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a1 0 0 a1n 0 0
1. If A = 0 a 2 0 , then for any integer n≥
≥1 show that An = 0 a n2 0 .
0 0 a 3
0 0 a 3n
a1 0 0
Given A = 0 a 2 0
m
Sol.
0 0 a 3
co
We shall prove the result by Mathematical induction.
n.
a1n 0 0
io
An = 0 a n2 0
0 0
a 3n at
uc
When n = 1
ed
a1 0 0
A = 0 a 2
1
0
i
sh
0 0 a 3
ak
a1k 0 0
w
i.e. A k = 0 a k2 0
0 0 a 3k
w
Now A k +1 = A k ⋅ A
a1k 0 0 a1 0 0
=0 a k2 0 0 a 2 0
0 0 a 3k 0 0 a 3
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a1k ⋅ a1 + 0 + 0 0+0+0 0+0+0
= 0+0+0 0 + a k2 ⋅ a 2 + 0 0+0+0
0 + 0 + 0 0+0+0 0 + 0 + a 3k ⋅ a 3
a1k +1 0 0
= 0 a k2 +1 0
0 0 a 3k +1
m
By Mathematical induction, the given result is true for all positive integral values of n.
co
a1n 0 0
i.e. A n = 0 a n2 0 , for any integer n ≥ 1.
n.
0 0 a 3n
io
at
uc
π
2. If θ – φ = , show that
2
ed
π π
Sol. Given θ − φ = ⇒ θ = + φ
ak
2 2
.s
π
cos θ = cos + φ = − sin φ
2
w
π
sin θ = sin + φ = cos φ
w
2
w
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cos 2 θ cos θ sin θ
∴
cos θ sin θ sin 2 θ
cos 2 φ cos φ sin φ
cos φ sin φ sin 2 φ
m
− sin φ cos φ + sin φ cos φ − sin φ cos φ + sin φ cos φ
3 3 2 2 2 2
co
0 0
= =0
0 0
n.
io
3. If A =
3 −4
1 −1
then show that An =
n
at
1 + 2n −4n
1 − 2n
, n is a positive integer.
uc
Sol. We shall prove the result by Mathematical Induction.
ed
1 + 2n −4n
An =
1 − 2n
i
n
sh
1 + 2 −4 3 −4
ak
n = 1 ⇒ A′ = =
1 1 − 2 1 −1
.s
1 + 2k −4k
w
Ak =
k 1 − 2k
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k +1 1 + 2k −4k 3 −4
A = A ⋅A =
k
k 1 − 2k 1 −1
3 + 6k − 4k −4 − 8k + 4k
=
3k + 1 − 2k −4k − 1 + 2k
2k + 3 −4k − 4
=
k + 1 −2k − 1
1 + 2(k + 1) −4(k + 1)
=
k +1 1 − 2(k + 1)
m
co
By Mathematical Induction, given result is true for all positive integral values of n.
n.
io
4. Give examples of two square matrices A and B of the same order for which
AB = 0 and BA ≠ 0. at
uc
a 0 0 0
Sol. A = , B = a a
a 0
ed
a 0 0 0 0 + 0 0 + 0
Then AB = = =0
i
a 0 a a 0 + 0 0 + 0
sh
0 0 a 0 0+0 0 + 0
ak
BA = = 2
a a a 0 a + a 0 + 0
2
.s
0 0
= 2 ≠0
w
2a 0
w
∴ AB = 0 and BA ≠ 0
w
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a + b + 2c a b
5. Show that c b + c + 2a b = 2(a + b + c)3
c a c + a + 2b
2(a + b + c) a b
= 2(a + b + c) b + c + 2a b
2(a + b + c) a c + a + 2b
m
1 a b
= 2(a + b + c) 1 b + c + 2a b
co
1 a c + a + 2b
n.
(R2 → R2 – R1, R3 → R3 – R1)
io
1 a b
= 2(a + b + c) 0 a + b + c
0 0 a+b+c
0 at
uc
= 2(a + b + c)(a + b + c) 2
ed
6. Show that
.s
a b c
2
2bc − a 2 c2 b2
b c a = c2 2ca − b2 a2 = (a 3 + b3 + c3 − 3abc)2 .
w
c a b b2 a2 2ab − c2
w
w
a b c
Sol. b c a
c a b
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2
a b c a b c a b c
b c a =b c a×b c a
c a b c a b c a b
a b c a b c
= b c a × ( −) c a b
c a b b c a
a b c − a − b −c
=b c a× c a b
m
c a b b c a
co
2bc − a 2 c2 b2
n.
= c2 2ca − b2 a2 …(2)
b2 a2 2ab − c2
io
From (1), (2) we get at
uc
a b c
2
2bc − a 2 c2 b2
b c a = c2 2ca − b 2 a2 = (a 3 + b3 + c3 − 3abc) 2
ed
c a b b2 a2 2ab − c2
i
sh
ak
a 2 + 2a 2a + 1 1
7. Show that 2a + 1 a + 2 1 = (a − 1)3 .
.s
3 3 1
w
a2 −1 a −1 0
R 1 → R1 − R 2
w
3 3 1 2
a +1 1 0
= (a − 1) 2 1 0
2
3 3 1
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a b c
8. Show that a 2 b 2 c2 = abc (a – b)(b – c)(c – a).
a3 b3 c3
1 1 1
Sol. L.H.S. abc a b c
a2 b2 c2
m
0 0 1
C1 → C1 − C 2
co
= abc a − b b−c c
C 2 → C 2 − C3
a 2 − b2 b2 − c2 c2
n.
0 0 1
io
= abc(a − b)(b − c) 1 1 c
a + b b + c c2 at
uc
= abc(a − b)(b − c)[0(c 2 − c(b + c) − 0(c2 − c(a + b) + 1(b + c − a − b)]
= abc(a − b)(b − c)(c − a)
i ed
sh
9. Show that
ak
−2a a + b c + a
a + b −2b b + c = 4(a + b)(b + c)(c + a).
.s
−2a a + b c + a
w
−2a 0 c+a
Let a + b = 0, then ∆ = 0 2a −a + c
c+a c−a −2c
Apply R1 → R1 + R3, R3 → R3 + R2
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c − a c − a −c + a
∆= 0 2a −a + c
c + a c + a −c − a
1 1−1
= (c − a)(c + a) 0 2a c − a = 0 (Q R1 ≡ R 3 )
1 1 −1
∴ (c + a) is a factor for ∆.
m
co
Q ∆ is a third degree expression in a, b, c.
n.
∆ ≡ k(a + b)(b + c)(c + a), where k is a non-zero scalar.
io
Put a = 1, b = 1, c = 1, then at
uc
−2 2 2
2 −2 2 = k(1 + 1)(1 + 1)(1 + 1)
ed
2 2 −2
i
⇒ 16 + 16 = 8k ⇒ k = 4
ak
Hence
w
−2a a + b a + c
w
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a −b b−c c−a
10. Show that b − c c − a a − b = 0 .
c−a a −b b−c
0 0 0
Sol. L.H.S. = b − c c − a a−b =0
c−a a −b b−c
By R1 → R1 + (R2 + R3)
m
co
1 a a 2 − bc
11. Show that 1 b b 2 − ca = 0 .
n.
