LESSON NO.

2
LAPLACE TRANSFORMS
LESSON OBJECTIVES: at the end of the lesson, the student would
be able to
1. Know how to transform time domain to S domain
2. Familiarize with the theorems of Laplace transforms
3. Apply Laplace transforms in ordinary differential equations
 System Linearization
The complex function f(x,y,z) can be linearized at the given points
using the linear equation
f(x,y,z) = f(x’,y’,z’) + δf/δx]p (x – x’) + δf/δy]p (y – y’) + δf/δz]p (z – z’)
at point p = (x,y,z)
Example: Linearize the given functions
1. f(x) = cos(x) at x = π/2
2. f(x,y) = 3x2y – x3y2 - 5y at point (2,-1)
3. f(x,y,z) = 2xyz3 + x2y2z + xz at point (2,-1,2)
 Laplace Transforms
The laplace transforms of the function f(t) is given as
Where s = δ + jω (complex frequency variables with unit sec-1)
e-st = laplace factor that approaches to zero as t approaches
to infinity.
F(s) = the Laplaced function
L[f(t)] = the symbol for Laplace
Laplace Transform Pairs
Other Laplace Transform Pairs
u(t – a) = e-as / s
δ(t – a) = e-as DIRAC DELTA FUNCTION
sinh (ωt) = ω / (s2 – ω2)
cosh (ωt) = s / (s2 – ω2)
sin(ωt + θ) = [s(sinθ) + ω(cosθ)]/ s2 + ω2
cos(ωt + θ) = [s(cosθ) – ω(sinθ)] / s2 + ω2
 Example No. 2
Evaluate the Laplace Transforms of the following functions.
1. 4e-20t
2. 20t4
3. 40e100t
4. ¼ t4
5. sin (40t)
6. cos (√3 t)
7. sinh (√2 t)
8. cosh (1/4 t)
9. 30sin(377t)
10.
 Laplace Theorems
1. Addition/subtraction
L[f1(t) + f2(t)] = F1(s) + F2(t)
2. Scalar multiplication
L[kf(t)] = kF(s)
3. Translation in time
L[f(t-a)] = e-as F(s)
4. Translation in s-domain
L[eatf(t)] = F(s-a)
5. Real Differentiation
L[Dnf(t)] = snF(s) – sn-1f(0) – sn-2 Df(0) – sn-3 D2f(0) - …
6. Real Integration
L[D-nf(t)] = F(s) / sn + D-1 f(0) / sn + … + D-n f(0) / s
7. Complex Differentiation
L[tn f(t)] = (-1)n dF(s) / ds
8. Complex Integration
L[f(t)/t)] = ∫∞ s F(s) ds
9. Initial value theorem
lims→∞ sF(s) = limt→0 f(t)
10. Final value theorem
lims→0 sF(s) = limt→∞ f(t)
 Example No. 3
1. f(t) = e3t[sin(4t)cos(t)]
2. f(t) = 3e-2t – 2e3t
3. f(t) = sin5(t – π)
4. f(t) = e4t [sin (2t) + cos (3t)]
5. f(t) = 1/4 sin2(t + 2π)
6. f(t) = D3 e-3t
7. f(t) = (3 + e6t)2
8. f(t) = e-2t/t – et/t
9. D3y(t) – 2D2y(t) + 3Dy(t) – 4y(t) = sin(3t)
y(0) = 1, y’(0) = 0, y”(0) = -1
10. D-2i(t) + 10D-1i(t) + 2i(t) = 6e3t
D-1i(0) = 1, D-2i(0) = -1
 Assignment No. 3
obtain the laplace transform of the following:
1. f(t) = sin (4t) – e-4t
2. f(t) = 4 cos 3(t-2) + 3 sin 2(t+2)
3. f(t) = cos (4t) - 2δ(t)
4. f(t) = e4t [cos(5t)sin(2t)] – e3t - 3
5. f(t) = 3e-2t [sin2 (4t)] + 6sinh(5t-4)
 Example No. 4
Obtain the inverse Laplace transforms of the given functions.
1. F(S) = 36/s4 – 4e-2s
2. F(S) = 4s / (s2 + 36)
3. F(S) = (7s + 15) / (s2 + 4)
4. F(S) = (s – 3) / [(s – 3)2 + 100]
5. F(S) = 12s / (s2 + 4s + 9)
6. F(S) = e-7s / [(s + 5)2 + 4]
7. F(S) = (s + 4) / (s2 + 25)
8. F(S) = (3 – 2s) / (s2 + 16)
9. F(S) = (s + 2) / [(s – 4)2 + 25]
 Example No. 5
Inverse Laplace using Heaviside partial fraction method
1. (3 – s) / (s3 – s2 – 6s)
2. 6 / [s(s-4)(s+2)3]
3. (2s2 – 16) / (s3 – 16s)
4. (2s + 4) / [s(s2 – 2s + 5)]
5. Dy(t) + y(t) = sin 3t at y(0) = 0
6. Dx(t) - 5x(t) = -e-2t ; x(0) = 3
 Assignment No. 4
Solve the given differential equations using Laplace transforms.
1. D2x(t) + 3Dx(t) + 2x(t) = 0
x(0) = 3; Dx(0) = 2
2. D2y(t) + 4y(t) = 3 sin 2t
y(0) = 1; Dy(0) = 0
3. D2x(t) + 2Dx(t) + x(t) = 3te-t
x(0) = 4; Dx(0) = 2
4. D2y(t) + y(t) = t
y(0) = 1; Dy(0) = -1
5. Find the inverse Laplace of
F(s) = (3s2 + 9s + 12) / (s+4)(s2 + 4S + 8)