ចម្លើយប្រតិបត្តិ គណិតវិទ្យាថ្នាក់ទី ៧ ៨ ៩ PDF

8
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
emeronTI 1 cMnYnKt; -TMB½rTI 13 ³ KNna

12 2  34 2  12  34  408
-TMB½rTI 2 ³ 216 3 6 3 6 3
3   
kMNt;EpñkénbnÞat;cnM Yn EdlmancMNuctagcMnnY Kt;tUc 1000 10 3
10 5
Cag 19 ehIyFMCag 8 KW ³
emeronTI 2 tYEcknigBhuKuN
8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
cMnYnEdltUcCag 19 KWenAxageqVgcab;BIelx 18 nig -TMB½rTI 16 ³ bMeBjelxkñgú RbGb; 154  ³
cMnYnEdlFMCag 8 KWenAxagsþaM cab;BIelx 9 mksþaM cMnYnEdlRtUvbMeBjkñgú RbGb;KWelx 0 eRBaHcMnYnEdlEck

dUcenHvaCaEpñkénbnÞat;cMnYnEdlcMnYnTaMgenaHrYmman ³ dac;nwg 2 pg nig 5 pg KWcMnYnmanelx 0 enAxagcug .
9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 .
dUcenH cMnYnenaHKW 154  0 .
-TMB½rTI 3 ³ cUrrk -TMB½rTI 16 ³ bMeBjelxkñgú RbGb; 7  8 ³

k> cMnYnKt;ess n Edl 84  n  99 rYmman ³ cMnYnEdlRtUvbMeBjkñgú RbGb;KWelx 3 eRBaHedIm,I[vaEck
85 , 87 , 89 , 91 , 93 , 95 , 97 . dac;ngw 3 pg nig 9 pg luHRtaEtplbUkEckdac;nwg 9 .
x> cMnYnKt;KU n Edl 72  n  90 rYmman ³ dUcenH eyIg)ancMnYnenaHKW 7 3 8 .
74 , 76 , 78 , 80 , 82 , 84 , 86 , 88 , 90 . -TMB½rTI 17 ³ bMeBjelxkñgú RbGb; 734  0 edIm,I[ ³
-TMB½rTI 4 ³ KNnaplbUk nigpldkxageRkam ³ k> Eckdac;nwg 4 ³ elxEdlRtUvbMeBjkñúgRbGb;KWelx³
k> 46382  6948  164968  1896  220194 0 , 2 , 4 , 6 , 8 eRBaHcMnYnEdlEckdac;nwg 4 luHRta
x> 1712366  492135  54201  1166030 elxBIrxÞg;xagcugrbs;vaEckdac;nwg 4 .

-TMB½rTI 6 ³ eFVpI lEck nigplKuNxageRkam ³ x>Eckdac;nwg 8 ³elxEdlRtUvbMeBjkñúgRbGb;KWelx³
k> 669292 122  5486 0 , 4 , 8 eRBaHvaeFV[ I elxbIxÞgx; agcugEckdac;ngw 8 .
x> 7769  324 189  475742484 -TMB½rTI 18 ³ bMeBjelxkñgú RbGb;edIm,I[ plbUk nigpl
-TMB½rTI 9 ³ rkcMnYnEpøRkUcsrub ³ dkEckdac;ngw 9 ³
cMnYnRkUckñúgeksFMKW ³ 98  3  294 Epø k> 3 6 0  16 2 ³ eRBaHebIcnM YnnImYy²Eckdac;nwg 9
cMnYnRkUckñúgekstUcKW ³ 24  2  48 Epø enaHplbUkrbs;vak¾Eckdac;ngw 9 Edr .
cMnYnEpøRkUcsrubKW ³ 294  48  342 Epø . x> 40 
5  2 7 0 ³ eRBaHebIcnM YnnImYy²Eckdac;nwg 9
-TMB½rTI 11 ³bgÁt;cMnnY xageRkamRtwmxÞg;db; xÞgr; y xÞg;Ban; enaHpldkrbs;vak¾Eckdac;nwg 9 Edr .
-TMB½rTI 19 ³
bgÁtR; twm k 7663692 x 996972 K 3500004
k> eKmancMnYn 26 , 30 , 48 , 66 , 106 ³ cMnYnEdl
xÞg;db; 7663690 996970 3500000
CaBhuKuNén 6 KW 30 , 48 , 66 ³ eRBaHcMnYnTaMgenH
xÞg;ry 7663700 997000 3500000
Eckdac;nwg 6 enaHmann½yfavaCaBhuKuNén 6 .
xÞg;Ban; 7664000 997000 3500000
1 -

x> rkRKb;tEY ckéncMnYndUcxageRkam ³ -TMB½rTI 27 ³ KNnatémødac;xaténcMnYn ³

-tYEckén 15 KW ³ 1 , 3 , 5 nig 15 . 5  5 7 7  34  34 .
-tYEckén 24 KW ³ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 12 nig 24 . -TMB½rTI 28 ³ sresrcMnYnKt;rWuLaTIb ³ 10 ,  20 , 3 ,
-tYEckén 68 KW ³ 1 , 2 , 4 , 17 , 34 nig 68 . 7 ,  1 ,  40 , 9 , 4 , 0 , 2
-tYEckén 120 KW ³ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 8 , 10 , 12 , k> tamlMdab;eLIgKW ³ ¬mineRbIsBaØa  k¾RtUvEdr¦
15 , 20 , 24 , 30 , 40 , 60 nig 120 .  40  20  10  1  0  2  3  4  7  9 .
-TMB½rTI 19 ³ cMnnY bzmEdltUcCag 50 rYmman ³ x> tamlMdab;cHu KW ³
2 , 3 , 5 , 7 , 11 , 13 , 17 , 19 , 23 , 29 , 31 , 37 , 9 , 7 , 4 , 3 , 2 , 0 , 1 , 10 ,  20 ,  40 .
41 , 43 nig 47 eRBaHcMnnY TaMgenHmantYEckEtBIrKW ³
-TMB½rTI 28 ³ bMeBjcMnYnkñúgRbGb; ³
elx 1 nigxøÜnÉg . k>  15  15 b¤GacbMeBjelx  15 k¾)an
-TMB½rTI 20 ³ bMEbkcMnnY 66 nig 273 CaplKuNktþa x>    8  8 b¤GacbMeBjelx  8 k¾)an .
bzmenaHeyIg)an ³ -TMB½rTI 29 ³ enAelIbnÞat;cMnYnEdlmanKl; o ³
-cMeBaH 66  2  311 k> edAcMNuc A 3 , B1 , C4 nig D2
-cMeBaH 273  3 7 11 . A B D C
-TMB½rTI 22 ³ rkcMnnY sisS ³  5  4  3  2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
esovePA 24 k,al nigexµAéd 36 edIm Eck[sisSesµ²I x> KNnaRbEvg AB nig BD eK)an ³

KñaGs;Kµansl; mann½yfa 24 nig 36 Eckdac;nwgcMnYn AB  OA  OB   3  1  3 1  2 ÉktaRbEvg
sisS naM[cMnYnsisSCatYEckén 24 nig 36 . BD  BO  OD   1   2  1  2  3 ÉktaRbEvg
eKseRmccitEþ ck[cMnYnsisSeRcInbMput enaHnaM[ cMnYn -TMB½rTI 31 ³ bMeBjcenøaHxageRkam ³
CatYEckrYmFMbMputén 24 nig 36 eK)an ³ k> 10  .....4  14
PGCD24 , 36  2  3  12 eRBaH
2
x> .....7    3  4 GacbMeBjelx  7 k¾)an
24  2  3 ehIy 36  2  3
3 2 2
K> 8  .....
 3  5 .
dUcenH eKGac[)ansisScMnYn 12 nak; . -TMB½rTI 33 ³ KNnapldkxageRkam ³
-TMB½rTI 23 ³ ¬RbFanlMhat;minRbRktI b¤ manbBaða ¦. k> 12  3 cemøyI KW ³ 12  3  15
x> 5   4  8 cemøIyKW ³ 5   4  8  1
emeronTI 3 cMnYnKt;ruWLaTIb K> 25  12   5 cemøIyKW ³ 25  12   5  18 .
-TMB½rTI 26 ³ kñgú cMeNamcMnnY 0.4 , 12 ,  5 ,  1.2 ,  9 , -TMB½rTI 34 ³ KNnaplKuNéncMnYnxageRkam ³
k>  203  60
 1 , 0 , 3 , 5 nig 46 cMnYnEdlCa ³
x>  6 6  36
-cMnYnKt;rLuW aTIbviC¢manKW ³ 3 , 5 nig 46 K>  5 0  0
-cMnYnKt;rLuW aTIbGviC¢manKW ³  5 ,  9 nig  1 . X>  63 42  144 .
2 -

-TMB½rTI 35 ³ -TMB½rTI 43 ³ sRmYlRbPaK ³

k> KNnaplEck ³ 18 3  6 3

30 5  6 5
 ¬eRBaH PGCD18 , 30  6 ¦
 40416  40416
 165  256

 421
 96 b¤ 96  19  119  1
  ¬eRBaH PGCD19 , 57  19 ¦
 2729  583  2146 57 3 19 3
nig  29

 29
 74 b¤  74 .  10 10 2  5 2
   ¬ PGCD10 ,15  5 ¦ .
 15 15 3  5 3
x> bMeBjcenøaH ³ -TMB½rTI 45 ³ eRbóbeFobRbPaK ³
 40
 4 ni g ......
42
7 2 7 2 26 13  2 13
.....
10  6 k> eyIgman 14  
35 5  7 5
/  
30 15  2 15
/
-TMB½rTI 36 ³ KNnakenSamelxxageRkam ³ 27 3  9 3
  PPCM 5 , 15 , 5  15
eday
k> 13  4  7  13  7  4  20  4  16 45 5  9 5
14 2  3 6
x> 13  4  7  13 11  2 naM[  
35 5  3 15
 /
26 13
30 15
/
K> 12  5  8  12  8  5  20  5  25 27 3  3 9
  eday
6 9 13
 
45 5  3 15 15 15 15
X> 12  5  8  12  8  5  20  5  25 .
dUcenH14 27 26
  .
-TMB½rTI 37 ³ KNnakenSamelxxageRkam ³ 35 45 30
k> 5   3 2  15 2  30 x> eday PPCM 12 , 18 , 25  900 eK)an ³
 11  11 75  825
x> 5   3 2  15 2   30  30 12

12  75

900
K> 1000 100 10  10 10  1 17

17  50

 850
 18  18 50 900
X> 40  40 10  40  4  10 . 9  9 36  324
  
-TMB½rTI 38 ³ KNnakenSamelxxageRkam ³ 25 25  36 900
k> 2  35  4 6  5  2  2  27  6 10  41  850  825  324
eday 900

900

900
x> 4  4  44  4  14  54  20  11  9
dUcenH 17
  .
K> 35  74  6 2  2810 2  280  2  140  18 12 25
-TMB½rTI 47 ³ KNnakenSam ³
1 1  9
emeronTI 4 RbPaK A        eday LCM 2 , 4 , 10  20
2 4  
10
 10  5  18 3
-TMB½rTI 43 ³ bMeBjcMnYnkñgú RbGb; . 
20

20
.
5 1
k> 72  144  ... ¬GacmancemøIyeRcIneTotrag 72aa ¦ B 
3
14  8 2
 eday LCM 14 , 8 , 2  56
x> 2515  53  ... ¬sBaØa- enAPaKEbgk¾)an¦ 
12  35  28 19
56
. 
56
K> 94  63
28
. bBa¢ak; GñkGacrk PPCM b¤ LCM edayxønÜ Ég .
smÁal; ³ cemøyI sMNYr k nig x GacmaneRcIn RsbtameKal- GñkGaceFVI[sRmayCagenHeTot)an .
karN_ ebIPaKykKuN a enaHPaKEbgKuNnwg a Edr a  0 .
3 -

-TMB½rTI 48 ³ KNna ³ x> 16.301 cMnnY TsPaKenHman¬tamlMdab;BIeqVgeTAsþaM¦³

 15 13 13 4 -elx 1 xÞgd; b;mantémø  110  10
A   
9 28 28 9
13   15 4  13   19  247
-elx 6 xÞg;raymantémø  6 1  6
     
28  9 9  28  9  252 -elx 3 xÞg;PaKdb;mantémø  103  0.3
1 3  2
B  3  1    1 
4 5  13  -elx 0 xÞg;PaKrymantémø  100
0
0
  13  8   15 
   6 -elx 1 xÞg;PaKBan;mantémø  1000
1
 0.001 .
 4  5  13 
-TMB½rTI 49 ³ k> KNnakenSam ³ K> 2.0397 cMnYnTsPaKenHman ³
3  1 1  1 1 -elx 2 xÞg;raymantémø  2 1  2
A          2 1 
5  4 6  3 4
3  32  7 5 -elx 0 xÞg;PaKdb;mantémø  100  0
    
5  12   3 4 
  1    28  15    1    13 
-elx 3 xÞg;PaKrymantémø  100
3
 0.03
       
 4   12   4   12  -elx 9 xÞg;PaKBan;mantémø  1000
9
 0.009
  1   12  3
   
 4    13  13 -elx 7 xÞg;PaKmunW mantémø  10000
7
 0.0007 .
x> KNna eyIgdwgfa ³
x
3
4
x2
3
4
b¤
 2x -TMB½rTI 55 ³ erobcMnYn mandUcxageRkam ³
3
 6.245 ,  5.867 ,  0.045 ,  3.243 ,  0.127
naM[ 3 1 3
x 4   
2 4 2 8
. dUcenH
x
3
8
. erobtamlMdab;ekInKW ³
-TMB½rTI 50 ³ rkcMnnY TMBr½ esovePA ³  6.245 ,  5.867 ,  3.243 ,  0.127 ,  0.045
cinþaGanesovePA)an 15 13
RtUvnwg 377 TMB½r erobtamlMdab;cHu KW ³
 0.045 ,  0.127 ,  3.243 ,  5.867 ,  6.245 .
naM[cMnYnTMB½resovePATaMgGs;KW 15 13377  435 TMB½r .
-TMB½rTI 56 ³ sresrRbPaKxageRkamCacMnnY TsPaK ³
k> 103  0.3 x>  100
13
 0.13
emeronTI 5 cMnYnTsPaK
K> 1000
407
 0.407 X>  13786  13.786 .
-TMB½rTI 55 ³ sresrtémøelxtamxÞg;éncMnYnTsPaK ³ 1000
-TMB½rTI 57 ³ sresrTsPaKxYbCaRbPaK ³
k> 0.785 cMnYnTsPaKenHman ³
k> 0.54 ³ tag N  0.54  0.54545454...
-elx 0 xÞg;raymantémø  0 1  0
naM[ 100N  54.54545454... ¬EpñkxYbmanBIrxÞg;
-elx 7 xÞg;PaKdb;mantémø  107  0.7 100 N  54.54545454...

 N  0.54545454...
-elx 8 xÞg;PaKrymantémø  100
8
 0.08 sikSapldk ³ 99 N  54
-elx 5 xÞg;PaKBan;mantémø  1000
5
 0.005 . naM[ ³ N
54 6

99 11
dUcenH
0.54 
6
11
.
4 -

x>  4.01 ³ tag A  4.01  4.01010101... -TMB½rTI 64 ³ k> sresrPaKryCaRbPaK ³

KuN A nwg 100 eK)an 100 A  401.01010101... 15 3 5 3
15%   
100 20  5 5
100 A  401.01010101...
 32 8 4 8
 A  4.0101010101... 32%   
sikSapldk ³ 99 A  397
100 25  4 25
595 119  5 119
595%   
naM[ A
397
99
dUcenH
 4.01  
397
99
. 100 20  5 20
K> 0.345 ³ tag x  0.345  0.345345345... x> sresrPaKryCacMnYnTsPaK ³

 0.73 / 129% 
73 129
73%   1.29
manEpñkxYbmanelxbIxÞg; enaHyk x KuNnwg 1000 100 100
eK)an 1000x  345.345345345... 185% 
185
 1.85 / 0.1%  100
0.1
 0.001 .
100
1000 x  345.345345345...

 x  0.345345345...
-TMB½rTI 65 ³ k> sresrRbPaKCaPaKry ³
sikSapldk ³ 999 x  345 2 0.6667 100 66.67
 0.6667    66.67%
naM[ x
345 115

999 333
dUcenH 0.345 
115
333
. 3
1 1 20 20
100 100
   20%
-TMB½rTI 57 ³ KNna ³ 5 5  20 100
7 0.5385 100 53.85
4.235   6.563   10.999  0.5385    53.85%
13 100 100
 4.235  6.563  10.999
 8.671
x> sresrcMnnY TsPaKCaPaKry ³
1.5 100 150
-TMB½rTI 60 ³ rkR)ak;EdleKRtUvGab;[Nar:gu vij ³ 1.5 
100

100
 150%
esovePA 5 k,aléfø 8050.175 ` 0.80 
0.80  100 80
  80%
naM[esovePA 15 k,aléfø 3 8050.175  24150.525 ` 100 100
0.007  100 0.7
R)ak;RtUvGab; 30000  24150.525  5849.475 ` 0.007 
100

100
 0.7%
dUcenH eKRtUvGab;R)ak;[Nar:ugvijcMnnY 5849.475 ` . 0.983  0.983 100  98.3  98.3%

-TMB½rTI 61 ³ bgÁt;cMnnY xageRkamRtwmxÞgP; aKBan; ³ 100 100
k> 0.004681  0.005 bgÁte; LIgeRBaHxÞg;bnÞab;elx^ -TMB½rTI 66 ³ rkPaKryénmnusSEdlsøab; ³

x> 0.000604  0.001 bgÁte; LIgeRBaHxÞg;bnÞab;elx^ sresr 18 nak;CaPaKryén 96 nak;
K> 5.9845  5.985 bgÁt;eLIgeRBaHxÞg;bnÞab;elx% . eK)an 18 96
100%  0.1875 100%  18.75%
dUcenH PaKrymnusSEdlsøab;KW ³ 18.75% .

emeronTI 6 PaKry -TMB½rTI 67 ³ rkR)ak;cMeNjb¤xatkñúg 100 `
-TMB½rTI 63 ³ sresrkaerpat;BN’énrUbnImyY ²CaPaKry ³ k> R)ak;edIm 160 000 ` cMeNj)an 20 000 `
rUb ¬k¦ sresr)an 100 39
 39% enaHR)ak;edIm 1 ` cMeNj)an 16020 000
000
 0.125 `
rUb ¬x¦ sresr)an 100 45

