TOPIC 1 –POWER GENERATING SHOCK ABSORBER

ABSTRACT

Road vehicles can expend a significant amount of energy in undesirable vertical

motions that are induced by road bumps, and much of that is dissipated in
conventional shock absorbers as they dampen the vertical motions.

An electromagnetic linear generator and regenerative electromagnetic shock

absorber is disclosed which converts variable frequency, repetitive intermittent
linear displacement motion to useful electrical power.

The innovative device provides for superposition of radial components of the

magnetic flux density from a plurality of adjacent magnets to produce a
maximum average radial magnetic flux density within a coil winding array. Due
to the vector superposition of the magnetic fields and magnetic flux from a
plurality of magnets, a nearly four-fold increase in magnetic flux density is
achieved over conventional electromagnetic generator designs with a potential
sixteen-fold increase in power generating capacity.

As a regenerative shock absorber, the disclosed device is capable of converting

parasitic displacement motion and vibrations encountered under normal urban
driving conditions to a useful electrical energy for powering vehicles and
accessories or charging batteries in electric and fossil fuel powered vehicles.
The disclosed device is capable of high power generation capacity and energy
conversion efficiency with minimal weight penalty for improved fuel efficiency.

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TOPIC 2 – RAILWAY WAGON BREAKING SYSTEM
ABSTRACT
In Railway wagon as well as in passenger cars the braking system plays a very
important role to stop the train, to maintain the speed of the train within
specific limit. Brakes are the devices on the trains to bring it to standstill.
A moving train contains energy, known as kinetic energy, which needs to be
removed from the train in order to cause it to stop. The simplest way of doing
this is to convert the kinetic energy into heat energy. The conversion is usually
done by applying a contact material to the rotating wheels or to discs attached
to the axles. The material creates friction and converts the kinetic energy into
heat energy. The wheels slow down and eventually the train stops. The
material used for braking is normally in the form of a block or pad.
The vast majority of the world's trains are equipped with braking systems
which uses compressed air as the force to push the blocks on to wheels or pads
on to discs. These systems are known as "Air Brakes" or "Pneumatic Brakes".
The compressed air is transmitted along the train through a "brake pipe".
Changing the level of air pressure in the pipe causes a change in the state of
the brake on each vehicle. The system is in widespread use throughout the
world.
An alternative to air brake known as vacuum brake is also used in railway
wagon. Like the air brake the vacuum brake system is contolled through a
brake pipe conecting a brake valve in the driver’s cab with braking equipment
on each vehicle. The operation of the brake equipment on each vehicle
depends on the condition of vacuum created in the pipe by an ejector or
exhauster.
Another braking system used by electric train is Electric Dynamic Braking
System.The basic principle of operation is to convert electric motor into a
braking generator dissipating the kinetic energy as heat energy. Regenerative
braking is similar to Dynamic Braking. Only difference is that, it transmits
generated electricity to overhead wires instead of dissipating it as heat, and is
becoming more common due to it’s ability to save energy.
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