VINAYAKA MISSION’S KIRUPANANDA VARIYAR ENGINEERING COLLEGE,

SALEM
VINAYAKA MISSIONS UNIVERSITY

Basic Electrical Engineering

Commmon to ALL First Year B.E. / B.Tech. Courses
QUESTION BANK ( 2008 – 2009)

SATHISH.R, L/EEE 2
 QUESTION BANK ( 2008 – 2009)
BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
UNIT – I
PART A
1. Define current.
2. State Kirchhoff’s current law.
3. Define potential.
4. Mention the applications of Megger.
5. Define power.
6. State Ohm’s law.
7. Define Cycle and Frequency.
8. List out the classifications of Moving Iron Instruments.
9. Define Average value and RMS value.
10. How to achieve the resonance in electrical circuits?
11. Define power factor.
12. What are the errors occurred in MI and MC Instruments?
13. Write down the expression of Series and Parallel resonant Frequency.
14. Draw the phasor diagram of RLC circuits.
15. What is resonance?
16. What is meant by resistance?
17. State Kirchhoff’s voltage law
18. Write down the expression when three resistance are connected in series
and parallel
19. How the Inductor Differed from the Capacitor?
20. Define form factor?
21. Which type of instrument is called as universal instrument?
22. What is the need of Damping force?
23. What are the systems used for producing control force?
24. What is meant by eddy current damping?
25. List out the coils in wattmeter?

SATHISH.R, L/EEE 3
 PART B
1. Find the current flowing through 4 ohm and 5 ohm resistors using mesh current

method
2. Explain about
i) Kirchhoff’s law
ii) Ohm’s law
iii) Compare series and parallel circuits.

3. Derive an equation for impedance, current, power and power factor in RL circuit
with its phasor diagram.

4. Draw and explain any one type of the Moving Coil instruments. List the merits
and demerits.

5. Find the equivalent resistance using series and parallel combination in the
network shown in Figure.

SATHISH.R, L/EEE 4
6. Draw and explain the construction and working principle of Megger. List out
the merits and demerits.

7. With neat diagram explain the working principle of Induction type Energy
Meter. Give the
advantages and disadvantages.

8. Draw and explain any one type of the Moving iron instruments. Give the merits
and demerits.

9. Briefly explain about the operating forces needed for indicating instruments?

10. Derive an equation for impedance, current, power and power factor in RLC
circuit with its phasor diagram.

UNIT – II
PART-A
1. Define Faradays law of electromagnetic induction.
2. What are the types of DC machines?
3. Which parts of a DC generator need to be laminated?
4. Draw the speed torque characteristics of DC series motor.
5. What is the need of a starter?
6. What are the methods of speed control of DC motor?
7. Define Transformer.
8. Define back emf.
9. What are the main advantages of DC motors?
10. Define efficiency of a transformer?
11. Give the important application of DC series motor.
12. Distinguish between core type and shell type transformer.
13. What are the two main parts of a DC motor?
14. What is voltage regulation of a transformer?
15. Mention any 2 advantages of Armature control method?
16. Distinguish between Self Excited and Separately Excited Machines.
17. List out the Field control methods of DC Series Motor.
18. What is the basic principle of operation of a DC motor?
19. What is the importance of Air Gap & Commutator in DC Machines?
20. What are the major parts of DC generator?
21. What are the types of windings used in DC machines?
22. What is the function of commutator in a DC generator?

SATHISH.R, L/EEE 5
 23. What are the losses in transformer?
24. What is meant by eddy current loss?
25. What are the different types of transformer?
PART-B

1. With a neat sketch explain the principle operation of DC generator.

2. Draw and explain the construction of DC generator.
3. Derive the EMF equation of DC generator.
4. Draw and explain the principle operation of DC motor.
5. Explain the principle of operation of a transformer.
6. Explain briefly about the operation of 3 point starter with neat diagram.
List out the merits and demerits
7. Write short notes on any one method of speed control of DC Motor.
8. A 25KW, 250 V dc shunt generator has armature and field resistances of
0.06Ω and 125Ω respectively. Calculate the total power developed by the
armature when it delivers full load output.
9. Explain the various methods of speed control of DC shunt motor?
10. Briefly explain about the (i) The rating of transformer .(ii) Classification of
transformer

UNIT-III
PART-A

1. Why the single phase induction motor is not self started?

2. What is the need for Earthing?
3. Draw the slip torque characteristics of slip ring induction motor.
4. Give the application of squirrel cage induction motor.
5. What are the advantages of a three phase induction motor?
6. Give the classification of Induction motor.
7. Write the principle of synchronous motor?
8. List the application of synchronous motor.
9. Mention the different types of wiring.
10. What is the purpose of adding external resistance in the rotor circuit?
11. What is the purpose of Synchronous-Modifier and Synchronous-
Condenser?
12. What are the properties of a synchronous motor?
13. Differentiate between synchronous and induction motors.
14. What are the methods to determine the voltage regulation?
15. What is the main function of Damper winding?

SATHISH.R, L/EEE 6
 16. Write down the two types of alternators?
17. Name the various parts of an alternator?
18. What are the starting methods of synchronous motor?
19. What are the two types of rotors of an induction motors?
20. Define slip.
21. What are the different types of induction motor starters?
22. State the two types of three phase induction motor.
23. What are the applications of slip ring induction motor?
24. What are the different types of single phase induction motors?
25. What are the advantages of capacitor-start capacitor run motor?

PART-B

1. Explain the principle of operation of single phase induction motor?

2. Draw and explain the construction of Three phase induction motor?
3. Explain the construction & operational details of Alternator?
4. Write short notes on
i. Wiring
ii. Joints
iii. Earthing
5. Explain the operation of any one method of the single phase induction
motor.

6. (a) Compare squirrel cage and slip ring induction motor.

(b) Distinguish between Synchronous motor and induction motor.

7. Explain the construction details of Synchronous motor.

8. Briefly explain about the squirrel cage rotor and slip ring rotor and give its
merits and demerits?

9. Briefly explain about

i. Stair case wiring .
ii. Fluorescent tube wiring
iii. Cleat wiring system

SATHISH.R, L/EEE 7
 10. Draw and explain the construction operational details of Three phase
induction motor?

QUESTION BANK KEY

SATHISH.R, L/EEE 8
 UNIT – I

PART A
(Key)

1. Define current.

The current is defined as the rate of change of flow of electrons in the conductor
is called current. The symbol of current is’ I’ and its unit is ampere(A).

2. State Kirchhoff’s current law

Kirchhoff’s current law is state that at any junction point sum of current entering
is equal to sum of the current leaving the junction .
∑ I Entering = ∑ I Leaving .

3. Define potential.

Potential is defined as that the capacity of a charged body to do work is called

potential . The symbol of potential is V and its unit is volt (v)
.
4. Give the applications of Megger.