 45% naM[R)ak;edIm 100 ` cMeNj)an 0.125 100  12.5 `
rUb ¬K¦ sresr)an 100 54
 54%
dUcenH kñúg 100 ` cMeNj)an 12.5 ` .
5 -

x> R)ak;lk; 240 000 ` R)ak;xat 80 000 ` CabnþGñkRtUvyl;[)anc,as;tamkarbkRsayxageRkam ³

enaHR)ak;lk; 1 ` R)ak;xat 240
80 000
 0.3333 ` -eKvas;cm¶ayBIPUmi A eTAPUmi B edayeRbIxñatedkaEm:t
000
dUcKña b:Eu nþxñatnImYy²minRtUvl¥eT KWxñatmYyesÞrI bnþci KW
naM[R)ak;lk; 100 ` R)ak;xat 0.3333 100  33.33 ` 9.8 m  1dam ÉxñatmYyeTotelIsbnþci KW10.1m  1dam
dUcenH kñúg 100 ` xatGs;RbEhl 33.33 ` . eBlvas;R)akdCaxñat 9.8 m vas;eXIjEvgCagxñat 10.1m
-TMB½rTI 68 ³ rktémønaLikaenaHEdlRtUvlk; ³ eRkayeBlvas;xñatTaMgBIrxusKñaRbEvg 1dam  10m
rkcMnYnR)ak;Edl)anbBa©úHtémø 15% én 40 000 ` -ebItagcm¶ayBIPmU i A eTAPUmi B eday x ¬KitCa m ¦
R)ak;bBa©Hú témø  100  40 000  6 000 `
15
tambRmab;eyIg)an ³ 9x.8  10x.1  10
R)ak;lk;eRkaybBa©Hú témø 6 000 `KW ³  1 1 
   x  10
40 000  6 000  34 000 `  9.8 10.1 
dUcenH naLikaenaHRtUvlk;témø 34 000 ` . 10.1  9.8
x  10
9.8  10.1
-TMB½rTI 69 ³ rkéfølk;rbs;eTacRkyanynþ ³ 0.3 x  989.8
eday 2% énéfølk;eTacRkyanynþ  80 000 ` x  3300 m
naM[ éfølk;eTacRkyanynþ -eRkayBIepÞógpÞat;tambec©keTsCak;EsþgKWRtwmRtUv

80 000 80 000
  4 000 000 ` dUcenH cm¶ayBitR)akdBIPUmi A eTAPUmi B KW  3.3 km .
2% 0.02
-TMB½rTI 75 ³ k> rkRbEvgTTwg nigbeNþayéndIERs
dUcenH éfølk;eTacRkyanynþKW 4 000 000 erol .
rkRbEvgedImb¤sSIEdlKat;ykmkvas;Camunsin
-TMB½rTI 70 ³ bMeBjtaragxageRkam ³
RbEvgedImb¤sSI  3 Büam  1htß  2 cMGam
edayEp¥kelIrbU mnþ I  100 Edl TIenH I CakarR)ak;
PRT
 3  2m  1  0.5m  2  0.2m
T Cary³eBlKitCaqñaM / P CaR)ak;edIm ehIy  6m  0.5m  0.4m
 6.9m
R% CaGRtakarR)ak;kg ñú mYyqñaM . eyIgbMeBj)an ³ -RbEvgTTwgvas;)an 12 edImb¤sSI
cMnYnR)ak;srub
P
480 000 `
R
8%
T
7 qñaM
I
268800` 748 800`
enaHRbEvgTTwgKW ³  12  6.9m  82.8 m
120277.78` 9% 4 qñaM 43 300` 163 578`
-RbEvgbeNþayvas;)an 32 edImb¤sSI
2 000 000` 11% 0.4 qñaM 88 000` 2 088 000` enaHRbEvg beNþayKW ³  32  6.9m  220.8 m .
 7.02%
720 000` 18 ExM 75 600` 795 600` x> rkRkLaépÞERsKitCaGa ³
épÞdIERs=beNþay  TTwg  82.8m  220.8m
emeronTI 7 rgVas;rgVas;  18282.24m 2
eday 1a  100 m 2
-TMB½rTI 74 ³ rkcm¶ayBitR)akdrvagPUmi A eTAPUmi B naM[ 18282.24m  18282

2 .24
a  182.8224a
¬lMhat;enHeKerobcM)anl¥Nas; minxVHeTGñkEdlminyl; 100
RbFan eRBaHebImin)anKit[Ditdl; GacfaRbFanxusk¾man .¦ dUcenH épÞdIERsKitCaGaKW 182.8224a .

¬GacemIlkarbMEbkxñatenAesovePAKNitviTüa Gan>Kit>yl;¦
6 -

K> rkRbEvgExSlYs ¬KitCasin ¦ K> rkéfølk;kgñú mYydbedIm,I[cMeNj 12%

RbEvgExSlYsmYyCMu KWCabrimaRtdIERsragctuekaNEkg rkR)ak;ceM Njkµgú mYydb KW ³
naM[ P  282.8m  220.8m  607.2m 115.12 12%  115.12  0.12  13.8 `
-ebIKit 3 CMuKW 3 607.2m  1821.6m naM[éfølk;ecjkñgú mYydb 115.12  13.8  129 `
eday 1 sin  40m dUcenH edIm,I[cMeNj 12% RtUvlk;ecj129 `kñúg!db .
naM[ 1821.6m  1821 .6
sin  45.54 sin -TMB½rTI 79 ³ k> etIéf¶enaHCaéf¶GVI ?
40
dUcenH RbEvglYs 3 CMuKitCasinKW 45.54 sin . naLikacan;FeI dIrelOn 1mn35s kñgú mYyéf¶ ehIynaLika
-TMB½rTI 76 ³ rkm:aséndMLÚgCVa ³ sIuNa edIryWt 2mn10s kñgú mYyéf¶ mann½yfakñgú mYyéf¶
rkm:askUnCBa¢IgTaMgGs;EdleKykmkeRbIKW ³ naLikasIuNaedIryWtCagnaLikacan;FcI nM Yn ³
1mn35s  2mn10s  3mn45s RtUvnwg 225s
4kg  7hg  3dag  4kg  0.7kg  0.03kg  4.73kg
edaykUnCBa¢gI dak;elIfasmYyEdlmanm:asesµI 101 én -eRcInéf¶naLika sIuNaedIryWtCagnaLikacan;FcI nM Yn ³

17mn30s RtUvU nwg 1050s
m:asvtßEú dlføgw ¬m:avtßfú gøw  10 dkénm:askUnCBa¢Ig¦
naM[cMnYnéf¶EdlrMlgKW 1050  4 j16h
enaHm:asvtßúEdlføgw  10  4.73 kg  47.3 kg 225
edaysMbk)avmanm:as 1.5kg edaybEnßm 4 j16h elI em:ag 20 éf¶ cnÞ enaHKWéf¶ esAr_
naM[m:asdMLÚgCVa  47.3 kg 1.5 kg  45.8 kg . dUcenH éf¶enaHCaéf¶ esAr_ .
dUcenH dMLÚgCVamanm:as 45.8 kg . x> etIem:agBitRtUvnwgem:agb:unaµ n?
-TMB½rTI 77 ³ k> rkcMnnY dbEdlKat;RckeRbgm:as‘tU )an³ ebIeyIgEfm 4 j16h elIéf¶ cnÞ em:ag 20 enaHeyIg)an
cMNuHeRbgEdl)anTij 225l  8  1800l éf¶esAr_ em:ag 12 éf¶Rtg; .
cMNuHeRbgEdleRbIkar)an 1800l  8  3l   1776l dUcenH em:agBitKW em:ag 12 éf¶Rtg; énéf¶esAr_ .
eday 1l  100cl naM[ 1776l  177600cl
cMnYndbEdlRckm:as‘tU )an 177600 emeronTI 8 kenSamBICKNit
 2368 db
cl
75cl
dUcenH eRbgEdlRck)anmancMnYn 2368 db . -TMB½rTI 82 ³ k> R)ab;cnM nY tY nigGefrénkenSamBICKNit
3xy  5 ³ man 2tY nigmanGefr x , y .
x> rkéføedIméneRbgm:as‘tU kñúgmYydb x y  z  2 ³ man 3tY nigmanGefr x , y , z .
3
cMNuHeRbgEdl)anTij 1800l RtUvnwg 18 hl x> sresrkenSamBICKNittagGIubeU: tnusénRtIekaNEkg³

naM[cMnYnR)ak;cMNayTijeRbgTaMg 8 FugKW ³ edayplbUkRbEvgRCugTaMgbICabrimaRt naM[
18 15 000  270 000 `
rgVas;GIube:U tnus  13  x  3 y  KitCa dm .
R)ak;cN
M aysrubKitTaMgQñÜlRckdbKW ³ -TMB½rTI 83 ³ 1> KNnaedaysÁal;témø
270 000 `  2 600 `  272600 `
a 2, b6, c4, d 5
naM[éføedImeRbgkñgú mYydb  272600
2368
 115.12 ` k> b  c  a  6  4  2  2  2  4 .
dUcenH éføedImeRbgkñúgmYydbKW ³ 115.12 ` . x> ab  cd  2  6  45  16  5  80 .
7 -

> k> sresrcMnYnR)ak;rbs;NarICakenSamBICKNit ³ -TMB½rTI 89 ³ KNnaplKuNkenSamBICKNit

2
R)ak;rbs;NarICakenSamBICKNitKW ³ 5000  y erol . k> 4x  5  x  22x  5
x> rkcMnYnR)ak;NarIceM BaH y  3 500 erol  4 x  20  2 x  5 x  4 x  10
2
naM[R)ak;NarIKW ³ 5 000  3 500  1 500 erol .  2 x  5 x  10 2
x> 4x  5  x  22x  5

3> KNnakenSam cMe BaHtémø a nig b ³
3a
b3  4 x  20  2 x  5 x  4 x  10
2
k> a  10 nig b  3 ³ naM[ b3a3  33103  306  5  4 x  20  2 x 2  5 x  4 x  10
3a 3   2  6 3  2 x 2  13x  30
x> a  2 nig b  7 ³ naM[   
b  3 3   7  4 2 -TMB½rTI 89 ³ dak;CaplKuNktþa ³
4> KNnatémøGefrEdleFV[I x4
minGackMNt;)an k> ab  a  b  1
x  12  ab  1  b  1
x4
kenSam minGackMNt;)an b¤ Kµann½y luHRtaEt
x  12
 a  1b  1
PaKEbgesµsI Unü enaH x  12 CatémøEdleFVI[PaK x> xy  2z  2 y  xy

 x  2z  2  x  y
EbgesµIsnU ü . dUcenH x  12 .  x  2z  y 
-TMB½rTI 85 ³ KNnaplbUkkenSamBICKNit edayeRbI
rUbctuekaNEkg nigkaerén 4 y  2  3 y  5 ³ emeronTI 9 smIkardWeRkTI!manmYyGBaØat
tag y edayrUb y / ehIy  y edayrUb  y
nig 1 edayrUb 1 / ehIy  1 edayrUb 1 -TMB½rTI 92 ³etItémø x NaCab¤sénsmIkar x 14  38 ³
eyIg)an ³ 4 y  2  3y  5 1> kñúgceNam témø 52 , 42 , 24 KW x  52 Cab¤s
y y 1 y 1 1 énsmIkar eRBaHvaepÞógpÞat; 52 14  38 b¤ 38  38 Bit.
y 1
y y 1 y 2> rkb¤sénsmIkar 5x  100 ³
1 1
eyIgman 5x  100 Edlman x  20 Cab¤s
eday y  y  0 nig 1 1  0 eRBaH 5  20  100 smmUl 100  100 Bit .
-TMB½rTI 95 ³edaHRsaysmIkar rYcepÞógpÞat;cemøIy ³
enAsl;Et y 1 1 dUcenH 4 y  2  3y  5  y  3 . k> x  10  21 dkGgÁTaMgBIrnwg 10 eyIg)an ³
1
x  10  10  21  10
-TMB½rTI 86 ³ KNnakenSam ³ x  11
k> 8x   7 x  8x  7 x  8  7x  1 x  x epÞógpÞat; ³ cMeBaH x  11 enaH 11  10  21 Bit
x> 10x  23x  10  23x  33x dUcenH smIkarmanb¤s x  11 .
-TMB½rTI 87 ³ bRgÜmkenSamrYcKNna x> 12  x  3  8  15  x  8
eyIgman ³ 2a  5b  7a  9b  9a 14b edayEfm x  8 elIGgÁTaMgBIr enaHeyIg)an ³
cMeBaH a  2 , b  7 15  x  x  8  8  x  8 b¤ 7  x Cab¤ssmIkar
naM[ 9a  14b  9   2  14  7  18  98  80 . epÞógpÞat; 12  7  3  8  12  4  8 Bit .
8 -

-TMB½rTI 96 ³ edaHRsaysmIkar rYcepÞógpÞat;cemøIy ³ 2> rkcMnYnKt;essTaMgbIenaH

k> 7.2  3x edayEckGgÁTaMgBIrnwg 3 eK)an ³ tag x CacMnnY essTI ! enaHcMnYnessbnþbnÞab;KW
7.2 3x
  2.4  x b¤ x  2.4 Cab¤smIkar x  2 nig x  4
3 3
epÞógpÞat;³ cMeBaH x  2.4 ³ 7.2  3 2.4  7.2  7.2 tambRmab; eK)an ³
3x  x  2  x  4  5  8x  2
x> 13  1.2 edayKuNGgÁTaMgBIrnwg 1.2 eyIg)an ³
t
33 x  6  5  8 x  16
t 1.2 9 x  18  5  8 x  16
13 1.2 
1.2
b¤
 15.6  t t  15.6 Cab¤s 9 x  8 x  16  13
pÞ>pÞ cMeBaH ³
t  15.6 13 
15.6
 13  13 Bit . x3
1.2
enaHcMnYnessbnþbnÞab;KW x  2  3  2  5
-TMB½rTI 97 ³ edaHRsaysmIkar ³
nig x  4  3  4  7
1> 5x  7 x  4  2  5  3x  2
5 x  7 x  4  5  3x  2
pÞ>pÞ ³ 33  5  7  5  83  2
3 15  5  8  5
 2 x  4  3  3x
40  40
3x  2 x  3  4
x  1 dUcenH cMnYnessTaMgbIttY KñaKW 3, 5, 7 .
2x 1 x  2
2> 5 
4 3
60  32 x  1  4x  2 
emeronTI 10 vismPaB
60  6 x  3  4 x  8
63  8  4 x  6 x
-TMB½rTI 102 ³ etIkenSamNaxøHCavismPaB ³
10 x  55 kenSam ³  2  1 , 8  5 , a  b , cd ,
x
11 ab  ad , ac  ad
2
kenSamCavismPaBKW ³  2  1 , 8  5 , c  d ,
-TMB½rTI ³ > KNnaRbEvgbeNþay nigTTwg ³
98 1
nig a  b  a  d eRBaHvakenSamenHmansBaØa ,  .
tag x CaRbEvgTTwg
naM[ x  28 CabeNþay
x
x  28
-TMB½rTI 103 ³ eRbóbeFobRbPaK 1n nig n 1 1
tambRmab; ³ 2x  x  28  376 ¬KitCa m ¦ cMeBaH n CacMnYnKt;viC¢man Binitü ³
eK)an ³ 4x  56  376 1  0

4 x  376  56 n  n naM[ 1

1
eRBaH
n0
n 1  n n 1 n
320
x  80
4 dUcenH eyIgeRbóbeFob)an 1

1
n n 1
.
naM[ x  28  80  28  108 -TMB½rTI 104 ³ bMeBjsBaØa  b¤  enAkñúgRbGb;
pÞ>pÞ 280  108  376  2 188  376 Bit k> 10  20 enaH 10  4  20  4
dUcenH cMkarenaH manTTwgRbEvg 80 m x>  20  2 enaH  20  4   2  4
manbeNþayRbEvg 108 m . K> 1  12 enaH 1  4  12  4 .
9 -

-TMB½rTI 105 ³ -TMB½rTI 113 ³etIbrimaNNaEdlsmamaRtbrimaN!eTot?

sresrTMnak;TnM gxageRkamedayeRbIsBaØa vismPaB ³ eyIgmantaragbrimaNBIrKW ³ k> nig x>
-KuNcMnnY x nwg 2 Efm 5 eTot enaHlT§plFMCag 10 ³ ¬sUmKUstagragtémøedayxønÜ Ég¦
eyIgsresr)an ³ 2x  5  10 . brimaNEdlmansmamaRteTAnwgbrimaNmYyeTotKW
brimaN k> eRBaHeyIg)ansmamaRt 300 16

24
450
emeronTI 11 pleFobnigsmamaRt edaysar 16  450  300  24 .
-TMB½rTI 107 ³ rkpleFob ³ -TMB½rTI 113 ³ rktémø a nig c ³
eK[ a : b : c  5 : 3 : 8 nig b  36 000 `
k> 50 g nig 200g sresr)an 50 : 200 b¤ 200
50 1

4 eyIg)ansmamaRt a : b  5 : 3 b¤ ba  53
x> 700g nig 1kg sresr)an 700 :1000 b¤ 1000 700 7

10 naM[ 3a  5b  a
5b
-TMB½rTI 107 ³ rkpleFob ³ 3
5  36 000
k> R)ak;cMNUlrbs;Kat; nigR)ak;cMNayrbs;Kat; ³ enaH a
3
 5 12 000  60 000 `
sresrpleFob)an ³ 1200 : 450 b¤ 1200 450 3
8
 . ehIy b : c  3 : 8  3c  8b  c 
8b
3
8  36 000
x> R)ak;snSMrbs;Kat; nigR)ak;cMNUlrbs;Kat; ³ enaH c  8 12 000  96 000 `
3
edayR)ak;snSM  1200$  450$  750$ dUcenH témørkeXIj a  60 000 ` nig c  96 000 ` .
750 5
eyIgsresrpleFob)an 750 :1200 b¤ 1200  .
8
-TMB½rTI 115 ³ rkcMnYnéf¶EdlRtUvpÁtp; Ág;eKarbs;Kat;
-TMB½rTI 108 ³ etIpleFobNaCapleFosmmUlKña dMbgU Kat;maneKa 40 k,>TijEfm10 k,> eLIgdl; 50 k,>
man 6 : 8 , 18 : 28 , 15 : 20 , 83 : 2 , 0  9 :1 5 tag x CacMnnY éf¶EdleKa 50 k,> sI)u an
eyIg)anpleFob 40 k,al:50 k,al  x éf¶:35éf¶
pleFobsmmUlKñaKW ³ 6 : 8 15 : 20 b¤ 86  15 . 40  35 1400
20 naM[)an 50
40 x
  x   28 éf¶
-TMB½rTI 111 ³ -rkcm¶aypøÚvEdlrfynþeFVdI MeNIr)an 35 50 50
ebIcm¶aypøÚv 91km vasIiusaMgGs; 7l dUcenH Kat;pÁt;pgÁ ;eKa 50 k,>)anry³eBl 28 éf¶ .

ebIvamansaMg 15l enaHvaeFVdI MeNIr)an ³
91km 15l emeronTI 12 sBaØaNdMbUgénrUbFrNImaRt
 195km
7l
dUcenH rfynþGaceFVdI MeNIr)ancm¶ay 195km . -TMB½rTI 118 ³ []TahrN_rUbPaBcMNucepSg²CMvu ijxønÜ
-rkR)ak;EdlRtUvcMNay -cMNucRbRCuyelIragkay
elIcm¶aypøvÚ 260km RtUvkarsaMg 26091kmkm 7l  20l -cMNucrn§ejIsenACab;nwgEs,k
-cMNucRKab;mnu elIépÞmux
eday 1l  5400 ` naM[ saMg 20l  20  5400  108000 `
-cMNucrn§dMbUlsalamanFøay
dUcenH Kat;RtUvcMNayR)ak;cMnYn 108000 erol .
¬Gñkrk[)aneRcInCagenH >>>¦
10 -

-TMB½rTI 119 ³ CMnYs >>> edaysBaØa  b¤  -TMB½rTI 123 ³ eKman$ cMNuc A , B , C , D elIbnÞat; xy
D
B F C d  A B C D
       
A x y
E
k> A d x> F  d K> D  d eRkayBI)aneRbIEdkQanvas;rYcmk ³

X> B  d g> E  d c> C  d . k> eyIgeRbóbeFob)an AB  BC
-TMB½rTI 120 ³ BinitürUbrYceqøIynwgsNMNYr ³ x> eyIgeRbóbeFob)an CD  BC
B D K> eyIgGacsnidñ æan)anfa AC  CD eRBaH CD  BC .
   
