HO3PNW-E1 and HS4PNP-E1 The University Of Nottingham DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTONIC ENGINEERING A LEVEL 3/4 MODULE, AUTUMN SEMESTER, 2008-2009 POWER NETWORKS Time allowed TWO Hours Candidates must NOT start writing their answers until told to do so Answer ALL questions in section A and ONE question from section B Only silent, self-contained calculators with a single line display are permitted in this examination. Dictionaries are not allowed with one exception. Those whose first language is not English may use a dictionary to translate between that language and English provided that neither language is the subject of this examination. No electronic devices capable of storing and retrieving text, including electronic dictionaries, may be used. DO NOT turn examination paper over until instructed to do so HSCPNW-E1 and HS4PNP-EL Turn OverH3PNW-E1 and HS4PNP-EL Section A Answer ALL questions 1. A 22 kV 3 phase synchronous generator supplies a 415 V 3 phase load of 60 kW with a 0.6 power factor, via an ideal three phase step down transformer. Both primary and secondary windings of the transformer are delta connected. What are the transformer primary and secondary phase current amplitudes? [5 marks] 2. Briefly describe with the aid of a phasor diagram why there is a limit to the maximum possible power transfer on a lossless transmission line and why this is never achievable on practical transmission lines? [5 marks] 3. Show that the fault current for a short circult phase to ground fault the positive, negative and zero sequence fault currents (I:, [2and 1 respectively) are given by: E I, where Zo and Z, and Z» are the zero, positive and negative sequence system impedances respectively and E Is the supply phase voltage. [5 marks] 4, The real power transferred by a lossless 110 kV three phase transmission line is 10 MW. The supply voltage is 110 kV and the transmission line reactance is 12 ohms/phase. What reactive power input to the transmission line is required, at the load end of the transmission line, to ensure that the load end is at rated voltage? [5 marks] 5. Describe what is meant by the terms voltage dip, voltage swell and voltage flicker and also give their main causes. [5 marks] 6, Two 300 MVA generators have a minimum load of 100 MW and their running costs are given by: F=001R+3.2 +20 242,410 where P,, Pz, are the output powers of machine 1 and 2 in MW respectively. Give the most economic load division when the total load is 210 MW. [5 marks] 7. Describe how transmission reactive power can be controlled by thyristor controlled shunt Inductors and capacitors. Give their main limitations. [5 marks] 8. Briefly describe the main “renewable energy” power sources. [5 marks] HSCPNW-E1 and HS4PNP-E1 Tur OverHe3PNW-E1 and HS4PNP-E1 Section B Answer ONE question 9. (a) Draw the machine operation chart of a 22kV, 600 MVA, star connected 3 phase synchronous generator which has a reactance 1.0 © per phase, a maximum open Circuit voltage of 44 kV and maximum input mechanical power from the turbines of 500 MW. Also include a stability margin of 10 MW. [15 marks] (b) What is the maximum and minimum reactive power output at 60 MW output power from he machine described in 9. (a)? [5 marks] 10. (a) With the aid of a phasor diagram, describe the operation of a Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC) when used to control the power flow over a transmission line. [8 marks] (b) A UPFC is connected to a 22 kV transmission line of impedance j1 Q/phase. What is the MVA rating needed for a compensator that can Increase the power transfer from 10 MW to 11 MW. [8 marks] (©) What other techniques besides @ UPFC can be used to improve the power transfer capability of a transmission line? [4 marks) 11, The power system given in Figure 11a. has per unit parameters for the given MVA and kV ratings as in table 11a, (a) Assingle phase to ground fault of negligible resistance occurs half way along the 10 km transmission line L3. Find the sequence impedances for the fault circuit. [12 marks] (b) Determine the zero sequence fault current at the fault location, [8 marks] OL WM YY YX Gr igure ae HH fi —-© Fault half way along L3 HSCPNW-E1 and HS4PNP-EL Turn Over,HB3PNW-EL and HS4PNP-EL Component] kV TVA [Length [Per Unit| Per Unit|Per Unit (km) | reactance | reactance | reactance negative | Zero Sea. Seq. Generator Gi_|2? NA 02 0.05 Generator G2_| 22 N/A. 0.2 ogame Transformer | 22:132 Wa ot ot m1 e alt Transformer | 132:400 WA or or 2 — - Transformer [2213275 |N/A | OL or oi Transformer | 132:400 | 75 [N/A [OT oi or 14 _ Lineti_| 432 Conran | B.00z7em | 6.006/krn Linet2 | 132 | 150. (0.001/km | 0.001/km | 0.003/krm Line L3 400 1000 To.03/km ‘0.03/km —_[.0.09/km. Table 11a. 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