1. Which is used to measure very high resistances in the order of Mega ohms.
2. It can be used to measure the insulation resistance of cables and wiring installations

5. Define power.

Power is defined as the rate at which work done is called power .

power P=VI (product of voltage and current is called power)
its unit is WATTS

6. State Ohm’s law.

At a constant temperature the potential difference across the conductor is directly

proportional to the current is called ohms law . its relation is V=IR

Where R is the resistance in ohms and

I is the current in amps

SATHISH.R, L/EEE 9
 7. Define cycle and frequency.

Cycle: One complete set of positive and negative values of alternating quantity is
known as cycle.

Frequency: Number of cycles completed in one second is called frequency. It is denoted

as ‘f’. It is measured in cycles/seconds. f = 1/T. where f is the frequency and T is the time
period

8. Give the classifications of moving iron instruments.

The classifications of moving iron instruments :

1. Attraction type
2. Repulsion type instrument

9. Define average value and RMS value.

Average value : Is nothing but averaging the all the values of an alternating quantity over
one cycle is called average value. It can be obtained by finding the area under the curve
and dividing it by the base period .

Rms value: It is defined as that steady current which when flowing through a given
resistance for a given time produces the same amount of heat as produced by the
alternating current when flowing through the same resistance for the same time

10. How to achieve the resonance in electrical circuits?

When the power and impedance is maximum then the circuit is said to be resonance

11. Define power factor.

The power factor is said to be cosφ. The cosφ is the phase angle between the
voltage and current .

12. What are the errors occurred in MI and MC instruments?

The errors occur in the MI and MC instruments are

1. Hysteresis error
2. temperature error

SATHISH.R, L/EEE 10
 13. Write down the expression of Series and Parallel resonant Frequency.

Series: fr = 1
2π√LC

parallel: fr = 1
2π√1/LC

14. Draw the phasor diagram of RLC circuits.

S
v = IZ VL= IXL(VL - VC)
ф I
O V = IR P VC = IXC

15. What is resonance?

The ac circuit comprising of R, L and C for the applied voltage the current is in phase is
known as resonance.

16.What is meant by resistance ?

The resistance is the property of substance which opposes the flow of

current . it is measured in ohms.

17.State Kirchhoff’s voltage law

Kirchhoff’s voltage law states that at a closed path algebraic sum of

potential rise is equal to algebraic sum of potential drop.

SATHISH.R, L/EEE 11
 18.Write down the expression when three resistance are connected in series
and parallel

For series connection total resistance = R1 + R2 + R3

For parallel connection Total resistance = R1R2
R1+R2

19. How the Inductor Differed from the Capacitor?

INDUCTOR stores the energy in the form of electromagnetic field.

CAPACITOR stores the energy in the form of electrostatic field.

20.Define form factor?

The form factor is defined as the ratio of r.m.s value to average value
Form factor = R.M.S value
Average value

21.Which type of instrument is called as universal instrument?

The moving iron instrument is called as universal instrument , because it

can be used for both AC and DC.

22.What is need of damping force?

Even though when there is controlling force to bring the pointer to rest
position , due to inertia of motion the pointer will oscillate about the final
position. To avoid this damping force is provided. This force is used to damp
out the oscillations of the pointer.

23.What is the control systems used for producing control force?

i) spring control ii) gravity control

24.What is meant by eddy current damping?

When a conductor moves in a magnetic field an emf is induced in it and if

a closed path is provided, a current flows known as eddy current. This current

SATHISH.R, L/EEE 12
 interacts with the magnetic field to produce an electromagnetic torque,
which opposes the deflecting torque.

25.Name the coils in wattmeter?

i) current coil ii) pressure coil.

PART B

1. Find the current flowing through 4 ohm and 5 ohm resistors using mesh current
method

Solution:

SATHISH.R, L/EEE 13
Steps To Solve :
1. First identify the loops
2. Assume the current direction as clock wise
3. Then apply Kirchhoff’s voltage law
4. Then find the unknown currents

Consider loop 1 :

Apply KVL :

10v = 1 I1 + 6(I1-I2)

10v = 1 I1 + 6I1 – 6I2

10v = 7I1 – 6 I2 equation (1)

SATHISH.R, L/EEE 14
 Consider 2nd loop:

Apply KVL

0 = 6 (I2 – I1) +4 I2 + 5(I2 – I3)

0 = 6 I2 – 6 I1 + 4I2 + 5I2 – 5I3

0 = - 6I1 + 15I2 – 5I3 equation (2)

Consider 3rd loop

Apply KVL

-5V = 5 (I3 –I2) + 2 I3

-5V = 5I3 -5I2 + 2I3

-5V = 7I3 -5I2 equation (3)

SATHISH.R, L/EEE 15
Taking all the equations
10V = 7I1 – 6 I2 (1)
0V = - 6I1 + 15I2 – 5I3 (2)

-5V = 7I3 -5I2 (3)

These equation are in the form of

R11 I1 + R12 I2 +R13 I3 = V1
R21 I1 + R22 I2 +R23 I3 = V2
R31 I1 + R32 I2 +R33 I3 = V3

Equation can be solved by using crammers rule

According to ohms law

[R] [I] = [V]

7 -6 0 I1 10V

-6 15 -5 I2 = 0V

0 -5 7 I3 -5V

7 -6 0

-6 15 -5 = ∆

0 -5 7

=7[ (15 X 7)] – (-5 X -5)] + 6 (-6 X 7)

∆ = 308

To find I1 replace the first column of resistance by voltage

SATHISH.R, L/EEE 16
I1 = ∆1
∆

10 -6 0
∆1 =
0 15 -5

-5 -5 7

=10[(15 X 7) – ( -5 X -5) ] + 6 [- ( - 5 X -5 ) ]

∆1= 650

I1 = ∆1 = 650 = 2.11A
∆ 308

To find I2 replace the second column of resistance by voltage

I2 = ∆2
∆

∆2 = 7 10 0

-6 0 -5

0 -5 7

= 7[- (-5 X -5) - 10 ( -6 X 7)]

∆2 = 245

I2 = ∆2 = 245 = 0.79A
∆ 308

To find I3 replace the second column of resistance by voltage

I3 = ∆3
∆

7 -6 10

SATHISH.R, L/EEE 17
∆3 = -6 15 0
0 -5 -5
= 7 [ (15 X – 5) + 6 ( - 6 X – 5 ) ]+10(30)

∆3 = -345+300 = -45

I3 = ∆3 = -45 = -0.146A
∆ 308

Hence the (-) sign indicates that the current direction assumed is wrong . The current direction in
the 3rd loop will be in anti clock wise direction

The current flow through 4 ohm resistor s I2 = 0.79A

The current flow through 5 ohm resistor is (I2 - I3) = (0.79 –(- 0.146) = 0.926A

2. Explain about: Kirchhoff’s law 2.ohms law 3. compare series and parallel circuits

Kirchhoff’s law

The Famous German Physicist GUSTAN ROBERT KIRCHHOFF were created the two
laws for the solving the electrical networks .