1 c c2 − ab
io
R2 → R2 – R1, R3 → R3 – R2
at
uc
1 a a 2 − bc
Sol. L.H.S. 0 b − a b2 − a 2 + bc − ca
ed
0 c−b c 2 − b 2 + ac − ab
i
1 a a 2 − bc
sh
= (b − a)(c − b) 0 1 a + b + c
0 1 a+b+c
ak
= 0 = R.H.S.
w
w
x a a
w
x + 2a a a
Sol. L.H.S. = x + 2a x a
x + 2a a x
By C1 → C1 + (C2 + C3)
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1 a a
= (x + 2a) 1 x a
1 a x
1 a a
R 2 → R 2 − R1
= (x + 2a) 0 x − a 0
R 3 → R 3 − R1
0 0 x −a
m
co
13. Examine whether the following systems of equations are consistent or inconsistent
n.
and if consistent find the complete solutions.
io
I. x + y + z = 4
at
uc
2x + 5y – 2z = 3
X + 7y – 7z = 5
ed
1 1 1 4
i
Sol.
1 7 −7 5
ak
R2 → R2 – 2R1, R2 → R3 – R1 we get
.s
1 1 1 4
w
A ~ 0 3 −4 −5
0 6 −8 1
w
w
1 1 1 4
R3 → R3 – 2R2 we have A ~ 0 3 −4 −5
0 0 0 11
ρ(A) = 2, ρ(AB) = 3
ρ(A) ≠ ρ(AB)
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II. x + y + z = 6
x–y+z=2
2x – y + 3z = 9
1 1 1 6
Sol. Augmented matrix A = 1 −1 1 2
2 −1 3 9
m
co
R2 → R2 – R1, R3 → R3 – 2R1 we get
n.
1 1 1 6
A ~ 1 −2 0 −4
io
0 −3 1 −3
ρ(A) = 3 = ρ(AB)
at
uc
∴ The given system of equations are consistent.
ed
1 1 1 6
∴ A ~ 1 −2 0 −4
i
sh
0 −3 1 −3
ak
By R2 → R2 − , we obtain
1
2
.s
1 1 1 6
w
A ~ 0 1 0 2
w
0 −3 1 −3
w
1 0 1 4
A ~ 0 1 0 2
0 0 1 3
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By R1 → R1 – R3, we have
1 0 0 1
A ~ 0 1 0 2
0 0 1 3
∴ Solution is x = 1, y = 2, z = 3.
m
III. x + y + z = 1
co
2x + y + z = 2
n.
x + 2y + 2z = 1
io
1 1 1 1
Sol. Augmented matrix is A = 2 1 1 2
1 2 2 1
at
uc
R2 → R2 – R1, R3 → R3 – R1, we get
ed
1 1 1 1
A ~ 1 0 0 1
i
sh
0 1 1 0
ak
1 0 0 1
R1 → R1 – R3, we obtain A ~ 1 0 0 1
.s
0 1 1 0
w
1 0 0 1
w
0 1 1 0
The given system of equations are consistent and have infinitely many solutions.
[(x, y, z)1x = y + z = 0]
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IV. x + y + z = 9
2x + 5y + 7z = 52
2x + y – z = 0
1 1 1 9
Sol. Augmented matrix is A = 2 5 7 52
2 1 −1 0
m
co
By R2 → R2 – 2R1, R3 → R3 – 2R1, we get
n.
1 1 1 9
A ~ 0 3 5 34
io
0 −1 −3 −18
By R3 → R3 (–1), we obtain
at
uc
1 1 1 9
A ~ 0 3 5 34
ed
0 1 3 18
i
sh
1 0 −2 −9
A ~ 0 0 −4 −20
.s
0 1 3 18
w
By R2 → R2 − , we obtain
1
w
4
w
1 0 −2 −9
A ~ 0 0 1 5
0 1 3 18
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1 0 0 1
A ~ 0 0 1 5
0 1 0 3
1 0 0 1
By R2 ↔ R3, we obtain A ~ 0 1 0 3
0 0 1 5
∴ ρ(A) = ρ(AB) = 3
m
The given system of equations are consistent have a unique solution.
co
∴ Solution is given by x = 1, y = 3, z = 5.
n.
io
V. x + y + z = 6
x + 2y + 3z = 10
at
uc
x + 2y + 4z = 1
ed
1 1 1 6
Sol. Augmented matrix A = 1 2 3 10
i
sh
1 2 4 1
ak
1 1 1 6
A ~ 0 1 2 4
w
0 0 1 −9
w
1 1 0 15
A ~ 0 1 0 22
0 0 1 −9
By R1 → R1 – R2, we have
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1 0 0 −7
A ~ 0 1 0 22
0 0 1 −9
ρ(A) = ρ(AB) = 3
The given system of equations are consistent. They have a unique solution.
m
co
VI. x – 3y – 8z = –10
n.
3x + y – 4z = 0
io
2x + 5y + 6z = 13
2 5 6 13
i
sh
1 −3 −8 −10
.s
A ~ 0 10 20 30
w
0 11 22 33
w
R2 → R2
1 1
, R3 → R3 we have
w
10 11
1 −3 −8 −10
A ~ 0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3
By R3 → R3 – R2, we obtain
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1 −3 −8 −10
A ~ 0 1 2 3
0 0 0 0
By R1 → R1 + 4R2, we get
1 1 0 2
A ~ 0 1 2 3
0 0 0 0
m
ρ(A) = ρ(AB) = 2 < 3
co
∴ The given system of equations are consistent have infinitely many solutions.
n.
x + y = 2 and y + 2z = 3
io
Taking z = k, y = 3 – 2z = 3 – 2k
at
x = 2 – y = 2 – (3 – 2k) = 2 – 3 + 2k = 2k – 1
uc
∴ The solutions are given by x = –1 + 2k,
ed
VII. 2x + 3y + z = 9
ak
x + 2y + 3z = 6
.s
3x + y + 2z = 8
w
w
2 3 1 9
Sol. Augmented matrix A = 1 2 3 6
w
3 1 2 8
1 2 3 6
By R1 ↔ R2, we get A = 2 3 1 9
3 1 2 8
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1 2 3 6
A ~ 0 −1 −5 −3
0 −5 −7 −10
1 0 −7 0
A ~ 0 −1 −5 −3
0 0 18 5
m
By R3 → R3
1
, R2 → R2(–1) we obtain
18
co
1 0 −7 0
n.
A ~ 0 1 5 3
0 0 1 5 /18
io
By R1 → R1 + 7R3, R2 → R2 – 5R3, we get at
uc
1 0 0 35 /18
A ~ 0 1 5 3
ed
0 0 1 5 /18
i
By R2 → R2 – 5R3, we obtain
sh
1 0 0 35 /18
ak
A ~ 0 1 0 29 /18
0 0 1 5 /18
.s
w
ρ(A) = ρ(AB) = 3
w
35 29 5
∴ Solution is given by x = ,y = ,z = .
