H63PNW-E1 and HS4PNP-E1 The University of Nottingham SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING A LEVEL 3/4 MODULE, AUTUMN SEMESTER 2007-2008 POWER NETWORKS Time allowed TWO Hours Candidates must NOT start writing their answers until told to do so. Answer ALL questions in Section A and ONE question from Section B Only silent, self-contained calculators with a Single-Line Display or Dual-Line Display are permitted in this examination. Dictionaries are not allowed with one exception, Those whose first language is not English may use a standard translation dictionary to translate between that fanguage and English provided that neither language is the subject of this examination. Subject specific translation dictionaries are not permitted. No electronic devices capable of storing and retrieving text, including electronic dictionaries, may be used. DO NOT turn examination paper over until instructed to do so H63PNW-E1 and HS4PNP-E1 Turn Over2 H63PNW-E1 and HS4PNP-E1 SECTION A Answer ALL questions A 22 kV, 500 MVA star connected 3 phase synchronous generator supplies 450 MW of real power. What is its rated current, the maximum reactive power output and the power factor at maximum output of reactive power? [5 marks] Explain the limiting factors of generator load angle for electrical generator power stability and how voltage control can improve the stability limits? [5 marks} Show that the positive sequence fault current I; for a short circuit phase to phase fault is given by E Wk, where Z, and Z, are the system positive and negative sequence system impedances respectively, and £ Is the supply phase voltage. [5 marks] Part of an aircraft three phase power system is composed of a 115 V, 400 Hz generator which supplies a 200 kW load of unity power factor via a cable of inductance 4 yH/phase and resistance 0.01 2/phase. Determine the load angle if there is rated voltage at the load and generator. [5 marks] Describe how local or embedded generation helps reduce power quality problems. [5 marks] Two 500 MVA machines, connected in parallel, supply 800 MW at 50Hz. Machine 1 has a speed-dreop characteristic of 2% and outputs 320 MW and machine 2 has a speed-droop characteristic of 4% and outputs 480 MW. If the total load changes to 900 MW what will be the output power of each machine and the new system frequency before secondary governor control occurs? [5 marks] Why are series capacitors often installed on very long AC lines and what other advantage do they have at high geographic latitudes? [5 marks] Briefly describe three sources of renewable energy and any environmental concerns associated with them. [5 marks] H63PNW-E1 and HS4PNP-E19 (a) () 10. (a) (v) (©) 3 H63PNW-E1 and HS4PNP-E1 SECTION B Answer ONE question Find the most economical division of loads for three 450 MVA generators for total output powers of 800 MW and 400 MW, when they have a minimum. output of 100 MW and a total operating cost in £/hour given by F,= 0028? +038 +6 F, 0.0172 40,18, +1 Fy -083 +0.12, 42 where P,, P2, and Ps are in MW. [14 marks] For the economic optimisation of a power system, what other factors besides generator scheduling need to be considered and describe briefly how they are Normally controlled. [6 marks] With the aid of a diagram, describe the connection arrangement and operation of a power system static compensator that uses power electronic converters. [8 marks] A static compensator is connected to the centre of a 132 kV transmission line of impedance j10 Q/phase. Show with the aid of a phasor diagram how the maximum power throughput of the transmission line can be improved. [8 marks] What is the necessary MVA rating of a static compensator in Question 10(b) if the transmission line power transfer after compensation is 100 MW? [4 marks] H63PNW-El and HS4PNP-E1 Turn Over1. 4 H63PNW-E1 and HS4PNP-E1 The power system depicted in Figure 11a can be considered lossless and has the parameters given in Table 11a (note per unit (pu) values are given at the MVA and V rating of each component). (2) Aphase to phase fault occurs 10 m along line L3. Determine the sequence impedances for the fault circuit. {12 marks} (b) Determine the sequence fault currents at the fault location (assume generator voltages are in phase). YW 2 os % MA os [8 marks] an Figure 11a Component | Voltage) MVA [Length | Positive | negative (metres) | Sequence | Sequencer reactance_| eactance Generator G1_| 4160 20__[ N/A 0.1 pu 0.2 pu Generator G2_| 4160 20 [N/A O.1 pu 0.2 pu Trans. TA 41602440 [5 [N/A 0.05 pu [0.08 pu Trans. 12 4160:440 [5 [N/A 0.05 pu | 0.05 pu Line Li 440 1 _}20 (0.0001/m_—|-0.0001/m Line L2 440 1 [20 0.0001 [-0.0001/m tine 13 440 1 [10] 0.0001/m | 0.0001/m Fault Table 11a H63PNW-E1 and HS4PNP-EL End