A C -TMB½rTI 124 ³ KNnaRbEvg MN
eRkayBIBni ti ürUbxagelIy:aghµtc; t; rUbenHKµanknøHbnÞat; 
12 cm
 
46 cm
 
d 
mYyesaH dUcenHminGacsresreQµaHknøHbnÞat;)aneT . A M B N C
-TMB½rTI 121 ³ manbøg; P EdlmancMNuc A , B , C bRmab; ³ AB  12 cm , BC  46 cm ehIy cMNuc

S
M nig N CacMNuckNþalerogKñaénGgát; AB nig BC
A C naM[ MB  AB 2

12 cm
2
 6 cm
P B
k> rab;eQµaHbøg;fIEµ dleTIbnwgekItman ³ nig BN  BC

2

46 cm
2
 23 cm
bøg; SAB / bøg; SBC nig bøg; SAC . eyIg)an ³ MN  MB  BN

 6 cm  23 cm
x> bøg; P manbnÞat;EdlrYmnwgbøg;frµI mY man ³  29 cm
bnÞat;kat;tam AB , AC nig BC . -TMB½rTI 125 ³ manbIcN
M uc X , Y , Z elIbnÞat; 
K> R)ab;cMNucCarbs;bøg; ³
X Y S Z  
-cMNuc S KW S  SAB / S  SBC nig S  SAC    
-cMNuc A KW A P / A ABC / A SAB nig A SAC 8 cm 20 cm

-cMNuc B KW B  P / B  ABC / B  SAB nig B  SBC bRmab; ³ XY  8 cm nig XZ  20 cm
-cMNuc C KW C  P / C  ABC / C  SAC nig C  SBC k> KNna ³ XS  XY  YS
-TMB½rTI 122 ³ bMeBjcemøIy nigsg;Ggát;tamlMnaMKMrU ³ XZ  XY
 XY 
eRkayBI)anBinitücemøIy niglMnaMKMreU yIgbMeBj)an ³ 2
20cm  8cm
  8 cm   14 cm
 
2
XY  XZ
x> bgðajfa XS 
2
  Binitü XY  XZ 8cm  20cm 28cm
   14cm
cMNuc 5 2 2 2
XY  XZ
Ggát; ³ 10 tamsMNYr k> enaH XS 
2
.
1+2+3+4 .
11 -

-TMB½rTI 134 ³ etImuCM ab;énmMu xOt CamMGu VI ?

emeronTI 13 mMu x
t
y
O
-TMB½rTI 128 ³ bnÞat;BrI RbsBVKñakMNt;)anmMcu nM Yn4 dUcman tamrUbbgðajfamMCu ab;énmMu xOt CamMu tOy .
bgðajdUcrUb ³ 2 -TMB½rTI 135 ³ bMeBjtarag edayemIlrUbPaB ³ C
1 3 eRkayBIeFVIRbmaNviFmI KMu itCadWeRk T
4 B
tam ABC = CBT + ABT
-TMB½rTI 129 ³BinitürUb rYcsresreQµaHmMu nigR)ab;RbePTmMu eyIgbMeBj)antarag ³ A
x C
ABC CBT ABT
y 27 8 19
D B
77 46 31
69 34 35
E A 82 70 12
81 35 46
eRkayBIBni ti ü eyIgsresreQµaH nigR)ab;RbePTmMu ³
-mMu EAB CamMTu al -mMu ABC CamMEu kg -TMB½rTI 136 ³ sg;knøHbnÞat;BuHmMuxageRkam ³
-mMu xCy CamMru ab -mMu xCD CamMTu al ENnaM ³ edayykkMBlU mMCu ap©it sg;F[ñÚ kat;RCugBIreTot
-mMu CDE CamMEu kg -mMu DEA CamMuRsYc . ehIyykcMNuckat;TaMgBIrCap©ti vij sg;FTñÚ aMgBI[RbsBVKña
-TMB½rTI 129 ³KNnaRbmaNviFmI Mu ³ P¢ab;BkI MBlU mMueTAcMNucRbsBV eyIg)anknøHbnÞat;BuHmMu .
y
k> 17 1529  13 11 40  8 5412
o o o
a
u A
g B n
O
 38 8081  39 21 21 .
o o
x p x
x> 25 3620 15 5032
o o f
 24o 9580  15o 5032  9o 4548 . -TMB½rTI 137 ³ KUsrUbeLIgvij rYcbgðajfa hOt  90 o
y
-TMB½rTI 132 ³edayeRbIra: b:T½r vas;muxM ageRkam ³ t
h
ebIvas;rbU enAkñgú esovePABumE< tmþgeXIjtémødUcxageRkam³
-mMu b  25 -mMu c  60 -mMu g  90 .
o o o
z O x
¬ebIKUskñgú esovePAéd rgVas;mMuGaRs½ytamvas;Cak;Esþg¦ tag xOy  2a nig EdlplbUk

yOz  2b
-TMB½rTI 133 ³edayeRbIEdkQansg;muMeLIgvij xOy  yOz  xOz ¬Et xOz  180 mMru ab¦ o
eyIgsg;muTM aMgenHeLIgvijeTAtamskmµPaBCak;Esþg . naM[ 2a  2b  180  a  b  90 o o
CadMbUkykkMBlU mMCu ap©ti KUsFñÚ[kat;RCugTaMgBIrénmMu bRmab; ³ Oh nig Ot CaknøHbnÞat;BuHerogKñaénmMu xOy

edayrkSargVHEdkQan[enAdEdl rYcKUsrUbfµI tamTRmg; nigmMu yOz naM[ hOy  xOy 2

2a
2
 a nig
rUbedIm >>> . sUmemIlBIviFIsg;muM [b:unnwgmMmu YyeTot yOt 

yOz 2b
  b ehIy hOt  hOy  yOt
2 2
edayeRbIEdkQan enAelIRbtibtþienH . naM[ hOt  a  b dUcenH hOt  90 . o
12 -

¬eRBaHplbUkmMukñúgBIrénRtIekaNesµImMueRkAmYyEdlminCab;va¦
emeronTI 14 bnÞat;Rsb bnÞat;Ekg nig mMu y  180 117  63 .
o o o
-TMB½rTI 141 ³ KNnargVas;mMu GEF ³ -TMB½rTI 149 ³ eRbóbeFobmMu BAC nig BHC
bRmab; ³ DE  EF D
eRkayBIyl;RbFan eyIgsg;rUb)andUcxageRkam ³
A
naM[ DEF CamMEu kg G
B
ehIy EG CaknøHbnÞat;BuH
E C
énmMu DEF enaHeyIg)an ³ F B C
DEF 90 o A
GEF    45o
2 2 H
dUcenH rgVas;mKMu Nna)anKW ³ GEF  45 . o
BinitümMu BAC nig BHC mMTu aMgBIrman ³

-TMB½rTI 143 ³ sg;rUbtambRmab;RbFan ³ RCug AC  bnøayRCug HB Rtg; B
1> eRkayBI)anemIlbRmab;RbFaneyIgsg;rb U eday RCug HC  bnøayRCug AB Rtg; A
eRbIbnÞat;Ekg d  naM[mMu BAC nig BHC manRCugRtUvKñaEkgerogKña
A
enaH)an ³ d 
dUcenH mMu BAC = BHC .
2 > eRkayBI)anemIlbRmab;RbFaneyIgsg;rbU )an ³
A
emeronTI 15 rUbFrNImaRtEdlmanvimaRtBIr
 d 
d  -TMB½rTI 154 ³ eyIgsg;rUb)andUcxageRkam ³
A
-TMB½rTI 146 ³ KNnargVas;mMu x nig y Edl a b k> bnÞat; AE tag[emdüaT½rén
k> a
80 o RtIekaN ABC eRBaH
y
ABC man I CacMNuc E
b
t
45 o
x
kNþalén)at BC nig B I C
tamTMnak;TMng bnÞat;BIrRsbKñakat;edayxñat;myY AE kat;tam I Edl Cakm<s;énRtIekaN ABC
eyIg)an ³ mMu x  45  80  180

o o o edaysarEtkm<s;TaMgbIRbsBVKñaEtmYycMNucKt;KW E man
naM[ x  180  45  80   55
o o o o n½yfa AI  BC .
nig mMu y  80  45  125 .
o o o x> bgðajfacMNuc A , E , I rt;Rtg;CYr
x> km<s;TaMgbIénRtIekaNmYyRbsBVKñaRtg;EtmYycMNucKt;
a
117 o 47 o
edaykm<s;BrI RbsBVKñaRtg;cMNuc enaHkm<sT; bI IRtUv
b
y x kat;tamcMNucRbsBV E enaHEdr
naM[)an E  AI
eyIg)an ³ mMu x  117 o
 47 o  70o dUcenH cMNuc A , E , I rt;Rtg;CYr .
13 -

-TMB½rTI 156 ³ R)ab;RbePTénRtIekaNtammMu ³ 2 > sg;RtIekaNedaysÁal; B

A
-RtIekaN ABC CaRtIekaN A  60 / BC  5 cm
o
5 cm
samBaØ eRBaHvamanmMu ³ nig AC  4 cm
A  B  C . B C eyIg)andUcrUbxagsþaM ³ C
60 o A
4 cm
A
-RtIekaN ABC CaRtIekaN B E
sm)ateRBaH vamanmMu ³ 3 > sg;RtIekaN DEF D
B  C . B C
Edl ABC  DEF  
dUcrUbxagsþaM ³ A C
F
-RtIekaN ABC CaRtIekaN B
EkgknøHsm½gS eRBaH vamanmMu ³ -TMB½rTI 163 ³ 4.5 cm B
A
1> sg;ctuekaNEkg ABCD
A CamMEu kg nig C  30 . A
C
o 30o
-TMB½rTI 158 ³ KNnamMu x nig y ³ edaysÁal; AB  4.5 cm 3.5 cm
k> nig AD  3.5 cm ³ D C

59 xo
64 o
y
2 > sg;ctuekaNEkg ABCD A D
42o
edaysÁal; AB  64 mm 64mm 60
o
 
x  180 o  42 o  64 o  180 o  106 o  74 o nigmMu BAC  60 ³ o
B C
 
y  42 o  64 o  59 o  106 o  59 o  47 o -TMB½rTI 165 ³ A
4.6cm
B
x> x
1> sg;kaer ABCD
101o
edaysÁal; RCugrbs;va
D
KW AB  4.6cm ³ B
C
C
x  180 o  101o  79 o
2> sg;kaer ABCD
K> 44o
7cm
y
116o
edaysÁal; GgátR; TUg
x KW BD  7cm ³ A D
B
A
3> ctuekaNEkgxagsþaM
x  116 o  44 o  72 o E
man AB  24cm /
y  180 o  72 o  108o .
BC  10cm , AE  13cm D
-TMB½rTI 159 ³ C
k>PABCD  2 AB  BC   224  10  68 cm .
1> sg;RtIekaNsm)at edaysÁal;)at BC  5 cm nig
A
x> PBCD  BC  CD  BD  BC  AB  2 AE
AC  3 cm
 10  24  2  13  60 cm .
eyIg)andUcrUbxagsþaM 3 cm 3 cm
K> PBEC  BC  CE  EB  BC  2 AE
B BC  5 cm C  10  2  13  36 cm .
14 -

X> P DEC  DC  DE  EC  DC  2 AE -TMB½rTI 170 ³ KNnabrimaRtRtIekaN ABC ³

 24  2 13  50cm . tamrUbmnþ P  a  b  c A 13 dm B
eK)an ³ 17dm
emeronTI 16 brimaRtnigépÞRkLaBhuekaN P  13  17  19 19dm

 49dm C
-TMB½rTI 168 ³ KNnabrimaRtBhuekaNxageRkam ³ -TMB½rTI 171 ³ bMeBjcenøaHxageRkam ³

53.4cm
k> edayBhuekaNenHman *RCug ehIy k> 3m  ..........
2
90 000... cm eRBaH 1m  10 000cm
2 2 2
RCugRbEvgnWmyY ²manRbEvgesµI²Kña x> 1a  ..........

100 ..m 2
eyIg)an P  8  53.4cm  427.2cm K> 500 cm  ..........

2 0.05 .m 2
x> rkbrimaRtBhuekaN 50.8cm -TMB½rTI 172 ³ RbtibtþienHerobcMmni )anRtwmRtUv eTaHbICa

P  4  50.3  4  73 sßitkñgú cMNuc épÞRkLactuekaNEkgk¾Bti Emnk¾enAEt
 450.3  73
 4  123.3  493.6cm
73cm minRtwmRtUv eRBaH ³
K> rkbrimaRtBhuekaN -ebIemIllMhat;TI 1 vamanPaBxusBICak;EsþgxøaMgeBk
RCugTI1manRbEvg 25cm enaHRCugTI@RtUvmanRbEvg
  120000cm eTIbeFVI[manépÞRkLa 300m 2
12cm  6.7cm
-ÉlMhat;TI 3 minRtUvCamYyemeronTal;EtesaHeRBaH
6cm   RCugTI! b¤TI 2manxñat ca ¬sg;TGI a¦ Caxñatrbs;épÞ EtEbr
54.3cm CaeRbICaxñatRbEvgvij EdlxusBIemeronRtg;1ca  1m . 2
P  12  2  6.7  4  6  4  54.3  2 srubmk ³ lMhat;Rbtibtþei nHminRtwmRtUv .

 24  26.8  24  108.6  183.4cm
-TMB½rTI 173 ³ sg;kaermYyman P  172cm
-TMB½rTI 168 ³ KNnabrimaRtdIERsenaH ³
eyabl;´ ³ lMhat;enHerobcMmin)anl¥ eRBaHeRbIxñat cm naM[vamanRbEvgRCug a  P4  172 4
 43cm
vaminEdlmandIERsÉNa manépÞRbEhlépÞtsu isSeron épÞrbs;vaKW ³

enHRbEhCaeKRclMxañt . S  a  a  a2 43cm
 23 2  529cm 2
-dIERsragctuekaNEkg 55cm
tamrUbmnþ P  2a  b
naM[ P  255  107  324cm
107cm
C! C@ b h S P
123m 103m 188m 73m 6862 m2 414 m
-TMB½rTI 169 ³ ¬sUmGP½teTas eTIbEtmanRbtibtþienH 22cm 22cm 48cm 16cm 384 cm2
2
92 cm
26dm 199dm 201dm 204dm 20502dm 426 m
mYyEdlsßitkñgú karRsavRCav. CakarBitenAeBlkat;KW 0.8km 0.7km 1.3 km 1.2km 780000 m 2
2800 m
R)akdCamansñamkéRnþEdleFVI[eKcMeNjRkLaépÞ . smÁal; ³ 22cm esovePABum<dak;RclM 22m EkCa 22cm .
tambTBiesaFn_ kaerEdlerob)anmanRCugesµI 5cm . C!=RCugTI! / b =)at , h=km<s; / S=épÞ / P =brimaRt
´sUmCUn cemøIydl;GñkenAeBleRkay . sUmmanbRmugRby½tñx<sk; gñú karKNnaelx .
15 -

-TMB½rTI 175 ³ KNnaépÞRkLarUbEdl[ ³ b .

2 2
8  8
14cm S     4    
2  2
 64  16 8m

22
 48  4m
7
1056 2
37cm  m
7
S  14cm   37cm  18cm 
2
-TMB½rTI 183 ³ KNnaépÞRkLaEpñkqUt edayyk   227
 196cm 2  666cm 2
o
 862cm 2 k> S  r 2

360 o 4 45 o
22 2 45 o
emeronTI 17 rgVg;  4  
7 360 o
44
-TMB½rTI 179 ³ KNnabrimaRténrUb edayyk   227 
7
o
k> 1
P  p  4r x> S  r 2

360 o
2 2
1 22 2 90 o 90 o
  2r  4r  2  
2 7 360 o
 2r  4r 5 cm 22

 2r   2  7
o
 10 
36 360
 cm 2 K> S  r 2

360 o
7 7
x> P  d  21.1 1.10 m 
22 2 180 o
8 
22 7 360 o 
  0.8  2.2 80cm 704 16
7 
17.6 7
  2.2 o
7 X> S  r 2
360 o

17.6  15.4 33 2
  m
7 7 22 2 120 o
 9  120 o
-TMB½rTI 181 ³ KNnaépÞRkLaEpñkqUt edayyk 
22
7
7
594
360 o

 9
a . S  3cm  2 2
  3cm 
2
7
o
 36cm 2 
22
7
 9 cm 2 g> S  r 2

360 o

3cm
198 2 22 2 90 o
 36cm 2  cm  9 
7 7 360 o 9 
252  198 2 54 2 891
 cm  cm  270 o
7 7 14
EsVgyl;xnøÜ Ég ehtuGVI)anCaeKeFVIGBa©wg .
16 -

-ebImrU tamTTwgvij mann½yfabeNþayCakm<s;

emeronTI 18 maDnigépÞRkLaxagsUlIt 2
eK)an V  p4h
-TMB½rTI 186 ³ KNnakm<s;RbelBIEb:tEkg eday p  64.8dm  2dm  62.8dm
tamrUbmnþ V  B  h Taj)an h  VB h  96.2dm
eday V  100352dm  100.352m 3 3
eK)an V
62.82  96.2  30179.34dm 3
4
B  35840cm 2  3.584m 2 snñidæanlT§pl 45739.58dm  30179.34dm
3 3
naM[ h
100.352m 3
 28m . dUcenH edIm,I[)anmaDsIuLaMgFMbMputRtUvmUrtambeNþay.
3.584m 2 -TMB½rTI 189 ³ KNnaépÞRkLaxagTaMgGs;rbs;KUb
b¤ h  28m  28000mm . épÞnImyY ²rbs;KUbmanragCakaer 184 mm
ehIykaernImyY ²manépÞ ³
-TMB½rTI 187 ³ k> etILaMgeQIenaHmanragCaGVI ? S   a 2  184mm
2
LaMeQIGacdak;)ansab‘U ^dMu EdlduMsab‘mU anragCaKUb  33856 mm 2

LaMgEdlGacdak;sab‘U^dMuragCaKUb)anluHRtaEtvaman edayKUbmanmux 6 b:un²Kña
vimaRt 1 , 1 , 6 b¤ 1 , 2 , 3 EdlvimaRtnImYy²)an naM[épÞRkLaxagTaMgGs;énKUbKW ³
bBa¢ak;fa LaMgmanragCa RbelBIEb:tEkg . S  6  33856mm2  203136mm2 .
x> rkmaDrbs;LaMg -TMB½rTI 191 ³
rUbmnþmaDRbelBIEb:tEkgKW V  abc k> KNnaépÞRkLa)at
naM[ V  11 6 b¤ V  1 2  3 tamrUbmnþ B  Vh
dUcenH maDLaMg V  6 ÉktadMsu ab‘U .
eday sIuLaMgman V  1550.25dm , h  12.5dm
3
-TMB½rTI 188 ³ etIsuxaRtUvmUrtambeNþayb¤mrU tamTTwg ? 3
-ebImrU tambeNþay mann½yfaTTwgCakm<s; naM[ B  1550 .25dm

12.5dm
 124.02 dm 2
eK)an V  R h 2
dUcenH RkLaépÞ)atKW B  124.02 dm . 2
Et p  2R naM[ R  2p enaH R  4p 2

2
x> KNnaépÞRkLaTaMgGs;
2
2
tamrUbmnþ S  ph  2B
T
p2h
naM[ V    4 p
2
h 
4 Et p  2R
eday p  96.2dm  2dm  94.2dm 2
ehIy B  R    2p   4p

