Gradually Varied Flow Analysis

TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION 2
2. OBJECTIVES 3
I. GENERAL OBJECTIVE 3
II. SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES 3
3. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK 4
4. METHODS AND MATERIALS 9
I. CHRONOMETER 9
II. TEST TUBE 9
III. DISCHARGE TANK AND HYDRAULIC PUMP 10
5. PROCEDURE 12
6. DATA COLLECTED 13
7. RESULTS 15
8. ANALYSIS 1
9. CONCLUSIONS 2
10. REFERENCES 3
Page 2
1. INTRODUCTION
There is talk of gradually varying flow when the strand of a flow varies along a
channel with a constant expenditure, decreasing or increasing, depending on the type of flow
that occurs. In addition, this type of flow is defined as a permanent and non-uniform flow
that undergoes variations in the depth and the sheet of water produced by the friction of the
fluid with the contour of the channel.
In the present report, the respective calculations, procedure and analysis are
presented, as a result of the study of the gradually varied Flow condition, experimentally
representing the thematic seen in a theoretical way and promoting the study of theoretical
and numerical concepts that explain each of the activities performed inside and outside the
action area.
Page 3
2. OBJECTIVES
I. GENERAL OBJECTIVE
In order to observe and analyze the details that it brings. In addition, we will perform
the analysis of the current theoretical calculation equations for this type of flow. In a
rectangular geometry channel.
II. SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES
 Study the characteristics, concepts and equations that relate and describe in a
theoretical and experimental way the behavior of a gradually varied flow and its
characteristics on a rectangular geometry channel.
 Express each of the values requested by the teacher with their respective uncertainty,
guaranteeing the veracity of the operations carried out with the values extracted
experimentally.
 Examine and analyze each of the parts, mechanisms and tools that make up the team
with which the states and regimes of gradually varied flow were studied, seeking to
understand their effects from their starting point to the consequences they generate.
 Analyze and compare the conditions that favor a gradually varied flow, with respect
to the theoretical calculations made and from this, construct the calibration curves of
the same.
 Promote the concepts, processes and equations, seen in a theoretical way along the
cut, generating a familiarization with hydraulic ideas and judgments.
 Determine the magnitude of the flow and the experimental speed, from the values of
diameter, time and volume of the circulating fluid and the pipe that contained it,
taking into account the conditions of the pump.
Page 4
3. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
Gradually Varied Flow
When not flowing full, water surface profiles within a culvert are generally
calculated using equations that describe Gradually Varied Flow (GVF) conditions. The
GVF equations account for gravitational and frictional forces acting on the water, and are
used to calculate water depths throughout the culvert. A GVF profile is also known as a
water depth profile and applies to steady-state, or constant flow, conditions.
(fluidos.eia.edu.co, 2012).
Limitations Of Gradually Varied Flow Equation:
1. Steady State Flow.

2. One Dimensional (can only calculate average cross sectional water velocity).
General form of the Gradually Varied Flow equation is:
𝑑𝑦 𝑆𝑜 − 𝑆𝑓
=
𝑑𝑥 (1 − 𝐹𝑅2 )
Equation # 1: Gradually Varied Flow equation.
Taken from: (Bdigita.edu, 2017).
Where:
𝑆𝑜 : Bottom slope, positive in the downward direction.

𝑆𝑓 : Friction slope, positive in the downward direction.
𝑦: Water depth, measured from culvert bottom to water surface.
𝑥: Longitudinal distance, measured along the culvert bottom.
𝐹𝑟: Froude number.
The Friction slope is approximated from Mannings Equation:

Page 5
𝑛2 ∗ 𝑉 2
𝑆𝑓 =
𝜑 ∗ 𝑅 4/3
Equation # 2: Friction slope equation.
Where:
𝑆𝑓 : Friction slope, positive in the downward direction.

𝑛: Mannings roughness coefficient.
𝑉: Average cross section velocity.
𝑗: Constant equal to 1.49 for English units and 1.00 for SI units.
𝑅: Hydraulic radius, (Wetted Area / Wetted Perimeter).
Numerical Integration of the GVF Equation:
The GVF differential equation does not have an analytical solution. Therefore, uses
numerical integration to generate a water surface profile. Numerical integration is a
technique of dividing the channel, or culvert, into numerous short reaches and then
performing the computations from one end of the reach to the other. (scribd.com, 2015).
Δ𝐸 = Δ𝑥 ∗ (𝑆𝑜 − 𝑆𝑓 )
Equation # 3: Numerical Integration of the GVF Equation equation.
Primarily uses the Standard Step Method of numerical integration. The following
form of the equation is used:
𝑄2
𝐸 =𝑦+
2𝑔 ∗ 𝐴2
Equation # 4: Equation.
Where:
𝐸: Change in specific energy from one end of the reach to the other.
Page 6
𝑆𝑓 : Average friction slope across the reach.

Δ𝑥: Longitudinal distance from one end of the reach to the other.
𝑦: Depth of water.
𝑄: Flow rate.
𝑔: Gravitational acceleration.
A = Wetted cross sectional area.
Since the friction slope and wetted area are functions of depth, solving for depth at
a given distance (Dx) requires an iterative solution. Uses a bisection method to find the
solution. (slideshare.net, 2017).
Backwater and Frontwater Calculations
The water surface profile can be calculated from downstream going upstream
(backwater calculations) or from upstream going downstream (front water
calculations). The direction depends on the classification of the water surface
profile (hydraulic slope and type of curve). For Mild, Critical, Adverse, and Horizontal
slopes performs a backwater calculation beginning at the downstream boundary. Front
water calculations are performed for Steep slopes, beginning at the upstream boundary. If
a Steep slope culvert is backwatered (S1 curve), also performs a backwater calculation and
identifies the location of the hydraulic jump if one occurs. (prezi.com, 2010).
Direct Step Method
The calculation of the surface of the water consists of determining the depths of the
flow along the length of the channel. The calculation of these depths is solved in the dynamic
equation of the gradual flow. Since this solution can not always be explicit, iterative methods
have been used as a direct method of passage, they have been identified by dividing the
channel into small sections and performing the step-by-step calculations from one end of the
section to the other. (prezi.com, 2013).
Page 7
Image # 1. Application of the method of direct passage in the cross section of a rectangular
geometry channel.
Taken from: (Rodriguez, 2014).
The direct pass method is explained below:
1) Calculate the 𝐴1 , 𝑉1, 𝑃𝑚1 y 𝑅𝐻1 , from the given span.

2) Assume a depth 𝑌2 , calculate the 𝐴2 , 𝑉2 , 𝑃𝑚2 y 𝑅𝐻2 ..
3) For the supposed 𝑌2 , find the average of 𝐴, 𝑃𝑚 and 𝑅𝐻.
4) Calculate the slope of the energy line.
5) Determine the new value of 𝛥𝐿.
6) If the value of the new length does not coincide with the application of the equation of
the new 𝑌2𝑁 .
2
𝑛∗𝑄
𝑆𝑓 = ( ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅)
̅ ∗ 𝑅𝐻2/3
𝐴
Equation # 5: Equation of the slope of the energy line.
(𝑉12 − 𝑉12 )
+ (𝑦1 − 𝑦2 )
2𝑔
∆𝐿 =
𝑆𝑓 − 𝑆𝑜
Equation # 6: Delta delta equation.
∆𝐿𝐷
𝑦2𝑁 = 𝑦1 + [(𝑦2 − 𝑦1 ) ∗ ( )]
∆𝐿𝑁
Page 8
Equation # 7: Equation to establish the new tie in section two.

Page 9
4. METHODS AND MATERIALS
I. CHRONOMETER
Image # 2. Chronometer.
Taken from: (cdn.shopify.com, 2017).
It is a type of traditional chronometer version. Its function is to measure the time,

but with a precision greater than that of the clock and in certain ranges.
II. TEST TUBE
Image # 3. Graduated test tube.

Taken from: Own source.
Container used to take different samples of water quantity for this practice for the
purpose of calculating the flow.
Page 10
III. DISCHARGE TANK AND HYDRAULIC PUMP
1
2
Image # 4. Discharge tank and hydraulic pump.

Plastic object of hollow cubic geometry, destined to store the circulating water of
the channel.
1. Discharge tank.
2. Hydraulic pump.
IV. CALIBRATOR
Image # 5. Calibrator.
Tool used to dimension objects, in our case to determine the magnitude of the
characteristic depths that the fluid experiences.
Page 11
V. CONTROL OR COMPUTER EQUIPMENT
Image # 6. Control equipment or computer.

Voltage and flow regulating equipment: also with rectangular channel.
VI. RECTANGULAR CHANNEL
4
5
2
4
1
Image # 7. Rectangular channel.