18 18 18
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1 1 4 6
VIII. Augmented matrix A = 3 2 −2 9
5 1 2 13
1 1 4 6
A ~ 0 −1 −14 −9
0 −4 −18 −17
m
By R3 → R3 – 4R2, we get
co
1 1 4 6
A ~ 0 −1 −14 −9
n.
0 0 38 19
io
By R2 → R2(–1), R3 → R3 , we have
1
2 at
uc
1 1 4 6
A ~ 0 1 14 9
ed
0 0 1 1/ 2
i
1 1 0 4
ak
A ~ 0 1 0 2
0 0 1 1/ 2
.s
w
1 0 0 2
A ~ 0 1 0 2
w
0 0 1 1/ 2
w
ρ(A) = ρ(AB) = 3
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14. Solve the following system of equations.
i) By using Cramer’s rule and matrix inversion method when the coefficient matrix is
non-singular.
ii) Using Gauss-Jordan method. Also determine whether the system has a unique solution
or infinite number of solutions or no solution and find solutions if exist.
1. 5x – 6y + 4z = 15
m
7x + 4y – 3z = 19
co
2x + y + 6z = 46
n.
∆1 ∆ ∆
Hint: x = ,y = 2 ,z = 3
∆ ∆ ∆
io
Sol. i) Cramer’s rule:
at
uc
5 −6 4
∆ = 7 4 −3
ed
2 1 6
15 −6 4
∆1 = 19 4 −3
.s
46 1 6
w
5 15 4
∆ 2 = 7 19 −3
2 46 6
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5 −6 15
∆ 3 = 7 4 19
2 1 46
∆1 1527
x= = =3
∆ 419
∆ 1676
y= 2 = =4
∆ 419
m
∆ 2514
z= 3 = =6
∆ 419
co
Solution is x = 3, y = 4, z = 6.
n.
ii) Matrix inversion method:
io
Hint: A −1 =
AdjA
det A
at
uc
5 −6 4
A = 7 4 −3
ed
2 1 6
i
sh
4 −3
A1 = = 24 + 3 = 27
1 6
ak
7 −3
B1 = − = −(42 + 6) = −48
1 6
.s
7 4
C1 = = 7 − 8 = −1
w
2 1
w
−6 4
A2 = − = −(−36 − 4) = 40
w
1 6
5 4
B2 = = 30 − 8 = 22
2 6
5 −6
C2 = − = −(5 + 12) = −17
2 1
−6 4
A3 = = 18 − 16 = 2
4 −3
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5 4
B3 = − = −(−15 − 28) = 43
7 −3
5 −6
C3 = = 20 + 42 = 62
7 4
A1 A 2 A 3 27 40 2
Adj A = B1 B2 B3 = −48 22 43
C1 C2 C3 −1 −17 62
m
det A = ∆ = 419
co
27 40 2
1
48 22 43
−1 AdjA
A = =
n.
detA 419
−1 −17 62
io
27 40 2 15
x = A −1D =
1
419
−48 22 43 19
−1 −17 62 46
at
uc
+405 + 760 + 92
1
= −720 + 418 + 1978
ed
419
−15 − 323 + 2852
1257 3
i
1
1676 = 4
sh
=
419
2514 6
ak
∴ Solution is x = 3, y = 4, z = 6.
.s
5 −6 4 15
w
2 1 6 46
5 −6 4 15
A ~ 0 62 −43 −10
0 17 22 200
1
R3 → R3
2095
155 0 −5 435
A ~ 0 62 −43 −10
0 0 1 6
m
R1 → R1 + 5R3, R2 → R2 + 43R3
co
155 0 0 465
n.
A ~ 0 62 0 248
0 0 1 6
io
1
R1 → R 1
1
R2 → R2
155 62
at
uc
1 0 0 3
ed
A ~ 0 1 0 4
0 0 1 6
i
sh
Solution is x = 3, y = 4, z = 6.
.s
2. x + y + z = 1
w
2x + 2y + 3z = 6
w
w
x + 4y + 9z = 3
I. i) Cramer’s rule
1 1 1
∆= 2 2 3
1 4 9
= 1(18 − 12) − 1(18 − 3) + 1(8 − 2)
= 6 − 15 + 6 = −3
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1 1 1
∆1 = 6 2 3
3 4 9
= 1(18 − 12) − 1(54 − 9) + 1(24 − 6)
= 6 − 45 + 18 = −21
1 1 1
∆2 = 2 6 3
1 3 9
= 1(54 − 9) − 1(18 − 3) + 1(6 − 6)
m
= 45 − 15 = 30
co
1 1 1
∆3 = 2 2 6
n.
1 4 3
io
= 1(6 − 24) − 1(6 − 6) + 1(8 − 2)
= −18 − 0 + 6 = −12 at
uc
∆1 −21
x= = =7
∆ −3
ed
∆ 2 30
y= = = −10
∆ −3
∆3 −12
i
z= = =4
sh
∆ −3
ak
Solution is x = 7, y = –10, z = 4.
.s
w
1 1 1 x 1
w
2 3
A1 = = 18 − 12 = 6
4 9
2 3
B1 = − = −(18 − 3) = −15
1 9
2 2
C1 = = 8−2 = 6
1 4
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1 1
A2 = − = −(9 − 4) = −5
4 9
1 1
B2 = = 9 −1 = 8
1 9
1 1
C2 = − = −(4 − 1) = −3
1 4
1 1
A3 = = 3− 2 =1
2 3
m
1 1
B3 = − = −(3 − 2) = −1
2 3
co
1 1
C3 = = 2−2 = 0
2 2
n.
A1 A 2 A 3 6 −5 1
io
AdjA = B1 B2 B3 = −15 8 −1
C1 C2 C3 6 −3 0 at
uc
DetA = ∆ = −3
ed
6 −5 1
= − −15 8 −1
AdjA 1
A −1 =
DetA 3
i
6 −3 0
sh
6 −5 1 1
x = A D = −15 8 −1 6
−11
ak
3
6 −3 0 3
.s
6 − 30 + 3 −21 7
= − −15 + 48 − 3 = − 30 = −10
1 1
w
3 3
6 − 18 + 0 −12 4
w
∴ Solution is x = 7, y = –10, z = 4.
w
1 1 1 1
Augmented matrix is A = 2 2 3 6
1 4 9 3
R 2 → R 2 − 2R1 , R 3 → R 3 − R1
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1 1 1 1
A ~ 0 0 1 4
0 3 8 2
R 3 → R 3 − 8R 2 , R1 → R1 − R 2
1 1 0 −3
A ~ 0 0 1 4
0 3 0 −30
1
R3 → R3
m
3
1 1 0 −3
co
A ~ 0 0 1 4
0 1 0 −10
n.