2
2
 
h  64.8dm
94.2  64.8
2 enaH p  4B
eK)an V
4
 45739.58dm 3
eyIg)an S  2 B  h  2B
T
 2   124.02  12.5  2  124.02

 287.53dm 2
17 -

dUcenH RkLaépÞTaMgGs;KW ³ S T  287.53dm 2 enaHeyIgTaj)anmMu)at OAB  OBA

K>KNnargVas;kaMrgVg; ³ dUcenH eyIgeRbóbeFob)an OAB  OBA .
eday B  R 2
-eRbóbeFob OAB nig OBA
 R
B

124.02  7
 20.83dm
edayRtIekaN OAB man OA  OB ¬CakaMrgVgE; tmYy¦
 22
naM[RtIekaN OAB CaRtIekaNsm)at
dUcenH rgVas;kaMKW R  20.83dm .
enaHeyIgTaj)anmMu)at OAB  OBA
¬lMhat;enHKYEtdak;sN M Yr K> munsMNrY x> eFVIeTArYcvaecHEt)an
dUcenH eyIgeRbóbeFob)an OAB  OBA .
k¾b:uEnþvahYssmtßPaBsisSfñak;TI7 RbEhlCa lMhat;enHerobcM K> eRbóbeFob OAO nig OBO
min)anl¥ Cak;EsþgGñkemIllMhat;TI2 enATMB½renHdEdlvaman edaymMu OAO  OAB  OAB
ehIymMu OBO  OBA  OBA
bBaðacMeBaHrUb a & b eyIgminGacKNnamaDva)aneT¦ .
EtmMu OAB  OBA nig OAB  OBA
emeronTI 19 PaBqøúH dUcenH eRbóbeFob OAO  OBO .
-TMB½rTI 199 ³ eRbIRkdaskar:PU ¢ab;cN
M uctamlMdab;
-TMB½rTI 195 ³ sg;rUbeLIgvij nigsg;rUbqøúHeFobnwgcMNuc o
k> rkcMnYnG½kSqøúH
T  y

O  T
 

¬sMNYrbnþ sßti kñgú karRsavRCav sUmCUneBleRkay .¦  
x

-TMB½rTI 198 ³ sg;rUbtamsmµtikmµ
A
 
o o
B
dUcenH rUbxagelIKµanG½kSqøúHeT .
k> bgðajfabnÞat; OO CaemdüaT½rénGgát;FñÚrYm AB x> rkcMnYnG½kSqøúH
eday OO Ekgnwg AB Rtg;cMNuckNþal eRBaHkaMrgVg; y
EkgnwgGgátF; ÚRñ tg;cMNuckNþalCanic© enaHmann½yfa
cm¶ayBIcMNuc A eTAbnÞat; OO esµcI m¶ayBI B eTAbnÞat; 5  
OO naM[ cMNuc A qøúHKñanwgcMNuc B eFobnwgbnÞat; OO 3  
dUcenH bnÞat; OO CaemdüaT½rénGgátF; Úrñ Ym AB . 

o
x> -eRbóbeFob OAB nig OBA 2 6 x
edayRtIekaN OAB man OA  OB ¬CakaMrgVgE; tmYy¦

naM[RtIekaN OAB CaRtIekaNsm)at rUbxagelIenHmanG½kSqøHú cMnYn 2 .
18 -

emeronTI 20 RbU)ab emeronTI 21 Rkabssr

-TMB½rTI 203 ³ -TMB½rTI 212 ³ eyIgmantaragTinñny½
1
6 2 sala M N Q
5
4
3 cMnYnsisSRbLg 120 150 95
cMnYnsisSRbLgCab; 25 30 18
-viBaØasaKW ³ karbgVilfasmYyEdlman 6 elx. k> bgðajGRtasisSRbLgCab;énsalanImyY ²tamRkab
-lT§plKW ³ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 ¬man 6 krNI¦. eyIgRtUvKNnaGRtasisSRbLgCab;Camunsin ³
-RBwtkþi arN_KW ³ 2 ¬man1 krNI¦. -sasa M KW ³ 25 120 100%
 20.83%
-TMB½rTI 205 ³ rkRbU)abEdlerIs)anelxCaBhuKuNén 3
elxEdlCaBhuKuNén 3 manelx ³ 3 , 6 , 9 man 3 krNI -sala N KW ³ 30 150
100%
 20%
lT§plEdlGacekItmaneLIg man 9 eRBaHb½NÑman 9 snøwk -sala Q KW ³ 18 95

100%
 18.95%
naM[ P elxCaBhuKuNén 3   93  13  33.33%
GRtasisSRbLgCab;
dUcenH P elxCaBhuKuNén 3   33.33% .
-TMB½rTI 206 ³ 40%
RBwtkþi arN_GacekItmaneLIgKW ³ 6  5  8  3  22 krNI
k> rkRbU)abEdlcab;)anXøImanBN’ Rkhm ³ 20%
RBwtkþi arN_cab;)anXøI BN’Rkhmman 6 krNI

naM[ P Rkhm   226  113  0.2727  27.27%
M N Q sala
x> rkRbU)abEdlcab;)anXøImanBN’ s ³ x> tamRkabssrbgðajkñgú sMNYr k> eyIgeXIjfa
RBwtkþi arN_cab;)anXøI s man 5 krNI sala M manPaKrysisSCab;eRcInCageKKW 20.83% .
-TMB½rTI 214 ³eyIgmantaragTinñn½yePsC¢³KitCaryeks
naM[ P s   225  0.2273  22.73%
K> rkRbU)abEdlcab;)anXøImanBN’ ébtg ³ TI1 TI2 TI3 TI4
RBwtkþi arN_cab;)anXøI BN’ébtg man 8 krNI kUkakULa 2 4 1.5 4
naM[ P ébtg   228  114  0.3636  36.36% sUda 1 1.5 0.5 1
X> rkRbU)abEdlcab;)anXøImanBN’ elOg ³ TwkRkUc 1.5 3 1 2

RBwtkþi arN_cab;)anXøI BN’elOg man 3 krNI eyIgGacbkRsayTinñn½yxagelIenHCaRkabssrePøaH
naM[ P elOg   223  0.1364  13.64% . )andUcxageRkam ³
19 -

kUkakULa sUda TwkRkUc

ePsC¢³KitCaryeks
4
TI1 TI2 TI3 TI4 RtImas
emeronTI 22 Rkabpøit
-TMB½rTI 219 ³
k> begáIttaragbMENgEckTinñny½
stV eKa RCUk RkbI Ta
cMnYn¬k,al¦ 15 28 10 22
x> sg;Rkabpøti tagTinñny½ xagelI
eyIgdwgfa cMnYnstV 75 k,alRtUvnwg 360 naM[ ³ o
o
-eKa 15 RtUvnwg 15  360
75
 72 o
360 o
-RCUk 28 RtUvnwg 28 
75
 134.4 o
360 o
-RkbI 10 RtUvnwg 10 
75
 48o
360 o
-Ta 22 RtUvnwg 22 
75
 105.6 o
rUbtagedayRkapøitKW ³
72 o 134.4 o
eKa RCUk

105.6 o
48o
Ta RkbI
20 -


1000 N  1285.285285285...
emeronTI! cMnYnsniTan 
 N 1.285285285...
1284
999 N  1284  N
-TMB½rTI 2 ³ kMNt;témø x nig y ³ 999
2 y
eyIgman cMnYnsniTanesµIKñaKW , ,  0.2
GacbRgÜm)an1284 428

999 333
x 5
cMeBaH 2
 0.2  x 
 2  1  10 dUcenH
1.285 
428
.
333
x  0.2
5   0.2 K> eyIgmancMnYnTsPaK ³ 0.821
cMeBaH y
 0.2  y   1
5 1 tag N  0.821  0.821212121...
dUcenH eyIgkMNt;)an x  10 nig y  1 . naM[ 10N  8.21212121...
-TMB½rTI 4 ³ nig 1000N  821.21212121...
1.k> erobcMnYnsniTantamlMdab;BIFMeTAtUc ³ sikSapldk 1000N  10N
eyIgmancMnYn 34 , 54 , 78 , 0.75 1000 N  821.21212121...

 10 N  8.21212121...
tRmUvPaKEbgrYm 40 eyIg)an ³ 990 N  813  N
813
3 30 4 32 7 35 30 990
 ,  ,  , 0.75 
4 40 5 40 8 40 40 GacbRgÜm)an813 271

dUcenH eyIgGacerob)anBIrrebob ¬mYyNak¾)an¦ KW ³ 990 330
dUcenH
0.821 
271
.
, 0.75 , b¤ , , 0.75 .
7 4 3 7 4 3
, , 330
8 5 4 8 5 4
x> sresrcMnYnsniTan CacMnYnTsPaK ³
-TMB½rTI 5 ³ bBa¢ak;fa KUéncMnYnsniTanesµIKña rYcsresrCa
TRmg;bRgÜmrYc ³
eyIgman 119  0.81 ¬sUnüek,ósEb:tsibmYyxYb¦
k> 1630  158 eRBaH 16 15   30 8  240
ehIy 2 7 5  8 7 5  407  0.175 .
3
eRkayBIbRgÜmrYcKW 158 .
2. sresrcMnYnTsPaKxYbeTACacMnn
Y sniTan ³
k> eyIgmancMnYnTsPaK ³ 0.4 x>  15 
35 49
21
eRBaH  15 49   3521  735
tag N  0.4  0.4444444... eRkayBIbRgÜmrYcKW ³ 73 ;
naM[ 10N  4.44444444... -TMB½rTI 6 ³ KNna
10 N  4.4444444...

 N  0.4444444...
k>   214     114    214 11   324  8
sikSapldk 9N  4 N
4    
9 x> 1
4
1 9 21 30 15
2 5  
4 4 4

4

2
dUcenH .
0.4 
4
5  1
9 K> 7 21 9 31
2   1   3   
x> eyIgmancMnYnTsPaK ³ 1.285 8  8 8 8 8 8
21  9  31
tag N  1.285  1.285285285... 
8
naM[ 1000N  1285.285285285... 
43
eyIgsikSapldk 1000N  N eyIg)an ³ 8
21 -


-TMB½rTI 7 ³ KNnaplbUkxageRkamedayeRbIlkçN³pþMú x> 23   34  78   23   6 8 7   23    18    121 .

     
k>  74  83   103  74   83  103   3 10  6 3  10 6 
    K> 3 1
            
3
7 18 7  7 12  10 7  12 10  7 2 14
   6
4 3 4 -TMB½rTI 10 ³ KNnaplEckxageRkam ³
7  24 31

4

4
k> 83  56  83  56   18
40

40  2
18  2

20
9
x>  5 3   15   5 15  3
       x> 4027  910    27
40  9  4
    .
 4 8  4   4 4  8   10  3

20 3
4 8
  5
3
8
K> 154.63  4.7 
15463 47 15463 10
100

10
 
100 47
40  3 43 15463 10
   
8 8 100 47
-TMB½rTI 8 ³ KNna 
329  47 10 329
 
10  10 47 10
k>  245  307 eday PPCM 24 , 30  120
naM[ 5
 
7 5 5 7 4
   
emeronTI@ sV½yKuN
24 30 24 5 30 4

25 28  25  28
  -TMB½rTI 14 ³
120 120 120
53 !> sresrplKuNCasVy½ KuN rYcR)ab;eKal nigniTsSnþ

120 k> x  x  x  x  x  x  x Edlman ³
6
x> PPCM 15 , 50  150

eday
1 27
 x CaeKal nigelx 6 CaniTsSnþ .
15 50
naM[ 1 27 1 10 27 3 10
      
81 x> y  y  y  y  ...  y  y Edlman ³2013
15 50 15 10 50 3 150 150
10  81 2013 ktþa

150

71
150
. y CaeKal nigelx 2013 CaniTsSnþ .
-TMB½rTI 9 ³ KNnaplKuN @> sresrsV½yKuN CaplKuNEdlmanktþadUcKña rYcKNna
k> 0.75  125
13

75 13
 
975
k> 3  3  3  3  3  9  9  81
4
100 125 12500 6

975  25

39
. x>   16     16   16   16   16   16   16 
12500  25 500         
3 12 23 12 23 4  3 69  1  1  1   1  1 
x> 5       .          
1
4 125 4 125 4 125 125  36  36  36   1296  36  46656
 1  3   1  5  2 
K>    0.50.2        
1
. K>  2 7
  2 2 2 2 2 2 2
 3  5   5  10  10  50
 444 2  16   8  128 .
-TMB½rTI 9 ³ KNnaplKuNxageRkam ³
9 3 9 11 9  3 11  9  3  11  -TMB½rTI 15 ³ KNna
k>        
5 4 5 4 54 4  5 4 

k> x  x 9 4
 x 94  x13
 9   8   9  2 2   2 
         2  
18 2 0
 5  4   5  5 x>   32   3
 
 3
  
 3
  
   2  2  2
22 -


K> 3x y 3   x 2 y 
4  4 
EkCa 
 4 
3 x 4 y 3   x  2 y   . @> bMeBjtaragxageRkam ³
 3   3 
Rkam RbPaK TsPaK
  4
 
3x 4 y 3   x  2 y   4 x 4  2   y 31 1
 3  10 g kg 0.01 kg
100
 4 x 2 y  2
13
-TMB½rTI 16 ³ KNna 325 g
40
kg 0.325 kg
x9 273
k> x 4
 x 9 4  x 5 1365 g
200
kg 1.365 kg
3
 
2
-TMB½rTI 22 ³ sresrcMnYnxageRkamCaTRmg;sþgd; a
2 4 2
x> 2 3 3

    k> 37 000 000 000  3.7  1010
2 2
4
3
 
2
x> 0.000 000 000 075  7.5  10 11
y9 -TMB½rTI 23 ³
K>  y 9 9  y 0  1 Edl y0 .
y 9
k> rk x ebI x  196
2
naM[ x   196 b¤ x   196

0
 3 yx 9 
X>    1 Edl x nig y xusBIsUnü .
  15 y x
5 4
 x   14 b¤ x   14
2 2
-TMB½rTI 17 ³ KNna dUcenH x  14 b¤ x  14 .

k> a   a    a  a1 .
3 2 3  2 6
6 x> KNnargVas;RCugkaerenaH
x> a  a   a  a  a  a  a
4 5 6 20 6 1 206
 a15 . tag x CaRbEvgRCugkaerenaH Edl x  0
-TMB½rTI 18 ³ KNna tambRmab; kaermanRkLaépÞ 2.25 m 2
k>  2a  b   2a    b

3 5 2 3 2 52
naM[ x  2.25 m
2 2
2b10
.
2
 2a 6 b10    15 
a6 enaH x  2.25 m 
225 2
m   m
2
100  10 
x> a  a  a  a  a  a  a  a  1a
4 6 4 6 1 4 6 1
15
 m  1.5m
10
-TMB½rTI 18 ³ KNna dUcenH kaerenaHmanrgVas;RCug 1.5m .
k>  32   32   23 23 323 2  16
4 4
-TMB½rTI 24 ³ KNna
 
4
81
 a 4  b 2 
2
a 4  b 2     2 2
a b
8 4 4 k>  64 81  64  81  8  9  8  9  72
2 2
x>  
   
a
x>  1225 Kµanb¤sCacMnYnKt;ruLW aTIbeT
 c
3
 c3
2
  c6 b  c6
4
-TMB½rTI 20 ³ K>  128108   2  2  3   24 .

3 3 7 2 3
!> KNna -TMB½rTI 24 ³ KNnab¤skaeredayeRbIma:snIu Kitelx

 3249  57
k> 762.0213 10 7620213

 10 5  76202130
5
10000  0.208 849  0.457

x> 1
34.57  10 5  34.57  5  0.0003457
10 
2025
 3.461538462 .
169
23 -


emeronTI# TMhsM mamaRtnigPaKry

b
10
 5000  b  10  5000  50000 `
c
 5000  c  11  5000  55000 `
-TMB½rTI 28 ³ kMNt;cm¶aycrebIeRbIGs;ry³eBl*em:ag 11
ebIcm¶aycrtageday d nigry³eBlcrtageday t dUcenH kUnnImYy²TTYl)anR)ak;erogKñaKW ³

35000 erol 50000 erol nig 55000 erol .
tamsmµtki mµeyIg)an d  800t ¬rUbmnþcm¶aycr¦
cMeBaHkareRbIry³eBl t  8h eyIg)an ³ -TMB½rTI 31 ³ rkry³eBlRtUvcMNayeTIb)anTwkeBjGag
cm¶aycr d  800km/ h  8h  6400km tag t Cary³eBlEdlr:bU ‘Íen 7 RtUvcMNay
dUcenH ebIeRbIry³eBl*em:agenaHynþehaHcr)ancm¶ay cMnYnkmµkr nigry³eBlCaTMhMsmamaRtRcas
6400km .
eyIg)an ³ 7t  4  70 enaH t  4 770  40 mn
-TMB½rTI 29 ³ dUcenH ry³eBlEdlr:Ube‘Í nTaMg 7 RtUvcMNayKW 40 mn .
k> rktémøEpøRkUcTaMg 12Epø -TMB½rTI 32 ³ rkBinCÞú aPaKryelImuxviC¢anImYy² ³
edayRkUc 9 Epøéfø 1200 ` sRmab;Bni úKÞ NitviTüaKW ³ 100
95
 100%  95%
enaHebIRkUccMnYn 12 Epø mantémø x `
sRmab;Bni úÞPasaExµrKW ³ 100
92
 100%  92% .
eyIg)anpleFobKW ³ 129  1200 x -TMB½rTI 33 ³ rkéfølk;ecjrbs;eTacRkyanynþ
naM[ x  1200912  14400 9
 1600 ` Kat;xatGs; 22% enAeBllk;ecjvij
dUcenH RkUccMnYn12 Epø mantémø 1600 erol . naM[R)ak;xatesµInwg 22%  2240000  492800 `
x> rkcMnYnEpøRkUcEdléfø 32000 ` eyIg)antémølk;ecjKW 2240000  492800  1747200 `
edayRkUc 9 Epøéfø 1200 ` dUcenH témølk;ecjeTacRkyanynþKW 1747200 erol .
enaHRkUcmancMnnY y Epømantémø 32000 ` -TMB½rTI 34 ³ rkPaKryénR)ak;cMeNjrbs;Kat;
eyIg)anpleFob 9y  320001200 éføedImTaMgGs;KW 300  3300  990000 `
R)ak;lk;elIkdMbUgKW 200  3980  796000 `
naM[ y  9 120032000
 240 Epø
R)ak;lk;fasceRmógmYyenAsl;EdlbBa©Hú témø 15% KW
dUcenH témø 32000 ` RtUvnwgcMnYnEpøRkUc 240 Epø . 3980 
15
 3980  3383 `
-TMB½rTI 30 ³ rkcMENkR)ak;EdlkUnmñak;²TTYl)an 100
enaHR)ak;lk;fasceRmógenAsl;TaMgGs;KW
tag a , b nig c CacMENkerogKñaEdlkUnmanGayu
3383 100  338300 `
&qñaM !0qñaM nig !!qñaTM TYl)an
naM[R)ak;lk;)anTaMgGs;KW
tambRmab;RbFaneyIg)anpleFobsmamaRt ³
796000  338300  1134300 `
a b c abc 140000
     5000
7 10 11 7  10  11 28 enaHR)ak;cMenjTaMgGs;KW1134300  990000  144300 `
eyIgTaj)an ³ PaKryénR)ak;cMeNj 144300  100%  14.58%
990000
a
7
 5000  a  7  5000  35000 ` dUcenH PaKryénR)ak;cMeNjrbs;Kat;KW 14.58% .
24 -