1. Storage tank.
2. Hydraulic pump.
3. Entrance area.
4. Channel Support.
5. Download area.
Page 12
5. PROCEDURE
1) Verify the good condition of the tools and equipment that intervene throughout the
practice.
2) Turn on the hydraulic pump to stabilize the flow and water level.
3) Adjust the slope and inclination of the channel.
4) Mark the points in which you intend to establish the value of the tie.
5) Regulate the flow that circulates through the channel.
6) Record the value of the straps in each of the points indicated above.
7) Gauge the flow that circulates through the channel, by measuring time and volume in
three different cases.
8) Repeat steps three to seven, twice more.
9) Clean and organize the equipment used throughout the practice.
Page 13
6. DATA COLLECTED
hroughout the development of the practice called Gradually Varied Flow, several
values were extracted and three tables were organized respectively. The first table shows the
values of volume, time, base and parameters related to the calculation of the slope of the
channel. Later in the second table the values of the straps measured with their respective level
are exposed, finally in the last table the values of each case of the rugosity of the channel are
indicated with its adequate average, which are extracted from the practice of Uniform Flow
previously made.
 CASE 1
t [s] v [m^3] L [m] Δh [m] B [m]

Value Unc. Value Unc. Value Unc. Value Unc. Value Unc.
2,01 0,00080 0,925 0,001 0,00442 0,00001 0,07791 0,00001
2,10 0,00082
0,15 0,00002
1,96 0,00078
̅
𝑿 2,02 0,00080
Table # 1. Values extracted from the laboratory with respect to the flow and the dimensions of the
channel and the tie for the first case.
DISTANCE [m] Y [m] H [m]

POINT
Value Unc. Value Unc. Value Unc.
0 0,00 0,14846 0,00986
1 0,02 0,14804 0,01028
2 0,04 0,14543 0,01289
3 0,06 0,14346 0,01486
4 0,08 0,14297 0,01535
0,001 0,00001 0,00001
5 0,10 0,14285 0,01547
6 0,20 0,14243 0,01589
7 0,30 0,14230 0,01602
8 0,40 0,14225 0,01607
9 0,50 0,14223 0,01609
Table # 2. Values of the straps measured with their respective dimension for the first case.
n
NUMBER
Value Unc.
1 0,00770 0,00079
2 0,00983 0,00103
3 0,01135 0,00125
̅
𝑿 0,00963 0,00103
Table # 3. Values of each case of the channel roughness with its adequate average for the first case.
 CASE 2
t [s] v [m^3] L [m] Δh [m] B [m]

Page 14
2,03 0,00090 0,925 0,001 0,00442 0,00001 0,07791 0,00001

2,18 0,00092
0,15 0,00002
1,94 0,00088
̅
𝑿 2,05 0,00090
channel and the tie for the second case.

POINT
0 0,00 0,14454 0,01378
1 0,02 0,14362 0,01470
2 0,04 0,14348 0,01484
3 0,06 0,14217 0,01615
4 0,08 0,14201 0,01631
0,001 0,00001 0,00001
5 0,10 0,14132 0,01700
6 0,20 0,14122 0,01710
7 0,30 0,14115 0,01717
8 0,40 0,14111 0,01721
9 0,50 0,14110 0,01722
Table # 5. Values of the straps measured with their respective dimension for the second case.
 CASE 3
t [s] v [m^3] L [m] Δh [m] B [m]

2,03 0,00090 0,925 0,001 0,00442 0,00001 0,07791 0,00001
2,18 0,00092
0,15 0,00002
1,94 0,00088
̅
𝑿 2,05 0,00090
channel and the tie for the third case.

POINT
0 0,00 0,14454 0,01378
1 0,02 0,14362 0,01470
2 0,04 0,14348 0,01484
3 0,06 0,14217 0,01615
4 0,08 0,14201 0,01631
0,001 0,00001 0,00001
5 0,10 0,14132 0,01700
6 0,20 0,14122 0,01710
7 0,30 0,14115 0,01717
8 0,40 0,14111 0,01721
9 0,50 0,14110 0,01722
Table # 7. Values of the straps measured with their respective dimension for the third case.
Page 15
7. RESULTS
In order to carry out each of the calculations, the following equations were used
correspondingly:
𝐴 = 𝐵 ∗ 𝑃𝑌 𝑣̅
𝑄=
𝑡̅
𝑃𝑚 = 𝐵 + 2𝑃𝑌
2
𝑛∗𝑄
𝑆𝑓 = ( ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅)
𝑇=𝐵 ̅ ∗ 𝑅𝐻2/3
𝐴
𝐴
𝑅𝐻 = (𝑉12 − 𝑉12 )
𝑃𝑚 + (𝑦1 − 𝑦2 )
2𝑔
𝑄 ∆𝐿 =
𝑉= 𝑆𝑓 − 𝑆𝑜
𝐴
∆𝐿𝐷
Δℎ 𝑦2𝑁 = 𝑦1 + [(𝑦2 − 𝑦1 ) ∗ ( )]
𝑆𝑜 = ∆𝐿𝑁
𝐿
Being:
𝐴: Cross sectional area of the rectangular geometry channel [m^2].

𝐵: Rectangular geometry channel width [m].
𝐻: Flow tie worked in the laboratory [m].
𝑉 : Flow speed [m/s].
𝑄: Flow rate [m^3/s].
𝑣̅ : Average speeds [m/s].
𝑡̅: Average time [s].
𝑔: Constant of gravity (9,81 m/s^2).
𝑃𝑚: Wet perimeter of the cross section of the channel [m].
𝑅𝐻: Hydraulic radius of the cross section of the channel [m].
𝑆𝑓 : Slope of the channel energy line.
𝑆𝑜 : Slope of the channel energy line.
Δℎ: Difference of height of the channel [m].
𝐿: Longitudinal slope of the channel [m].
∆𝐿: Difference in channel length [m].
𝑛: Value of the channel roughness.
 CASE 1
Q [m^3/s] So n Yc [m]
Value Unc. Value Unc. Valor Inc. Value Unc.
0,00040 3,920E-05 0,00478 1,598E-05 0,00963 0,00103 0,01380 0,00091
Table # 8. Values calculations of flow, slope, roughness and critical tension of the channel with respect to the flow for the first case.
Ac [m^2] Vc [m/s] Pmc [m] RHc [m]

Value Unc. Value Unc. Value Unc. Value Unc.
0,00107 7,126E-05 0,36787 6,086E-02 0,10550 0,00184 0,01019 0,00085
Table # 9. Results of the operations with respect to the geometric components of the channel from the critical tie for the first case.
 Values Calculated
L [m] B [m] Q [m^3/s] So n Y1 [m] A1 [m^2] V1 [m/s] Pm1 [m] RH1 [m]
ITERAT Valu Valu Valu

Unc. Value Unc. Unc. Value Unc. Valor Inc. Unc. Value Unc. Value Unc. Value Unc. Value Unc.
ION # e e e
0,0000 0,000 3,920E- 1,598E- 0,013 0,000 0,001074 7,126E- 6,086E- 0,105500 0,001835 0,010187 0,000852
0,02 0,001 0,07791 0,00478 0,00963 0,00103 0,36787
1 40 05 05 80 91 789 05 02 52 82 521 747
Y2 [m] A2 [m^2] V2 [m/s] Pm2 [m] RH2 [m] PA [m] PPm [m] PRH [m] Sf ΔL [m] Y2 N. [m]
Valu Valu Valu

1 Unc. Value Unc. Unc. Value Unc. Value Unc. Unc. Value Unc. Value Unc. Value Unc. Value Unc. Value Unc.
e e e
-
0,015 0,001168 7,806E- 0,338 5,614E- 0,010829 0,000919 0,001 0,000 0,106705 0,001922 0,010512 8,851E- 0,004999 0,003283 0,411277 0,012127 0,045662
0,001 0,10791 0,00201 0,014446
00 65 05 33 02 858 787 12 07 26 91 315 04 258 408 388 414 681
654
Valu Valu Valu

e e e
- -
0,012 0,045662 0,000944 3,558E- 0,418 1,617E 0,102164 0,091335 0,009248 0,043091 0,001 0,001 0,103832 0,046585 0,009725 2,184E- 0,006842 0,047894 9,421621 0,014872
0,030963 0,323118
13 681 847 03 47 +00 828 362 259 091 01 81 674 591 434 02 904 04 571 566
295 671
Valu Valu Valu

e e e
- - - - - - - - - - - -
0,014 0,001158 0,341 0,107655 0,010763 0,001 0,106577 0,010478 0,005065 0,011938
0,323118 2,517E- 7,380E 0,646227 0,298448 0,012 0,322195 1,494E- 0,208112 0,011603 50,16891 7,983207
87 722 23 131 273 12 826 307 641 426
671 02 +00 343 834 55 761 01 986 68 22 102
Valu Valu Valu

e e e
- - - - - - - - - - -
0,011 0,000930 0,425 0,101786 0,009137 0,001 0,103643 0,009672 0,006994 0,014754 38,57766
7,983207 6,220E- 2,842E 15,96640 7,543918 0,310 7,982284 3,745E 7,947816 0,038703 1585,111
94 123 09 852 946 00 686 135 847 786 382
102 01 +02 42 211 95 192 +00 01 169 033
5 Y2 [m] A2 [m^2] V2 [m/s] Pm2 [m] RH2 [m] PA [m] PPm [m] PRH [m] Sf ΔL [m] Y2 N. [m]
Page 2
Valu Valu Valu