R1 → R 1 − R 3 , R 2 ↔ R 3
io
1 0 0 7
A ~ 0 1 0 −10 at
0 0 1 4
uc
Unique solution exists
ed
∴ Solution is x = 7, y = –10, z = 4.
i
sh
ak
3. x – y + 3z = 5
.s
4x + 2y – z = 0
w
–x + 3y + z = 5
w
1 −1 3
∆ = 4 2 −1
−1 3 1
= 1(2 + 3) + 1(4 − 1) + 3(12 + 2)
= 5 + 3 + 42 = 50
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5 −1 3
∆1 = 0 2 −1
5 3 1
= 5(2 + 3) + 1(0 + 5) + 3(0 − 10)
= 25 + 5 − 30 = 0
1 5 3
∆2 = 4 0 −1
−1 5 1
= 1(0 + 5) − 5(4 − 1) + 3(20 − 0)
m
= 5 − 15 + 60 = 50
co
1 −1 5
∆3 = 4 2 0
n.
−1 3 5
= 1(10 − 0) + 1(20 − 0) + 5(12 + 2)
io
= 10 + 20 + 70 = 100
x=
∆1 0
= =0
at
uc
∆ 50
ed
∆ 2 50
y= = =1
∆ 50
∆3 100
i
z= = =2
sh
∆ 50
ak
∴ Solution is x = 0, y = 1, z = 2
.s
w
1 −1 3 x 5
w
2 −1
A1 = = 2+3= 5
3 1
4 −1
B1 = − = −(4 − 1) = −3
−1 1
4 2
C1 = = 12 + 2 = 14
−1 3
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−1 3
A2 = − = −(−1 − 9) = 10
3 1
1 3
B2 = = 1+ 3 = 4
−1 1
1 −1
C2 = − = −(3 − 1) = −2
−1 3
−1 3
A3 = = 1 − 6 = −5
2 −1
m
1 3
B3 = − = −(−1 − 12) = 13
4 −1
co
1 −1
C3 = = 2+4 = 6
4 2
n.
A1 A 2 A 3 5 10 −5
io
∴ AdjA = B1 B2 B3 = −3 4 13
C1 C 2 C3 14 −2 6 at
uc
det A = a1A1 + b1B1 + c1C1
= 1 ⋅ 5 − 1 ⋅ (−30 + 3 ⋅14
ed
= 5 + 3 + 42 = 50
i
sh
5 10 −5
AdjA 1
A −1
= = −3 4 13
det A 50
14 −2 6
ak
.s
5 10 −5 5
1
X=A D= −1
−3 4 13 0
w
50
14 −2 6 5
w
25 + 0 − 25 0 0
w
1 1
= −15 + 0 + 65 = 50 = 1
50 50
70 + 0 + 30 100 2
∴ Solution is x = 0, y = 1, z = 2.
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1 −1 3 5
Augmented matrix is 4 2 −1 0
−1 3 1 5
By R 2 → R 2 − 4R1 , R 3 → R 3 + R1
1 −1 3 5
A ~ 0 6 −13 −20
0 2 4 10
1
R3 → R3
m
2
1 −1 3 5
co
A ~ 0 6 −13 −20
0 1 2 5
n.
io
R1 → R1 + R 3 , R 2 → R 2 − 6R 3
1 0 5 10
A ~ 0 0 −25 −50
at
uc
0 1 2 5
ed
−1
R2 → R2
25
i
1 0 5 10
sh
A ~ 0 0 1 2
0 1 2 5
ak
R1 → R1 − 5R 2 , R 3 → R 3 − 2R 2
.s
1 0 0 0
A ~ 0 0 1 2
w
0 1 0 1
w
w
R 2 ↔ R3
1 0 0 0
A ~ 0 1 0 1
0 0 1 2
Unique solution
∴ Solution is x = 0, y = 1, z = 2.
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4. 2x + 6y + 11 = 0
6x + 20y – 6z + 3 = 0
6y – 18z + 1 = 0
2 6 0
Sol. ∆ = 6 20 −6
0 6 −18
m
= 2(−360 + 36) − 6(−108 − 0)
co
= −648 + 648 = 0
n.
∴ Cramer’s rule and matrix inversion method cannot be used. Q ∆ = 0
io
ii) Gauss Jordan method:
0 −11
at
uc
2 6
Augmented matrix is 6 20 −6 −3
0 6 −18 −1
ed
R 2 → R 2 − 3R1
i
sh
2 6 0 −11
A ~ 0 2 −6 30
ak
0 6 −18 −1
R 3 → R 3 − 3R 2
.s
2 6 0 −11
A ~ 0 2 −6 30
w
0 0 0 −93
w
w
ρ(A) = 2, ρ(AB) = 3
ρ(A) ≠ ρ(AB)
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5. 2x – y + 3z = 9
x+y+z=6
x–y+z=2
2 −1 3
∆= 1 1 1
1 −1 1
m
= 2(1 + 1) + 1(1 − 1) + 3(−1 − 1)
co
= 4 + 0 − 6 = −2
n.
9 −1 3
∆1 = 6 1 1
io
2 −1 1
= 9(1 + 1) + 1(6 − 2) + 3(−6 − 2)
= 18 + 4 − 24 = −2
at
uc
2 9 3
ed
∆2 = 1 6 1
1 2 1
i
sh
2 −1 9
∆3 = 1 1 6
.s
1 −1 2
w
= 16 − 4 − 18 = −6
w
∆1 −2 ∆ −4
x= = = 1, y = 2 = =2
∆ −2 ∆ −2
∆3 −6
z= = =3
∆ −2
Solution is x = 1, y = 2, z = 3.
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ii) Matrix inversion method:
2 −1 3 x 9
Let A = 1 1 1 , X = y and D =
6
1 −1 1 z 2
1 1
A1 = = 1+1 = 2
−1 1
1 1
B1 = − =0
1 1
m
1 1
C1 = = −1 − 1 = −2
1 −1
co
−1 3
n.
A2 = − = −(−1 + 3) = −2
−1 1
io
2 3
B2 = = 2 − 3 = −1
1 1
2 −1
at
uc
C2 = − = −(−2 + 1) = 1
1 −1
i ed
−1 3
sh
A3 = = −1 − 3 = −4
1 1
ak
2 3
B3 = − = −(2 − 3) = 1
1 1
.s
2 −1
C3 = = 2 +1 = 3
1 1
w
w
A1 A 2 A 3 2 −2 −4
AdjA = B1 B2 B3 = 0 −1 1
w
C1 C2 C3 −2 1 3
2 −2 −4
= − 0 −1 1
−1 AdjA 1
A =
DetA 2
−2 1 3
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2 −2 −4 9
X = A D = − 0 −1 1 6
−1 1
2
−2 1 3 2
18 − 12 − 8 −2 1
1 1
= − −6 + 2 = − −4 = 2
2 2
−18 + 6 + 6 −6 3
Solution is x = 1, y = 2, z = 3.
m
2 −1 3 9
co
Augmented matrix A = 1 1 1 6
1 −1 1 2
n.
R1 → R1 − 2R 2 , R 3 → R 3 − R1
io
0 −3 1 − 3
A ~ 1 1 1 6
0 −2 0 −4
at
uc
0 −3 1 − 3
ed
1
R 3 → R 3 − gives A ~ 1 1 1 6
2
0 1 0 2
i
sh
R1 → R1 + 3R 3 , R 2 → R 2 − R 3
ak
0 0 1 3
A ~ 1 0 1 4
0 1 0 2
.s
w
0 0 1 3
R 2 → R 2 − R1 gives A ~ 1 0 0 1
w
0 1 0 2
w
By R1 ↔ R 2 , R 2 ↔ R 2 − R 3 we get
1 0 0 1
A ~ 0 1 0 2
0 0 1 3
Solution is x = 1, y = 2, z = 3.
