The Fourier Transform

Saravanan Vijayakumaran
sarva@ee.iitb.ac.in

Department of Electrical Engineering

Indian Institute of Technology Bombay

July 22, 2013

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 Definition
• Fourier transform
Z ∞
X (f ) = x(t)e−j2πft dt
−∞

• Inverse Fourier transform

Z ∞
x(t) = X (f )ej2πft df
−∞

• Notation
x(t) −
*
− X (f )
)

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 Properties of Fourier Transform
• Linearity

ax1 (t) + bx2 (t) −

*
− aX1 (f ) + bX2 (f )
)

• Duality
X (t) −
*
− x(−f )
)

• Conjugacy
x ∗ (t) −
* ∗
− X (−f )
)

• Time scaling  
1 f
−
x(at) *
−
) X
|a| a

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 Properties of Fourier Transform
• Time shift
−j2πft0
x(t − t0 ) −
*
−e
) X (f )

• Modulation
x(t)e j2πf0 t *
−
− X (f − f0 )
)

• Convolution
x(t) ? y (t) −
*
− X (f )Y (f )
)

• Multiplication
x(t)y (t) −
*
− X (f ) ? Y (f )
)

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 Dirac Delta Function
• Zero for nonzero arguments

δ(t) = 0, ∀t 6= 0

• Unit area Z ∞
δ(t) dt = 1
−∞
• Sifting property
Z ∞
x(t)δ(t − t0 ) dt = x(t0 )
−∞

• Fourier transform
Z ∞
δ(t) −
*
−
) δ(t)e−j2πft dt = 1
−∞

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 Fourier Transforms using Dirac Function
• DC Signal
−
*
1)
− δ(f )

• Complex Exponential

ej2πfc t *
−
− δ(f − fc )
)

• Sinusoidal Functions

1
−
cos(2πfc t) *
−
) [δ(f − fc ) + δ(f + fc )]
2
1
−
sin(2πfc t) *
−
) [δ(f − fc ) − δ(f + fc )]
2j

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 Properties of Fourier Transform
• Parseval’s theorem
Z ∞ Z ∞
x(t)y ∗ (t) dt = X (f )Y ∗ (f ) df
−∞ −∞

• Rayleigh’s theorem
Z ∞ Z ∞
2
|x(t)| dt = |X (f )|2 df
−∞ −∞

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 Signum Function


 +1, t > 0 2

sgn(t) = 0, t = 0
1
−1, t < 0

0

−1

−2
−2 −1 0 1 2
t
Fourier Transform
1
sgn(t) −
*
−
)
jπf

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 Signum Function

 −at
 e , t >0 2
a=1.5
g(t) = 0, t = 0 a=0.5
1
 at
−e , t < 0
0

−1

−2
−2 −1 0 1 2
t

sgn(t) = lim+ g(t)

a→0

−j4πf
G(f ) =
a2 + (2πf )2

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 Unit Step Function

 1, t > 0
1 2
u(t) = , t =0
 2
0, t < 0 1

−1

−2
−2 −1 0 1 2
t
Fourier Transform
1 1
−
*
u(t) )
− + δ(f )
j2πf 2

1
u(t) = [sgn(t) + 1]
2

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 Properties of Fourier Transform
• Differentiation
d
x(t) −
*
− j2πf X (f )
)
dt

• Integration
Z t
X (f ) 1
−
x(τ ) dτ *
−
) + X (0)δ(f )
−∞ j2πf 2

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 Rectangular Pulse

1

1, |t| ≤ 2
2

Π(t) = 1
0, |t| > 2 1

−1
−2 −1 0 1 2
t

Fourier Transform

 
t 2

Π −
*
− T sinc(fT )
)
T 1

−1
−4 −2 0 2 4
f

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Thanks for your attention

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