Unc. Value Unc. Unc. Value Unc. Value Unc. Unc. Value Unc. Value Unc. Value Unc. Value Unc. Value Unc.
e e e
-
0,014 38,57766 0,001149 3,006E 0,343 8,993E 0,107419 77,15533 0,010701 35,66631 0,001 1,502 0,106460 38,57858 0,010446 1,790E 0,005128 25,57770 6401,334 0,011719 1431,622
0,009243
75 382 545 +00 95 +02 571 764 452 298 11 83 046 673 802 +01 07 921 839 148 775
484
Valu Valu Valu

e e e
- -
0,011 1431,622 0,000913 1,115E 0,433 5,290E 0,101348 2863,245 0,009008 1355,054 0,000 55,76 0,103424 1431,623 0,009610 6,722E 0,007176 1474,802 285028,6 0,014644
0,048871 4839,059
72 775 039 +02 05 +04 295 56 921 698 99 890 408 698 05 +02 954 232 758 887
148 017
Table # 10. Application of the method of direct passage from the critical tie for the first case.
 Measured Values
ITERATION Value Unc. Value Unc. Value Unc. Value Unc. Valor Inc. Value Unc. Value Unc. Value Unc. Value Unc. Value Unc.
#
3,920E- 1,598E- 8,777E- 5,161E- 1,141E-
0,020 0,001 0,07791 0,00001 0,00040 0,00478 0,00963 0,00103 0,00986 0,00001 0,00077 0,51470 0,09763 0,00003 0,00787
05 05 07 02 05
1 Value Unc. Value Unc. Value Unc. Value Unc. Value Unc. Value Unc. Value Unc. Value Unc. Value Unc. Value Unc. Value Unc.
7,801E- 4,860E-
0,01000 0,00100 0,00078 0,50749 0,10112 0,09791 0,00201 0,00796 0,00017 0,00077 0,00004 0,09777 0,00102 0,00791 0,01535 0,00914 0,02227 0,86593 0,00999 0,00581
05 04
4,529E- 2,793E-
0,00999 0,00581 0,00078 0,50822 0,34622 0,09788 0,01163 0,00795 0,00557 0,00077 0,00023 0,09776 0,00583 0,00791 0,01538 0,02260 0,02000 2,53843 0,00999 0,01608
04 03
1,253E- 7,713E-
0,00999 0,01608 0,00078 0,50822 0,86859 0,09788 0,03216 0,00795 0,01541 0,00077 0,00063 0,09776 0,01610 0,00791 0,01538 0,05127 0,02000 6,11240 0,00999 0,03887
03 03
Table # 11. Application of the method of direct passage from the tie at the point to two centimeters for the first case.
ITERATION
Value Unc. Value Unc. Value Unc. Value Unc. Valor Inc. Value Unc. Value Unc. Value Unc. Value Unc. Value Unc.
#
3,920E- 1,598E- 3,028E- 3,725E-
0,040 0,001 0,07791 0,00001 0,00040 0,00478 0,00963 0,00103 0,00999 0,03887 0,00078 0,50822 2,029E+00 0,09788 0,07774 0,00795
05 05 03 02
7,801E-
0,01000 0,00100 0,00078 0,50749 0,10112 0,09791 0,00201 0,00796 0,03114 0,00078 0,00155 0,09790 0,03988 0,00795 1,910E-02 0,01506 0,11448 0,00227 0,02991 0,01024 0,74458
05
2
Value Unc. Value Unc. Value Unc. Value Unc. Value Unc. Value Unc. Value Unc. Value Unc. Value Unc. Value Unc. Value Unc.
Page 3
5,801E-
0,01024 0,74458 0,00080 0,49571 36,10162 0,09839 1,48917 0,00811 0,71233 0,00079 0,03052 0,09813 0,78346 0,00803 3,751E-01 0,01452 2,03555 0,03984 6,53959 0,01024 0,06404
02
4,990E-
0,01024 0,06404 0,00080 0,49566 3,14948 0,09839 0,12809 0,00811 0,06127 0,00079 0,00401 0,09813 0,10292 0,00803 4,927E-02 0,01452 0,27252 0,04000 1,02317 0,01024 0,03975
03
Table # 12. Application of the method of direct passage from the tie at the point to four centimeters for the first case.
ITERATION
#
3,920E- 1,598E- 3,097E- 3,803E-
0,060 0,001 0,07791 0,00001 0,00040 0,00478 0,00963 0,00103 0,01024 0,03975 0,00080 0,49566 1,974E+00 0,09839 0,07952 0,00811
05 05 03 02
7,802E-
0,01100 0,00100 0,00086 0,46136 0,08774 0,09991 0,00201 0,00858 0,03348 0,00083 0,00159 0,09915 0,04076 0,00834 1,944E-02 0,01250 0,09197 0,11806 1,36319 0,01063 0,06494
05
5,059E-
0,01063 0,06494 0,00083 0,47761 2,96633 0,09916 0,12989 0,00835 0,06196 0,00081 0,00408 0,09877 0,10470 0,00823 5,001E-02 0,01320 0,24487 0,06037 1,42975 0,01062 0,01481
03
1,154E-
0,01062 0,01481 0,00083 0,47772 0,71342 0,09916 0,02963 0,00835 0,01413 0,00081 0,00213 0,09877 0,05457 0,00823 2,607E-02 0,01320 0,13028 0,06000 0,87448 0,01062 0,01183
03
Table # 13. Application of the method of direct passage from the tie at the point to six centimeters for the first case.
# 3,920E- 1,598E- 9,216E- 5,793E- 1,129E-
0,080 0,001 0,07791 0,00001 0,00040 0,00478 0,00963 0,00103 0,01062 0,01183 0,00083 0,47772 0,09916 0,02366 0,00835
05 05 04 01 02
1
7,802E- 6,113E-
0,01100 0,00100 0,00086 0,46136 0,08774 0,09991 0,00201 0,00858 0,00972 0,00084 0,00050 0,09953 0,01284 0,00846 0,01184 0,03032 0,05756 0,21599 0,01115 0,03163
05 03
2
2,464E- 2,069E-
0,01115 0,03163 0,00087 0,45528 1,33690 0,10020 0,06326 0,00867 0,03006 0,00085 0,00169 0,09968 0,04346 0,00851 0,01160 0,08868 0,07971 0,67764 0,01115 0,00719
03 02
3
5,603E- 9,057E-
0,01115 0,00719 0,00087 0,45520 0,33875 0,10021 0,01439 0,00867 0,00684 0,00085 0,00074 0,09968 0,01903 0,00851 0,01159 0,04148 0,08000 0,37284 0,01115 0,00512
04 03
Table # 14. Application of the method of direct passage from the tie at the point to eight centimeters for the first case.
ITERATION
#
Page 4
3,920E- 1,598E- 3,989E- 2,542E- 4,868E-

0,100 0,001 0,07791 0,00001 0,00040 0,00478 0,00963 0,00103 0,01115 0,00512 0,00087 0,45520 0,10021 0,01025 0,00867
05 05 04 01 03
7,803E- 2,901E-
0,01200 0,00100 0,00093 0,42291 0,07722 0,10191 0,00201 0,00917 0,00439 0,00090 0,00024 0,10106 0,00613 0,00892 0,00962 0,01322 0,12255 0,20852 0,01184 0,01130
05 03
8,806E- 7,786E-
0,01184 0,01130 0,00092 0,42850 0,45142 0,10160 0,02261 0,00908 0,01069 0,00090 0,00064 0,10090 0,01643 0,00888 0,00982 0,02957 0,10064 0,30923 0,01184 0,00340
04 03
2,652E- 4,041E-
0,01184 0,00340 0,00092 0,42866 0,16573 0,10159 0,00681 0,00908 0,00322 0,00090 0,00033 0,10090 0,00853 0,00888 0,00983 0,01730 0,10002 0,20441 0,01184 0,00259
04 03
Table # 15. Application of the method of direct passage from the tie at the point to ten centimeters for the first case.
ITERATION
#
3,920E- 1,598E- 2,022E- 1,365E- 2,456E-
0,200 0,001 0,07791 0,00001 0,00040 0,00478 0,00963 0,00103 0,01184 0,00259 0,00092 0,42867 0,10159 0,00520 0,00908
05 05 04 01 03
7,804E- 1,694E-
0,01300 0,00100 0,00101 0,39038 0,06878 0,10391 0,00201 0,00975 0,00233 0,00097 0,00014 0,10275 0,00360 0,00942 0,00778 0,00732 0,14564 0,14180 0,01343 0,00909
05 03
7,084E- 5,494E-
0,01343 0,00909 0,00105 0,37778 0,29316 0,10478 0,01819 0,00999 0,00850 0,00098 0,00046 0,10318 0,01170 0,00954 0,00739 0,01554 0,19058 0,31866 0,01351 0,00451
04 03
3,519E- 3,343E-
0,01351 0,00451 0,00105 0,37558 0,16278 0,10493 0,00904 0,01003 0,00422 0,00099 0,00028 0,10326 0,00712 0,00956 0,00732 0,01053 0,19803 0,24651 0,01353 0,00353
04 03
2,749E- 2,878E-
0,01353 0,00353 0,00105 0,37512 0,13502 0,10497 0,00706 0,01004 0,00329 0,00099 0,00024 0,10328 0,00613 0,00957 0,00730 0,00946 0,19957 0,23034 0,01353 0,00307
04 03
Table # 16. Application of the method of direct passage from the tie at the point to twenty centimeters for the first case.
Page 5
ITERATION
#
3,920E- 1,598E- 2,391E- 1,222E- 2,865E-

