Kingdom Animalia

Super Phylum Protostoma

Phylum Annelida: similar chordate characteristics: bilateral symmetry, segmentation, ventral spinal cord
Super Phylum Deuterostoma
Phylum Echinoderma: chordate similar characteristics: radial cleavage, enterocoelus, deuterostomate
Phylum hemichordate: no notochord
Class Enteropneusta (Acorn worm): protosome/proboscis, mesosome/collar, metosome/trunk
Phylum Chordata
Subphylum Urochordata
Class Ascidia (sea squirts): no notochord and tail @maturity (complete metamorphosis)
Class Larvacea (appendicularis): notochord and tail retained @maturity (pedomorhosis)
Class Thaliacea (sea salps): no larval stage (peramorphosis)
Subphylum Cephalochordata (amphioxus)w/ oral cirri and chemoreceptors
Subphylum crainiata (craniates)
Superclass Agnatha (jawless)
Class Myxini (hagfish)
Class cephalasdimorphii (ostracoderm)
Order Petromyzon (lamprey)
Superclass Gnathostomata (jawed)
Class Placoderm: bony dermal plates, paired pectoral and pelvic fins
Order Arthrodia: heavy head and gill shied and movable joints
Order Antiarch: dorsal eyes and flat belly, bottom dweller
Class Chondrochthyes (cartilaginous fish): ventral mouth, placoid scales, macrolecital eggs with claspers
Subclass Elasmobanchii: endoskeleton always cartilaginous, ventral and exposed gill slits, no ossification
Order Squaliformes (sharks)
Order Rajiformes (manta ray)
Subclass Holocephalan: Jaws can ossify
Class Acanthodian (spiny fishes)
Superclass Ostheichthyes (bony fishes) with swim bladder
Class actinopterygii (ray-finned): with bony operculum, no interal nares
Subclass chondrostean: very little ossification, ganoid scales
Subclass Neopterygii: ossification of endoskeleton but parts of head still cartilaginous, contains TELEOSTS
Class Sarcopterygii (lobe finned): internal nares, air sac, operculum
Subclass Actinista: extinct except for
Subclass Rhipdistians: ancestors of tetrapods,  tittaalik  tetrapods
Subclass Dipnoans (true lungfish and resembles amphibians)
Superclass Tetrapoda
Class Amphibia
Subclass Labyrinthodonts (Ichthyostega: oldest): toothed, minute bony dermal scales, rhipsidian skull
Subclass Lissamphibia
Order Apoda (caecillans) nostly limbless, yolky eggs, aquatic species are viviparous
Order Urodela (Salamander) Retain gills slits/cutaneous respiration
Order Anura (frogs: “no tail”) most advanced and diverse
Class Reptilia (amnion, chorion, allantois)
Subclass Anapsida (no temporal fossa)
Order Chelonia: turtles
Subclass Synapsida (pelycosaurus): one temporal fossa, becomesmammals, 2 occipital condyles, 20 palate, heterodont
 Order Therapsida: ancestors of mammals
Subclass Diapsida: 2 temporal fossa
Super Order Archosauria: Thecodonts (socketed teeth)
Order Pterosaurs: wing membrane called patagium
Order Crocodilia
Order Saurichian: ancestors of birds, similar hip bones, carnivores
Order Ornithiscian: parallel hip and pubic bones, herbivores
Superorder Lepidosauria
Order Squamate (lizard, snake) with nctitating membrane
Suborder lizard
Suborder Snakes
Suborder Amphibaenians
Subclass Euryapsida: one pair of tempoeral fossa, ichthyosaurs and pleisosaurs
Class Aves: feathered vertebrates, endothermic, bipedal, diapsid skull
Subclass Archeornithes: ancient birds, repitilian skulls and tails
Subclass Neornithes: modern birds
Superorder Odontognathae (toothed marine birds)
Superorder Paleognathae (ratites) Slender beaks, small wings, powerful leg muscles
Superorder Neognathae (carinates) advanced jaw structure, annual migration
Class Mamalia
Subclass Protheria: egg laying mammals
Order Monotremata (platypus and echidna) – egg laying, cloaca, no nipples
Subclass Theria: gives birth to young
Superorder Metatheria: pouch of mammary gland, yolk sac placenta
Order Marsupalia (kangaroo) fetal yolk sac, maternal abdominal pouch
Superorder Eutheria: chorioallantoic placenta
Order Insectivora: fossorial, sensitive snout and ornamentations, smooth cerebral hemisphere
Order Xenarthra: very flexible, alienlike, insectivores with no incisors or canines
Order tubulidentata: south American anteater, tubular teeth
Order Pholidotes: (pangolin, scaly anteater) lives in trees (arborial), keratin scales
Order Chiroptera: flying mammals, similar wing to pterosaurs, spiral flying
Order Primate: Arborial mammals
Suborder Prosimians (tarsier, lemur) early primates
Suborder Anthropoids (apes)
Infraorder Platyrrhine: tailed apes, downward nostrils, prehensile (tailed)
Infraorder Catarrhine: tailless apes, monkeys, upward nostrils, lives on land
Order Rodentia: 1 pair of conical incisors in upper jaw, largest order, capybara, largest rodent
Order Lagomorpha (pika): mouse-like, rabbits, 2 pairs of incisors
Order Fissipedia (bears, dogs, cats) carnivorous, fast running legs on land
Order Pinnipedia (sealion): modified legs for swimming
Order Perissodactyla (horses, rhino): odd toed, mesaxonic foot, ungulate, plant eating
Order Artirodactyla (pig, giraffe, cattle): even toed, paraxonic, ungulate, plant eating
Order Hyracoidea (hyrax): subungulate, rodent-like but each foot is hooved
Order Proboscidea (elephant): tusks = incisors, modified hoof similar cranium with hyracoidean
Order Sirenia (manatee and dugong): swimmers, flippers have flat hooves in end
Order Cetacea (whales): no hooves, permanently marine, similar cranium and vertebra with ungulates