Two Laws:
1. Kirchhoff current law- first law
2. Kirchhoff voltage law-second law

SATHISH.R, L/EEE 18
 1. Kirchhoff current law- first law :

Current law state that at any junction point, the sum of the current entering is equal to sum of
the current leaving the junction

Explanation:
I2

I1
I3

I8
I4
I7
I5
I6

Consider eight conductors carrying the current I1, I2, I3, I4, I5, I6, I7, I8 are meeting at
junction point. Assume the currents flowing towards the junction is positive and the currents
flowing away the junction is negative. Thus applying Kirchhoff’s law at junction point , we get (-
I1)+(I2)+(-I3)+(I4)+(-I5)+(I6)+(-I7)+(I8)=0

(i.e) I2+I4+I6+I8 = I1+I3+I5+I7

Incoming currents = outgoing currents

Kirchhoff’s voltage law-second law:

Kirchhoff’s voltage law states that at a closed path sum of potential rise is equal to sum of
potential drop

SATHISH.R, L/EEE 19
Explanation:

R
2

R
11
I

Consider the circuit shown in the fig; thus if we go from the positive terminal of the
battery to the negative terminal, then there is a fall in potential and the emf should be assigned as
negative sign. If we go from negative terminal of the battery to the positive terminal, then there
is a rise in potential and the emf should be assigned a positive sign.

When current flows through a resistance, there is a voltage drop across it. If we go through
the resistance in the same direction as the current, there is a fall is potential because current flows
from higher to lower potential. Hence there is a fall in potential this should be assigned with a
negative sign. If we go against the direction of the current flow, then there is a rise in potential.
Hence there is a rise in potential this should be assigned with a positive sign

Applying KVL law we get

V = IR1 +IR2+IR3
(i.e) potential rise = potential drop . here the rise are V and the drops are IR1,IR2,IR3

This law is also called mesh law or loop law

ii) Ohm’s law

SATHISH.R, L/EEE 20
 Discovered By Famous German scientist George Simon ohm

When the voltage is applied to the closed circuit , it causes a flow of electrons and
consequently current flows in the circuit. The resistance (R) of the circuit opposes the flow of
current. The value of the current depends on the applied voltage and the resistance of the circuit

Statement: Ohms law states that at a constant temperature, the potential difference across the
conductor is directly proportional to the current flowing through it.

Relations of ohms law:

For voltage V = IR
For current I = V/R
For resistance R = V/I

iii) Compare series and parallel circuits.

SERIES PARALLEL
1.Current is same 1.Voltage is same
2.Voltage is different 2.Current is different
3.Total resistance = R1+R2+R3+…. 3.Total resistance = 1/R1 +1/R2+…
4.Equivalent resistance value is very high 4. Equivalent resistance value is very less

SATHISH.R, L/EEE 21
 4.Draw and explain any one type of the Moving Coil instruments. List the merits and
demerits.
Answer:

Moving coil instrument is classified into 2 types:

1. Dynamometer type wattmeter ( both AC and DC )

2. Permanent magnet moving coil (only for DC work)

Dynamometer type wattmeter:

Ref the figure from the book

Principle: It is based on the principle the mechanical force exists between two current carrying
conductors

Construction:
It consists of two coils 1.fixed coil 2. moving coil
The fixed coil is connected series with the load and carries the load current called current
coil.
The moving coil is connected across the load and carries the load current proportional to
the supply voltage called pressure coil.

Working:
1.When the instrument is connected in the circuit the current starts flowing through two placed
coils.
2.Due to current in the coils it develops a mechanical force .
3.Due to mechanical force the moving coil moves the pointer over a calibrated scale.
4.The pointer comes to rest when controlling torque is equal to deflecting torque .

SATHISH.R, L/EEE 22
5.When supply is reversed the deflected torque remains unchanged because supply in the both
the coils get changed .
6.So these instruments can be used for both AC and DC.

Advantages:
1. It can be used for both AC and DC
2. It has uniform scale
3. It gives high accuracy

Disadvantages:
1. It has low power factor
2. High power consumption
3. It is more expensive

5. Find the equivalent resistance using series and parallel combination in the network
shown in Figure.

SOLUTION:

Step 1:

SATHISH.R, L/EEE 23
1/RT = 1/1 + 1/3 + 1/5 = 1.5Ώ

RT = 0.66 Ώ

Step 2:

1/RT = 1/2 + 1/3 = 0.83 Ώ

RT = 1/0.83 = 1.20Ώ

Step 3:

SATHISH.R, L/EEE 24
RT = 5 + 0.66 + 4 = 9.66Ώ

Step 4:

RT = 2 + 1.20 = 3.20Ώ

Step 5:

1/RT = 1/9.66 + 1/3.20 = 0.103+0.312 =0.415 Ώ

RT = 2.409 Ώ

Step 6:

SATHISH.R, L/EEE 25
Total resistance = 10 + 12 + 2.409 = 24.40 Ώ

I = V/ RT = 220/24.40 = 9.01A

6. Draw and explain the construction and working principle of Megger. List the merits and
demerits.

Answer:

It is used to measure very high resistances of the order of Mega ohms.

SATHISH.R, L/EEE 26
Principle:

It is based on the principle that the deflecting torque is produced when the supply is
provided to the current coil as well to the voltage coil . due to the interaction between the
magnetic fields produced by the voltage coil and current coil, the deflecting torque is produced.
These two coils are so positioned that the deflecting torque is proportional to ratio of v/i.

Construction:

It consists of 1. Small hand driven generator 2. Moving element which has 2 coils, a
current coil or deflecting coil and a voltage coil 3. Calibrated scale in mega ohms 4. Pointer. 5.
Permanent magnet.

The current coil and potential coils are mounted at right angles to each other. They are
connected to the small hand driven generator. The two coils move in the air gap of a permanent
magnet. To protect the two coils under short circuit condition a limiting resistor is connected in
series with the coils. The hand driven D.C generator is designed to give about 500 volt at pre-
determined speed.

Operation:

When the currents are passed through the two coils, they have torques in opposite
directions. Resistance to be measured is connected across the test terminals ie. Connected in
series with the deflecting coil and across the generator.

If the resistance to be measured is too high, which causes in open circuit in the deflecting
coil, hence no current will flow through the deflecting coil. The current will flow only in
potential coil when set the pointer to infinity position indicating the resistance under test is too
high value.

If the resistance to be measured is too small this causes a short circuit in the deflecting
coil, hence high current flows through the deflecting coil. Current will also flow through the
potential coil and torques are set up in the both the coils. The resultant torque sets the pointer to
zero position indicating the resistance under test is having too small value.

For intermediate value between very high values and too small values of resistances,
depending upon the torque production, the pointer is set at a point between infinity and zero the
values can be noted down from the calibrated scale which will give the reading in mega ohms.

7. With neat diagram explain the working principle of Induction type Energy Meter. Give
advantages and disadvantages.

Answer:

SATHISH.R, L/EEE 27
 Single phase Induction type energy meter which is used to measure the electrical energy
supplied by an single phase AC supply

Principle:
It is based on the principle when an ac supply is passed to two placed coils namely
current coil and pressure coil produce a rotating magnetic field which interact with the metallic
disc suspended near the coils and makes the disc to rotate.