-TMB½rTI 35 ³ rkéføedImrbs;eTacRkyanynþenaH -TMB½rTI 40 ³

eRkayBIbBa©úHtémø 15% enAsl;RtwmEt 846000 erol សូមមមើ លទំព័រចុងមេ នៃថ្នាក់ ទី៨
ម្រោះមាៃកំ ណែណ្ែថ្មី
eyIg)an ³ 
85
100
naM[ R)ak;edIm  R)ak;eRkayBIbBa©úHtémø  100

85
 846000 
100
85
 995294.118 `
dUcenH éføedImmunbBa©úHtémøKWRbEhl 995294 erol .
-TMB½rTI 36 ³ k> rkkarR)ak;RtUvsgFanaKarTaMgGs;
cMnYnR)ak;srubKW P  24000000 `
GRtakarR)ak; R  16 / ry³eBlx©I T  4 qñaM
tamrUbmnþ I  PRT 100
24000000  16  4

100
 15360000`
dUcenH karR)ak;RtUvsgFanaKarTaMgGs;KW15360000 `.
x> rkcMnnY R)ak;srubEdlRtUvsgFanaKarvij
R)ak;srubRtUvsgFanaKarvijKW R)ak;x©I nigR)ak;kar
eyIg)an 24000000  15360000  39360000 ` emeronTI$ rgVas;rgVal;
dUcenH R)ak;srubRtUvsgFanaKarvijKW 39360000 ` .
-TMB½rTI 38 ³ rkkarR)ak;smas -TMB½rTI 44 ³ KNnamaDrbs;ExSePøIg
d 2
-karR)ak;enAqñaMTI! ³ tamrUbmnþ V  S l Et S
4
P  2700000 ` / T  1 qñaM / R  20 d 2
1
naM[ V l
naM[ I  2700000  100 20
 1  540000 ` 4
1
eday d  2cm  0.02m / l  200m /   3.14
-karR)ak;enAqñaMTI@ ³
eK)an V  3.14 40.02  200  0.0628 m
2
3
P  2700000  540000  3240000 `

2
T  1 qñaM / R  20 dUcenH maDrbs;ExSePøIgKW V  0.0628 m . 3
naM[ I  3240000  100

2
20
 1  648000 `
-TMB½rTI 46 ³ KNnama:sRkdasEdleKRtUvkar
épÞRkLaRkdasrammYysnøwkKW ³
naM[ karR)ak;smas b¤ karR)ak;srubKW S  210mm  297mm
I  I  I  540000  648000  1188000 erol
1 2   
 210  10 3 m  297  10 3 m 
dUcenH karR)ak;smasKW I  1188000 erol .  62370  10 m 6 2
¬RtUvyl;emeron[)anc,as; Camunsin ¦ . épÞRkLaRkdasmYyr:amKW ³ ¬mYyr:amman 500 snøwk¦

500  62370  10 6 m 2  31185  10 3 m 2
25 -


épÞEdlxatkñgú mYyr:am 4% KW ³ -TMB½rTI 49 ³ KNnary³eBleTIbenAPñMeBjsgÇwmfaePøóg

4
100
 31185  10 3 m 2  1247.4  10 3 m 2 tamrUbmnþ v  dt naM[ t  dv
épÞRkdassrub edIm,Ikat;)anRkdasmYyr:amKW ³ eday d  230 km
3
31185  10 3 m 2  1247.4  10 3 m 2  32432.4  10 3 m 2 nig v  6m / s  6sm  6  101 km
m:asRkdassrubedIm,Ikat;)anRkdasmYyr:amKW ³ 3600
h
80  10 3  32432.4  10 3  2.6 kg 3600  6  10 3 km

  21.6km / h
m:asRkdassrubedIm,Ikat;)anRkdas 95340 r:amKW ³ h
2.6 kg  95340  247884 kg

naM[ t
230km
21.6km / h
 10h 38mn 53s
dUcenH m:asRkdasEdlRtUveRbIKW 247884 kg . dUcenH ry³eBlEdlraCFanIPeñM BjsgÇwmfaePøógKW ³

-TMB½rTI 48 ³ KNnaR)ak;EdlBUsuxTijEdkTaMgBIrmuxenaH 10h 38mn 53s  !0 em:ag nig $0 naTI .
maDEdk ^lIcMnYnmYyedIm EdlmanRbEvg 12m emeronTI% kenSamBICKNit
d 2
3.14  6  10  3 2
V 
6 l   12
4 4
4
-TMB½rTI 52 ³ bBa¢ak;emKuN nig GefrénÉkFa
 3.3912  10 m 3
maDEdk ^lIcMnYn 200 edIm ÉkFa 2 3 yt man³ 2 3 CaemKuN nig y , t CaGefr.

2
V  200  3.3912  10 m  200

6
4 3 -TMB½rTI 52 ³ kenSamBICKNitNaCaÉkFa kñgú cMeNam ³
1 2 2
 0.067824 m 3 x y , 3x 2  2 , 25  a 4 bc 2 , zx 2 a 3b 4
5 3
maDEdk !0lIcnM nY mYyedIm EdlmanRbEvg 12m kenSamBICKNitCaÉkFaKW ³ 1 2
x y nig
zx 2 a 3b 4 eRBaH
d 2
3.14  10  2 2 5
V  l   12
10
4 4 vamanEtviFIKuN nigsV½yKuN .
 9.42  10  4 m 3 -TMB½rTI 52 ³ eRCIserIsÉkFadUcKña kñúgbNþaÉkFa ³
maDEdk ^lIcMnYn 200 edIm 1
xy ,  2 x y , ay , 3ax , 2 xy , xy .
2 2
4
V10  20  9.42  10 m  20
3
2
 0.01884 m 3 ÉkFadUcKñaKW ³ 12 xy nig xy eRBaH ÉkFaTaMgBIrman
naM[maDEdkTaMgGs;EdlKat;)anTijKW EpñkGefr xy dUcKña .
0.067824 m3  0.01884 m3  0.086664 m3
-TMB½rTI 53 ³ kMNt;Gefr nigdWeRkénÉkFa ³
eday   7874kg / m 3
k> 12 xyz man x , y , z CaGefr nig dWeRk 1  1  1  3

¬kñgú esovePABumd< ak;xus   7.874g / m ¦ 3
naM[m:assrubrbs;EdkKW x> 8x yz man x , y , z CaGefr nig dWeRk 3 1  2  6

3 2
m    V  7874  0.086664  682.39kg

K> 14 man GefrkMNt;min)an nig dWeRkesµI 0 ¬sUnü¦
edayEdk 1kg  2800 ` enaHtémøEdkTaMgGs;KW ³ X> 21ab c man a , b , c CaGefr nig dWeRk 1  4  1  6
4
682.39  2800  1910700 `

g> 3x y z man x , y , z CaGefr nigdWeRkesµI 9
2 3 4
dUcenH R)ak;EdlBUsuxRtUvcMNayKW 1910700 erol . c> axyz man a , x , y , z CaGefr nigdWeRkesµI 4 .

26 -

-TMB½rTI 54 ³ KNna ³ K>  3x 2 1

yy2 man x , y CaGefr nigman 3 tYKW
2
k> 5x y  3x y  5  3x y  2x y
2 2 2 2
 3x 2 y , y
1
nig  2 .
x> 3ac b   4ac b   7ac b  6ac b
2 3 2 3 2 3 2 3
2
K> ax y  3ax y  1  3ax y  4ax y

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 -TMB½rTI 58 ³ R)ab;dWeRkénBhuFaxageRkam ³
X> y c b   3 y c b   8 y c b  6 y c b
3 2 3 3 2 3 3 2 3 3 2 3 k> x  x  3 mandWeRkesµnI gw 2 .
2
g> 5x y   3x y  5  3x y  2x y
2 2 2 2 x>  34 x  3 mandWeRkesµnI gw 1 .
c> 12 ac b    12 ac b   7ac b  7ac b .
2 3 2 3 2 3 2 3 K> a  2ab  c d mandWeRkesµInwg 3 .
2 2
 
-TMB½rTI 55 ³ KNna ³ X> 2x  4x mandWeRkesµnI gw 2 .
2
k> 5xy x y   5x y  5x y

3 2 1 2 31 3 4
-TMB½rTI 59 ³ KNna M  N nig M  N ³
x> ab c  4ac babc  4a b c
2 3 2 3 4 6
k> M  2x  3x  1 nig N  x  2x  4
2 2
M  N  2 x  3x  1   x  2 x  4
2 2
K>  12 ab 3a b   32 a b
3 2 2 3 5
 2 x 2  3x  1  x 2  2 x  4
 
X>  4 y c b 8 yc b  32 y c b
3 2 3 2 4 4 4  2 x 2  x 2  3x  2 x  1  4
 2  1x 2  3  2x  1  4
g>  5x  14 x 7   7 45 x
2 2 4
 x 2  5x  4
 
  
M  N  2 x 2  3x  1   x 2  2 x  4 
 ac b   ac b ac b    a c b
 1 2 3  1 2 3  2 3
c> 1 3 6 9
 2 x  3x  1  x  2 x  4
2 2
2  2  4
-TMB½rTI 56 ³ KNnaplEck ³  2 x 2  x 2  3x  2 x  1  4
x 3n  2  1x 2  3  2x  1  4 
k> x  x  2 n  x 3n2 n  x 32 n  x n
3n
x
2n
 3x 2  x  3
x> xy 4 m
xy 4 m  xy m  m  x11 y 4 mm  x o y 3m  y 3m x> M  12a 2
 2ab  54 nig N  9a  4ab  25
2
xy
M  N  12a 2   2ab  54  9a  4ab  25
2
K> 3ab12  2ab 4 

2
3 11 124
a b 
2
3 o 8
ab 
2
3 8
b  12a 2  2ab  54  9a 2  4ab  25
 21a 2  2ab  29
xyz 3
X> yz 2
 xy 11 z 32  xy o z 1  xz 
M  N  12a 2  2ab  54  9a 2  4ab  25   
ax 7 b 5  12a 2  2ab  54  9a 2  4ab  25
g> 5 3
ax b
 a11 x 7 5 b 53  a o x 2 b 2  x 2 b 2
 3a 2  6ab  79
c> 81
81z 12b 3  3z 12b  z 1212b 31  27 z o b 2  27b 2
3
K> M  12 xy 2
 2 xy  3 nig N  32 xy 2
 12 xy  16
-TMB½rTI 57 ³ kMNt;Gefr nigcMnYntYénBhuFa 1  3 

M  N   xy 2  2 xy  3    xy 2  12 xy  16 
2  2 
k> 6x 3
man x , y CaGefr nigman 3 tYKW
 2 xy  4
 2 xy  10 xy  19
2
6 x , 2 xy nig  4 .
3
1  3 
M  N   xy 2  2 xy  3    xy 2  12 xy  16 
x> 3ab  3x  b man a , b , x CaGefr nigman 3 tYKW 2  2 
3ab , 3x nig b .   xy 2  14 xy  13
27 -
 
-TMB½rTI 60 ³ KNnaplKuN nigbRgÜmlT§plebIGaceFV)I an -TMB½rTI 66 ³ kmSanþKNitviTüa

k> 2x 2x  3x  1  4x  6x  2x
2 2 4 3 2
eFVRI bmaNviFbI nþbnÞab;
x> ab a  2ab  a  a b  2a b  a b
2 2 3 2 2 3 2 2 1  11  1  0 6  56  5  11
2  12  1  3 7  67  6  13
K> a  2aba  b  a  a b  2a b  2ab
2 3 2 2 2
3  23  2  5 / 8  7 8  7   15
 a  a b  2ab
3 2 2
4  34  3  7 9  89  8  17
X> 9a  25a  ab  9a  9a b  25a
2 5 7 3 5
 25ab 5  45  4  9 10  910  9  19
g> 1 xy  2 xy  3  1 x y  3 xy
2 2 3 2 ´segáteXIjfa cemøyI CacMnYnKt;ess )anBIplbUkBIr
2 3  3 2
c> xy  12xy  16x y  7  y 
2 2 2
cMnYnKt;tKña KWktþaTI! ÉktþaTI@esµ!I ehIy ! CaFatuNWt
 x 3 y 3  7 xy 2  xy 4  12 x 3 y 2  84 xy  12 xy 3 
cMeBaHRbmaNviFKI uN ¬fñak;TI&> TMB½rTI *¦.
 16 x 2 y  112  16 y 2 -TMB½rTI 66 ³ BnøatkenSamxageRkam ³
-TMB½rTI 62 ³ eFVRI bmaNviFIEckxageRkam ³ edayeRbIrUbmnþ a  b  a  3a b  3ab  b
3 3 2 2 3
k> a b  2ab  ab  a b ab 2ab  ab

2 3
2 3
2
2 k> x  2 y   x  6x y  12xy  8 y
3 3 2 2 3
x> 5x y  2x y  12x y   x y 

2 4 3 5 2 2 2 2
x> x  3 y   x  9x y  27 xy  27 y
3 3 2 2 3
K> 3x  4 y   27 x  108x y  144xy  64 y

3 3 2 2 3
 5 y  2 xy  12
2 3
3
K> 6x 2
 5x  4  2 x  1  X>  15 a  b   1251
a 
3 3
a b  ab  b 3 2 2 3
  25 5
6 x 2  5 x  4 2 x  13x  4 -TMB½rTI 67 ³ BnøatkenSamxageRkam ³
   3x  4
2x  1 2 x  1
X> a 2
 6a  55  a  5  edayeRbIrUbmnþ a  b  a  3a b  3ab  b
3 3 2 2 3
a 2  6a  55 a  5a  11
k> 3x  2 y   27 x  54x y  36xy  8 y
3 3 2 2 3

a 5

a 5
 a  11 . x> 2x  y   8x  12x y  6xy  y
3 3 2 2 3
-TMB½rTI 64 ³ BnøatkenSamxageRkam ³ K> 2x  y  dUclMhat; x> ¬RbEhlCaeKRcLM¦

3
edayeRbIrUbmnþ ³ a  b  a  2ab  b 2 2 2 3
X>  15 t  k   1251
t 
3 3
a k  ak  k3 2 2 3
k> b  2a  b  4ab  4a

2 2 2
  25 5
x> 5x  2 y   25x  20xy  4 y2 2 2 -TMB½rTI 67 ³ BnøatkenSamxageRkam ³

K> 6x  4  36x  48x  16
2 2 4 2 edayeRbIrUbmnþ a  ba  ab  b   a  b 2 2 3 3
X> a  5  a  10a  252

. 2 k> a  1a  a  1  a  1  a  1
2 3 3 3
-TMB½rTI 65 ³ BnøatkenSamxageRkam ³ x> x  3x  3x  9  x  3  x  27

2 3 3 3
edayeRbIrUbmnþ ³ a  b  a  2ab  b 2 2 2 K> 2x  14x  2x  1  2x  1  8x  1

2 3 3
k> x  2 y   x  4xy  4 y2 2 2 X> ¬esovePARcLM¡ BnøatecHEt)an k¾bE:u nþxusvtßúbMNg¦

x> 5b  y   25b  10by  y
2 2 2 EkBI  2a  3ba  3 2a  9b  eTACa ³
2 2
K> x  4 y   x  8xy  16 y
2 2 2  
2a  3b 2a 2  3 2ab  9b 2 
X>  15 a  5   251 a  2a  25
2
. 2
  2a   3b
3 3
 2 2a 3  27b 3
 
28 -


-TMB½rTI 67 ³ BnøatkenSamxageRkam ³ emeronTI^ kenSamsniTan

edayeRbIrUbmnþ a  ba  ab  b   a  b 2 2 3 3
k> a  1a  a  1  a  1  a  1
2 3 3 3 -TMB½rTI 75 ³ rkpleFobépÞRkLargVg; nigépÞRkLakaer
x> x  3x  3x  9  x  3  x  27
2 3 3 3 tag S CaépÞRkLargVg;mankaM r enaH S  r
r r
2
K> 2x  14x  2x  1  2x  1  8x  1

2 3 3 nig S CaépÞRkLakaermanRCug x enaH S  x
x x
2
X> ¬esovePARcLM¡ BnøatecHEt)an k¾bE:u nþxusvtßúbMNg¦ eyIg)anpleFob ³ SS  xr

2
r
EkBI  2a  3b2a  3 2a  9b  eTACa ³

2
2 2 x
r 2
 
2a  3b 2a  3 2ab  9b 2 2
 dUcenH eyIg)anpleFobRkLaépÞKW ³ x2
.
  2a   3b  2 2a  27b
3 3
-TMB½rTI 76 ³ mankenSamsniTan x 4 1
3 3
2
-TMB½rTI 70 ³ dak;kenSamxageRkamCaplKuNktþadWeRkTI! k> KNnatémøelxcMeBaH x  1nig x  1
k> x 2
 8x  12  x 2  2  x  4  4 2  4 2  12

 x 2  2  x  4  4 2  16  12  cMeBaH x  1 enaH 4 4

4
 2
 1  1 1  1 2
2
 x  4  4  x  4  2 2
2 2
cMeBaH x  1 enaH 4

4 4
 2
 x  4  2x  4  2 1 1 11 2
2
 x  6x  2 x> -etImantémø x NaEdleFV[I kenSamesµIsnU ü b¤eT ?

x> y  10 y  y esovePARcLM¡ GacEkCa
2 2
Kµantémø x NaEdleFV[I kenSamesµIsnU üeT eRBaH
y  10 y  3  y  2  y  5  25  25  9
2 2 2
kenSamsniTanesµIsUnüluHRtaEtmanPaKykesµsI Unü .
  y  5  16   y  5  4
2 2 2
-etImantémø x NaEdleFV[I kenSamKµann½y b¤eT ?
  y  1 y  9
Kµantémø x NaEdleFV[I kenSamKµann½yeT eRBaH
b¤ GacEkCa y  10 y  4   y  2 y  8 >>>
2 2
kenSamsniTanKµann½yluHRtaEt vamanPaKEbgesµsI Unü

ebIedaHRsayedayBM)u ac;EkKW ³
EtPaKEbgesµI x  1  0 RKb;témøBitrbs; x . 2
y  10 y  y  2 y  10 y  2 y y  5
2 2 2
K> n  12n  32  n  2  x  6  6  6  32
2 2
-TMB½rTI 78 ³ sRmÜlkenSamsniTanxageRkam ³
2 2
 n  2  x  6  6   36  32
2 k> ba  ab  b  abbaa   b 1 a   a 1 b
2
2 2
 n  6  4  n  4  2 2
x> 55aa 21  aaa21a  5aa 21 5aaa 2
2 2
 n  6  2n  6  2 2
 n  8n  4

a  15  a   a  1 .
X> a 2  16 y  64 a  25  a  a  2
x y x y
minGacdak;CaplKuNktþadWeRkTI!)aneT . Gacdak; K> Ek x  xz  xy  zy
2
eTACa
x  xz  xy  zy
2
CaplKuNktþa)an ebIBMEu mnCadWeRkTI! . x y


x y
x x  z   y  x  z  x x  z   y  x  z 
x y

x  z x  y 
1

xz
29 -

xz
b¤GacEkeTACa x  xz  xy  zy
2 X> 4a 3 b 2

6a 5 b 7
3a 2  5a 3a 2  17a  20
xz

xz

4a 3 b 2

3a  5a  4
x x  z   y  x  z  x x  z   y  x  z  a3a  5 6a 5 b 7
xz 2a  4
 
x  z x  y  a 2b 5

1 -TMB½rTI 81 ³ KNna
x y t2 t 2  4t t t  4
  k> 
4t
  t
X> 63aa 123aa  6a 3a a 2  a  2
3 2
 t4 t4 t4 t4
3 2

