schenectady, NY) and J.T.
Tengdin (General Electric Co., Philadelphia, PA): The application of
any such protection scheme, or of a scheme involving speed switches,
requires close coordination with the characteristics of the power system,
the motor torque curve and the load torque curve. The implication in
this paper is that if the motor impedance exits the impedance circle, the
motor start has been successful. Consider Figure 1 as an example.
Curve D shows the motor torque curve for 80% voltage. Should the
motor voltage, under adverse conditions, actually be only 75% voltage,
Curve D would be even lower and more flat, and would intersect the fan
torque curve at approximately 75% speed. The motor would, thus, not
accelerate through that speed and the motor current would remain at
approximately 350% full load. It is not unusual for the minimum ac-
celerating torque (motor developed torque less load torque) to occur in
the 70-80% speed range where the load torque varies as the square of
the speed (centrifugal fans and pumps).
In the paper, a setting of the impedance relay such that the motor
impedance will exit in 15 seconds is recommended for the 100% voltage
case. At 80% voltage, the exit time is shown to be 28 seconds. Now refer
to Appendix I. By interpolation it can be shown that this impedance set-
ting corresponds to approximately 65% speed (65% in the 10007
voltage table, 66% in the 80070 table). If the impedance relay were to be
set to insure that the motor had passed through the 75% speed noted
above, then the impedance must be set somewhat higher, to a value cor-
responding to 80% speed in this case. From Appendix I, at 100%
voltage the time to exit this impedance is 18.8 seconds and at 80%
voltage is 38 seconds. Note that these times are greater than the per-
missible locked rotor times (given as 18 seconds and 30 seconds respec-
tively) making coordination with the supervised overcurrent or over-
voltage relay difficult.
Protective schemes similar to those described in this paper and
utilizing GCX and CEB relays are in service in Virginia Electric and
Power Company. During the presentation of this paper, it was stated by
the authors that the data was obtained from an 8000 HP motor at Rush
Island Station of Union Electric Company. What has been the ex-
perience with the scheme described in this paper at Rush Island? What
protective relays are used?
Manuscript received August 8, 1977.
J.M. Shulman, W.A. Elmore, and K.D. Bailey: Comments of the
reviewers and discussers are appreciated. Their observations confirm
that locked rotor protection does deserve special attention when long
starting times are involved.
Messrs. Butt and Khunkhun emphasize the important point that
impedance angle or impedance magnitude alone may not be
discriminating enough to distinguish between a successful and an unsuc-
cessful motor start. However, the combination of both affords a means
to positively recognize the difference.
The only coordination requirement for setting the distance relay is
it must operate before the 51/59 relay operates. If so, the latter may be
set exactly on the thermal limit curve D, Fig. 2, rather than below it,
without any possible danger of thermal damage. If coordination is re-
quired at a voltage less than 10007o, the 51/59 time-current curve may be
set arbitrarily close to curve D on its underside. It is important to keep
in mind that both the thermal limit curve and the 51/59 time-current
curve are being used only for a locked rotor condition and not for a
starting condition.

Voltage, current and phase angle, rather than time, determine the
distance relay setting. These three quantities can yield any desired
operating time less than the 51/59 operating time by choosing any
desired impedance circle in Fig. 6 which encloses time 0 and intersects
the motor impedance line to the left of maximum permissible locked
rotor time. How close the intersection can be to maximum permissible
locked rotor time is related to distance relay accuracy, typically 1.5%.
A setting of 10% below should be adequate in most cases. No useful
purpose is served by setting the distance relay so close to the 51/59 relay
time that it has to "race" to operate first.
It is possible to use impedance sensing for locked rotor protection
of a two-speed motor in the manner proposed by Messrs. Butt and
Khunkhun, but a better solution to the locked rotor protection problem
in this case might be to start the motor on the low speed winding and
switch over to the high speed winding after reaching full low speed.
Starting in this way reduces the total energy input to the motor during a
long start, and may put the second step of the starting curve far enough
below the thermal limit curve so that starting time is less than permissi-
ble locked rotor time, and the 51/59 relay alone provides adequate lock-
ed rotor protection.
The authors are not in a position to compare the "WNSD" speed
monitoring system with the distance relay scheme.