0,300 0,001 0,07791 0,00001 0,00040 0,00478 0,00963 0,00103 0,01353 0,00307 0,00105 0,37502 0,10497 0,00614 0,01004
05 05 04 01 03
7,807E- 1,882E-
0,01600 0,00100 0,00125 0,31718 0,05131 0,10991 0,00201 0,01134 0,00278 0,00115 0,00016 0,10744 0,00408 0,01071 0,00464 0,00427 3,03478 2,18959 0,01378 0,00365
05 03
2,842E- 3,132E-
0,01378 0,00365 0,00107 0,36838 0,13405 0,10546 0,00730 0,01018 0,00340 0,00106 0,00026 0,10522 0,00672 0,01011 0,00585 0,00771 0,00712 0,00753 0,02381 0,01652
04 03
1,287E- 8,767E-
0,02381 0,01652 0,00185 0,21319 0,16908 0,12552 0,03304 0,01478 0,01414 0,00145 0,00076 0,11525 0,01959 0,01262 0,00233 0,00556 2,21441 1,46972 0,01492 0,00239
03 03
Table # 17. Application of the method of direct passage from the tie at the point to thirty centimeters for the first case.
#
3,920E- 1,598E- 1,862E- 8,817E- 2,208E-
0,400 0,001 0,07791 0,00001 0,00040 0,00478 0,00963 0,00103 0,01492 0,00239 0,00116 0,34005 0,10776 0,00479 0,01079
05 05 04 02 03
7,807E- 1,560E-
0,01600 0,00100 0,00125 0,31718 0,05131 0,10991 0,00201 0,01134 0,00202 0,00120 0,00013 0,10883 0,00340 0,01107 0,00405 0,00331 0,42351 0,24133 0,01594 0,00617
05 03
4,809E- 3,937E-
0,01594 0,00617 0,00124 0,31837 0,15484 0,10979 0,01235 0,01131 0,00565 0,00120 0,00033 0,10877 0,00857 0,01105 0,00407 0,00587 0,40741 0,32625 0,01592 0,00151
04 03
3
Page 6
1,180E- 1,796E-
0,01592 0,00151 0,00124 0,31874 0,06193 0,10975 0,00304 0,01130 0,00139 0,00120 0,00015 0,10876 0,00391 0,01105 0,00408 0,00359 0,40236 0,23977 0,01592 0,00119
04 03
Table # 18. Application of the method of direct passage from the tie at the point to forty centimeters for the first case.
RH1
L [m] B [m] Q [m^3/s] So n Y1 [m] A1 [m^2] V1 [m/s] Pm1 [m]
[m]
ITERATION
#
3,920E- 1,598E- 9,287E- 5,549E- 1,092E-
0,500 0,001 0,07791 0,00001 0,00040 0,00478 0,00963 0,00103 0,01592 0,00119 0,00124 0,31886 0,10974 0,00239 0,01130
05 05 05 02 03
ΔL
Y2 [m] A2 [m^2] V2 [m/s] Pm2 [m] RH2 [m] PA [m] PPm [m] PRH [m] Sf Y2 N. [m]
[m]
7,808E- 1,001E-
0,01700 0,00100 0,00132 0,29852 0,04719 0,11191 0,00201 0,01184 0,00110 0,00128 0,00009 0,11083 0,00220 0,01157 0,00337 0,00222 0,31472 0,11865 0,01764 0,00532
05 03
ΔL
[m]
4,148E- 2,963E-
0,01764 0,00532 0,00137 0,28772 0,11537 0,11319 0,01065 0,01214 0,00481 0,00131 0,00025 0,11146 0,00652 0,01173 0,00318 0,00362 0,47599 0,23181 0,01773 0,00169
04 03
ΔL
[m]
1,319E- 1,312E-
0,01773 0,00169 0,00138 0,28631 0,05573 0,11336 0,00339 0,01218 0,00153 0,00131 0,00011 0,11155 0,00289 0,01175 0,00316 0,00231 0,49709 0,18779 0,01774 0,00126
04 03
Table # 19. Application of the method of direct passage from the tie at the point to fifty centimeters for the first case.
VALUES
MEASURED VALUES
DISTANCE [m] CALCULATED
POINT
H [m] H [m]
0 0,00 0,00986 0,00986 0,00001
1 0,02 0,01028 0,00999 0,03887
2 0,04 0,01289 0,01024 0,03975
3 0,06 0,01486 0,01062 0,01183
4 0,08 0,01535 0,01115 0,00512
0,001 0,00001
5 0,10 0,01547 0,01184 0,00259
6 0,20 0,01589 0,01353 0,00307
7 0,30 0,01602 0,01492 0,00239
8 0,40 0,01607 0,01592 0,00119
9 0,50 0,01609 0,01774 0,00126
Table # 20. Summary of the values of the straps both measured and calculated for the first case.
Page 7
VALUES CALCULATED MEASURED VALUES
0,02000
0,01800
0,01600
0,01400
0,01200
H [m]
0,01000
0,00800
0,00600
0,00400
0,00200
0,00000
0,00 0,10 0,20 0,30 0,40 0,50 0,60
DISTANCE [m]
Image # 8. Flow profile of the upstream with the values of the straps both measured and calculated for the first case.
 CASE 2
0,00044 4,188E-05 0,00478 1,598E-05 0,00963 0,00103 0,01479 0,00094
Table # 21. Values calculations of flow, slope, roughness and critical tension of the channel with respect to the flow for the second case.

0,00115 7,354E-05 0,38094 6,065E-02 0,10749 0,00189 0,01072 0,00087
Table # 22. Results of the operations with respect to the geometric components of the channel from the critical tie for the second case.
Page 8
ITERATI
ON #
0,077 0,000 4,188E- 0,004 0,009 0,014 0,001152 0,380 6,065E- 0,107494 0,0018939 0,01072 0,0008730
0,02 0,001 0,00001 1,598E-05 0,00103 0,00094 7,354E-05
91 44 05 78 63 79 481 94 02 935 94 126 17
0,015 0,001 7,806E- 0,375 0,107 0,010 0,001 0,010 8,815E- - 0,004
0,00100 0,06093 0,00201 0,00089 0,00008 0,10770 0,00195 0,00557 0,00359 0,63875 15,35763
00 17 05 67 91 83 16 78 04 0,00041 77
0,004 0,000 1,180 3799,72 0,087 0,004 0,000 0,007 - 11095,603 0,014
15,35763 1,19651 30,71527 15,17470 0,59829 0,09747 15,35858 7,36991 0,01981 56,01160 -0,07655
77 37 74 923 45 25 76 82 2,18142 23 88
- - -
0,014 0,001 - 0,378 - 0,107 0,010 0,001 0,010 -
-0,07655 -0,15309 -0,07070 -0,00295 0,10759 -0,07560 0,00564 -0,05086 8,15017 -14,11090 0,007 3902,4005
88 16 0,00596 59 1,91096 68 77 16 75 0,03493
E-05 75 2
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
0,000
0,007 3902,4005 0,000 304,036 0,726 3,660E+ 0,062 7804,8010 0,009 3661,6054 152,0179 3902,3995 0,003 1937,79 949354,55 34720,760 0,060 471049,91
27
75 2 60 02 99 05 41 3 68 6 8 0,08495 7 23 470 0,49740 906 0,00598 97 63 771
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
2,453E+ 2,453E+0
0,060 471049,91 0,004 3,670E 0,092 7,222E+ 0,043 942099,83 0,108 3215725,8 0,001 18349,74 471049,91 0,055 -0,00179 18349,749 471049,91 0,055
05 5
63 771 72 +04 95 05 34 541 98 8149 79 951 0,03208 676 66 51 0,03208 676 66
Table # 23. Application of the method of direct passage from the critical tie for the second case.
 Measured Values
ITERATION
#
4,188E- 1,598E- 9,169E- 3,936E- 1,159E-
0,020 0,001 0,07791 0,00001 0,00044 0,00478 0,00963 0,00103 0,01378 0,00001 0,00107 0,40893 0,10547 0,00003 0,01018
05 05 07 02 05
7,801E- 4,794E- - -
0,01000 0,00100 0,00078 0,56350 0,11018 0,09791 0,00201 0,00796 0,00017 0,00093 0,00004 0,10169 0,00102 0,00911 0,01094 0,00612 0,83022 0,01390
05 04 0,62997 0,00017
Page 9
- -1,343E- - - -7,419E-
0,01390 0,00108 0,40540 0,03364 0,10571 -0,00034 0,01024 0,00108 0,10559 -0,00015 0,01021 0,00693 0,00265 0,01231 1,34558 0,01397 0,02136
0,00017 05 0,00016 0,00001 05
1,664E- 9,950E-
0,01397 0,02136 0,00109 0,40322 0,65480 0,10586 0,04273 0,01029 0,01987 0,00108 0,00083 0,10566 0,02138 0,01023 0,00688 0,02229 0,01962 23,99176 0,01398 0,24334
03 03
Table # 24. Application of the method of direct passage from the tie at the point to two centimeters for the second case.
ITERATION
#
4,188E- 1,598E- 1,896E- 2,264E-