Construction:
It consists of 3 systems
1. Moving system
2. Operating system
3. Recording system

1. Moving system: it consists of light aluminium disc fixed on the vertical spindle. There is
no pointer and control spring hence the disc makes continuous rotation under the action of
deflecting torque.
2. Operating system:
Operating system consists of 3magnets 1.series magnet 2.shunt magnet 3. braking magnet

Series magnet:
It consists of U shaped laminated core .a thick wire consisting few turns is wound on the
both the legs of the U shaped magnet. The wounded wire is called current coil. It is connected
with series with load so it carries the load current .this magnet is fixed below the disc.

Shunt magnet:
It consists of M shaped laminated core. A thin wire consisting large number of turns is
wound on the middle limb of the magnet. The wounded coil is called pressure coil. It is
connected across the load so it carries the load current proportional to supply voltage

Braking magnet:
It is C shaped magnet. This magnet controls the speed of the disc. When disc is rotated,
the disc cuts the flux and emf will be induced on the disc, the induced emf is proportional to
speed of the disc. The current direction in the disc is opposes the speed of the disc

Recording system:
Recording system which record the no. of rotations of the disc is a measure of the
electrical energy

SATHISH.R, L/EEE 28
Working : When the instrument is connected in the circuit ,the current starts flowing to these two
coils these current develops the magnet field in the coil . the developed magnetic field interact
each other and makes the disc to rotate . the speed of the disc can be controlled by braking
magnet . the spindle is geared to the recording mechanism so that the electrical energy consumed
in the circuit is directly given in the kilo watt hour (KWH)

8. Draw and explain any one type of the Moving iron instruments. Give the merits and
demerits.
Answer:

The moving iron instruments are classified into 2types:

1. Attraction type ammeter and voltmeter

2. Repulsion type ammeter and voltmeter.

1. Attraction Type

Ref the figure from the book

Principle:
It is based on the principle when a unmagnified soft iron pieces is placed in between the
magnetic field of the coil it gets attracted towards the coil.

Construction:
It consists of hallow cylindrical coil. A oval shaped soft iron piece is connected to the
spindle that it can be move in or out. A pointed is attached to the spindle that it is deflected with
the motion of the soft iron piece. The moving iron is pivoted such that it is attracted towards the
centre of the coil when magnetic field is maximum.

Working:
When the instrument is connected to the circuit the current starts flowing in the coil.
These current develops the magnetic field in the coil as a result the coil behaves like a magnet
and it attract the soft iron piece towards the centre of the coil so that the pointer attached to the
moving system will take deflection. The pointer comes to the rest when deflecting torque is equal
to controlling torque. When the current in the coil is reversed the magnetic field also reversed

SATHISH.R, L/EEE 29
then also it attracts the soft iron towards the centre of the coil and pointer moves so that the
instrument can used for both AC and DC

2. Repulsion Type:

Ref the figure from the book

Principle:
It is based on the principle repulsion between the two iron pieces

Construction:
It consists of hallow cylindrical coil. Two soft iron pieces namely fixed coil and moving
coil are attached inside the coil. The fixed iron piece is attached to the coil and moving iron piece
is attached to the spindle and pointer is attached to the spindle

Working:
When the instrument is connected to the circuit, The current starts flowing in the coil.
These current develops the magnetic field in the coil. These magnetic field magnetize the two
soft iron pieces in same direction or same polarity, as a result both magnet becomes similar
magnet due to this repulsion force will be produce. Due to repulsive force moving iron attached
to the spindle will move and fixed one is not moving. So the pointer attached to the moving
systems will take deflection from zero position. If the current in the coil is reversed the
deflecting torque remains unchanged because both the iron pieces are in the same magnetic field
and so they will be magnetized similarly and repels each other. So this instrument can be used
for both ac and dc supplies

Advantages:
1. This instrument can be used for both ac and dc
2. Very cheap and simple in construction
3. Very accurate
4. High deflecting torque
Disadvantages:
1. High power consumption
2. Non uniform scale

9.Briefly explain about the operating forces needed for indicating

instruments?

The operating forces of indicating instruments are

1. Deflecting force
2. Controlling force
SATHISH.R, L/EEE 30
3. Damping force

1. Deflecting force:
This force acts on the moving system of the instrument and give the required
deflection to move from 0 position . this force may be produced by such as
magnetic, chemical, heating, electromagnetic induction effect.

2.Controlling force:
When deflecting force acts on the moving system , the pointer will continue to
move indefinitely and shall be independent of the value of quantity to be
measured. To avoid this, the controlling force is used. The pointer will be comes
to rest position when controlling force is equal to deflecting force.

The controlling force can be achieved by gravity control or spring control

methods

(I) Spring control:

Two helical springs usually made up of phosphor bronze are used to
give the controlling torque. These two springs are connected to the
spindle of the moving system with the movement of the pointer the
springs get twisted in the opposite direction. Thus the required amount
of control is effected on the moving system. Once the instrument is
disconnected from the supply, the pointer is brought back to its initial
position due to the twisted spring.
(II) Gravity control:
Two small adjustable weights are attached to moving system . the two
weights are called as control weight and balanced weight. When the
pointer deflects, these weights are also take deflected position . the
controlling force is proportional to the sine of the angle of deflection.
Hence the quantity to be measured is proportional to the sine of the
angle. Therefore the scale is not uniformly calibrated. The gravitational
force acting on the moving system produces the required controlling
force.
3. Damping force:
This force is necessary to bring the pointer quickly to rest at the new
deflected position. If the damping force is not provided in the instrument,
then the pointer would oscillate about the final position for some time
before the pointer comes to rest. This force is used to damp out the

SATHISH.R, L/EEE 31
 oscillations of the pointer. The damping force may be achieved by any
one of the following methods.

1. Air friction damping

2. Fluid friction damping
3. Eddy current damping

1. Air friction damping:

Where a piston is attached to the spindle of the moving systems which is
positioned to move inside an air chamber. There is a very small clearance
between the piston and the chamber. When the spindle moves due to the
deflecting force, the piston moves inside the air chamber. There by the air
inside the chamber is subject to compression or suction. This compression
action on the air inside the chamber produces the necessary damping force.
2. Fluid friction damping:
It is similar to air friction damping. But here in this type of damping the
vanes move in oil, a medium has greater viscosity. The use of the oil makes
the damping more effective.
3. Eddy current damping:
A thin disc of conduction but non magnetic material like aluminium or
copper is mounted on the spindle of moving system . the spindle carries the
moving system and the pointer. A permanent magnet is used to produce the
required magnetic flux. When the spindle rotates, the disc also rotates. The
disc is so arranged that it moves in between the poles of the permanent
magnet called damping magnet, the disc cuts the magnetic lines of force
produced by the damping magnet. Hence as per faradays laws of
electromagnetic induction an emf will be induced in the disc which will set
up a current in disc. This current flow in such a direction that the motion of
the disc is opposed. This current is known as eddy current .