 18a 6a a 2  2a  3  x> 5x

5y

5x

5y
a2  a  2 x y yx x y x y
 2
a  2a  3 
5x

5y

a  1a  2 x y x y
a  1a  3 5 x  5 y 5 x  y 
 
a2 x y x y

a3 -TMB½rTI 83 ³ KNna
-TMB½rTI 79 ³ KNnaplKuN k> m2m5  m 12 25 manPaKEbgrYm m  5m  5
9a  6a  1 5a  2  aa  2
2 2
k> 5a

a 2  4a  4 2mm  5  12 2m 2  10m  12

3a  12  a  25  a  m  5m  5 m  5m  5

5  a a  22 2m 2  5m  6

3a  1
2 m  5m  5

a  2 2m  2 m  3

x4 m  5m  5
x> 3x  3 
x  5x  4 x> 1 1 1
manPaKEbgrYm 3x x  1
2
  2 2
x4 x  1 3x x x  1
 3x  1  3
x  1x  4 3x 2  xx  1  3 3x 2  x 2  x  3

-TMB½rTI 80 ³ KNnaplEckkenSamsniTanxageRkam ³ 3x 2 x  1 3x 2 x  1
4 x 2  x  3 x  14 x  3
k> 4xx38  x  2  4xx32  x 1 2  x 4 3 
3x 2 x  1

3x 2 x  1
x y x y 4x  3
x> x y
2 2
 2
x  2 xy  y 2

3x 2

x y

x  y  2
K> a2 1

a2

a2 1

a2
x  y x  y  x  y a  2a  15 a  3 a  3a  5 a  3
2

1

x  y   1 manPaKEbgrUmY KW a  3a  5 eK)an ³
x  y  1 a  1  a  2a  5 a 2  1  a 2  3a  10
2
3 p  5q 5q  3 p  
K>  2 a  3a  5 a  3a  5
4p  q
2 2
8 p  4 pq 3a  9 3a  3 3
3 p  5q 4 p2 p  q    
  
4p a  3a  5 a  3a  5 a  5
2 p  q 2 p  q   3 p  5q  2 p  q
30 -


X> x 2  6x  9 x 2  x  2
 -TMB½rTI 94 ³ edaHRsaysmIkarxageRkam ³
x 2  3x x2  4
x  32  x  2x  1
k> 8  2x  1  3x  1
 8  2 x  2  3x  1
x x  3  x  2 x  2
 2 x  3x  1  6
x  3 x 1
  x  5
x x2
manPaKEbgrYmKW x x  2  dUcenH Cab¤sénsmIkar .
x  5

x  3x  2  xx  1 x> 5
x  1   x KuNGgÁTaMgBIrnwg !@
1 1
x x  2  6 4 2
10 x  12  3  6 x
x 2  5x  6  x 2  x
 10 x  6 x  3  12
x x  2 
16 x  9
2x 2  6x  6
 9
x x  2  x
16
-TMB½rTI 84 ³ sRmÜlkenSamxageRkam ³ dUcenH x
9
Cab¤sénsmIkar .
1 3 1 16
1
k> 3  3  26  6 2
1 1 3 1 3 2 3
K>  32n  5   12n  30
1
2

2 6 6  6n  15  6n  15
5 1 5n  1  n  1  6n  6n  15  15

x> n  1 n  1  n  1n  1 0n  0
1

2 n  1  2n  1 eXIjfasmIkarxagelIepÞógpÞat;RKb;témørbs; n
n 1 n 1 n  1n  1
5n  1  n  1 n  1n  1 dUcenH smIkarmanb¤seRcInrab;minGs; .
 
n  1n  1 n  1  2n  1 X>  3 y  56  y   41  2 y 
5n  1  n  1 5n  5  n  1  3 y  30  5 y  4  8 y
 
n  1  2n  1 n  1  2n  2  8 y  30  4  8 y
4n  6 6  4n  8 y  8 y  4  30
 
n3 n3 0 y  26
eXIjfasmIkarxagelI Kµantémø y NaEdlepÞógpÞat;
emeronTI& smIkardWeRkTI1manmYyGBaØat dUcenH smIkarKµanb¤s .
-TMB½rTI 90 ³ sresrsmIkardWeRkTI!taml,Helx ³ g> 34x  x 3 5  2x KuNGgÁTaMgBIrnwg !@
k> bIgdgénmYycMnYnEfm @! esµnI gw *% . 9 x  4 x  5  6 x
tag mYycMnYnEdlminsÁal;enaHedayGefr x 9 x  4 x  20  6 x
5 x  6 x  20
eyIgsresr)ansmIkar 3x  21  85 .  x  20
x> KUssBaØa  kñgú xagmuxcemøIyRtwmRtUv ³ x  20
b¤srbs;smIkar 2m  6  12 KW ³ dUcenH smIkarmanb¤s x  20 .
 m  12 m  3 m  6 .
eRBaH 2  3  6  12  6  6  12  12  12 Bit
31 -


c>  y  12  3 y   y  6 KuNGgÁTaMgBIrnwg @0 X> 8x  1  272 x  1

3 3
5 4 2
8x  1  272 x  1  0
3 3
4 y  12   15 y  10 y  6 
4 y  48  15 y  10 y  60
19 y  10 y  60  48 2x  1  32 x  14x  12  6x  12 x  1 
 92 x  1   0
2
9 y  108
108
y
9 2 x  2  6 x  34x 2  2 x  1  6x  12 x  1 
y  12

 9 4x 2  4x  1  0 
dUcenH smIkarmanb¤s y  12 .
-TMB½rTI 97 ³ edaHRsaysmIkarxageRkam ³  4 x  54 x 2  8 x  4  12 x 2  6 x  12 x  6 
k> a  3  25  0
2
 36 x 2  36 x  9  0 
a  3  5a  3  5  0
a  2a  8  0  4 x  552 x 2  22 x  7   0
a  2  0 a2
naM[    naM[  4 x  5  0  4x  5  x
5
a  8  0 a  8 4
dUcenH smIkarmanb¤sBIrKW a  2 , a  8 . ehIy 52x  22x  72
 7
x> 3x  42  x  12  2 26 x 2  11x  
 2
3x  42  x  12  0  1 7
3x  4  x  13x  4  x  1  0  
 1
 2 25 x 2  10 x  1   x 2  x    1   
  4 4 2
2 x  34 x  5  0
  1
2
 4  1  14 
  25 x  1   x   
2
3 
2 x  3  0 x   2   2 4 
naM[   
4 x  5  0 x  
5   1
2
9
 25 x  1   x    
2
 4
  2 4 
dUcenH smIkarmanb¤sBIrKW x
3
x b¤
5
.  1
2
2 4
eday 5x  12  0 , x   0
K> b 2 3b  1  43b  1  2
b 2 3b  1  43b  1  0
2
naM[ 5x  1   x  1   9  0
2
3b  1b 2  4  0  2 4
3b  1b  2b  2  0   1
2
9
enaH 25 x  1   x      0 Canic©
2
 1   2 4 
3b  1  0 b   3
naM[ 
 b20 

b  2
dUcenH smIkarmanb¤sEtmYyKt;KW x
5
4
.
b20 b  2
 

¬lMhat;enH ebIcab;BIfañ k;T9I eTAKWgayRsYledIm,I edaH-
dUcenH smIkarmanb¤sbIKW ³ Rsay eRBaHeKmanviFICak;lak;KW DIsRKImINg; EtenH
b
1
, b  2 , b  2 . eyIgedaHRsaytamkRmityl;dwgrbs;ssi Sfñak;TI 8 ¦ .
3
32 -
 
-TMB½rTI 100 ³ rkcMnnY sisSTaMgGs;enAkñúgfñak;eron ³ eKfa x  0 Cab¤srbs;vsi mIkar 6x  1  4 x Edr .

tag x CacMnnY sisSTaMgGs;enAkñúgfñak;eron dUcenH vismIkarTaMgBIrmansMNuMbs¤ x  0 dUcKña enaHva
tambRmab;RbFaneyIgsresr)ansmIkar CavismIkarsmmUlKña .
1 2
x x8  x -TMB½rTI 107 ³ edaHRsayvismIkar nigbkRsaycemøyI tam
3 5
eyIgedaHRsaysmIkaredayKuNGgÁTaMgBIrnwg 15 bnÞat;cMnYn ³
eyIg)an ³ 5x  6x  120  15x k> 3x  2  2x  5
11x  120  15 x 3x  6  2 x  5
15 x  11x  120 3x  2 x  5  6
120 x  11
x  30
4 bkRsaycemøyI tambnÞat;cMnnY ³
epÞógpÞat; ³ 1 2
 30   30  8  30
3 5  2 1 0 1 2 11 12 13
       
10  12  8  30 x x
30  30Bit dUcenH vismIkarmanb¤sRKb;témø x EdlFMCagb¤esµI!!.
dUcenH cMnYnsisSenAkñúgfñak;TaMgGs;KW 30 nak; . x> 2 x  2x  1
2x  2x  2
emeronTI* vismIkardWeRkTI1manmYyGBaØat 2x  2x  2
0x  2
-TMB½rTI 104 ³ rkTMnak;TMngrvag x kg nig 42 kg vismIkarepÞógpÞat;RKb;témørbs; x

tamemIlrUbxagsþaM ¬enAkñgú esovePABum¦< eXIjfaTm¶n; bkRsaycemøIytambnÞat;cnM Yn ³
rbs;suxa nigcan;NaKW 42 kg F¶n;CagTm¶n;rbs;FIta nig  2 1 0 1 2
    
pløIKW x kg . enaHeyIgsresr)anTMnak;TnM gKW ³ x x
42 kg  x kg . dUcenH RKb;témørbs; x Cab¤sénvismIkar.
-TMB½rTI 105 ³ RsaybBa¢ak;favismIkar 4 x  3x  1  2x -TMB½rTI 111 ³ edaHRsayvismIkar nigbkRsaycemøIytam
bnÞat;cMnYn ³
nig 6x  1  4 x smmUlKña k> 23  3  x  4  5x  1
x  4  5x  5
-ebIeyIgCMnsY x0 kñgú vismIkar 4 x  3x  1  2x 5 x  x  4  5
eyIg)an 40 
0
3
 1
0
2
4 x  9
9
x
b¤ 0  1 RtwmRtUv
0  0  1 0 4
eKfa x  0 Cab¤srbs;vsi mIkar 4 x  3x  1  2x . bkRsaycemøIytambnÞat;cnM Yn ³

9

4 1 0 1 2
    
-ebIeyIgcMnYs x  0 kñgú vismIkar x
6
 1  4 x vijmþg x x
eyIg)an 0
6
 1  4  0 b¤ 1  0 RtwmRtUv dUcenH vismIkarmanb¤s x EdltUcCagb¤esµI 
9
4
.
33 -


x> 42  x   3x  8  7 x
75  5a  25  13  35a  21  9  21  2a
8  4x  8  4x
375a  325  35a  189  42a
 4x  4x  8  8
340a  325  189  42a
0x  0
340a  42a  189  325
vismIkarepÞógpÞat;RKb;témørbs; x 382a  514
bkRsaycemøIytambnÞat;cnM Yn ³ 514 257
a 
382 191
 2 1 0 1 2
     bkRsaycemøIytambnÞat;cMnYn ³
x x
257
dUcenH RKb;témørbs; x Cab¤sénvismIkar . 1

0

1 191

K> x x
3x    1 x x
3 3
dUcenH vismIkarmancemøyI a EdltUcCagb¤esµI 191
257
.
3x 
2x
1 KuNGgÁTaMgBIrnwg# 3m  1 m 1
3
9x  2x  3
c> 8
 3
4
KuNGgÁTaMgBIrnwg*
7x  3 3m  1  24  2m  1
3 3m  3  24  2m  2
x
7 3m  2m  26  3
bkRsaycemøIytambnÞat;cMnYn ³ m
23
3 5
1

0 7
  
1
bkRsaycemøIytambnÞat;cMnYn ³
x x
23
1
dUcenH vismIkarmancemøIy x Edl tUcCag . 3

0

1

5

7 x x
X> 1
3
 2t  3 
t
2
KuNGgÁTaMgBIrnwg ^ dUcenH vismIkarmancemøyI m EdltUcCag 235 .
2  12t  18  3t
12t  3t  18  2
-TMB½rTI 112 ³ rkcMnnY kUnRtIElgelIkcugeRkay ³
15t  16 tag x CacMnnY kUnRtIElgelIkcugeRkay
t
16 bRmab; ³ mFüménkUnRtITaMg$muxy:ageRcIn 9000 k,al
15
eyIgsresr)anvismIkar ³
bkRsaycemøIytambnÞat;cMnYn ³ 8900  9200  9000  x
16  9000
1 0 4
15
   27100  x
x x  9000
4
dUcenH vismIkarmancemøIy t EdlFMCagb¤esµI 16
15
. 27100  x  36000
x  36000  27100
g> 5a 13 a
  
9 2a

7 21 15 25 25 x  8900
manPaKEbgrYmKñaKW 525 dUcenH kUnRtIRtUvElgelIkcugeRkayy:ageRcInKWcnM nY ³
KuNGgÁTaMgBIrnwg 525 8900 k,al.
34 -


-TMB½rTI 121 ³ sg;RkabénsmIkarxageRkam ³

emeronTI( bøg;kGU redaennigRkab k> y  x  5 GacsresrCarag y  x  5
-TMB½rTI 117 ³ edAcMNuckUGredaendUcxageRkam ³ témøelxRtUvKñaén x nig y KW ³ xy 32 41 0 1
5 6
A: x  5 , y  3 B : x  2 , y  4
y y  x5

C : x  4 , y  2 D: x  0 , y 5 
E : x  5 , y  3 F:x3, y 0 
y
D 0 1 x
B
A

 x> y  x  11 GacsresrCarag y  x  11
x O F x x 8 6  4  2
C
 témøelxRtUvKñaén x nig y KW ³ y 3 5 7 9

E
y y  x  11
y


bBa¢ak; ³ yk 12 CargVas;Ékta mann½yfaenAeBlGñkKUs 

enAelIRkdasRkLa GñkRtUvyk mYyRkLaesµnI gw BIrÉkta
eFVEI bbenH edIm,IecosvagkarcMNayRkLaeRcIn . 0 2 x
-TMB½rTI 119 ³ KUsRkabtagsItuNðPaB

éf¶ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 K> 2x  y  8 GacsresrCarag y  2 x  8
sI>PaB 37º4 38º2 39º7 39º8 39º5 39º 38º 37º 37º1 36º8
témøelxRtUvKñaén x nig y KW ³ x 1 2 3 4
RkabtagsItN
u ðPaB ³ y 6 4 2 0
y 
y
y  2 x  8

 

o 
39  0 1 x

38 o 

 
X> 3x  4 y  10 b¤ 4 y  3x  10
x 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9  x
y 10 naM[ 3
y  x
4
5
2
35 -


témøelxRtUvKñaén x nig y KW ³ x 2 2 6
y 4 1 2 emeronTI!0 sßiti
y
-TMB½rTI 125 ³ Tinnñ ½ycMnYnGvtþmanénsisS$% nak; ³
 3 5
y  x 4 3 0 5 2 2 0 1 6 2 7 6 3 3 0
4 2 4 4 2 0 1 4 0 2 1 5 1 6 3 2 5
 2 2 4 0 6 3 2 0 1 7 5 0 1 2 3
0 1 x sg;taragbMENgEckeRbkg; ³
 cM>Gvtþman r)ab;cMnnY dg eRbkg; f
0 //// /// 8
g> x  3 y  3 b¤  3y  x  3 1 //// / 6
2 //// //// 10
naM[ y  13 x  1 3 //// / 6
3 0 4 //// 5
témøelxRtUvKñaén x nig y KW ³ xy 0 1
3
2 5 //// 4
6 //// 4
y 1 7 // 2
y x 1
3

-TMB½rTI 128 ³ Tinnñ ½yGayuRKUbeRgónenAsalamYyKW ³
25 50 51 56 39 42 45 30 49 42 46 59 45


43 52 26 53 34 53 64 57 46 42 35 28 58
0 1 x 38 46 33 47 40 48 61 44 31 39 44 22 55
54 32 42 47 37 56 36 41 54 42 54
k> erobTinñn½yCa(fñak;kúgñ taragbMENgEckeRbkg; ³

eyIgsegáteXIjfaRKUmanGayutci CageKKW 22 qñaM RKUEdl
g>  3x  15 y  9 b¤ 15 y  3x  9 manGayueRcInCageKKW 64 qñaM
naM[ y  15 x  53 naM[ RbEvgcenøaHfñak;  64 9 22  4.67 eyIgyk 5
3 2
témøelxRtUvKñaén x nig y KW ³ x
y 0 1
enaHeyIgerobcM)antaragbMENkEckeRbkg;dUcxageRkam ³
fñak; cenøaHfñak; r)ab;cMnnY dg eRbkg; f
y
1 20-25 / 1
1 3
y  x 2 25-30 /// 3
5 5 3 30-35 5

////
 4 35-40 //// / 6
0 1 x 5 40-45 //// //// 10
6 45-50 //// //// 9
7 50-55 //// /// 8
8 55-60 //// / 6
9 60-65 // 2
srub 50
36 -


x> rkcMnnY RKUbeRgónmanGayutci Cag 50 qñaM x1 f1  x2 f 2  x3 f 3  ...  xn f n

tamrUbmnþ ³ x
f1  f 2  f 3  ...  f n
tamtaragbMENgEckeRbkg; cMnYnRKUEdlmanGayu
tamry³Tinñn½yrbs;tarag eyIg)an ³
ticCag 50 qñaM KWcMnYnRKUTaMgGs; cab;BfI ñak;TI!dl;fñak;TI^ 0  7  1 8  2 12  ...  9 1 344
x   3.47
naM[ cMnnY RKUEdlmanGayutci Cag 50 qñaMKWesµInwg 7  8  12  ...  1 99
1  3  5  6  10  9  34 nak; . dUcenH kñúgmYyeksCamFümmanRkUcs¥yú RbEhl 4 Epø.
dUcenH RKUbeRgónEdlmanGayutci Cag 50 qñaMKW 34 nak;. -TMB½rTI 134 ³ Tinnñ y½ bgðajBIR)ak;cMNaykñgú mYys)þah_
-TMB½rTI 130 ³taragTinnñ y½ BinÞúKNitviTüasisSRbLgqmas 6 5 4 8 5 6 8 ¬KitCaBan;erol¦
BinÞú x  20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 kMNt;TItaMgénemdüan nigKNnaemdüanenaH