0,040 0,001 0,07791 0,00001 0,00044 0,00478 0,00963 0,00103 0,01398 0,24334 0,00109 0,40311 7,056E+00 0,10587 0,48669 0,01029
05 05 02 01
7,801E- - -
0,01000 0,00100 0,00078 0,56350 0,11018 0,09791 0,00201 0,00796 0,13868 0,00093 0,00952 0,10189 0,24435 0,00917 1,154E-01 0,01067 0,40077 0,01422 0,24288
05 0,66613 39,60090
1,892E-
0,01422 0,24288 0,00111 0,39634 6,80846 0,10635 0,48577 0,01042 0,22552 0,00110 0,01894 0,10611 0,48623 0,01035 2,259E-01 0,00656 0,41990 0,02081 1,18377 0,01444 0,05247
02
4,088E-
0,01444 0,05247 0,00112 0,39029 1,45565 0,10679 0,10495 0,01053 0,04864 0,00111 0,01152 0,10633 0,29582 0,01041 1,373E-01 0,00641 0,24884 0,03630 1,48323 0,01448 0,05085
03
Table # 25. Application of the method of direct passage from the tie at the point to four centimeters for the second case.
Page 10
ITERATION
#
4,188E- 1,598E- 3,962E- 4,712E-
0,060 0,001 0,07791 0,00001 0,00044 0,00478 0,00963 0,00103 0,01448 0,05085 0,00113 0,38903 1,403E+00 0,10688 0,10171 0,01056
05 05 03 02
7,802E- -
0,01100 0,00100 0,00086 0,51227 0,09550 0,09991 0,00201 0,00858 0,03029 0,00099 0,00202 0,10339 0,05186 0,00960 2,435E-02 0,00888 0,06975 -5,66947 0,01488 0,04921
05 0,53079
3,834E-
0,01488 0,04921 0,00116 0,37873 1,28867 0,10767 0,09842 0,01077 0,04545 0,00114 0,00390 0,10727 0,10007 0,01066 4,628E-02 0,00582 0,07565 0,00879 0,09441 0,01717 0,05030
03
3,919E-
0,01717 0,05030 0,00134 0,32813 0,99242 0,11226 0,10061 0,01192 0,04559 0,00123 0,00394 0,10957 0,10116 0,01126 4,636E-02 0,00466 0,05720 3,76323 32,75000 0,01453 0,00454
03
Table # 26. Application of the method of direct passage from the tie at the point to six centimeters for the second case.
ITERATION
#
4,188E- 1,598E- 3,540E- 1,583E- 4,209E-
0,080 0,001 0,07791 0,00001 0,00044 0,00478 0,00963 0,00103 0,01453 0,00454 0,00113 0,38788 0,10697 0,00909 0,01058
05 05 04 01 03
7,802E- 2,604E-
0,01100 0,00100 0,00086 0,51227 0,09550 0,09991 0,00201 0,00858 0,00286 0,00099 0,00022 0,10344 0,00555 0,00961 0,00883 0,01060 -0,53728 -0,81980 0,01505 0,00452
05 03
3,527E- 4,193E-
0,01505 0,00452 0,00117 0,37435 0,14829 0,10802 0,00906 0,01086 0,00418 0,00115 0,00035 0,10749 0,00908 0,01072 0,00569 0,00876 0,00062 0,00076 0,08259 0,12897
04 03
1,005E- 4,621E- -
0,08259 0,12897 0,00643 0,06823 0,11307 0,24308 0,25794 0,02647 0,06943 0,00378 0,00520 0,17502 0,13352 0,02161 0,00021 0,00124 13,26316 0,01494 0,00067
02 02 11,53823
Table # 27. Application of the method of direct passage from the tie at the point to eight centimeters for the second case.
Page 11
ITERATION
#
4,188E- 1,598E- 5,269E- 5,306E- 6,250E-
0,100 0,001 0,07791 0,00001 0,00044 0,00478 0,00963 0,00103 0,01494 0,00067 0,00116 0,37722 0,10779 0,00136 0,01080
05 05 05 02 04
7,803E- 7,842E- -
0,01200 0,00100 0,00093 0,46958 0,08399 0,10191 0,00201 0,00917 0,00060 0,00105 0,00007 0,10485 0,00168 0,01001 0,00752 0,00476 -0,24406 0,01571 0,00073
05 04 0,38243
5,739E- 6,507E- - -
0,01571 0,00073 0,00122 0,35877 0,05105 0,10932 0,00148 0,01119 0,00068 0,00119 0,00006 0,10855 0,00142 0,01100 0,00512 0,00295 -0,09271 0,01459
05 04 0,21972 0,00012
3 Value Unc. Value Unc. Value Unc. Value Unc. Value Unc. Value Unc. Value Unc. Value Unc. Value Unc|. Value Unc. Value Unc.
- -9,149E- - 2,589E- -
0,01459 0,00114 0,38626 0,03374 0,10709 -0,00023 0,01061 0,00115 0,00002 0,10744 0,00057 0,01071 0,00572 0,00271 -0,00093 0,01535 0,00694
0,00012 06 0,00011 04 0,00230
Table # 26. Application of the method of direct passage from the tie at the point to ten centimeters for the second case.
ITERATION
#
4,188E- 1,598E- 5,410E- 2,011E- 6,390E-
0,200 0,001 0,07791 0,00001 0,00044 0,00478 0,00963 0,00103 0,01535 0,00694 0,00120 0,36713 0,10861 0,01389 0,01101
05 05 04 01 03
7,804E- 3,691E- -
0,01300 0,00100 0,00101 0,43346 0,07475 0,10391 0,00201 0,00975 0,00460 0,00110 0,00031 0,10626 0,00795 0,01039 0,00646 0,00929 -0,31593 0,01755 0,00277
05 03 0,21320
2,158E- 4,429E-
0,01755 0,00277 0,00137 0,32105 0,08129 0,11301 0,00555 0,01210 0,00250 0,00128 0,00038 0,11081 0,00972 0,01157 0,00416 0,00626 0,94396 1,05535 0,01582 0,00111
04 03
8,659E- 3,699E- -
0,01582 0,00111 0,00123 0,35630 0,05903 0,10954 0,00223 0,01125 0,00102 0,00121 0,00031 0,10907 0,00806 0,01113 0,00488 0,00665 -0,81050 0,01521 0,00014
05 03 0,68584
1,117E- 3,263E- -
0,01521 0,00014 0,00119 0,37042 0,03883 0,10834 0,00029 0,01094 0,00013 0,00119 0,00028 0,10847 0,00709 0,01098 0,00517 0,00653 0,03256 0,03833 0,01451
05 03 0,00110
Table # 27. Application of the method of direct passage from the tie at the point to twenty centimeters for the second case.
Page 12
#
-
4,188E- 1,598E- - -8,539E- 7,716E- -
0,300 0,001 0,07791 0,00001 0,00044 0,00478 0,00963 0,00103 0,01451 0,00113 0,38829 0,10693 0,01057 1,015E-
05 05 0,00110 05 03 0,00219
03
7,807E- - -4,264E- - -
0,01600 0,00100 0,00125 0,35219 0,05565 0,10991 0,00201 0,01134 0,00119 0,00000 0,10842 -0,00009 0,01096 0,00519 0,00204 0,01304 0,00132
05 0,00065 05 0,30341 0,06446
1,029E- 1,050E- - -
0,01304 0,00132 0,00102 0,43208 0,08495 0,10399 0,00265 0,00977 0,00124 0,00107 0,00001 0,10546 0,00023 0,01018 0,00703 0,00305 0,01727 0,00095
04 04 0,16009 0,05172
7,397E- - -6,650E-
0,01727 0,00095 0,00135 0,32631 0,04907 0,11245 0,00190 0,01196 0,00086 0,00124 0,10969 -0,00014 0,01129 0,00460 0,00178 2,83643 0,53420 0,01480 0,00006
05 0,00001 05
Table # 28. Application of the method of direct passage from the tie at the point to thirty centimeters for the second case.
ITERATION
#
4,188E- 1,598E- 4,970E- 3,795E- 5,958E-
0,400 0,001 0,07791 0,00001 0,00044 0,00478 0,00963 0,00103 0,01480 0,00006 0,00115 0,38064 0,10752 0,00013 0,01073
05 05 06 02 05
7,807E- 4,908E- - -
0,01600 0,00100 0,00125 0,35219 0,05565 0,10991 0,00201 0,01134 0,00026 0,00120 0,00004 0,10871 0,00107 0,01104 0,00505 0,00269 0,01384 0,00114
05 04 0,49640 0,17601
8,879E- 5,589E- - -
0,01384 0,00114 0,00108 0,40715 0,07237 0,10559 0,00229 0,01021 0,00106 0,00112 0,00005 0,10655 0,00121 0,01047 0,00626 0,00350 0,02049 0,00311
05 04 0,06780 0,02996
2,423E- 1,433E-
0,02049 0,00311 0,00160 0,27502 0,06798 0,11889 0,00622 0,01343 0,00274 0,00137 0,00012 0,11320 0,00318 0,01215 0,00338 0,00251 1,54664 0,49153 0,01627 0,00076
04 03
Table # 29. Application of the method of direct passage from the tie at the point to forty centimeters for the second case.
Page 13
ITERATION
#
4,188E- 1,598E- 5,925E- 4,921E- 6,951E-
0,500 0,001 0,07791 0,00001 0,00044 0,00478 0,00963 0,00103 0,01627 0,00076 0,00127 0,34625 0,11046 0,00153 0,01148
05 05 05 02 04
7,808E- 8,030E-
0,01700 0,00100 0,00132 0,33147 0,05116 0,11191 0,00201 0,01184 0,00077 0,00130 0,00007 0,11118 0,00177 0,01166 0,00402 0,00242 0,28404 0,10572 0,01755 0,00433
05 04
3,377E- 2,314E-
0,01755 0,00433 0,00137 0,32105 0,10990 0,11301 0,00867 0,01210 0,00392 0,00132 0,00020 0,11174 0,00510 0,01179 0,00383 0,00370 0,44399 0,21439 0,01771 0,00122
04 03
9,495E- 8,989E-
0,01771 0,00122 0,00138 0,31813 0,05224 0,11334 0,00244 0,01218 0,00110 0,00132 0,00008 0,11190 0,00198 0,01183 0,00378 0,00235 0,48648 0,17586 0,01775 0,00091
05 04
Table # 30. Application of the method of direct passage from the tie at the point to fifty centimeters for the second case.
VALUES
DISTANCE [m] MEASURED VALUES CALCULATED
POINT H [m] H [m]
0 0,00 0,01378 0,01378 0,00001
1 0,02 0,01470 0,01398 0,24334
2 0,04 0,01484 0,01448 0,05085
3 0,06 0,01615 0,01453 0,00454
4 0,08 0,01631 0,01494 0,00067
0,001 0,00001
5 0,10 0,01700 0,01535 0,00694
6 0,20 0,01710 0,01451 -0,00110
7 0,30 0,01717 0,01480 0,00006
8 0,40 0,01721 0,01627 0,00076
9 0,50 0,01722 0,01775 0,00091
Table # 31. Summary of the values of the straps both measured and calculated for the second case.
Page 14
0,02000
0,01800
0,01600
0,01400
0,01200
H [m]
0,01000
0,00800
0,00600
0,00400
0,00200
0,00000
0,00 0,10 0,20 0,30 0,40 0,50 0,60
DISTANCE [m]
Image # 9. Flow profile of the upstream with the values of the straps both measured and calculated for the second case.
Page 15
 CASE 3
0,00040 3,831E-05 0,00478 1,598E-05 0,00963 0,00103 0,01393 0,00089
Table # 32. Values calculations of flow, slope, roughness and critical tension of the channel with respect to the flow for the third case.