SATHISH.R, L/EEE 32
 UNIT – II
PART-A

1. Define faradays law of electromagnetic induction.

Whenever The current flows through the conductor that it cut across the field the emf will
be induced is known as electromagnetic induction

2. What are the types of DC machines?

Mainly classified into two types 1. Dc generator 2. Dc motor

3. Which parts of a DC generator need to be laminated?

The armature must be laminated to reduce the hysteresis and eddy current losses

SATHISH.R, L/EEE 33
 4. Draw the speed torque characteristics of DC series motor.

5. What is the need of a starter?

At starting the motor it takes large amount of current it means it increase the full load
current 25 times, to avoid this excessive current a resistance is added in series with
armature. This is the purpose of the starter.

6. What are the methods of speed control of DC motor?

The speed controls of the dc motor are 1. Armature control 2. Field control

7. Write the principle of transformer.

Transformer is the static device which is used to increase or decrease the voltage. Its
basic principle is based on the mutual inductance

8. Define back emf.

Back electromotive force is a voltage that occurs in electric motors where there is relative
motion between the armature of the motor and the external magnetic field. It is an
electromotive force which opposes the main current flows in the circuit

9. What are the main advantages of DC motors?

The main advantage of dc motor is 1. High power 2.high torque

SATHISH.R, L/EEE 34
 10. Define efficiency of a transformer?

The efficiency of a transformer is the ratio of output power to input power is called
efficiency of transformer

%efficiency = output power/inputpower x100

11. Give the important application of DC series motor.

DC series motor are ideal for use in electric trains, where the self-weight of the train acts
as load and for cranes, hoists, lifts, blowers, conveyers etc., where the starting torque
requirement is high

12. Distinguish between core type and shell type transformer.

Core type Shell type

1.Windings surround the core 1.Core surrounds the windings
2.It has only one magnetic path 2.It has two magnetic path for magnetic
flux

13. What are the two main parts of a DC motor?

The two main parts of dc motor are 1. Armature 2. Field

14. What is voltage regulation of a transformer?

When secondary winding is loaded the terminal voltage falls. This variation of no
load to full load is express as a % of no load voltage. Primary applied voltage is always
constant. It is nothing but no load to full load is voltage regulation.

15. Mention any two advantages of armature control method?

1.Easy and smooth speed control below normal is possible

SATHISH.R, L/EEE 35
 2. In potential divider arrangement, rheostat can be used as a starter.

16. Distinguish between Self Excited and Separately Excited Machines

Sl.no SELF EXCITED SEPARATELY EXCITED

1. Field winding is supplied from
the armature itself .
2. The field winding is excited
by a source produced by
the generator itself.
Field winding and armature are
separated
The field winding is excited by a
separate DC source.

17. List out the Field control methods of DC Series Motor

Series field control method and shunt field control method.

18.What is the basic principle of operation of a DC motor?

The basic principle of operation of a Dc motor is that a current carrying

conductor placed in a magnetic field, experiences a force tending to move
it.

19. What is the importance of Air Gap & Commutator in DC Machines?

The required magnetic flux will be obtained in the air gap only . the gap
between the stator and rotor is called air gap .
commutator is to converts the alternating emf into unidirectional emf

20.What are the major parts of DC generator?

1) magnetic frame 2) poles 3) armature 4) commutator 5) brushes

21.What are the types of windings used in Dc machines?

1. lap winding 2. wave winding.

22.What is the function of commutator in a d.c. generator?

SATHISH.R, L/EEE 36
 The function of commutator is to converts the alternating emf into
unidirectional emf .

23.What are the losses in transformer?

1. core losses 2. copper losses

24.What is meant by eddy current loss?

The induced emf in the core tries to set up eddy currents in the core and
hence responsible for the eddy current losses.

25.What are the different types of transformer?

i) core type ii) shell type iii) berry type

PART-B

1. With a neat sketch explain the principle operation of DC generator.

SATHISH.R, L/EEE 37
Operation:

Its works on the principle of faradays laws of electromagnetic induction. It states

that whenever a conductor is moved in a stationary magnetic field, an emf is induced in the
conductor. The magnitude of the induced emf is directly proportional to the rate of change of
flux linkage. This type of induced emf is called as dynamically induced emf. The direction of
induced emf can be found out by Fleming’s right hand rule.

Point your thumb in the direction the conductor is being moved. Point your
forefinger in the direction of magnetic flux (from north to south). Your middle
finger will then point in the direction of current flow in an external circuit to
which the voltage is applied.

From the fig it shows that stationary magnetic field is produced by the pole pieces
of a magnet N and S. a single turn coil ABCD is placed in the magnetic field produced between
the N and S pole pieces. The coil ABCD is rotated by means of prime mover in anticlockwise
direction. The coil is rotating continuously in the magnetic field , hence the flux linked with the
conductor continuously changes. As per faradays laws of electromagnetic induction, an emf is
induced in the coil which is proportional to the rate of change of flux linkages.

Coil in position 1: Coil is in vertical position at this position when the coil is rotated. The
coil will be moving parallel to the flux line, no flux line is cut, hence there is minimum flux
linkage, so there is no change in flux linkage hence the induced emf at the position is zero.

SATHISH.R, L/EEE 38
 Position 2: Now the coil is rotated in anticlockwise direction further, then the flux
linkage increases, hence the induced emf also increases.

Position 3: Now the coil is rotated through 90◦ from the initial position, then the coil
ABCD is in horizontal position. At this position when the coil is rotated, the coil will be moving
perpendicular to the flux line , so maximum flux line will be cutting, hence there is maximum
flux linkages, so there will be maximum induced emf .

Position 4: In this position the rate of change of flux linkage reduces so the induced emf
decreases.

Position 5: At this position the rate of change of flux linkage will be zero; hence the
induced emf is also zero. At this position 5 the coil has moved to 180◦. At this position the coil
sides AB and CD have exchanged their positions.

In the next half revolution that is from 180◦ to 360◦ the variations are similar as earlier but
the direction of induced emf will be opposite direction because the position of coil sides AB and
CD interchanged their positions. (positions 6,7,8,9)

At position 9 the coil comes back to the original position. Now the coil has rotated one
full revolution that is 360◦. If the rotation of the coil is continued the changes in the induced emf
are repeated. Therefore the emf obtained from a generator reverses its direction after every half
revolution. This current is known as alternation current or bidirectional current.

To convert this bidirectional current into unidirectional current split rings

( commutator ) is used. The split rings are also called as commutator

2. Draw and explain the construction of DC generator.

SATHISH.R, L/EEE 39
Construction:
The dc generator has 1. Magnetic frame or yoke 2. Field systems 3. Armature 4.commutator 5.
Brushes
In construction the major parts are mainly classified as stator and rotor.
Stator: it is static part in the dc generator. It consists of yoke, field system and brushes.
Rotor: it is rotating part in the dc generator. It consists of armature and commutator

Magnetic frame or yoke: it is the outer most part of the machine. It act as a protective cover to
protect the inner part from mechanical damage. It carries the magnetic flux produced by the pole
and field system.

Field systems: it consists of poles and field windings.