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6. 2x – y + 8z = 13
3x + 4y + 5z = 18
5x – 2y + 7z = 20
2 −1 8
m
∆= 3 4 5
5 −2 7
co
= 2(28 + 10) + 1(21 − 25) + 8( −6 − 20)
n.
= 76 − 4 − 208 = −136
io
13 −1 8
∆1 = 18 4 5
20 −2 7
at
uc
= 13(28 + 10) + 1(126 − 100) + 8(−36 − 80)
= 494 + 26 − 928 = −408
ed
2 13 8
i
∆ 2 = 3 18 5
sh
2 20 7
= 2(126 − 100) − 13(21 − 25) + 8(60 − 90)
ak
= 52 + 52 − 240 = −136
.s
2 −1 13
w
∆3 = 3 4 18
5 −2 20
w
∆1 −408
x= = =3
∆ −136
∆ −136
y= 2 = =1
∆ −136
∆ −136
z= 3 = =1
∆ −136
∴ Solution is x = 3, y = 1, z = 1.
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ii) Matrix inversion method:
2 −1 8 x 13
Let A = 3 4 5 , X = y and D =
18
5 −2 7 z 20
4 5
A1 = = 28 + 10 = 38
−2 7
3 5
B1 = − = −(21 − 25) = 4
5 7
m
3 4
C1 = = −6 − 20 = −26
5 −2
co
−1 8
A2 = − = −(−7 + 16) = −9
n.
−2 7
io
2 8
B2 = = (14 − 40) = −26
5 7
C2 = −
2 −1
5 −2
= −(−4 + 5) = −1
at
uc
−1 8
ed
A3 = = −5 − 32 = −37
4 5
i
sh
2 8
B3 = − = −(10 − 24) = 14
3 5
ak
2 −1
C3 = = 8 + 3 = 11
3 4
.s
A1 A 2 A 3 38 −9 −37
w
AdjA = B1 B2 B3 = 4 −26 14
w
C1 C2 C3 −26 1 11
w
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38 −9 −37
1
4 −26 14
−1 AdjA
A = =−
Det A 136
−26 1 11
38 −9 −37 13
X = A −1D = −
1 4 −26 14 18
280
−26 1 11 20
494 −162 −740
1
=− 52 −468 +280
136
−338 −18 +220
−408 3
m
1
=− −136 = 1
136
−136 1
co
Solution is x = 3, y = 1, z = 1.
n.
io
iii) Gauss Jordan method: at
uc
2 −1 8 13
Augmented matrix is A = 3 4 5 18
ed
5 −2 7 20
i
R 2 → 2R 2 − 3R1 , R 3 → 2R 3 − 5R 2 we get
sh
2 −1 8 13
A ~ 0 11 −14 −3
ak
0 1 −26 −25
R1 → R1 + R 3 , R 2 → R 2 − 11R 3 , we get
.s
2 0 −18 −12
w
A ~ 0 0 272 272
0 1 −26 −25
w
w
1
R2 → R2 we get
272
2 0 −18 −12
A ~ 0 0 1 1
0 1 −26 −25
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2 0 0 6
A ~ 0 0 1 1
0 1 0 1
1 0 0 3
1
R 2 ↔ R 3 , R1 we get A ~ 0 1 0 1
2
0 0 1 1
m
7. 2x – y + 3z = 8
co
–x + 2y + z = 4
n.
3x + y – 4z = 0
io
Sol. i) Cramer’s rule:
at
uc
2 −1 3
∆ = −1 2 1
ed
3 1 −4
= 2(−8 − 1) + 1(4 − 3) + 3(−1 − 6)
= −18 + 1 − 21 = −38
i
sh
8 −1 3
ak
∆1 = 4 2 1
0 1 −4
.s
2 8 3
∆ 2 = −1 4 1
w
3 0 −4
= 2(−16 − 0) − 8(4 − 3) + 3(−0 − 12)
= −32 − 8 − 36 = −76
2 −1 8
∆3 = −1 2 4
3 1 0
= 2(0 − 4) + 1(0 − 12) + 8(−1 − 6)
= −8 − 12 − 56 = −76
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∆ −76
x= 1 = =2
∆ −38
∆ −76
y= 2 = =2
∆ −38
∆ −76
z= 3 = =2
∆ −38
∴ Solution is x = 2, y = 2, z = 2.
m
ii) Matrix inversion method:
co
2 −1 3 x 8
Let A = −1 2 1 , X = y , D =
4
n.
3 1 −4 z 0
io
2 1
A1 = = −8 − 1 = −9
1 −4
−1 1
at
uc
B1 = − = −(4 − 3) = −1
3 −4
−1 2
ed
C1 = = −1 − 6 = −7
3 1
i
sh
−1 3
A2 = − = −(4 − 3) = −1
1 −4
ak
2 3
B2 = = −8 − 9 = −17
3 −4
.s
2 −1
C2 = − = −(2 + 3) = −5
3 1
w
w
−1 3
A3 = = −1 − 6 = −7
2 1
w
2 3
B3 = − = −(4 + 3) = −7
−1 2
2 −1
C3 = = 4 −1 = 3
−1 2
A1 A 2 A 3 −9 −1 −7
AdjA = B1 B2 B3 = −1 −17 −7
C1 C2 C3 −7 −5 3
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det A = a1A1 + b1B1 + c1C1
= 2(−9) − 1(−1) + 3(−7)
= −18 + 1 − 21 = −38
−9 −1 −7
= − −1 −17 −7
−1 AdjA 1
A =
detA 38
−7 −5 3
−9 −1 −7 8
X = A D = − −1 −17 −7 4
−1 1
38
−7 −5 3 0
m
−72 − 4 −76 2
= − −8 − 68 = − −76 = 2
1 1
co
38 38
−56 − 20 −76 2
n.