60-70 70-80 80-90
cM>sisS 2 3 8 9 11 5 2 Tinñny½ eRkayBIerobtamlMdab;KW ³

k> rkcMnnY sisSTaMgGs; 4 5 5 6 6 8 8 ¬KitCaBan;erol¦
tamtaragTinñn½y eyIgGackMNt;cnM YnsisSTaMgGs;)an edaycMnnY tYénTinñn½yesµI 7 CacMnYness naM[
naM[ cMnYnsisS  2  3  8  9 11  5  2  40 TItaMgénemdüanKWtYTI 7  1  4 énTinnñ ½yerobtamlMdab;
dUcenH sisSTaMgGs;mancMnYn 40 nak; . 2
edaytYT$I RtUvnwgR)ak; 6 ¬rab;BIxageqVgk¾)an sþaMk¾)an¦
x> kMNt;cnM nY sisSEdl)anBinúÞtci Cag 70
dUcenH emdüan Me  6000 erol .
tamtaragTinñn½y cMnYnsisSEdl)anBinÞúticCag 70 KW ³
-TMB½rTI 135 ³taragTinnñ y½ bgðajBIR)ak;ExbuKÁlki @& nak;
2  3  8  9  11  33 nak;
eFVkI arenARkumh‘unmYy ¬R)ak;ExKitCamWunerol¦ ³
dUcenH cMnYnsisSEdl)anBintÞú icCag 70 KW 33 nak;. R)ak;Ex x  67 76 85 96 100 120
K> sg;GsuI þÚRkamtag[Tinñn½yxagelI ³ cM>buKÁlik  f  4 9 8 3 2 1
cMnYnsisS -KNnam:tU Mo
11
tamtaragTinñn½ybgðajfa

10 
9

8

R)ak;Ex 760000 erol mancMnYnbuKÁlki (nak;eRcInCageK

7 dUcenH R)ak;ExCamUt: KW Mo  760 000 erol .
6


5
-KNnamFüm x 
x f  x f  x f  ...  x f
4
3

tamrU b mnþ x 1 1
f  f  f  ...  f
naM[
2 2 3 3 n n
1 2 3 n
2 67  4  76  9  85  8  96  3  100  2  120  1
1 x
4  9  8  3  2 1
020
30 40 50 60 70 80 90 BinÞú 
268  684  680  288  200  120 2240
  83
27 27
-TMB½rTI 132 ³eyIgmantaragTinñn½yénEpøRkUc 99 eks dUcenH R)ak;ExCamFüm x  830 000 erol .
¬kúñgesovePABum<dak; 100 eks EttamtaragmanEt 99 eks ¦ -KNnaemdüan Me
cM>EpøRkUcs¥yú x  0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
cM>eks 7 8 12 24 20 17 6 2 2 1
eday eRbkg;srub n  27 CacMnnY ess naM[
rkcMnYnmFüménEpøRkUcs¥úykñúgmYyeks TItaMgénemdüanKWtYTI 272 1  14 énTinnñ ½yerobtamlMdab;
37 -

edaytYTI 14RtUvnwgR)ak; 850 000 erol -krNIEdlGacekItmaneLIg kñúgkareRCIserIsbuKÁlikBIrnak;

dUcenH emdüan Me  850 000 erol . kñgú cMeNambuKÁlikTaMg$KW ³ Aa , AB , Ab , aB , ab , Bb
-TMB½rTI 136 ³TMhMEs,keCIg 9 KUEdleKdak;lk;éf¶enHman naM[ krNIGac  6 krNI
9
1
10 10 10
1
11 9 9
1
10 10
1 -krNIRsbtambMNgcab;)an Rbusmñak; nig narImñak;KW
2 2 2 2
¬kñgú esovePABum<dak; 10 KU xus eRBaHCak;EsþgmanEt 9 KU¦ manEt AB , Ab , aB , ab naM[krNI Rsb  4
Tinñny½ eRkayBIerobtamlMdab;rcY KW ³ naM[ P narImañ k; nigbursmñak;   cMcMnnYnYnkrNI Rsb 4 2
 
krNIGac 6 3
1 1 1 1
9 9 9 10 10 10 10 10 11 dUcenH sgÇwmfa cab;eqñat)annarImñak;bursmñak;KW ³
2 2 2 2
2
-KNnamFüm x  P   0.6667  66.67% .
3
tamrUbmnþ x  x f f x ff
1 1 2  x3 f 3  ...  xn f n
2
-TMB½rTI 145³rksgÇwmEdleKe)aHRKab;Lkú Lak;)anelxdUcKña
2  f 3  ...  f n
1
1
1 -RKab;LúkLak;manmux ^ enaHeKGacpÁÜbKUlT§plrbs;va)an
9  1  9  2  10  3  10  2  111
naM[ x 2 2 TaMgGs;cnM nY 6  6  36 rebob
1 2  3  2 1
9  19  30  21  11 90 naM[ cMnYnkrNIGac  36 krNI
   10
9 9 -KUEdlmanelxdUcKñaGacCa 1,1 2 , 2 3, 3 4 , 4
dUcenH mFüm x  10 . 5 , 5 nig 6 , 6 man^krNI
-KNnaemdüan Me naM[ cMnYnkrNIRsb  6 krNI
edaycMnnY tYénTinnñ ½yesµI 9 CacMnYness naM[ cMnYnkrNIRsb 6 1
dU c enH P elxdUcKña    
9 1
TItaMgénemdüanKWtYTI 2  5 énTinnñ ½yerobtamlMdab; cM n Y n krNIGac 36 6
-TMB½rTI 145 ³ sVamImyY KUmanbMNgykkUnbInak; ³
edaytYT%I RtUvnwgEs,keCIgTMheM lx 10 ¬tYkNþaleK¦
tag s=kUnRsI nig b=kUnRbus
dUcenH emdüan Me  10 .
kUnTaMgbIEdlKUsVamImYyKUenHGacmanKW ³
-KNnam:tU Mo
sss/ ssb/ sbs/ sbb/ bbs/ bsb/ bss/ bbb
Tinñny½ bgðajfa Es,keCIgTMheM lx 10 eKdak;lk;cnM nY
naM[ cMnYnkrNIGac  8 krNI
dl;eTA # KU eRcInCageK
KNnaRbU)abEdlKUsVamIman ³
dUcenH m:Ut Mo  10 .
k> kUndMbUgRsI bnÞab;Rbus nigcugeRkaykUnRsI
etIeKRtUveRbIGmVI ktag[Tinñny½ enH ?
tamkrNIenHKW sbs manEtmYykrNI
¬cMeBaH sMNYrenHBMuTan;mankarÉkPaBKña dUcY enH ´sUm
naM[ cMnnY krNIRsb  1
CUncemøIydl;GñkGanenAeBleRkay ¦.
dUcenH P sbs   cMcMnnYnYnkrNI Rsb 1
krNIGac 8
  0.125  12.50%
emeronTI!! RbU)ab
x> kUnRsIBIrnak; nigkUnRbusmñak;
-TMB½rTI 144 ³ rkRbU)abEdlcab;eqñat)annarImñak;bursmñak; kñgú krNIenHkUnTaMgbIGacCa ssb / sbs / bss
tag A , a CabuKÁliknarITaMgBIrnak; nig B , b Caburs manbIkrNI naM[ cMnYnkrNIRsb  3
38 -


cMn Yn krNIRsb
dUcenH P RsI@Rbus!  
3
 0.375  37.50% -RCug AB  AE ¬smµtki mµ¦
cMn Yn krNIGac 8
-mMu B  E ¬smµtki mµ¦
K> kUnRbusTaMgbInak;
dUcenH ABC  AED ¬tamlkçx½NÐ m> C> m¦ .
kñgú krNIenHkUnRbusTaMgbInak;manEtmYykrNIKt;KW bbb
bgðajfa AB  AE
naM[cMnYnkrNIRsb  1
¬Rtg;cN M ucenH eKerobcMRbFanmin)an AB  AE Ca
dUcenH P bbb   cMcMnnYnYnkrNI Rsb 1
krNIGac 8
  0.125  12.50%
smµtki mµ cuH[bgðajeFVGI VIeTot . GñkGacécñsMNYrepSg¦
X> kUnTaMgbImanePTdUcKña -TMB½rTI 151 ³ RsaybMPWfø a OAB  OAB
kñgú krNIenHkUnTaMgbIGacCa ³ sss / bbb A B
manBIrkrNI naM[cMnYnkrNIRsb  2 O
dUcenH P ePTdUcKña   cMcMnnYnYnkrNI Rsb 2 1

   0.25  25%
krNIGac 8 4
B A
kñgú RtIekaN OAB nig OAB man ³

g> y:agtickUnRbusmYynak; -RCug OA  OA eRBaH A CacMNucqøHú én A eFobnwg O
kñgú krNIenHkUnTaMgbIGacCa ³ ssb/ sbs/ sbb/ bbs/ -mMu AOB  AOB ¬CamMTu l;kBM Ul¦
bsb/ bss/ bbb man&krNI -RCug OB  OB eRBaH B CacMNucqøHú én B eFobnwg O
naM[ cMnYnkrNIRsb  7 dUcenH OAB  OAB tamlkçxNÐ C> m> C .
dUcenH P y:agticb!   cMnYnkrNIRsb  78  0.875  87.50% -TMB½rTI 153 ³ eRbóbeFob RZT  VWS
cMnYnkrNIGac
kñgú RtIekaN RZT nig VWS man ³
Z R
emeronTI!@ kareRbóbeFóbRtIekaN -RCug ZR  WV ¬smµtikmµ¦ S
-RCug TZ  SW ¬smµtikmµ¦
-TMB½rTI 148 ³ Bnül;faRtIekaNTaMgBIrminb:nu Kña ehIy SR  TV ¬smµtikmµ¦
RtIekaNTaMgBIrxagsþaMman -naM[RCug RT  VS
T
E V W
S  D , R  E T
dUcenH RZT  VWS ¬ tamlkçxNÐ C> C> C ¦.
naM[ RCug SR nig RCug DE D
-TMB½rTI 154 ³ bgðajfa BD  CE nig BE  CD
CaRCugRtUvKña S
R
F edaykm<s;KUsecjBIkMBUl B nigkMBlU C A
eday SR  DE mann½yfavamanFatuRtUvKñaminb:unKña kat;RCug AC nig AB Rtg; D nig E erogKña
dUcenH RtIekaNTaMgBIrminb:unKñaeT . naM[ BDC CaRtIekaNEkgRtg; D E D
-TMB½rTI 150 ³ eyIgmanRtIekaN dUcrUbxageRkamEdlman nig CEB CaRtIekaNEkgRtg; E . B C
D
ABC  AED
B kñgú RtIekaN ³   BDC nig   CEB man ³
nig AB  AE . -GIube:U tnus BC rYmKña
bgðajfa ABC  AED A -mMu EBC  DCB ¬mMéu nRtIekaNsm)at ABC ¦
kñgú RtIekaN ABC nig AED man ³ E
C dUcenH RtIekaNEkg BDC  CEB ¬tamlkçxNÐ G> m¦
-mMu A CamMru mY vi)ak naM[)anFatuRtUvKña BD  CE nig BE  CD .
39 -


-TMB½rTI 156 ³ bgðajfa MD  ME enaH B  C -TMB½rTI 163 ³ bgðajfa AB  BC  AC  AD  BE  CF

edaytamcMNuc M eKKUsbnÞat; A
D
B
F
EkgeTAnwgRCug AB nig AC D E
Rtg; D nig E erogKña B

M
C
naM[ BDM CaRtIekaNEkgRtg; D
A C
nig CEM CaRtIekaNEkgRtg; E . E
kúgñ RtIekaNEkg BDM nig CEM man ³ -enAelITRmr BC man AD CaGgát;Ekg nig AB CaGgát;
-GIube:U tnus MB  MC eRBaH M kNþal BC eRTt enaHnaM[ AB  AD 1
-RCug MD  ME ¬smµtki mµ¦ -enAelITRmr AC man BE CaGgát;Ekg nig BC CaGgát;
dUcenH RtIekaNEkg BDM  CEM ¬tamlkçxNÐ G> C¦ eRTt enaHnaM[ BC  BE 2
-enAelITRmr AB man CF CaGgát;Ekg nig AC CaGgát;
vi)ak Taj)anFatuRtUvKña B  C .
eRTt enaHnaM[ AC  CF 3
-TMB½rTI 159 ³ bgðajfa BD  BC edaybUkGgÁnigGgÁ ³ 1  2  3 eK)an ³
¬EksmµtikmµBI AB  AC  AD eTACa AB  AC  BD  AB  AD
eRBaH edIm,I[RtUvnwgsmµtki mµrbs;rbU B 
  BC  BE
 AC  CF
EdlmanbgðajRsab;¦ 
AB  BC  AC  AD  BE  CF
tamsmµtikmµ ABC  BAC D A C dUcenH AB  BC  AC  AD  BE  CF .
naM[ RCugQmrbs;va AC  BC
eday AB  AC  BD ¬smµtki mµ¦ emeronTI!# ctuekaN
enaHnaM[ BD  BC
dUcenH BD  BC . -TMB½rTI 174 ³ rkRbePTénctuekaN ABDC ³
-TMB½rTI 161 ³tamkrNIRCugnImYy²KUs)anRtIekaN b¤eT? -eday O CacMNuckNþal BC  B D
naM[ OB  OC /
k> 12 , 11 , 17 KUs)anCaRtIekaNeRBaH ³ / O
-ehIy OA  OD eRBaH
17  12  11  17  12  5  11  29 Bit A C
D CacMN
M ucqøúHén A eFobnwg O
17  11  12  17  11  6  12  28 Bit
enHmann½yfa O CacMNuckNþalGgát; BC  nig AD
12  11  17  12  11  1  17  23 Bit .
naM[ ctuekaN ABDC manGgátR; TUgRbsBVKñaRtg;cMNuc
x> 1 , 2 , 3 KUsmin)anCaRtIekaNeT eRBaH ³ kNþalerogKña dUcenH ctuekaN ABDC CaRbelLÚRkam.
2  1  3  2  1  1  3  3 minBit -TMB½rTI 176 ³ bgðajfa CAD  BDA
K> 4.7 , 9 , 4.1 KUsmin)anCaRtIekaNeT eRBaH ³ Binitü CAD nig RtIekaN BDA
A B
4.7  4.1  9  4.7  4.1 RtIekaNTaMgBIrmanFatu ³

naM[ 0.6  9  8.8 minBit . -RCug AD CaRCugrYm D C
-RCug CD  BA RCugQmKñaénctuekaNEkg ABCD

40 -
 
-RCug AC  BD eRBaH AC  , BD CaGgát;RTUgén tamrUbmnþ S  12 d  d  naM[ d   2dS

ctuekaNEkg ABCD
edayGgát;RTUgEvg d  30cm / épÞRkLa S  120cm 2
dUcenH CAD  BDA tamlkçxNÐ C> C> C

vi)ak eyIg)anFatuRtUvKña CAD  BDA . eyIg)an ³ d   2 30120  240
30
 8cm
-TMB½rTI 179 ³ KNnargVas;muM ³ DAB nig BDC eyIgKUsrUb)an 8cm

dUcxagsþaM 
A B
eday ABCD CactuekaNesµI
nig smµtki mµrbs;rUbeyIg)an ³ tamRTwsbþI TBIkarK½r 30cm
2 2
AB  AD  BC  CD  BD D C naM[RCugctuekaNesµI a   302    82   241 cm
naM[ ABD nig BCD CaRtIekaNsm½gS    
dUcenH DAB  BDC  60 . o dUcenH rgVas;RCugénctuekaNesµIKW a  241 cm .

-TMB½rTI 193 ³ A 10 cm B
emeronTI!$ épÞRkLaBhuekaN k> KNnatémø x ³ 6 cm S  72 cm
2
C
-TMB½rTI 190 ³ ABCD CaRbelLÚRkamman tamrUbmnþépÞRkLactuekaNBñay ³ D x cm
S  b  b  h b¤ 72  10  x   6
1 1
AB  9 cm , AD  6 cm , BK  8 cm 2 2
 10  x 
D H C 72
K 3
6cm
8cm
xcm x  24  10  14 m
x> KNnaépÞRkLa nigbrimaRt ³ 25
A 9cm B 30
k> KNnaépÞRkLaRbelLÚRkam ABCD -épÞRkLa
28 26
tamrUbmnþ S  b  h  AD  BK 50 30
S  25  50  26  30 2
1
 6  8  48 cm 2 2
dUcenH épÞRkLaRbelLÚRkam S ABCD  48 cm 2 .  975  900  1875
x> KNnatémø x -brimaRt

P  28  50  3  30  25
épÞRkLaRbelLÚRkamGacrktammü:ageTotKW ³  103  90  193
S  b  h  CD  BH  9  x  9 x cm  2
eyIg)an 9 x  48  x  489  163 cm emeronTI!% rgVg;

dUcenH témøKNna)anKW ³ x  16 / 3 cm . -TMB½rTI 198 ³ KUsrgVg; ebIeK[ AB  6 cm ³
-TMB½rTI 191 ³ KNnargVas;RCugénctuekaNesµI ³ k> C A , 2cm nig CB , 4cm
¬lMhat;enHerobcM)anl¥ k¾b:uEnþB)Mu anKitGMBsI mtßPaBmanRsab;rbs;
sisS eRBaHeyIgGacrkrgVas;RCugénctuekaNesµeI nHtamviFIgayCag
 
eK KWRTwsþbI TBItaK½r EtsisSBMmu ancMeNHdwgGMBI RTwsIbþ TBItaK½reT¦ A B
eyIgrkRbEvgGgát;RTUgtUcCamunsin ³
41 -


x> C A , 3cmnig CB , 5cm tag G CacMNucRbsBVrvagemdüan 

C
düanTaMgBIr d nig d 
B
-edAcMNuc A elI d eday[ A
d
 

2 G
A B AG  AA 
3 A

-edAcMNuc B elI d  eday[ B d
2
K> C A , 1cm nig CB , 2cm BG  BB
3
 
-KUsbnÞat; AB nigbnÞat; BA enaHeyIg)ancMNcu
A B
RbsBVrvagbnÞat;TaMgBIKWCacMNuc C EdlRtUvedA .
-TMB½rTI 200 ³ etIGñksnñdi æany:agNacMeBaHFñÚ AB nigFñÚ CD -TMB½rTI 208 ³ RsaybBa¢ak;fabnÞat; AH CaemdüaT½r
B D énGgát; BC
A 
¬ENnaM EkRtg;cMNcu ³ >>>kat;Kañ Rtg; A . >>> mkCa
O
C >>>kat;KñaRtg; A . >>> ¦
tambRmab;RbFaneyIgGacKUs)anrUbdUcxageRkam ³
eRkayBIeRbIra: b:T½redIm,Ivas;mMpu ©it TaMgBIreyIgeXIjfa  
mMu AOB  COD enaHeyIgsnñidæan)anfa C A B 
FñÚ  AB  CD eRBaHmMFu Q M mnwgFñÚFM .