Poles:
The poles are made up of laminations of suitable material such a material should have
high relative permeability. The pole face is in the form of horse shoe so that a uniform flux
distribution is obtained in the air gap between the poles and the rotor. Since the poles are electro
magnets a field winding is wound over the pole core.
Field windings:
The field winding is wound over each pole and all these are connected in series. The
copper wire is used for the winding. The field winding are so arranged on the different poles that
when a direct current is passed through it , the poles gets magnetized to north pole and south pole
alternately. This field system is producing the required working magnetic flux in the air gap.

SATHISH.R, L/EEE 40
Armature: The armature consists of armature core and armature windings. All the armature
conductors are connected in series to form a single armature winding. The conductors are bent at
the back side of the armature and are connected to the commutator segments at the front side or
the commutator side. The side which is away from the commutator is called as back side. Side
which is near to the commutator is called as the front side or commutator side it is in these
armature conductors mechanical energy is converted into electrical energy.

Commutator: Commutator is the heart of dc machines. The commutator is used to convert the
alternating emf into direct emf . The commutator has many segments and the segments are
insulated by mica from each other. This commutator also rotates along with the armature. It is
also a part of rotor. The armature windings ends are soldered to each commutator segment by a
riser.

Brushes: The brushes are made up of carbon and are fixed in such a way that they are always in
gently touch with revolving commutator segment. The brushes are stationary. The brushes are
used to collect the current or emf from the commutator. The generator is connected to the
external load by means of these brushes only.

SATHISH.R, L/EEE 41
3. Derive the EMF equation of DC generator.

Let φ be the flux per pole in webers

Let p be the number of poles
Let z be the total numbers of conductors in the armature.

All the z conductors are not connected in series, they are divided into groups and let A be the
number of parallel paths into which these conductors are grouped.

Each parallel path will have z/a conductors in series

Let N be the speed of rotation in revolution per minute
Consider one conductor of the armature. As this conductor makes one complete revolution , if
cuts p φ webers.
As the speed in N rpm. The time taken for one revolution is 60/N secs.

Since the emf induced in the conductor = rate of change of flux cut.

e=pφ
60/N

e = N p φ/60 in volts

since there are z/A conductors in series in each parallel path the emf induced

E=Np φ z = φZN P
60 A 60 A

The armature conductors are generally connected in two different ways 1. Lap winding 2.wave
winding . for lap wound armature the no of parallel path is equal to the no of the poles (A=P)
In the wave wound machines A=2.

SATHISH.R, L/EEE 42
4. Draw and explain the principle operation of DC motor.

An electric motor is a machine used to convert electrical energy to mechanical energy

An electric motor consists of two essential elements. The first, a static component which
consists of magnetic materials and electrical conductors to generate magnetic fields of a desired
shape, is known as the stator.

The second, which also is made from magnetic and electrical conductors to generate
shaped magnetic fields which interact with the fields generated by the stator, is known as the
rotor
The operation of a DC motor is dependent on the workings of the poles of the stator with
a part of the rotor, or armature. The stator contains an even number of poles of alternating
magnetic polarity, each pole consisting of an electromagnet formed from a pole winding
wrapped around a pole core. When a DC current flows through the winding, a magnetic field is
formed. The armature also contains a winding, in which the current flows in the direction
illustrated. This armature current interacts with the magnetic field in accordance with Ampère's
law, producing a torque which turns the armature.
If the armature windings were to rotate round to the next pole piece of opposite polarity,
the torque would operate in the opposite direction, thus stopping the armature. In order to
prevent this, the rotor contains a commutator which changes the direction of the armature current

SATHISH.R, L/EEE 43
for each pole piece that the armature rotates past, thus ensuring that the windings passing, for
example, a pole of north polarity will all have current flowing in the same direction, while the
windings passing south poles will have oppositely flowing current to produce a torque in the
same direction as that produced by the north poles. The commutator generally consists of a split
contact ring against which the brushes applying the DC current ride.

The rotation of the armature windings through the stator field generates a voltage across
the armature which is known as the counter EMF (electromotive force) since it opposes the
applied voltage: this is the consequence of Faraday's law. The magnitude of the counter EMF is
dependent on the magnetic field strength and the speed of the rotation of the armature. When the
DC motor is initially turned on, there is no counter EMF and the armature starts to rotate. The
counter EMF increases with the rotation. The effective voltage across the armature windings is
the applied voltage minus the counter EMF.

5. Explain the principle of operation of a transformer.

Answer:

Transformer is the static device which increases or decrease the ac voltage without
changing the frequency

Principle:
It is based on the principle of mutual inductance and electromagnetic induction. The flux
produced in the primary winding will links the secondary windings

SATHISH.R, L/EEE 44
Construction:
It consist of 1.core 2.primary winding 3.secondary winding

Core: It is made up of transformer sheets and it is laminated to avoid the eddy current losses
(leakage of current is called eddy current losses). The purpose of the core is to provide the
magnetic path between the primary and secondary winding.

Primary winding: The coil which receives the electrical energy as input is called primary
winding.

Secondary winding: The coil which delivers the output power is called secondary winding

Working:

When primary winding is connected to ac supply an alternating current flows through it.
this forms an alternating flux in primary winding of same frequency as that of applied voltage .
The coils of transformer is electrically separated but magnetically coupled . due to mutual
inductance the flux produced in the primary winding will links the secondary winding .
According to the faradays law the alternating flux of primary winding induces the alternating
voltage in the secondary winding. If a load is connected with secondary coil current flows
through it and power is delivered to the load . Thus in this way the electrical power is transferred
from the primary to secondary by electro magnetic induction.

6. Explain briefly about the operation of 3 point starter with neat diagram. List out the
merits and demerits.

Answer:

It consists of the starting resistor SR. over which moves a handle that leads the current
into the armature. Current flows from the supply line, L through SR to the armature circuit. The
current also flows through the overload OLR which is an electron-magnetic coil.
SATHISH.R, L/EEE 45
 By moving the handle, the starting resistance can be cut off in steps until the handle
reaches the ON position where the entire resistance has been cut off. Current then flows through
OLR directly to the armature and sufficient speed and back e.m.f have been built up by then to
restrict the current . the handle cannot stay in the ON position because a spring at its fulcrum
tends to bring it handle has a small iron piece which is attracted to another electromagnet,
NVC(no volt coil). This coil holds the handle in the ON position only so long as it is energized.

The starter:
A starter has a resistance which is initially inserted in the armature circuit and is cut off
gradually as the motor gains in speed. It also has a few additional protective features. They are
a) the over load release (OLR)
b) the novolt coil(NVC)

No Volt Coil
This is an important device in the starter. The handle is always pushed back to the OFF
position by a spring action. The NVC overcomes the spring force and keeps the handle in the ON
position. The NVC coupled with the spring helps the handle to fly back to the OFF position
whenever supply fails. If the supply is restored the starter is once again ready to protect the
armature circuit.

Overload realease
This is an electromagnet carrying the line current. A current flowing in this coil causes magnetic
flux which attracts an iron piece, p if the current exceeds a particular design value, the iron piece
is attracted enough to bridge the gap G . this means that the NVC is shorted and loses its
magnetism, thus releasing the handle to the off position.