Solution is x = 2, y = 2, z = 2.
io
iii) Gauss Jordan method:
2 −1 3 8
at
uc
Augmented matrix is A = −1 2 1 4
3 1 −4 0
ed
0 3 5 16
A ~ −1 2 1 4
ak
0 7 −1 12
.s
0 3 5 16
A ~ −3 0 −7 −20
w
0 0 −38 −76
w
1
R 3 → R 3 − , we get
38
0 3 5 16
A ~ −3 0 −7 −20
0 0 1 2
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R1 → R1 − 5R 2 , R 2 → R 2 + 7R 3 , we get
0 3 0 6
A ~ −3 0 0 −6
0 0 1 2
1 1
R1 → R1 , R 2 → R 2 − , R1 → R 2 we get
3 3
1 0 0 2
A ~ 0 1 0 2
m
0 0 1 2
co
∴ The given equations have a unique solution and solution is x = 2, y = 2, z = 2.
n.
io
8. Solve x + y + z = 9
2x + 5y + 7z = 52
at
uc
2x + y – z = 0
ed
1 1 1
∆ = 2 5 −7
ak
2 1 −1
= 1(−5 − 7) − 1(−2 − 14) + 1(2 − 10)
.s
= −12 + 16 − 8 = −4
w
9 1 1
w
∆1 = 52 5 7
0 1 −1
w
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1 1 9
∆ 3 = 2 5 52
2 1 0
= 1(0 − 52) − 1(0 − 104) + 9(2 − 10)
= −52 + 104 − 72 = −20
∆1 −4
x= = =1
∆ −4
∆ −12
y= 2 = =3
∆ −4
∆ −20
z= 3 = =5
m
∆ −4
co
Solution is x = 1, y = 3, z = 5
n.
ii) Matrix inversion method:
io
1 1 1 x 9
Let A = 2 5 7 , X = y , D =
52
at
2 1 −1 z 0
uc
5 7
A1 = = −5 − 7 = −12
ed
1 −1
2 7
B1 = − = −(−2 − 14) = 16
i
2 −1
sh
2 5
C1 = = 2 − 10 = −8
ak
2 1
.s
1 1
A2 = − = −(−1 − 1) = 2
1 −1
w
1 1
B2 = = −1 − 2 = −3
2 −1
w
1 1
w
C2 = − = −(1 − 2) = 1
2 1
1 1
A3 = = 7−5 = 2
5 7
1 1
B3 = − = −(7 − 2) = −5
2 7
1 1
C3 = = 5−2 = 3
2 5
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A1 A 2 A 3 −12 2 2
AdjA = B1 B2 B3 = 16 −3 −5
C1 C2 C3 −8 1 3
−12 +2 2
= − 16 −3 −5
−1 AdjA 1
A =
detA 4
−8 1 3
m
co
−12 +2 2 9
X = A D = − 16 −3 −5 52
−1 1
n.
4
−8 1 3 0
−108 + 104 −4 1
io
= − 144 − 156 = − −12 = 3
1 1
4 4
−72 + 52 −20 5 at
uc
∴ Solution is x = 1, y = 3, z = 5.
i ed
1 1 1 9
ak
Augmented matrix A = 2 5 7 52
2 1 −1 0
.s
w
R 2 → R 2 − 2R1 , R 3 → R 3 − R 2
1 1 1 9
w
A ~ 0 3 5 34
w
0 −4 −8 −52
R1 → 3R1 − R 2 , R 3 → 3R 3 + 4R 2
3 0 −2 −7
A ~ 0 3 5 34
0 0 −4 −20
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1
R 3 → R 3 − , we obtain
4
3 0 −2 −7
A ~ 0 3 5 34
0 0 1 5
R1 → R1 + 2R 3 , R 2 → R 2 − 5R 3 , we get
3 0 0 3
A ~ 0 3 0 9
0 0 1 5
m
1 1
R1 → R1 , R 2 → R 2 we have
3 3
co
1 0 0 1
A ~ 0 1 0 3
n.
0 0 1 5
io
∴ The given equations have a unique solution and solution is x = 1, y = 3, z = 5.
at
uc
9. Solve the following system of homogeneous equations.
ed
i. 2x + 3y – z = 0
i
sh
x – y – 2z = 0
ak
3x + y + 3z = 0.
.s
2 3 −1
Sol. The coefficient matrix is 1 −1 −2
w
3 1 3
w
2 3 −1 2 3 −1
w
x = y = z = 0 only.
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ii. 3x + y – 2z = 0
x+y+z=0
x – 2y + z = 0
Hint: If the determinant of the coefficient matrix ≠ 0 then the system has trivial
solution. i.e. ρ(A) = 3.
3 1 −2
The coefficient matrix is 1 1 1
m
Sol.
1 −2 1
co
3 1 −2
n.
1 1 1 = 3(1 + 2) − 1(1 − 1) − 2(−2 − 1)
1 −2 1
io
= 9 + 6 = 15 ≠ 0, ρ(A) = 3
iii. x + y – 2z = 0
ak
2x + y – 3z = 0
.s
5x + 4y – 9z = 0
w
1 1 −2
w
1 1 −2
2 1 −3 = 1(−9 + 12) − 1(−18 + 15) − 2(8 − 5)
5 4 9
= 3+3−6 = 0
1 1
∴ Rank of A = 2 as the sub matrix is non-singular, ρ(A) < 3.
2 1
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Hence the system has non-trivial solution.
1 1 −2
A = 2 1 −3 the system of equation is equivalent to the given system of equations
5 4 9
are
x + y – 2z = 0
–y + z = 0
m
Let z = k ⇒ y = k, x = k
co
∴ x = y = z = k for real number k.
n.
io
IV. x + y – z = 0 at
uc
x – 2y + z = 0
ed
3x + 6y – 5z = 0
1 1 −1
i
sh
R 2 → R 2 − R1 , R 3 → R 3 − 3R1
.s
1 1 − 1
A ~ 0 −3 2
w
0 3 −2
w
w
1 1
and rank(A) = 2 as the sub matrix is non-singular. Hence the system has non-
0 −3
x+y–z=0
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3y – 2z = 0
2k k
Let z = k ⇒ y = ,x=
3 3
k 2k
∴x = ,y = , z = k for any real number of k.
3 3
1 2
10. Find the adjoint and the inverse of the matrix A = .
3 −5
m
1 2
Sol. | A |= = −5 − 6 = −11 ≠ 0
3 −5
co
Hence A is invertible.
n.
−5 −3
io
The cofactor matrix of A =
−2 1
−5 −2
at
uc
∴ AdjA =
−3 1
ed
5 2
AdjA 1 −5 −2 11 11
∴ A −1 = =− =
det A 11 −3 1 3 1
−
i
11 11
sh
1 3 3
ak
11. Find the adjoint and the inverse of the matrix A = 1 4 3 .
1 3 4
.s
w
1 3 3
| A | = 1 4 3
w
Sol.
1 3 4
w
∴ A is invertible.
7 −1 −1
The factor of A is B = −3 1 0
−3 0 1
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7 −3 3
∴ Adj A = B = −1 1 0
T
−1 0 1
7 −3 3
AdjA
∴A −1
= = −1 1 0 , Q| A |= 1
det A
−1 0 1
1 2 1
12. Find the inverse of A = 3 2 3 .
m
1 1 2
co
1 2 1
Sol. Let A = 3 2 3
n.
1 1 2
io
det A = 1(4 – 3) – 2(6 – 3) + 1(3 – 2)
= 1 – 6 + 1 = –4
at
uc
The cofactors of elements of A are
ed
A11 = + (4 − 3) = 1
i
A12 = −(6 − 3) = −3
sh
A13 = + (3 − 2) = 1
ak
A 21 = −(4 − 1) − 3
A 22 = +(2 − 1) = 1
.s
A 23 = −(1 − 2) = 1
w
A31 = + (6 − 2) = 4
A32 = −(3 − 3) = 0
w
A33 = + (2 − 6) = −4
w
A11 A 21 A31 1 −3 4
∴ AdjA = A12 A 22 A32 = −3 1 0
A13 A 23 A33 1 1 −4
1 −3 4
= − −3 1 0
AdjA 1
∴A –1
=
det A 4
1 1 −4
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0 1 2
13. Find the rank of A = 1 2 3 using elementary transformations.
3 2 1
1 2 3
Sol. A ~ 0 1 2 (on interchanging R1 and R2)
3 2 1
1 2 3
~ 0 1 2 R3 → R3 – 3R1
m
0 −4 −8
co
1 0 −1
R1 → R1 − 2R 2
~ 0 1 2
n.