0,00109 6,931E-05 0,36969 5,890E-02 0,10577 0,00179 0,01026 0,00083
Table # 33. Results of the operations with respect to the geometric components of the channel from the critical tie for the third case.
ITERATI
ON #
0,0779 0,0004 4,188E- 0,0047 1,598E- 0,0096 0,0147 0,0009 0,001152 7,354E- 0,3809 6,065E- 0,107494 0,001893 0,0107212 0,000873
0,02 0,001 0,00001 0,00103
1 4 05 8 05 3 9 4 481 05 4 02 935 994 6 017
0,015 0,0010 0,001 7,806E- 0,343 0,107 0,0020 0,010 0,0008 0,001 0,000 0,0019 0,010 8,596E- 0,012
0,05571
00 0 17 05 37 91 1 83 9 13 07 0,10684 0 55 04 0,00508 0,00327 -0,01130 0,49050 04 0,07949
0,012 0,0794 0,000 0,427 0,101 0,1589 0,009 0,0750 0,001 0,003 0,0803 0,009 16,1370 0,014 -
0,00619 2,86442 0,10388 0,03768 0,00701 0,08234 -0,03974
04 9 94 72 99 9 20 6 01 13 9 74 0 88 0,37912
3
- - - - - - - -
0,014 0,001 - 0,346 - 0,107 0,010 0,001 0,010 - - 0,011
0,3791 0,7582 0,3501 0,014 0,10672 0,3782 0,00514 0,009000 62,9863 14,7327
88 16 0,02954 06 8,78232 68 77 12 52 0,17533 0,24705 82
2 4 5 73 3 189 1 9
4
- - - - - - - -
0,011 0,000 - 0,435 0,101 0,009 0,001 0,009 - 0,014 48,0199
14,732 5,433E 29,465 13,934 0,573 0,10366 14,731 0,00719 15,0735 -0,05021 2933,29
82 92 1,14783 82 55 07 00 68 6,91142 77 0
79 +02 57 59 88 89 8 950
Page 16
0,014 48,019 0,001 3,741E 0,348 1,133E 0,107 96,039 0,010 44,389 0,001 1,870 48,020 0,010 2,227E 32,1035 8308,18 0,011 2782,88
0,10662 0,00520 -0,00708
77 90 15 +00 62 +03 46 82 71 17 12 65 80 49 +01 4 639 55 701
Table # 34. Application of the method of direct passage from the critical tie for the third case.
 Measured Values
ITERATION
#
0,020 0,001 0,07791 0,00001 0,00040 3,831E-05 0,00478 1,598E-05 0,00963 0,00103 0,01197 0,00001 0,00093 8,988E-07 0,43028 4,149E-02 0,10185 0,00003 0,00916 1,152E-05
0,01000 0,00100 0,00078 7,801E-05 0,51505 0,10074 0,09791 0,00201 0,00796 0,00017 0,00086 0,00004 0,09988 0,00102 0,00857 4,825E-04 0,01162 0,00664 -0,30914 0,88643 0,01210 -0,00041
0,01210 -0,00041 0,00094 -3,217E-05 0,42575 0,02611 0,10210 -0,00082 0,00923 -0,00039 0,00094 -0,00002 0,10198 -0,00039 0,00919 -1,889E-04 0,00881 0,00303 0,01743 0,64484 0,01212 0,00545
0,01212 0,00545 0,00094 4,248E-04 0,42509 0,23188 0,10214 0,01091 0,00924 0,00515 0,00094 0,00021 0,10200 0,00547 0,00920 2,580E-03 0,00879 0,01083 0,01997 4,37091 0,01212 0,03211
Table # 35. Application of the method of direct passage from the tie at the point to two centimeters for the third case.
ITERATION
#
0,040 0,001 0,07791 0,00001 0,00040 3,831E-05 0,00478 1,598E-05 0,00963 0,00103 0,01212 0,03211 0,00094 2,502E-03 0,42508 1,167E+00 0,10214 0,06423 0,00924 3,031E-02
0,01000 0,00100 0,00078 7,801E-05 0,51505 0,10074 0,09791 0,00201 0,00796 0,02125 0,00086 0,00129 0,10003 0,03312 0,00861 1,575E-02 0,01139 0,06645 -0,33216 -2,98830 0,01237 0,03042
Page 17
0,01237 0,03042 0,00096 2,370E-03 0,41632 1,06359 0,10265 0,06085 0,00939 0,02866 0,00095 0,00244 0,10240 0,06254 0,00932 2,948E-02 0,00836 0,08140 0,03365 0,34029 0,01242 0,00601
0,01242 0,00601 0,00097 4,681E-04 0,41471 0,24022 0,10275 0,01202 0,00942 0,00566 0,00096 0,00148 0,10245 0,03813 0,00933 1,797E-02 0,00832 0,05055 0,03983 0,29226 0,01242 0,00569
Table # 36. Application of the method of direct passage from the tie at the point to four centimeters for the third case.
ITERATION
#
0,060 0,001 0,07791 0,00001 0,00040 3,831E-05 0,00478 1,598E-05 0,00963 0,00103 0,01242 0,00569 0,00097 4,433E-04 0,41467 2,295E-01 0,10275 0,01139 0,00942 5,357E-03
0,01100 0,00100 0,00086 7,802E-05 0,46823 0,08733 0,09991 0,00201 0,00858 0,00410 0,00091 0,00026 0,10133 0,00670 0,00900 3,167E-03 0,00957 0,01382 -0,20649 -0,38155 0,01283 0,00451
0,01283 0,00451 0,00100 3,518E-04 0,40133 0,17953 0,10358 0,00904 0,00965 0,00424 0,00098 0,00040 0,10316 0,01021 0,00954 4,797E-03 0,00762 0,01436 0,04989 0,09303 0,01292 0,00162
0,01292 0,00162 0,00101 1,263E-04 0,39873 0,08811 0,10374 0,00325 0,00970 0,00152 0,00099 0,00028 0,10325 0,00732 0,00956 3,436E-03 0,00755 0,01102 0,05931 0,09270 0,01292 0,00150
Table # 37. Application of the method of direct passage from the tie at the point to six centimeters for the third case.
ITERATION
#
0,080 0,001 0,07791 0,00001 0,00040 3,831E-05 0,00478 1,598E-05 0,00963 0,00103 0,01292 0,00150 0,00101 1,169E-04 0,39855 8,431E-02 0,10376 0,00301 0,00970 1,408E-03
0,01100 0,00100 0,00086 7,802E-05 0,46823 0,08733 0,09991 0,00201 0,00858 0,00117 0,00093 0,00010 0,10183 0,00251 0,00915 1,182E-03 0,00897 0,00705 -0,27523 -0,24824 0,01348 0,00128
Page 18
0,01348 0,00128 0,00105 1,001E-04 0,38203 0,07288 0,10487 0,00258 0,01002 0,00120 0,00103 0,00011 0,10431 0,00279 0,00986 1,304E-03 0,00667 0,00528 0,05206 0,03654 0,01378 0,00090