SATHISH.R, L/EEE 46
7. Write short notes on any one method of speed control of dc motor.

The speed control of dc motor is 1.armature control 2.field control

Ref the figure from the book

Field control: In series motor , the field current is reduced by inserting a diverter in
parallel with the series field. This reduces the field current, the flux and hence increases the
speed.
For the shunt motor, an additional resistance is included in series with the field. This
reduces the field currents and increases the speed.
Field control is more economical than armature control since the smaller value of field currents
leads to less loss. The speed can only be increased, and the increase may be upto three or four
time that at full excitation.

8. A 25KW, 250 V dc shunt generator has armature and field resistances of 0.06Ω and
125Ω respectively. Calculate the total power developed by the armature when it delivers
full load output.

GIVEN DATA:
P = 25 KW ; V = 250V; Ra = 0.06Ώ; R sh = 125 Ώ;

TO FIND:
Total power developed by the armature when it deli vers full load output

SOLUTION:

SATHISH.R, L/EEE 47
 The figure shows that dc shunt generator on load

Load current , I L = P/V = 25 X 10 3 = 100A

250

Field current , I sh = V / R sh = 250/125 = 2A

Armature current, Ia = I L + I sh

Ia = 100 + 2 = 102 A

Generated emf Eg = V + Ia Ra

= 250 + 102 X 0.06

= 256.12 V

Power developed by armature = Eg Ia

= 256.12 X 102
= 26.12KW.

SATHISH.R, L/EEE 48
 UNIT-III
PART-A

1. Why the single phase induction motor is not self started?

There is no starting torque in the single phase induction motor. Therefore the rotor
does not rotate. Thus single phase induction motor is not self started.

2. What is the need for earthing?

Earthing is nothing but connecting the body of the electrical equipment to the
general mass of earth by means of wire negligible resistance thereby avoiding electric
shock to the operator.

3. Draw the slip torque characteristics of slip ring induction motor.

4. Give the application of squirrel cage induction motor.

1. Lathes
2. Drilling machines
3. Fans and blowers
4. Grinders
5. Printing machines

5. What are the advantages of a three phase induction motor?

1. Cheaper
2. Light weight
3. More efficient
4. Requires less maintenance

6. Give the classification of induction motor.

1. Squirrel cage induction motor

2. Slip ring induction motor

7. Write the principle of synchronous motor?

When a sinusoidal (single phase) voltage is applied to a winding the magnetic

field producd by the resultant current flow will also be sinusoid ally varying with respect
to time, this means that the field is pulsating

SATHISH.R, L/EEE 49
 8. List the application of synchronous motor?

1. Synchronous motors are used where constant speed is desired

2. When overexcited, synchronous motors are useful for power factor improvement of
lagging industrial loads.

9. Mention the different types of wiring.

1. Cleat wiring systems
2. Wooden casing and capping wiring system.
3. Tough rubber sheathed wiring systems.
4. Lead sheathed wiring systems.
5. Conduct wiring systems.
6. Staircase wiring

10. What is the purpose of adding external resistance in the rotor circuit?

1. Starting torque can be improved

2. Starting current will be reduced
3. Motor speed can be controlled

11. What is the purpose of Synchronous-Modifier and Synchronous-Condenser?

Synchronous-Modifier:

A synchronous motor used to change the power factor or power factor in the supply lines
is called synchronous phase modifier.

Synchronous-Condenser

A synchronous motor operated at no load with over excitation condition to draw large
leading reactive current and power is called a synchronous condenser .

12. What are the properties of a synchronous motor?

1. It is not inherently self starting motor. It has to be run up to synchronous or near
synchronous speed by some methods before it can be synchronized to be ac supply.
2. It is capable of operating under wide range of power factor, either lagging or UPF or
leading.

SATHISH.R, L/EEE 50
 13. Differentiate between synchronous and induction motors.

sl. No Synchronous Induction

1 Synchronous motor run only at synchronous Induction motor does not run
speed at synchronous speed

2 Synchronous motor is not self starting Induction motor is self starting

3 It requires a separate dc source for It does not require

excitation

14. What are the methods to determine the voltage regulation?

The methods to determine the voltage regulation are 1. EMF method 2.MMF method

15. What is the main function of damper winding?

The dampers are useful in preventing the hunting in generators and are needed in
synchronous motors to provide the starting torque.

16. Write down the two types of alternators?

1. Salient pole alternator 2. Non salient pole alternator

17. Name the various parts of an alternator?

1.stator 2. rotor

18. What are the starting methods of synchronous motor?

1. A DC motor coupled with synchronous motor shaft
2. A small induction motor of at least one pair of poles less than
synchronous motor
3. Using damper winding.

19.What are the two types of rotors of an induction motors?

i) squirrel cage rotor ii) slip ring or wound rotor

20.Define slip
The slip of the induction motor is defined as the ratio of difference
between synchronous speed (Ns) and rotor speed (N) to synchronous speed.
S = Ns - N/ Ns
SATHISH.R, L/EEE 51
 21.What are the different types of induction motor starters?
1. Direct on line starter
2. Primary resistors
3. Auto transformer starter
4. Star – delta starter
5. Rotor resistance starter .

22.State the two types of three phase induction motor

1. Squirrel cage induction motor 2. Slip ring induction motor

23.What are the applications of slip ring induction motor?

The slip ring induction motor are employed only when high starting torque
is required.
Examples : lifts, hoists , cranes, elevators and compressors.

24.What are the different types of single phase induction motors?

i) Resistance – start induction motor.

ii) Capacitor – start induction motor.
iii) Capacitor – run induction motor.
iv) Capacitor – start capacitor run induction motor.
v) Shaded pole induction motor.

25.What are the advantages of capacitor-start capacitor run motor?

i) High starting torque
ii) High efficiency
iii) High power factor

SATHISH.R, L/EEE 52
 PART-B

1. Explain the principle of operation of single phase induction motor?

Principle: The induction motor does not have any direct supply onto the rotor; instead, a
secondary current is induced in the rotor. To achieve this, stator windings are arranged around
the rotor so that when energised with a polyphase supply they create a rotating magnetic field
pattern which sweeps past the rotor. This changing magnetic field pattern induces current in the
rotor conductors. These currents interact with the rotating magnetic field created by the stator
and in effect cause a rotational motion on the rotor.

However, for these currents to be induced, the speed of the physical rotor and the speed
of the rotating magnetic field in the stator must be different, or else the magnetic field will not be
moving relative to the rotor conductors and no currents will be induced. If by some chance this
happens, the rotor typically slows slightly until a current is re-induced and then the rotor
continues as before. This difference between the speed of the rotor and speed of the rotating
magnetic field in the stator is called slip. It is unitless and is the ratio between the relative speed
of the magnetic field as seen by the rotor (the slip speed) to the speed of the rotating stator field.
Due to this an induction motor is sometimes referred to as an asynchronous machine.

