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General Loads On Aircraft
General Loads On Aircraft
(ASEG 331)
Main structural Components and Their Functions
Conventional aircraft usually consist of fuselage, wings
and tail plane. The basic functions of an aircraft's
structure are to transmit and resist the applied loads; to
provide an aerodynamic shape and to protect passengers,
payload, systems, etc. from the environmental conditions
encountered in flight.
Wing:
• Spars
• Stringers
• Ribs
• Skin
Contd….
SPAR:
• Longitudinal member in the wing.
• Generally wing having Two spars called Front spar
(located at 30% of wing chord from leading edge) and
Rear spar (located at 65% of wing chord from the leading
edge).
• Generally Spar having I cross-section, because I section
having maximum moment of inertia, hence Highest
strength, for the same weight.
• Spar webs takes Torsional load
(i.e. shear stresses) and
spar flanges takes bending
loads (i.e. bending stresses).
Contd ….
Stringer:
• Used for Bending loads.
• Generally having Z, L, T, channal and small wings having
rectangular cross-sections because of easy attachment to
the skin and space and weight advantage.
Contd ….
RIBS:
• The dimensions of ribs are governed by their span-wise
location in the wing (i.e. Airfoil shape) and by the loads
they are required to support.
• Used for maintain the Airfoil shape through out the wing
section.
• They also act with the skin in resisting the distributed
aerodynamic pressure loads.
• They distribute concentration loads (e.g. undercarriage and
additional wing store loads) into the structure.
Contd ….
Skin:
• The outer cover of the wing structure is skin.
• The primary function of the wing skin is to form
an impermeable surface for supporting the
aerodynamic pressure distribution from which the
lifting capacity of the wing is desired.
• Skin is efficient for resisting shear and tensile
loads.
• Skin buckles under comparatively low
compressive loads. Stringers are attached to the
skin and ribs thereby dividing the skin into panels
and increasing the buckling stresses.
FUSELAGE
The fuselage of any aircraft has TWO main functions:
1. Carries the payload: passenger & cargo.
2. It forms the main structural links in the complete
assembly that is the aircraft. The fuselage often carries
the engines and undercarriage. It also responsible for
providing a safe environment so that the crew and
passenger can survive.
The fuselage is considered to be made in three sections:
•. The nose section.
•. The centre section.
•. The aft section.
The three sections carries different loads depending on
the role
of the aircraft.
There are mainly three types of fuselage structures:
1. TRUSS TYPE:
• This type of structure is still in use in many
lightweight aircraft using welded steel tube
trusses.
• A box truss fuselage structure can also be built
out of wood—often covered with plywood.
Contd….
2. Monocoque structure: it is possible to make a
skin strong enough to carry all the loads without
the need for any supporting framework.
Consists of-
• Skin.
• Formers.
• Bulkheads.
Contd ….
Weight:
The term weight is that constant force, proportional to
its mass. Which tends to draw every physical body
towards the centre of the earth.
Inertia Forces:
• Inertia Forces for motion of pure translation of
rigid body
If the unbalanced forces acting on a rigid body
cause only a change in the magnitude of the
velocity of the body, but not in the direction, the
motion is called translation and from the basic
physics:
Accelerating force F = M a
From the basic physics
Inertia forces on rotating rigid bodies:
• A common airplane maneuver is a motion
along a curved path in a plane parallel to
the XZ plane of the airplane, and generally
referred to the pitching plane.
• A pull up from steady flight or a pull out
from a dive causes an airplane to follow a
curved path.
• If at point A the velocity is increasing
along its path, the airplane is being
subjected to two accelerations:
1. at, tangential to the curve at point A and
equal in magnitude to at = r a.
2. an = r ω2, an acceleration normal to the
flight path at A and directed toward the
centre of rotation (o).
From the Newton’s law the effective forces
due to these accelerations ate:
If the velocity of the airplane along the
path is constant then at = 0 and thus the
inertia force Ft = 0, leaving only the
normal inertia force Fn.
If the angular acceleration is constant the
following relationships hold:
Load factors
The term load factor normally given the symbol “n”
can be defined as the numerical multiplying factor by
which the forces equivalent to the dynamic force
system acting during the acceleration of the airplane.
For steady flight L = W. Now assume that airplane
is accelerated upward, shows the additional inertia
force acting in downwards, or opposite to the
direction of acceleration. Thus the total airplane lift L
for the un-accelerated condition must be multiplied
by a factor nz to produce static equilibrium in the z-
direction.
Since L = W, then
Contd….
• An airplane can be accelerated along the x-axis
as well as the z-axis.
Problem
• Figure shows an airplane landing on a navy
aircraft are being arrested by a cable pull T on
the airplane arresting hook. If the airplane weight
is 12000 lbs, and the airplane is given a constant
acceleration of 3.5g, find the hook pull T, wheel
reaction R, and the distance (d) between the line
of action of the hook pull and the airplane c.g. if
the landing velocity is 60 MPH.
Contd….
• Landing run:
Contd….
• To find R2, take moment about point A:
V-n Diagram (Velocity load factor Diagram)
• Hence
Where,
U = gust velocity (max. 30 ft/sec).
K = Gust correction factor.
V = Indicated air speed in MPH.
W = gross weight of the airplane.
Contd….