0,01378 0,00090 0,00107 7,036E-05 0,37372 0,06017 0,10547 0,00181 0,01018 0,00084 0,00104 0,00009 0,10461 0,00241 0,00994 1,124E-03 0,00645 0,00474 0,07115 0,04636 0,01389 0,00093
Table # 38. Application of the method of direct passage from the tie at the point to eight centimeters for the third case.
ITERATION
#
0,100 0,001 0,07791 0,00001 0,00040 3,831E-05 0,00478 1,598E-05 0,00963 0,00103 0,01389 0,00093 0,00108 7,270E-05 0,37084 6,032E-02 0,10569 0,00187 0,01024 8,694E-04
0,01200 0,00100 0,00093 7,803E-05 0,42921 0,07680 0,10191 0,00201 0,00917 0,00080 0,00101 0,00008 0,10380 0,00194 0,00972 9,078E-04 0,00708 0,00480 -0,21384 -0,13752 0,01477 0,00061
0,01477 0,00061 0,00115 4,728E-05 0,34867 0,04761 0,10745 0,00122 0,01071 0,00056 0,00112 0,00006 0,10657 0,00155 0,01048 7,150E-04 0,00522 0,00315 -0,15807 -0,07304 0,01333 -0,00025
0,01333 -0,00025 0,00104 -1,940E-05 0,38639 0,02967 0,10457 -0,00049 0,00993 -0,00023 0,00106 0,00003 0,10513 0,00069 0,01009 3,198E-04 0,00609 0,00302 -0,03140 -0,01425 0,01485 0,00098
Table # 39. Application of the method of direct passage from the tie at the point to ten centimeters for the third case.
ITERATION
#
0,200 0,001 0,07791 0,00001 0,00040 3,831E-05 0,00478 1,598E-05 0,00963 0,00103 0,01485 0,00098 0,00116 7,684E-05 0,34674 5,612E-02 0,10762 0,00198 0,01075 9,118E-04
0,01300 0,00100 0,00101 7,804E-05 0,39619 0,06835 0,10391 0,00201 0,00975 0,00084 0,00109 0,00008 0,10576 0,00199 0,01026 9,257E-04 0,00568 0,00379 -0,02036 -0,01112 0,03306 0,00847
0,03306 0,00847 0,00258 6,603E-04 0,15577 0,05480 0,14404 0,01695 0,01788 0,00669 0,00187 0,00037 0,12583 0,00947 0,01484 4,045E-03 0,00117 0,00137 3,69610 0,53351 0,01584 0,00052
Page 19
0,01584 0,00052 0,00123 4,036E-05 0,32516 0,04168 0,10959 0,00104 0,01126 0,00048 0,00120 0,00006 0,10860 0,00151 0,01101 6,927E-04 0,00426 0,00250 0,47691 0,19074 0,01527 0,00058
0,01527 0,00058 0,00119 4,536E-05 0,33735 0,04507 0,10844 0,00117 0,01097 0,00054 0,00117 0,00006 0,10803 0,00157 0,01086 7,239E-04 0,00451 0,00269 0,31475 0,13244 0,01512 0,00020
Table # 40. Application of the method of direct passage from the tie at the point to twenty centimeters for the third case.
ITERATION
#
0,300 0,001 0,07791 0,00001 0,00040 3,831E-05 0,00478 1,598E-05 0,00963 0,00103 0,01512 0,00020 0,00118 1,570E-05 0,34071 3,707E-02 0,10814 0,00041 0,01089 1,864E-04
0,01600 0,00100 0,00125 7,807E-05 0,32190 0,05089 0,10991 0,00201 0,01134 0,00036 0,00121 0,00005 0,10903 0,00121 0,01112 5,534E-04 0,00409 0,00224 0,36148 0,11656 0,01585 0,00143
0,01585 0,00143 0,00123 1,119E-04 0,32496 0,06046 0,10961 0,00288 0,01127 0,00132 0,00121 0,00006 0,10888 0,00164 0,01108 7,532E-04 0,00415 0,00249 0,31630 0,10950 0,01581 0,00037
0,01581 0,00037 0,00123 2,879E-05 0,32573 0,03871 0,10953 0,00074 0,01125 0,00034 0,00120 0,00002 0,10884 0,00058 0,01107 2,631E-04 0,00417 0,00197 0,30440 0,09085 0,01580 0,00030
Table # 41. Application of the method of direct passage from the tie at the point to thirty centimeters for the third case.
ITERATION
#
3,831E- 1,598E- 2,331E- 3,729E- 2,749E-
0,400 0,001 0,07791 0,00001 0,00040 0,00478 0,00963 0,00103 0,01580 0,00030 0,00123 0,32594 0,10951 0,00060 0,01124
05 05 05 02 04
7,807E- 5,966E-
0,01600 0,00100 0,00125 0,32190 0,05089 0,10991 0,00201 0,01134 0,00042 0,00124 0,00005 0,10971 0,00131 0,01129 0,00384 0,00213 0,06891 0,02196 0,01695 0,00820
05 04
6,387E- 3,877E-
0,01695 0,00820 0,00132 0,30384 0,17594 0,11181 0,01640 0,01181 0,00744 0,00128 0,00033 0,11066 0,00850 0,01153 0,00352 0,00483 0,34935 0,19120 0,01712 0,00149
04 03
Page 20
1,159E- 8,154E-
0,01712 0,00149 0,00133 0,30088 0,05488 0,11215 0,00298 0,01189 0,00135 0,00128 0,00007 0,11083 0,00179 0,01157 0,00347 0,00210 0,39303 0,12120 0,01714 0,00090
04 04
Table # 42. Application of the method of direct passage from the tie at the point to forty centimeters for the third case.
ITERATION
#
0,500 0,001 0,07791 0,00001 0,00040 3,831E-05 0,00478 1,598E-05 0,00963 0,00103 0,01714 0,00090 0,00134 7,015E-05 0,30047 4,447E-02 0,11219 0,00181 0,01190 8,169E-04
0,01700 0,00100 0,00132 7,808E-05 0,30297 0,04678 0,11191 0,00201 0,01184 0,00083 0,00133 0,00007 0,11205 0,00191 0,01187 8,636E-04 0,00312 0,00191 -0,03885 -0,01255 0,01896 0,02294
0,01896 0,02294 0,00148 1,788E-03 0,27160 0,35454 0,11584 0,04589 0,01275 0,02048 0,00141 0,00093 0,11401 0,02385 0,01234 1,073E-02 0,00265 0,00763 0,45972 0,33839 0,01912 0,00422
0,01912 0,00422 0,00149 3,286E-04 0,26933 0,08512 0,11616 0,00844 0,01283 0,00376 0,00141 0,00020 0,11417 0,00512 0,01237 2,302E-03 0,00261 0,00244 0,49740 0,17046 0,01913 0,00219
Table # 43. Application of the method of direct passage from the tie at the point to fifty centimeters for the third case.
MEASURED VALUES VALUES CALCULATED