Construction: The stator consists of wound 'poles' that carry the supply current to induce a
magnetic field that penetrates the rotor. In a very simple motor, there would be a single
projecting piece of the stator (a salient pole) for each pole, with windings around it; in fact, to
optimize the distribution of the magnetic field, the windings are distributed in many slots located
around the stator, but the magnetic field still has the same number of north-south alternations.
The number of 'poles' can vary between motor types but the poles are always in pairs (i.e. 2, 4, 6,
etc.).

There are three types of rotor:

Squirrel-cage rotor

The most common rotor is a squirrel-cage rotor. It is made up of bars of either solid copper (most
common) or aluminum that span the length of the rotor, and are connected through a ring at each
end. The rotor bars in squirrel-cage induction motors are not straight, but have some skew to
reduce noise and harmonics.

Slip ring rotor A slip ring rotor replaces the bars of the squirrel-cage rotor with windings that
are connected to slip rings. When these slip rings are shorted, the rotor behaves similarly to a

SATHISH.R, L/EEE 53
squirrel-cage rotor; they can also be connected to resistors to produce a high-resistance rotor
circuit, which can be beneficial in starting

Solid core rotor A rotor can be made from solid mild steel. The induced current causes the
rotation.

2. Draw and explain the constructional of three phase induction motors?

Ref the figure from the book:

The three coils form three windings distributed over several slots. These
windings may be connected in star or delta and three terminations are brought out. Such
windings are present n the stator as well as rotor.

The induction motor consists of stator and the rotor. The stator is made up of number of
stampings slotted with alternate slot and tooth. The slots house the three phase winding just like
the three phase alternator. The stator winding is made for a fixed number of poles.

The rotor consists of two types 1. Squirrel cage rotor 2. The wound rotor

Squirrel cage rotor: This is made up of a cylindrical laminated core with slots to cary the rotor
conductors. The rotor conductor are heavy bars of copper or aluminum short circuited at both
ends by end rings. Hence this rotor is also called a short circuited rotor. The entire rotor
resistance is very small. External resistance cannot be connected in the rotor circuit. Such motors
are extremely rugged in construction. Motors using such rotors are called squirrel cage induction
motors. The majority of induction motors are cage rotors.

Wound rotor: The slip ring or wound rotor motor is an induction machine where the rotor
comprises a set of coils that are terminated in slip rings to which external impedances can be
connected. The stator is the same as is used with a standard squirrel cage motor. By changing the
impedance connected to the rotor circuit, the speed/current and speed/torque curves can be
altered. The slip ring motor is used primarily to start a high inertia load or a load that requires a
very high starting torque across the full speed range. By correctly selecting the resistors used in
the secondary resistance or slip ring starter, the motor is able to produce maximum torque at a
relatively low current from zero speed to full speed. A secondary use of the slip ring motor is to
provide a means of speed control. Because the torque curve of the motor is effectively modified
by the resistance connected to the rotor circuit, the speed of the motor can be altered. Increasing
the value of resistance on the rotor circuit will move the speed of maximum torque down. If the

SATHISH.R, L/EEE 54
resistance connected to the rotor is increased beyond the point where the maximum torque occurs
at zero speed, the torque will be further reduced. When used with a load that has a torque curve
that increases with speed, the motor will operate at the speed where the torque developed by the
motor is equal to the load torque. Reducing the load will cause the motor to speed up, and
increasing the load will cause the motor to slow down until the load and motor torque are equal.
Operated in this manner, the slip losses are dissipated in the secondary resistors and can be very
significant. The speed regulation is also very poor.

3. Explain the construction & operational details of Alternator?

An alternator is an ac generator.
Principle:
It is based on the principle of electromagnetic induction as a d.c generator.
Construction:
Like dc generator it has rotor and stator

Stator has a cast iron frame to support the laminated armature core with slots to house the
conductors. The three phase winding is distributed uniformly in the stator slots.

Rotor which has the field winding is of two types: 1. Salient pole 2. Non salient pole.

The salient pole construction is used in comparatively small machines and in machines
run at low speeds (100 to 600 rpm) such rotors have large diameters and small axial length. The
poles made of steel laminations are bolted together and on to the rotor wheel of cast iron or steel.
The poles carry the excitation winding.
For high speed steam turbine driven alternators, the high speed causes a considerable
centrifugal force on the rotor. To withstand this force, the rotor is usually made of solid steel
with a number of slots cut to accommodate the field coils. The flux distribution is more nearly
uniform and the construction is more robust. Generally these rotors have smaller diameters and
larger axial length.

Operation:
In dc generator there is a commutator to convert ac into dc but here in alternator we don’t have
commutator. The another difference is that in dc generator the armature with conductors are
rotating and the field system is stationary but in alternator it is reversed. The conductors are
housed in a stationary frame called the stator and the field poles are connected to the shaft and
forms the rotor however, in small alternators, the rotating conductors, stationary poles
framework is still used.
When the rotor is rotated by a prime mover, the conductors on the stator are cut by the
magnetic flux of the rotor poles. A e.m.f is induced in the conductors in accordance with

SATHISH.R, L/EEE 55
faraday’s laws of electromagnetic induction, since the rotor poles are alternating, north and
south, the emf is alternating at a frequency.

5. Explain the operation of any one methods of the single phase induction motor.

The methods of single phase induction motors are 1.split phase motor 2.capacitor start motors
3.capacitor start and run motor 4. Shaded pole motors

Shaded pole motors:

Small motors requiring only a small starting torque may be made self starting by means of
shading coils. These machines have salient poles on the stator. Each pole has a slot cuts across
the laminations . low resistance copper rings are placed to surround the cut portion. This ring is
called the shading ring or coil. When a alternating current is passed through the stator winding,
surrounding the whole pole, the magnetic axis of the pole shifts from the unshaded portion to the
shaded portion. This shifti9ng of magnetic axis is equivalent to a week rotating field, the rotor
starts rotating in the direction of the shift, ie from the unshaded to the shaded part.

6 .(a) Compare squirrel cage and slip ring induction motor?

Sl. Squirrel cage motor Sling ring motor

no
1 Simple in construction Construction is complicated
2 Rotor consists of copper bars Rotor consist of three phase winding
which are shorted at the ends with
the help of end rings.
3 Slip rings and brushes are not Slip rings and brushes are present
present
4 External resistance cannot be External resistance can be added
added
5 Moderate torque High starting torque can be obtained
6 Speed control by rotor resistance is Speed control by rotor resistance is possible
not possible

SATHISH.R, L/EEE 56
(b).Distinguish between synchronous motor and induction motor.

sl.no Synchronous Induction

Synchronous motor run only at synchronous Induction motor does not run
1 speed at synchronous speed

2 Synchronous motor is not self starting Induction motor is self starting

3 It requires a separate dc source for excitation It does not require

8. Briefly explain about the squirrel cage rotor and slip ring rotor and give its
merits and demerits?

Ref the question no :2

10. Draw and explain the construction operational details of three phase
induction motor?

Ref the question no:1

SATHISH.R, L/EEE 57
 ALL THE BEST

SATHISH.R, L/EEE 58