HYDRAULICS

CHAPTER 5: Fundamentals of Fluid Flow

Engr.Glenn Christopher J. Lambino, RMP

2nd Term, AY 2021-2022
Discharge or Flow Rate
The amount of fluid passing a section of a stream in unit time is called the discharge. If v
is the mean velocity and A is the cross sectional area, the discharge Q is defined by Q =
Av which is known as volume flow rate. Discharge is also expressed as mass flow rate
and weight flow rate.
Types of Flow
LAMINAR FLOW

Flow is said to be laminar when the paths of the individual particles do not cross or
intersect. By many careful experiments to commercial pipes of circular cross section, the
flow is laminar when the Reynolds’ number Re is less than 2100.

TURBULENT FLOW
The flow is said to be turbulent when its path lines are irregular curves and continuously
cross each other. The paths of particles of a stream flowing with turbulent motion are
neither parallel nor fixed but it aggregates to forward motion of the entire stream.
Reynolds’ number greater than 2100 normally defines turbulent flow but in highly
controlled environment such as laboratories, laminar flow can be maintained up to values
of Re as high as 50,000. However, it is very unlikely that such condition can occur in the
practice.
Types of Flow
STEADY FLOW
Steady flow occurs if the discharge Q passing a given cross section of a stream is
constant with time, otherwise the flow is unsteady.

UNIFORM FLOW
The flow is said to be uniform if, with steady flow for a given length, or reach, of a stream,
the average velocity at every cross-section is the same. Uniform flow usually occurs to
incompressible fluids flowing in a stream of constant cross section. In streams where
velocity and cross section changes, the flow is said to be non-uniform.

CONTINUOUS FLOW
By the principle of conservation of mass, continuous flow occurs when at any time, the
discharge Q at every section of the stream is the same.
Kinetic Energy and Potential Energy
Energy is defined as ability to do work. Both energy and work are measured in Newton-
meter (or pounds-foot in English). Kinetic energy and potential energy are the two
commonly recognized forms of energy. In a flowing fluid, potential energy may in turn be
subdivided into energy due to position or elevation above a given datum, and energy due
to pressure in the fluid. Head is the amount of energy per Newton (or per pound) of fluid.
Kinetic Energy and Potential Energy
KINETIC ENERGY AND VELOCITY HEAD
Kinetic energy is the ability of a mass to do work by virtue of its velocity.

In circular pipes,
Kinetic Energy and Potential Energy
ELEVATION ENERGY AND ELEVATION HEAD
In connection to the action of gravity, elevation energy is manifested in a fluid by virtue of
its position or elevation with respect to a horizontal datum plane.
Kinetic Energy and Potential Energy
PRESSURE ENERGY AND PRESSURE HEAD
A mass of fluid acquires pressure energy when it is in contact with other masses having
some form of energy. Pressure energy therefore is an energy transmitted to the fluid by
another mass that possesses some energy.
Total Energy Flow
The total energy or head in a fluid is the sum of kinetic and potential energies. Recall that
potential energies are pressure energy and elevation energy.
Power and Efficiency
Power is the rate of doing work per unit of time.
Bernoulli’s Energy Theorem
Applying the law of conservation of energy to fluids that may be considered
incompressible, Bernoulli’s theorem may be stated as follows:

Neglecting head lost, the total amount of energy per unit weight is constant at any point in
the path of flow.
Bernoulli’s Energy Theorem
Bernoulli’s Energy Theorem
PUMPS
In most cases, pump is used to raise water from lower elevation to higher elevation. In a
more technical term, the use of pump is basically to increase the energy of flow. The pump
consumes electrical energy (Pinput) and delivers flow energy (Poutput).
TURBINES
Turbines extract flow energy and converted it into mechanical energy which in turn
converted into electrical energy.
Problem 1
Problem 2
Problem 3
Problem 4
Problem 5
Problem 6
Problem 7
Problem 8
Problem 9
Problem 10
Problem 11