DISTANCE [m]
POINT H [m] H [m]
0 0,00 0,01197 0,01197 0,00001
1 0,02 0,01252 0,01212 0,03211
2 0,04 0,001 0,01559 0,00001 0,01242 0,00569
3 0,06 0,01596 0,01292 0,00150
4 0,08 0,01686 0,01389 0,00093
Page 21
5 0,10 0,01742 0,01485 0,00098

6 0,20 0,01744 0,01512 0,00020
7 0,30 0,01745 0,01580 0,00030
8 0,40 0,01746 0,01714 0,00090
9 0,50 0,01746 0,01913 0,00219
Table # 44. Summary of the values of the straps both measured and calculated for the third case.
0,02500
0,02000
0,01500
H [m]
0,01000
0,00500
0,00000
0,00 0,10 0,20 0,30 0,40 0,50 0,60
DISTANCE [m]
Image # 10. Flow profile of the upstream with the values of the straps both measured and calculated for the third case.
8. ANALYSIS
• For the development of the gradually varied flow practice we take into account the
method of direct passage for the determination of the respective calculations in each
of the sections evaluated in the studied channel, in turn we evaluate for each of these
sections a Y2, which should help us to fulfill the ΔL of the section to be analyzed, for
this we took into account each aspect for the development of the calculations such as
the channel roughness and in turn the use of the Manning equation to determine the
slope ( Sf) from the east. It should be taken into consideration that the direct pass
method is an iterative method, therefore different amounts of iterations can be
generated for the compliance of ΔL in each of the sections of the channel. On the
other hand, the respective Y2 must be found for each section since this will allow us
to elaborate the flow profile.
• When making an exhaustive comparison between the values of the pressure
difference with its respective velocity diagram, it is possible to affirm that the lower
the magnitude of the flow, the more real the pressure and velocity values are
considered, that is, in the cases of higher flow a similar pressure difference was
obtained generating abnormal curves with respect to the theory.
• We must consider that the Yc will take a value of 0.0138 for case 1, for case 2 of
0.0147 and for the third case of 0.0139 m to perform the direct pass method with each
of the distances taken in each section of the channel. This will allow us to find each
ΔL with the respective number of iterations based on the section that is being
analyzed.
• When developing the three respective cases that were evaluated in the channel to have
a change in the flow we find that variations in the slope are generated therefore the
same iterative process must be carried out to find the required parameters that will
allow the determination of the adequate ΔL for each section.
• The flow profile was generated for each one of the studied cases, which indicates the
type of channel profile experimentally, that is, when generating this graph, we can
determine if the channel presents a type of M-type profile.
Page 2
9. CONCLUSIONS
 Care must be taken in making the measurements of each section of the canal as this
will allow us to be successful in the analysis of each of these taking into account the
use of the direct pass method. For future studies in which it operates with minimum
flow magnitudes, the roughness factor could be taken into account, so that each one
of the procedures, operations and analysis is taken to much more truthful results,
avoiding the extraction of data and sketches somewhat abnormal and not very
reliable.
• Because there is a compliance in the ΔL for the distance of each section, the necessary
amount of iterations must be generated in order for this condition to be fulfilled, in
turn this process must be carried out with each of the flows that are used in practice,
taking into account the slope variations and the heights taken at the indicated points
of measurement.
• It should be noted that by using all the equations, the acquisition of new concepts and
formulas was promoted, which can be very useful in future challenges or hydraulic
projects, which promote good measurements, promoting the appropriate for the
development of the practice and avoiding inconveniences in the development of due
calculations.
• When generating the profile for each of the cases we can find that these have a
similarity to the M-type profiles in channels due to the slope that is found.
• From each of the procedures, in which the laboratory practice was divided,
application and analysis of the operations, concepts and procedures seen theoretically
were promoted, with the purpose of ensuring and demonstrating the veracity of each
one of the empirically extracted data. during practice, to finally diagnose the value of
the pressure and velocity differences in each of the points with their respective
behavior profile for each of the cases.
• A Yc must be determined for each of the cases studied since this is a parameter that
will allow us to generate the respective iterations for the required calculations.
Page 3
10. REFERENCES
1. Notes of hydraulics of channels II theoretical.

2. Introducción a la hidráulica de canales. Carlos Duarte. Editorial Universidad
Nacional de Colombia. Bogotá, D.C., Colombia. 2016.
3. Sotelo, (2012). Hidráulica General: Limusa.
4. Hidráulica de canales abiertos. Ven Te Chow. Editorial MC Graw Hill. 1994.
5. Universidad nacional de alicante. (2011), Obtenido de:
https://rdu.unc.edu.ar/bitstream/handle/11086/808/PS%20Final.pdf?sequence=2
6. Ecured. (2010). ecured.com. Obtenido de:
https://www.ecured.cu/flujo_gradualmente_variado
7. Access to this page has been denied. (s.f.). Recuperado 2 junio, 2019, de
https://www.studocu.com/es/document/universidad-industrial-de-
santander/hidraulica/resumenes/calculo-de-perfil-por-el-metodo-del-paso-
directo/2627680/view
8. Anonymous N4Imec. (s.f.). MÉTODO DEL PASO DIRECTO. Recuperado 2 junio,
2019, de: https://es.scribd.com/presentation/112134480/METODO-DEL-PASO-
DIRECTO
9. Efrain Roger M. (s.f.). Metodo del paso directo hidrologia. Recuperado 2 junio,
2019, de:
https://www.academia.edu/11571647/Metodo_del_paso_directo_hidrologia
10. Jose Gonzalez. (2015, 2 junio). Flujo Gradualmente Variado. Recuperado 2 junio,
2019, de https://prezi.com/lwrmmiqgs6le/flujo-gradualmente-variado/
11. Rosemary Flores. (s.f.). Mecanica de fluidos fgv. rosemary flores. Recuperado 2
junio, 2019, de https://es.slideshare.net/rosemaryflorees/mecanica-de-fluidos-fgv-
rosemary-flores
Page 4
11. ANNEXES
Anexxes # 1. Values of the n roughness coefficient of Manning.

Taken from: (Duarte, 2016).
Page 5
Anexxes # 2. Values of the n roughness coefficient of Manning.

Taken from: (ocwus.us.es, 2009).
Page 6
Tramo de canal y puntos de referencia para el desarrollo de la práctica.
Anexxes # 3..

Gradually Varied Flow Analysis

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Gradually Varied Flow Analysis

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

II. SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES

Gradually Varied Flow

Limitations Of Gradually Varied Flow Equation:

1. Steady State Flow.

General form of the Gradually Varied Flow equation is:

Equation # 1: Gradually Varied Flow equation.

Taken from: (Bdigita.edu, 2017).

𝑆𝑜 : Bottom slope, positive in the downward direction.

The Friction slope is approximated from Mannings Equation:

Equation # 2: Friction slope equation.

Taken from: (Bdigita.edu, 2017).

𝑆𝑓 : Friction slope, positive in the downward direction.

Numerical Integration of the GVF Equation:

Equation # 3: Numerical Integration of the GVF Equation equation.

Taken from: (Bdigita.edu, 2017).

Taken from: (Bdigita.edu, 2017).

𝑆𝑓 : Average friction slope across the reach.

Backwater and Frontwater Calculations

Direct Step Method

The direct pass method is explained below:

1) Calculate the 𝐴1 , 𝑉1, 𝑃𝑚1 y 𝑅𝐻1 , from the given span.

Taken from: (Bdigita.edu, 2017).

Taken from: (Bdigita.edu, 2017).

Equation # 7: Equation to establish the new tie in section two.

Taken from: (Bdigita.edu, 2017).

4. METHODS AND MATERIALS

It is a type of traditional chronometer version. Its function is to measure the time,

II. TEST TUBE

Image # 3. Graduated test tube.

III. DISCHARGE TANK AND HYDRAULIC PUMP

Image # 4. Discharge tank and hydraulic pump.

V. CONTROL OR COMPUTER EQUIPMENT

Image # 6. Control equipment or computer.

Voltage and flow regulating equipment: also with rectangular channel.

VI. RECTANGULAR CHANNEL

Image # 7. Rectangular channel.

t [s] v [m^3] L [m] Δh [m] B [m]

DISTANCE [m] Y [m] H [m]

t [s] v [m^3] L [m] Δh [m] B [m]

2,03 0,00090 0,925 0,001 0,00442 0,00001 0,07791 0,00001

DISTANCE [m] Y [m] H [m]

t [s] v [m^3] L [m] Δh [m] B [m]

DISTANCE [m] Y [m] H [m]

𝐴: Cross sectional area of the rectangular geometry channel [m^2].

Ac [m^2] Vc [m/s] Pmc [m] RHc [m]

ITERAT Valu Valu Valu

Valu Valu Valu

Valu Valu Valu

Valu Valu Valu

Valu Valu Valu

Valu Valu Valu

Valu Valu Valu

3,920E- 1,598E- 3,989E- 2,542E- 4,868E-

3,920E- 1,598E- 2,391E- 1,222E- 2,865E-

VALUES CALCULATED MEASURED VALUES

Ac [m^2] Vc [m/s] Pmc [m] RHc [m]

4,188E- 1,598E- 1,896E- 2,264E-

VALUES CALCULATED MEASURED VALUES

Ac [m^2] Vc [m/s] Pmc [m] RHc [m]

MEASURED VALUES VALUES CALCULATED

5 0,10 0,01742 0,01485 0,00098