Source: https://www.ancienthistorylists.

com/mesopotamia-history/top-10-
inventions-of-persian-civilizations/

The yakhchal is an ancient evaporation cooler which has a two-fold meaning:

yakh means “ice” and chal means “pit.” These ancient refrigerators were
mainly built and used in Persia. The Persians had mastered the technique of
building and using the yakhchal by 400 BC. The structure above the ground
was dome-shaped and had a subterranean storage space. Using thick, heat-
resistant construction materials, the subterranean storage space was
insulated year-round. The underground spaces were up to 5,000 cubic meters
in volume. Many of these structures were built hundreds of years ago and are
still standing.
Cold air entered the structure through the base and subterranean space. The
conical shape of the structure allowed the remaining heat to flow up and out
which caused the inside of the structure to remain cooler than the outside
environment. They were built from a unique water-resistant mortar called
sarooj. The mortar was composed of sand, clay, egg whites, goat’s hair, and
ash in certain proportions to make it resistant to heat transfer and water. The
walls at the base of the structures were at least two meters thick and the main
function of the structures was to store ice, but it was also used to store food.
Ice was created in the winter and stored in the yakhchal for the summer.

A ceramic pot, a metal tube, and a rod of a different metal were used to create
the Baghdad Battery or Parthian Battery. The artifacts were found in
Mahoze, or modern-day Khujut Rabu. The battery was tested by Western
scientists who found that when the battery jar was filled with vinegar (or
another electrolyte), it generated a current of 1.5 to 2.0 volts.

Wilhelm Konig, assistant at the National Museum of Iraq in the 1930s,

authored a paper which proposed that the artifacts may have formed galvanic
cells used for electroplating gold onto silver objects. This hypothesis has since
been rejected and the true purpose of the artifacts remains unclear. If the
artifacts were used as batteries in Persia, this would predate the discovery of
the battery by Count Alessandro Volta by more than 1,600 years.
Backgammon, a popular modern game, was first invented in Iran in about
3000 BC. It is one of the oldest surviving board games. In the modern world, it
is played with two players and the playing pieces are moved according to the
roll of the dice. A player wins if he/she is able to remove all of their pieces
from the board before their opponent.

 Dice- made up by human bone

 King Nero loves gambling

 Naka base sa social status yung game

The popularity of backgammon has survived thousands of years in the region

as Iranians can still be found playing the game in public parks and cafes all
over the country. The game is today known as “nard” and has different initial
positions and objectives to the ancient game.

in ancient Iran in the sixth century BC during the reign of the first King of
Achaemenid, Cyrus the Great. The postal system was swift, with men and
horses waiting along the road at intervals during the day-long journey and not
stopping for anything: snow, rain, or heat.

The service used a system of messengers known as Chapaar in Persian. The

messengers carried the mail on horseback and relay stations were close
to one another so that a horse could travel without rest or food. These
relay stations were post offices or post houses known as Chapaar-Khaneh
and messengers stopped there to pass their packets of mail to another
messenger or to change their horses.

The taxation system can be traced back to ancient Persian. It was an

important component of the Achaemenid state administration and was
known as Achaemenid Taxation. In the Persian Empire under Cyrus II and
Cambyses, subjects were mostly obliged to deliver only gifts, and regular
taxes were first introduced under the rule of Darius I (r. 522-486 BC). While
the system of state taxation already existed under Cyrus II, it was not
regulated and people who did not pay taxes had to deliver gifts and vice
versa.
While Persians, as the ruling people, were exempt from monetary taxes, they
were not exempt from taxes in kind. Information on the collection of the taxes
in southwestern Iran during the reign of Darius I has been found in the Elamite
Fortification document. Some of the records show receipts for small livestock
being paid as state taxes. Approximately 7,740 Babylonian talents of silver
(about 232,200kg) were paid by the people to the Achaemenid rulers each
year excluding the Indian satrapy which paid its contribution in the form of
gold dust.

A qanat is a gently sloping underground channel that carries water from an

aquifer or water well to houses and fields. It is used for the irrigation of crops
and for drinking water. It is an old system of supplying water from deep wells
via a series of vertical access shafts. It is still a reliable means of supplying
water to human settlements and for irrigation in hot, arid and semi-arid
climates. It was first developed by the Persian people in Iran around the first
millennium BC. It slowly spread westwards and eastwards from there.
The qanat tunnels, which could be several kilometers long, were hand-dug
and the same size as the person digging the tunnel. The vertical shafts, sunk
at intervals of about 20 to 30 meters, were used to remove excavated
materials and also acted as ventilation and access for repairs. Main qanat
tunnels sloped down from pre-mountainous alluvial fans to an outlet in
villages. From there the canals distributed water to fields for irrigation. These
structures were built with great scientific vision and allowed Persian farmers to
survive during long dry periods without surface water. These qanats are still
used in many places in China, Morocco, and America.