R → R 3 + 4R 2
0 0 0 3
io
1 0
The last matrix is singular and at
is a non-singular sub matrix of it. Hence its rank
0 1
uc
is 2.
ed
∴ Rank (A) = 2.
i
sh
1 2 0 −1
ak
1 2 0 −1
w
Sol. A = 3 4 1 2
w
−2 3 2 5
w
R2 → R2 – 3R1, R3 → R3 + 2R1
1 2 0 1
~ 0 −2 1 5
0 7 2 3
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R1 → R1 + R 2 , R 3 → 2R 3 + 7R 2
1 0 1 4
~ 0 −2 1 5
0 0 11 41
R1 → 11R1 − R 3 , R 2 → 11R 2 − R 3
11 0 0 3
~ 0 −22 0 13
0 0 11 41
11 0 0
m
Now det 0 −22 0 = 11(–232) ≠ 0.
co
0 0 11
n.
Hence ran (A) = 3.
io
at
15. a) Apply the test of rank to examine whether the following equations are
uc
consistent. 2x – y + 3z = 8, –x + 2y + z = 4, 3x + y = 4z = 0 and, if consistent, find
the complete solution.
ed
2 −1 3 8
i
Sol.
3 1 −4 0
ak
−1 2 1 4
~ 2 −1 3 8
w
3 1 −4 0
w
w
R 2 → R 2 + 2R1 , R 3 → R 3 + 3R1
−1 2 1 4
~ 0 3 5 16
0 7 −1 12
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R 3 → 3R 3 − 7R 2
−1 2 1 4
~0 3 5 16
0 0 −38 −76
−1 2 1
Now det 0 3 5 = (−1)(3)(−38) = 144
0 0 −38
m
∴ The system has a unique solution.
co
We write the equivalent system of the equations from (F) : i.e.
n.
–x + 2y + z = 4
io
3y + 5z = 16 at
uc
–38z = –76
ed
∴ z = 2, y = 2, x = 2 is the solution.
i
sh
b) Show that the following system of equations is consistent and solve it completely
ak
x + y + z = 3, 2x + 2y – z = 3, x + y – z = 1.
.s
1 1 1 x 3
Let A = 2 2 −1 , X = y and D = 3
w
Sol.
1 1 −1 z 1
w
w
AX = D
1 1 1 3
Augmented Matrix [AD] = 2 2 −1 3
1 1 −1 1
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R 2 → R 2 − 2R1 , R 3 → R 3 − R1
1 1 1 3
~ 0 0 −3 −3
0 0 −2 −2
R 3 → 3R 3 − 2R 2
1 1 1 3
~ 0 0 −3 −3
0 0 0 0
Clearly all the sub matrices of order 3 × 3 of the above matrix are singular.
m
co
Hence rank of A ≠ 3, and rank of [AD] ≠ 3
n.
1 1
Now consider the sub matrix of both A and AD is non-singular.
0 −3
io
Hence Rank(A) = 2 = Rank [AD]
at
uc
∴ The system of equations is consistent and has infinitely many solutions.
ed
x+y+z=3
i
sh
–3z = –3 ⇒ z = 1
ak
and x + y = 2
.s
16. Solve the following simultaneous linear equations by using Cramer’s rule.
w
w
3x + 4y + 5z = 18
2x – y + 8z = 13
5x – 2y + 7z = 20
3 4 5 x 18
Sol. Let A = 2 −1 8 , X = y , D =
13
5 −2 7 z 20
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i.e. AX = D
3 4 5
∆ = det A = 2 −1 8
5 −2 7
= 3(−7 + 16) − 4(14 − 40) + 5(−4 + 5)
= 27 + 104 + 5 = 136 ≠ 0
18 4 5
∆1 = 13 −1 8 = 408
20 −2 7
m
3 18 5
co
∆ 2 = 2 13 8 = 136
5 20 7
n.
2 4 18
∆3 = 2 −1 13 = 136
io
5 −2 20
∆ 136
∆ 2 136
y= = =1
i
∆ 136
sh
∆3 136
z= = =1
∆ 136
ak
inversion method.
3 4 5 x 18
Sol. Let A = 2 −1 8 , X = y , D =
13
5 −2 7 z 20
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det A = 3(–7 + 16) – 4(14 – 40) + 5(–4 + 5)
= 27 + 104 + 5 = 136
m
A 22 = + (21 − 25) = −4
A 23 = −(−6 − 20) = 26
co
A31 = + (32 + 5) = 37
n.
A32 = −(24 − 10) = −14
A33 = (−3 − 8) = −11
io
A11
∴ AdjA = A12
A 21
A 22
A 31 9 −38 37
A 32 = 26 −4 −14
at
uc
A13 A 23 A 33 1 26 −11
ed
9 −38 37
1
26 −4 −14
−1 AdjA
A = =
i
det A 136
1 26 −11
sh
9 −38 37 18
1
26 −4 −14 13
ak
−1
X=A B=
136
1 26 −11 20
.s
136 136
18 +338 −220 136 1
w
∴ x = 3, y = 1, z = 1 is the solution.
w
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18. Solve the following equations by Gauss-Jordan method.
3x + 4y + 5z = 18
2x – y + 8z = 13
5x – 2y + 7z = 20
3 4 5 18
Sol. The augmented matrix is 2 −1 8 13
5 −2 7 20
m
co
R 1 → R1 − R 2
1 5 −3 5
n.
= 2 −1 8 13
io
5 −2 7 20
R 2 → R 2 − 2R 3 , R 3 → R 3 − 5R1
at
uc
1 5 −3 5
= 0 −11 14 3
ed
1 5 −3 5
= 0 1 −26 25
ak
1 0 127 130
= 0 1 −26 −25
w
R 3 → R 3 + (−680)
w
1 0 127 135
= 0 1 −26 −25
0 0 1 1
R1 → R1 − 127R 3 , R 2 → R 2 + 26R 3
1 0 0 3
= 0 1 0 1
0 0 1 1
x+y+z=3
2x + 2y – z = 3
x + y – z = 1.
1 1 1 x 3
m
Let A = 2 2 −1 , X = y and D =
3
1 1 −1 z 1
co
n.
