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INFOEXPO
INFOEXPO
ADVANTAGE
Fluorescence spectroscopy is a method widely used in analytical
measurements and in scientific research, especially in biochemistry and
biomedicine. The two main reasons why the use of this spectroscopic
technique became widespread are: 1) its great
sensitivity and 2) the high level of evolution achieved by both the
required instruments and the fluorophores designed for specific
applications. Although one of the most widely used applications of
fluorescence is the labeling of macromolecules (as an alternative to
radioactive isotope labeling), it can be used, for example, to perform
studies of molecular dynamics, structural analysis of proteins,
quantification of ions in cellular compartments , microscopy, membrane
potential analysis, interactions between macromolecules, etc.
Compared with absorption methods, the sensitivity of the methods
based on
Fluorescence is 10 to 10,000 times higher, this means that nanograms
can be analyzed to picograms of various analytes with very good results.
Another advantage of fluorescence is its specificity, which allows the
identification of specific molecules in complex matrices. As a
disadvantage, it can be distinguished that it has fewer applications than
absorption spectroscopy, since the amount of chemical systems that
fluoresce is relatively limited. However, even when the analyte does not
exhibit natural fluorescence, fluorescent probes that bind to specific
functional groups can be used in the molecule under study.
METODO
Las moléculas tienen diferentes estados llamados niveles de energía. La
espectrometría de fluorescencia se refiere principalmente a estados vibracionales y
electrónicos. En general, las especies objeto de examen tendrán un estado
electrónico basal (un estado de baja energía) de interés, y un estado electrónico
excitado de mayor energía. Dentro de cada uno de estos estados electrónicos hay
diferentes estados vibracionales.
La molécula desciende luego a uno de los distintos niveles de vibración del estado
electrónico basal, emitiendo un fotón en el proceso. Como las moléculas pueden
caer a cualquiera de los diferentes niveles de vibración en el estado basal, los
fotones emitidos tendrán diferentes energías y, por lo tanto, frecuencias. Así pues,
mediante el análisis de las diferentes frecuencias de luz emitida por espectrometría
de fluorescencia, junto con sus intensidades relativas, se puede determinar la
estructura de los diferentes niveles de vibración.
.
FUNDAMENTO DE LOS FLUOROFOROS
Cuando el fluoróforo absorbe la luz, uno de sus electrones pasa a un estado
excitado (mayor energía) que es inestable y cuando vuelve a su estado basal, el
exceso de energía se libera en forma de luz pero de una longitud de onda más larga
(menor energía) que la de excitación. Este proceso está representado por el
diagrama Perrin-Jablonski.
PROTEIN FLUORESCENCE
There are three aromatic amino acids that absorb light in the range of UV
spectrum, phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan. Due to its molar
absorptivity, tyrosine (ε276 = 1405 M-1 cm-1) and tryptophan ((ε280 = 5579 M-
1 cm-1) have been widely used for the study of proteins.
Spectrofluorimetry is an important tool in protein folding studies. Jones et al.
showed that during the refolding of the E. coli hydrofolate 48 reductase, the
fluorescence decayed. The measurement of the decay time of the anistropía
as well as the life times of the emission, provided more information about the
intermediaries in the folding, from which it had been obtained. Similarly, the
use of tryptophan analogues can also be used to obtain information on protein
dynamics.
Figure 27 schematically shows a protein that has a fluorescent molecule
attached to the glutamic acid residue and a lysine residue, which due to the
short distance between them absorbs the energy of the fluorophore. When the
enzyme in question cuts between both residues, the distance between the
fluorophore and the quencher increases, allowing fluorescence.
SECUENCIACIÓN DE DNA
Durante mucho tiempo la secuenciación de AND estuvo asociada a nucleótidos marcados
radioactivamente. Se utilizaban isótopos como fósforo-32, fósforo-33 o azufre-35
incorporados a nucleótidos específicos. Actualmente se utilizan nucleótidos marcados
fluorescentemente. El procedimiento se basa en copiar la cadena templado introduciendo
en el medio nucleótidos marcados fluorescentemente y que además estén modificados
(2´,3´-dideoxinucleótidos) de tal manera que bloqueen la extensión de la cadena
De esta manera la polimerasa tomará aleatoriamente un nucleótido marcado que
incorporará a la cadena creciente terminando su elongación, así se obtendrán productos de
diferentes tamaños con un nucleótido fluorescente en el extremo 3´. Cada base se marca
con un fuoróforo diferente (Figura 30).
Los secuenciadores, detectan la fluorescencia de los cuatro marcadores distintos que
identifica a cada base. Cada fluoróforo emite a diferente longitud de onda cuando es
excitado con un LASER.
DNA SEQUENCING
For a long time, DNA sequencing was associated with radioactively labeled nucleotides.
Isotopes were used such as phosphorus-32, phosphorus-33 or sulfur-35 incorporated into
specific nucleotides. Currently, fluorescently labeled nucleotides are used. The procedure is
based on copying the tempered chain introducing in the middle fluorescently labeled
nucleotides and which are also modified (2', 3'-dideoxynucleotides) in such a way as to block
the extension of the chain
In this way the polymerase will randomly take a labeled nucleotide that will incorporate the
growing chain ending its elongation, thus obtaining products of different sizes with a
fluorescent nucleotide at the 3'-end. Each base is marked with a different fuorophore (Figure
30).
The sequencers detect the fluorescence of the four different markers that identify each base.
Each fluorophore emits at a different wavelength when excited by a LASER.