Very high inertia loads having starting times measured in minutes
should be provided with starting means other than linestart motors
which are to drive them at rated load and speed.
Messrs. Jackson, Appiarius and Tengdin mention operating condi-
tions that were not addressed in the paper, specifically overloads,
undervoltage, loss of voltage and transients. The distance relay scheme
is not intended to be primary protection against any condition except
locked rotor. It does provide as secondary coverage the ability to
recognize prolonged operation at reduced speed, the extent of this being
dependent on the particular motor parameters, and sensitive fault
detection when distance relays having this feature are employed. The
other devices normally used to detect overloads, undervoltage below a
minimum specified value, faults, unbalance etc. are stil required.
The computer program developed by Gibbs & Hill which Mr.
Jackson describes is an interesting refinement of the simpler approach
used in the paper. For improved accuracy it is important to take into ac-
count the voltage change during start, which the phasor diagrams do
not. It is encouraging to know that the data derived from the program
compares favorably with that in the paper.
The distance relay scheme was not used at the Rush Island Station
of Union Electric Company, and the authors regret that this impression
was created during the presentation of the paper. As a matter of fact,
the accumulation of field data has been altogether too limited. Others
are encouraged to investigate this innovation which we feel is a signifi-
cant step forward in protecting large motors in critical applications. We
have examined no case where the distance relay scheme did not provide
improvement over other conventional electrical methods of locked
rotor protection, but this is not to say that none exists.
Manuscript received October 25, 1977.
1695
Jack M. Shulman (M'41, SM'56) received the
BSEE degree from Ohio State University in 1940
and the MSEE degree in 1947 from the Universi-
ty of California, Berkeley.
In 1940 he joined the Westinghouse Electric
Corporation where, except for a period of ser-
vice in the U.S. Signal Corps during WW II, he
has been employed since. His work included
design of electrical machines and supervision of
the motor, switchgear and transformer engineer-
ing departments at the Sunnyvale, California
plant. At present he is a Fellow District Engineer, Power Systems, for
Westinghouse in San Francisco. He is a registered Professional
Engineer in the state of California.
Mr. Shulman is a past chairman of the San Francisco Chapter,
Power Engineering Society. He is a member of Sigma Xi, Tau Beta Pi,
and Eta Kappa Nu.
Walter A. Elmore (M'50, SM'58) was born in
Bartlett, Tennessee October 2, 1925. He received
the Bachelor of Science in electrical engineering
from the University of Tennessee in Knoxville in
1949. He has concentrated on Substation Design
at Memphis Light Gas and Water Division until
he joined Westinghouse in 1951.
Mr. Elmore was District Engineer in
Seattle, Washington for 12 years and joined the
Relay-Instrument Division at Newark, NJ in
1964 where he is now Consulting Engineering
Section Manager. He teaches in the Westinghouse Protective Relaying
School and has authored papers appearing in every major protective
relaying forum in the United States. He is a member of the IEEE Power
System Relaying Committee and Chairman of the Rotating Machinery
Protection Subcommittee. He is a registered Professional Engineer in
the state of New Jersey.
Kenneth D. Bailey (M'51, SM'62) received the
BSEE degree from University of California,
Berkeley in 1950.
He is a Registered Professional Engineer in
the States of California, Michigan, and Min-
nesota. Recipient of Department of U.S. Army
"Certification of Appreciation for Patriotic
Civilian Service" award in March 1970. Chair-
man of the Industry Advisory Committee for
San Francisco City College's Electro-Mechanical
Engineering Technology Curriculum. Chair-
man, IEEE Power Engineering Society Committee on Memberships
and Transfers for the San Francisco Chapter - 1974/75. Served as
Secretary-Treasurer of the IEEE San Francisco Chapter Power
Engineering Society (1975/76). Served as the Chapter's Vice-Chairman
1976/77. Current Chairman of the S.F. Chapter 1977/78. Member of
Nuclear Power Systems Symposium - 1973, 1975, and 1977. Chairman
of Monitors Committee for IEEE Power Engineering Society 1975
Summer Meeting.
Employed by Bechtel Power Corporation since 1950. Chief Electrical
Engineer for San Francisco Power Division, 1973 to 1978. Nominee to
U.C. Berkeley TAU Beta Pi Eminent Engineer Award 1977 and 1978.