The augmented matrix is
io
1 1 1 3
[AD] = 2 2 −1 3
1 1 −1 1 at
uc
R 2 → R 2 − 2R1 , R 3 → R 3 − R1
ed
1 1 1 3
~ 0 0 −3 −3
0 0 −2 −2
i
sh
2
R3 → R3 − R 2
ak
3
1 1 1 3
~ 0 0 −3 −3
.s
0 0 0 0
w
w
Hence the following is the system of equations equivalent to the given system of
w
equations:
x + y + z = 3, –3z = –3
Hence z = 1, x + y = 1
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20. By using Gauss-Jordan method, show that 2x + 4y – z = 0, x + 2y + 2z = 5,
3x + 6y – 7z = 2 has no solution.
2 4 −1 0
Sol. 1 2 2 5
3 6 −7 2
R 2 → 2R 2 − R1 , R 3 → 2R 3 − 3R1
2 4 −1 0
~ 0 0 5 10
m
0 0 −11 4
co
R 3 → 5R 3 + 11R 2
2 4 −1 0
n.
~ 0 0 5 10 (Final matrix)
0 0 0 130
io
at
Hence the given system of equations is equivalent to the following system of equations
2x + 4y – z = 0, 5z = 10 ⇒ z = 2 and
uc
0(x) + 0(y) + 0(z) = 130
ed
21. Find the non-trivial solutions, if any, for the following equations.
w
2x + 5y + 6z = 0, x – 3y – 8z = 0 3x – y – 4z = 0
w
w
2 5 6
Sol. The coefficient matrix A = 1 −3 −8
3 1 −4
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1 −3 8
A ~ 2 5 6
3 1 −4
m
A ~ 0 1 2
co
0 10 20
R 3 → R 3 + 10
n.
1 −3 8
A ~ 0 1 2
io
0 1 2
x – 3y – 8z = 0
.s
w
y + 2z = 0
w
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⇒ x + 4 − 2y = 0 ...(1)
2x + 2 − 2y = 0 ...(2)
x 2 + 4 + y2 = 9
x + 2y + 4 = 0
x − y +1 = 0
3y + 3 = 0 ⇒ y = −1
∴ x = y − 1 = −1 − 1 = −2
∴ x = −2, y = −1
m
a a 2 bc
co
22. Prove that b b 2 ca = (a − b)(b − c)(c − a)(ab + bc + ca)
2
c c ab
n.
io
a a2 bc a2 a3 abc
1 2
Sol. b b2 ca = b b3 abc
c c2 ab
abc 2
c c3 abc
at
uc
a2 a3 1 1 a2 a3
ed
1
= abc b2 b3 1 = 1 b 2 b3
abc
c2 c3 1 1 c2 c3
i
sh
0 a 2 − c2 a 3 − c3
R 1 → R1 − R 3
ak
= 0 b 2 − c2 b 3 − c3
R2 → R2 − R3
1 c2 c3
.s
w
0 a + c a 2 + ac + c 2
(a − c)(b − c)
0 b − c b2 + bc + c2
w
=
R 2 → R 2 − R1
1 c2 c3
w
0 a+c a 2 + ac + c2
= (a − c)(b − c) 0 b − c b 2 − a 2 + bc − ac
1 c2 c3
0 a + c a 2 + ac + c2
= (a − c)(b − c)(b − a) 0 1 c+a +b
1 c2 c3
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a + c a 2 + ac + c 2
= (a − c)(b − c)(b − a)
1 a +b+c
1+ a 1 1
1 1 1
1 1+ b 1 = abc 1 + + +
m
a b c
1 1 1+ c
co
1 1 1
+1
n.
1+ a 1 1 a a a
1 1 1
1 1+ b 1 = abc 1+
io
Sol.
b b b
1 1 1+ c
1 1 1
c c c
at
+1
uc
C1 → C1 + C2 + C3
ed
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1+ + + 1+ + + 1+ + +
a b c a b c a b c
i
sh
1 1 1
= abc 1+
b b b
1 1 1
ak
+1
c c c
.s
w
1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1
= abc 1 + + + 1+
w
a b c b b b
1 1 1
w
1+
c c c
1 0 0
1 1 1 C2 → C 2 − C1
= abc 1 + + + 1/ b 1 0
a b c C → C3 − C1
1/ c 0 1 3
1 1 1
= abc 1 + + +
a b c
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b+c c+a a+b a b c
24. Show that c + a a + b b + c = 2 b c a
a+b b+c c+a c a b
By applying R1 ⇒ R1 + R2 + R3
m
2(a + b + c) 2(a + b + c) 2(a + b + c)
= c+a a+b b+c
co
a+b b+c c+a
a+b+c a+b+c a+b+c
n.
= 2 c+a a+b b+c
io
a+b b+c c+a
By applying R2 → R2 – R1 and R3 → R3 – R1 at
uc
a +b+c a+b+c a +b+c
= 2 −b −c −a
ed
−c −a −b
i
sh
By applying R1 → R1 + R2 + R3
ak
a b c
= 2 − b − c −a
.s
− c −a − b
w
a b c
w
= (2)(−1)(−1) b c a
c a b
w
a b c
= 2 b c a = R.H.S.
c a b
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25. Show that
1 a2 a3
1 b2 b3 = (a − b)(b − c)(c − a)(ab + bc + ca)
1 c2 c3
1 a2 a3
Sol. L.H.S = 1 b 2 b3
1 c2 c3
m
By applying R2 → R2 – R1 and R3 → R3 – R1
co
1 a2 a3
n.
= 0 b2 − a 2 b 2 − a 3
0 c2 − a 2 c3 − a 3
io
1 a2 a3
at
uc
= (b − a)(c − a) 0 b + a b 2 + ba + a 2
0 c+a c 2 + ca + a 2
ed
Applying R2 → R2 – R3
i
sh
1 a2 a3
= −(a − b)(c − a) 0 b − c b 2 − c2 + a(b − c)
ak
0 c+a c2 + ca + a 2
.s
1 a2 a3
= −(a − b)(c − a)(b − c) 0 b+c+a
w
1
0 c + a c2 + ca + a 2
w
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1 a2 a3
∴ 1 b 2 b3 = (a − b)(b − c)(c − a)(ab + bc + ca)
1 c2 c3
1 ω ω2
26. If ω is a complex cube root of 1 then show that ω ω2 1 =0.
ω2 1 ω
1 ω ω2
m
Sol. ω ω2 1
ω2 ω
co
1
R1 → R1 + R2 + R3
n.
io
1 + ω + ω2 1 + ω + ω2 1 + ω + ω2
= ω
ω
2
ω2
1
1
ω
at
uc
0 0 0
= ω ω2 1 [Q1 + ω + ω2 = 0]
ed
ω2 1 ω
i
=0
sh
a−b−c 2a 2a
ak
a −b−c
w
2a 2a
Sol. 2b b−c−a 2b
w
2c 2c c−a −b
w
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R1 → R1 + R 2 + R 3
a−b−c a+b+c a+b+c
= 2b b−c−a 2b
2c 2c c−a−b
1 1 1
= (a + b + c) 2b b−c−a 2b
2c 2c c−a −b
C 2 → C 2 − C1
C 3 → C 3 − C1
1 0 0
m
= (a + b + c) 2b − (a + b + c) 0
− (a + b + c)
co
2c 0
= (a + b + c) 3
n.
io
at
uc
i ed
sh
ak
.s
w
w
w
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