-TMB½rTI 203 ³ bgðaj AB  CD B D
B H C
eyIgman AD CaGgát;p©it enaHva

EckFñrÚ gVg;CaBIrEpñkb:nu Kña KW ³ A

O -BinitüctuekaN ABCB man ³ A
C
AB // BC 
 ACD   ABD b¤Gacsresr)anCa ³  naM[ ctuekaN ABCB CaRbelLÚRkam
AB // BC 
 AC  CD   AB  BD ¬!¦ Taj)an AB  BC 1
mü:ageTot AB // CD naM[  AC  BD -BinitüctuekaN CACB man ³
Taj)an BI¬!¦ KW  CD  AB C A // BC 
 naM[ ctuekaN C ACB CaRbelLÚRkam
naM[GgátF; Úñrbs;vaKW ³ CD  AB AC // C B 
dUcenH AB  CD . Taj)an CA  BC 2

-tam 1 & 2 naM[ CA  AB *
emeronTI!^ bnÞat;nigGgát;BiessCYbkñgú RtIekaN
-eday BAHC // BC
BC 
  AH  BC  * *

-TMB½rTI 206 ³ sg;cMNuc C EdlbnÞat; d nig d  Ca tam * & ** eXIjfa AH Ekgnwg BC Rtg;
emdüanBIrén ABC cMNuckNþal
eyIgsg;cMNcu C tamrebobdUcxageRkam ³ dUcenH AH CaemdüaT½r énGgát; BC .
42 -


-TMB½rTI 210³ RsaybMPWfø a O CacMNuckNþalénGgát; HH  emeronTI!& rUbFrNImaRtEdlmanvimaRtbI

A B
H O H
-TMB½rTI 217 ³ KNnaépÞRkLaxag nigépÞRkLaTaMgGs;
D C
k> RBIsRtg;RtImux ³
BinitüctuekaN AHCH  man ³ -épÞRkLaxag
AH   DC  S l  8.5  8  6  8  6  8

CH  AB   AH  // CH  68  48  48  164mm2
AB // CD  - épÞRkLaTaMgGs; ³
CH   AD  St  Sl  2B 8mm

AH  BC   AH // CH  1  6mm 6mm
 164  2  6  6 
AD // BC  2 
naM[ ctuekaN AHCH  CaRbelLÚRkam  200mm 2 8.5mm
Edlman AC nig HH  CaGgátR; TUg nigRbsBVKñaRtg; x> RBIsRtg;ctumuxmux ³

cMNuc O mann½fa OH  OH  . -épÞRkLaxag
dUcenH O CacMNuckNþalénGgát; HH  . Sl  4  4  4  4  4  4  4  4
 16  16  16  16
-TMB½rTI 212³ KNnaCadWeRkénrgVas;mMu BIC
C  64ÉktaépÞ 4
yy - épÞRkLaTaMgGs; ³ 4
St  Sl  2B 4
  64  24  4
I x
A
x B  96 ÉktaépÞ
-kñgú ABC man ³ Aˆ  Bˆ  Cˆ  180 o
-TMB½rTI 220 ³ BIr:amItman)atCactuekaNEkg
b¤ 90  2x  2 y  180
o o
k> ehtu)anCaBIr:amItenHBuMEmnCa
25
x  y  45o BIra: mItctumuxniy½teRBaH épÞénmux
-kñgú BIC man ³ BIC  IBC  ICB  180 o
rbs;vaminesµIKña edaysarEtvaman
b¤ BIC  x  y  180 o
)atCa ctuekaNEkg BMEu mnCakaer.
14
30
BIC  180 o  x  y 
x> KNnaépÞRkLaxag ³
BIC  180 o  45o
BIC  135o
edayGnuvtþnR_ TwsþIbTBItaK½rkñúgRtIekaNEkgedIm,Irkkm<s;
dUcenH rgVas;mMu BIC  135o . -cMeBaHRtIekaNEdlman)atesIµ 14 KW ³
2
 14 
25     625  49  576  24 2  24
2
2
-cMeBaHRtIekaNEdlman)atesIµ 14 KW ³
2
 30 
25 2     625  225  400  20 2  20
 2
43 -

naM[  14  24   30  20 
S l  2   2   336  600 k> munKNnamaDeyIgKNna km<sC; amunsin
 2   2 
h  25  7  7   23
2 2 2
ÉktaépÞRkLa .
 936 25
K> KNnaépÞRkLaTaMgGs; ³ naM[ V  13 Bh
St  Sl  B  936  14  30  1356 ÉktaépÞ. 1
  14 2  23
3
14
-TMB½rTI 222 ³ KNnaépÞRkLaTaMgGs;énsUlIt ÉktamaD .
 1502.67
k> munKNnaépÞRkLaTaMgGs; 24cm x> munKNnamaDeyIgKNna km<s;mnu sin
eyIgKNna Gab:EU tmCamunsin h  13  5  5   11
2 2 2
GnuvtþRTwsþIbTBItaK½rkñgú RtIekaNEkg 
20cm naM[ V  13 Bh 13
Gab:UEtm s  24  20  4 61 cm
2 2
1
naM[ S  S  B  rs  r  rs  r  2   10 2  11
t l 3 10 10
eday r  20 cm , s  4 61 cm  366.67 ÉktamaD .
eK)an S  3.14  204 61  20
t
-TMB½rTI 226 ³ KNnamaDekaNdUcrUbxageRkam ³
 3218 cm . 2
k> KNnamaDekaN
x> KNnaépÞRkLaTaMgGs; tamrUbmnþ V  13 r h 2
6
S t  S l  B  rs  r 2
1
 r s  r    3.14  32  6
9m 3 3
eday r  4m , s  9m  56.52 ÉktamaD .
naM[ S  3.14  49  4
t

4m x> KNnakaMrgVg;)atekaNCamunsin
 163.28m 2 tamRTwsþbI TBItakreK)an ³
-TMB½rTI 223 ³ KNnamaDénRBIsdUcrUbxageRkam ³ h 2  r 2  132
k> KNnamaDénRBIs ³ 5mm
r  13 2  h 2
5
13
tamrUbmnþ V  a  b  h  169  25
 475 7mm  144  12
 140 mm3 naM[ 1
V  r 2 h
3
x> KNnamaDénRBIs ³ 4mm
1
12m
  3.14 12 2  5
tamrUbmnþ V  Bh 3
 12  8  16
1
16m
 753.6 ÉktamaD .
2
 768 m 3 8m
-TMB½rTI 225 ³ KNnamaDénBIr:amItEdlman)atCakaer

dUcrUbxageRkam ³
44 -


emeronTI!* maRtdæan K> maRtdæan 201000

mann½yfaebI 1cm elIEpnTI RtUvnwg 20000cm elIdI
-TMB½rTI 232 ³ sresrpleFobrUbftTaMgBIr naM[ RbEvg 225 km elIdIRtUvnwg ³
rUbftTaMgBImanTMhM 4cm  6cm nig 12cm  24cm 225km 22500000cm
  1125 cm
-cMeBapleFobRbEvgTTwgKW ³ 124  13 20000 20000
dUcenH cm¶aytagelIEpnTIKW 1125 cm .
-cMeBaHpleFobRbEvgbeNþayKW ³ 6 1

24 4
. X> maRtdæan 1001000
eRkayBI)aneXIjpleFobRbEvgRtUvKña enaHeyIg
segáteXIjfa pleFobBMumantémøefreTKW 13  14 . naM[ RbEvg 225 km elIdIRtUvnwg ³
-TMB½rTI 233 ³ rkmaRtdæanénEpnTIenaH 225km 22500000cm
  225 cm
bRmab; ³ bøg;EpnTIrbs;sUrieyadI beNþaycMkarGMeBAmYy 100000 100000
manRbEvg 3.5cm elIEpnTIRtUvnwg 70m énRbEvgBit
g> cMeBaHmaRtdæanxagelI edIm,I[pøÚvfñl;manvimaRt
naM[ maRtdæanEpnTIKW ³ 370
.5cm

3.5cm

1
m 7 000cm 2 000 smrmü eyIgeRCIsykmaRtdæan 1001000 eRBaH
dUcenH EpnTIenaHmanmaRtdæan 2 000
1
b¤ 1/ 2 000 . manEtmaRtdæanenHeT EdlRtUvkarTMhRM kdastUc eFVI[
-TMB½rTI 234 ³ Rtg;RbtibtþienH vaGaRs½yeTAelIEpnTI RbEvgpøÚvfñl;manRbEvgsmrmüCageKKWRtwmEt 225 cm .
enAtamfñak;eronCak;Esþg EdlRKUENnaM[sisSsegát .
-TMB½rTI 235 ³ etIcm¶ayBit 225 km tag[RbEvgb:unµan
enAelIEpnTI ebIeKykmaRtdæandUcxageRkam ³
k> maRtdæan 501000
naM[ RbEvg 225 km elIdIRtUvnwg ³
225km 22500000cm
  450 cm
50000 50000
x> maRtdæan 80 1000
naM[ RbEvg 225 km elIdIRtUvnwg ³
225km 22500000cm
  281.25 cm
80000 80000
dUcenH cm¶aytagelIEpnTIKW 281.25 cm .
45 -


កំណែ លំហាត់ប្រតិរតតិ ថ្នាក់ទី ៨ ទំព័រទី ៤០
ប្រធានៈ រកចំនួនប្ាក់រន្នែមន្ែលអ្នកប្រូវចំណាយតាមការទញ
ិ រណា
ា ក់ នង
ិ រង្ហាញចំនួនប្ាក់រន្នែមជាភាគរយ
ននរនមៃទិញមន
ិ រណា
ា ក់នីមយ
ួ ៗែូចខាងក្ប្កាមៈ
រនមៃទញ
ិ ការប្រមក្ប្រៀងគ្ននទិញរណា
ា ក់
មន
ិ រណា
ា ក់ ប្ាក់កក់ ប្ាក់សងរ ំលួ សប្រចំន្ែ ចំនួនន្ែននការសងរ ំលួ ស
ក. 1 080 000 ៛ 150 000 ៛ 120 000 ៛ 10
ែ. 2 700 000 ៛ 450 000 ៛ 225 000 ៛ 12
ចក្មៃយ
ើ
ក. -រកចំនួនប្ាក់រន្នែមន្ែលអ្នកប្រូវចំណាយ និងរង្ហាញចំនួនប្ាក់រន្នែមជាភាគរយ
ចំនួនប្ាក់រន្នែមន្ែលប្រូវចំណាយ  ប្ាក់ទញ
ិ រណា
ា ក់ទង
ំ អ្ស់  ប្ាក់ក្ែើម
ក្ោយ ប្ាក់ទិញរណា
ា ក់ទង
ំ អ្ស់  ប្ាក់កក់  ប្ាក់រន្នែម
ក្ ើយ ប្ាក់រន្នែម  ប្ាក់សងរ ំលួ សប្រចំន្ែ  ចំនួនន្ែននការសងរ ំលួ ល
នំឱ្យ ប្ាក់ទញ
ិ រណា
ា ក់ទង
ំ អ្ស់  ប្ាក់កក់  ប្ាក់សងរ ំលួ សប្រចំន្ែ  ចំនួនន្ែននការសងរ ំលួ ល
ក្យង
ើ ាន
ចំនួនប្ាក់រន្នែមន្ែលប្រូវចំណាយ  ( ប្ាក់កក់  ប្ាក់សងរ ំលួ សប្រចំន្ែ  ចំនួនន្ែននការសងរ ំលួ ល )  ប្ាក់ក្ែើម

 150 000  120 000 10   1080 000
 150 000  1200 000   1080 000
 1350 000  1080 000  270000
-រង្ហាញប្ាក់រន្នែម ន្ែលប្រូវចំណាយ ជាភាគរយ
270000 100%
ភាគរយប្ាក់រន្នែមប្រូវចំណាយ   25%
1080000
ែូចក្នេះ ចំនួនប្ាក់រន្នែមន្ែលអ្នកប្រូវចំណាយគឺ 270 000 ៛ ន្ែលប្រូវនឹង 25% ។
ែ. ក្ោេះប្ាយែូចសំ ណួរ ក. ន្ែរគឺ ...
ចំនួនប្ាក់រន្នែមន្ែលប្រូវចំណាយ  ( ប្ាក់កក់  ប្ាក់សងរ ំលួ សប្រចំន្ែ  ចំនួនន្ែននការសងរ ំលួ ល )  ប្ាក់ក្ែើម

  450 000  225000 12   2 700 000
  450 000  2 700 000   2 700 000
 450 000
450000 100%
ភាគរយប្ាក់រន្នែមប្រូវចំណាយ   16.67%
2700000
ែូចក្នេះ ចំនួនប្ាក់រន្នែមន្ែលអ្នកប្រូវចំណាយគឺ 450 000 ៛ ន្ែលប្រូវនង

ឹ 16.67% ។
46 -

-TMB½rTI 3 ³ rkb£skaeréncMnYn ³ -TMB½rTI 5 ³ rkb£sKUbéncMnYn ³

k> b£skaerén 0.04 ³ k> b£sKUbén 0.008 ³
eday 0.04  0.2 2
eday 0.2  0.008 3
naM[ 0.04  0.2 naM[ 0.008  0.2

3
dUcenH b£skaerén 0.04 KW 0.2 . dUcenH b£sKUbén 0.008 KW 0.2 .

x> b£skaerén 0.01 ³ x> b£sKUbén  0.001 ³
eday 0.01  0.1 2
eday  0.1  0.001 3
naM[ 0.01  0.1 naM[  0.00  0.1

3
dUcenH b£skaerén 0.01 KW 0.1 . dUcenH b£sKUbén  0.001KW  0.1 .

K> b£skaerén 5 ³ K> b£sKUbén 0.08 ³
KµancMnnY sniTanNaEdlkaerrbs;vaesµInwg 5 eT KµancMnnY sniTanNa EdlKUbrbs;vaesµInwg 0.08 eT
naM[ b£skaerrbs;vaCacMnYnGsniTan dUcenH b£sKUbén 0.08 KW 0.08 . 3
dUcenH 5 Cab£skaerén 5 . X> b£sKUbén  0.4

X> b£skaerén  1 ³ KµancMnnY sniTanNa EdlKUbrbs;vaesµInwg  0.4 eT
KµancMnnY sniTanNa b¤GsniTanNa Edlkaerrbs;va dUcenH b£sKUbén  0.4 KW  0.4   0.4 . 3 3
GviC¢maneT naM[vaKµanb£skaereT -TMB½rTI 6 ³ KNnaplKuN

dUcenH cMnYn  1 Kµanb£skaerCacMnYnBiteT . k> 10  0.1  10  0.1  1  1
g> b£skaerén 25
36
³ x> 10  0.1  10  0.1  1  1
3 3 3 3
eday 25  5 
 
2
-TMB½rTI 7 ³ KNnaplEck
36  6  2
k> 7  287  14   12   12
naM[ 25 5

36 6
28  
x>
3
5 5
3  3
25
dUcenH b£skaerén 25
36
KW 5
6
. 3
0.2 0.2
2
K> 1
c> b£skaerén 0.1 ³ 10

10

1
   
1
1 000 1 000 100  10  10
KµancMnnY sniTanNa Edlkaerrbs;vaesµnI gw 0.1 eT
X>
3
 1 000  3 10  10
100 3 100 3
naM[ b£skaerrbs;vaCacMnYnGsniTan 3
0.1

0.1
3
dUcenH 0.1 Cab£skaerén 0.1 .

 47  -

-TMB½rTI 8 ³ beBa©jmYycMnnY BIr:aDIkal; -TMB½rTI 12 ³ sRmÜl

1
2
1 
5 2 
k> 2

1
   
1
5 2

 5 2 5 2  
8 4 2 2
5 2

x> 3
81 3
3
 27  3 33  3 52
5 2
K> 12  4  3  2 2  3  2 3 
3
X> 3
81  3 27  3  3 33  3  33 3 3 22 3 3 2 2 3

12  18 2 3  3 2
g> 50  25  2  52  2  5 2

3 2  2 3 2 3 3 2 
c> 2

1 1
2    2 
1
2
2
2
. 2 3  3 2 2 3 3 2 
25 25 5 5 5

3 2  2 3  2
-TMB½rTI 9 ³ beBa©ÚlmYycMnYnkñúgr:aDIkal; 2 3   3 2  2 2
18  12 6  12
k> 3
1
3
 3
1
3
¬RbEhlRbFanKW 3 13 minEmn 3
1
3
¦ 
12  18
30  12 6
1
2

x> 1
3    3
1
3 
1
6
3 3 9 3
 52 6
K> 5 3
2 3 3 3 2 3
25
 5 
25
 125 
2 3
25
 5  2  3 10 ¬eRBaHrUbmnþ a  ba  b  a 2
 b 2 nig
X> 2 3 121 3  2  3 121 3

    
3
8

121 3 8

a  bb  a  a  b2  a 2  2ab  b 2 .
12111 7
 
11 7  11  7 77
3 3 3 52  3 5  4  3 4 2
-TMB½rTI 11 ³ sRmÜl 3
5 3 4

3
5 3 4  5
3 2
 3 5  4  3 42 
5 50  8 32  5 25  2  8 16  2


3 3 25  3 20  3 16 
 25 2  32 2   7 2  5   4
3
3
3
3
 33 25  33 20  63 2
48 x  27 x  16  3x  9  3x
 4 3x  3 3x  3x ¬eRBaHrUbmnþ a  ba 2
 ab  b 2  a 3  b3  ¦
5P  3 45P 3  5P  3 9 P 2  5P , P  0 3
3 3

3 3 42  3 4  2  3 22 
 5P  9 P 5P  1  9P  5P 3
4 3 2

 3
4 3 2  3
42  3 4  2  3 22 
12 x  12  27 x  27  43x  3  93x  3 
3
 
3 3 16  3 8  3 4
 2 3x  3  3 3x  3
 4   2
3
3
3
3
3
3 2 2  2  4 
3 3
 5 3x  3 
42
72a  3 98a  36  2a  3 49  2a 2 6  23 3  3 12
3

 6 2a  21 2a   15 2a 6
 48  -

-TMB½rTI 19 ³ rkry³eBlEdlTTYl)ansBaØaBIPBRBHcnÞ x> rkcMnnY sisSénqñaMenH

tag t Cary³eBlEdlTTYlsBaØaBIPBRBHcnÞ tag n CacMnnY sisSsrubbnÞab;B)I anekIneLIg
tambRmab; eyIg)an ³ bRmab; ³ cMnYnsisSman 800 nak; ehIyekIneLIg 10%
-cm¶ay 186 000 mile eRbIry³eBl 1 s naM[ PaKryénkMeNInKW
- cm¶ay 240 000 mile eRbIry³eBl t s  n  800
100%  10%
800
naM[ 186 000 1
240 000 t
 n  800
 10
8
240 000
 t  1.29 s n  800  80
186 000
n  880
dUcenH edIm,ITTYlsBaØaBIPBRBHcnÞeKRtUv dUcenH cMnYnsisSqñaMenHKWman 880 nak; .
eRbIeBl t  1.29 s  1.3 s .
-TMB½rTI 25 ³ rkGRtakarR)ak;kúgñ mYyqñaM
-TMB½rTI 21 ³ KNnatémødIEdlRtUvlk; edayeRbIrUbmnþ P  P 1  r 
o
t
tag x CatémødIEdlRtUvlk; ¬KitCa $ ¦ bRmab; ³ R)ak;edIm P  500 000 `

o
tambRmab; R)ak;kéRm 1 800$ RtUvCa 3% énéfødI R)ak;srub P  605 000 `

naM[ 1800$  3%  x ry³eBl t  2 qñaM
3
x  1 800 eyIg)an 605 000  500 0001  r  2
100
1 800 100 1  r 2  605 000
 x 500 000
3
 60 000 $ 1  r 
2
 1.21
1  r  1.21 , r  0
dUcenH témødIEdlRtUvlk;KW 60 000 $ . 1  r  1.1
r  0.1
-TMB½rTI 23 ³ k> KNnaPaKryéneRbgsaMg)ancuHéfø r  10%
bRmab; ³ eKbBa©úHtémøeRbgsaMgBI 4 800` mk 4 200` epÞógpÞat; ³ 500 0001  0.1
2
naM[ PaKryéntMhyKW 4 800  4 200  500 0001.1

2
100%
4 800  500 000  1.21
 0.125 100%
 12.5%
 605 000 Bit
dUcenH \LÚveRbgsaMg)anbBa©úHtémø 12.5% . dUcenH GRtakarR)ak;kúgñ mYyqñaMKW r  10% .
 49  -

-TMB½rTI 30 ³ KNna -TMB½rTI 34 ³ dak;kenSamxageRkamCaplKuNénktþa

 
A  2 x  2   x 2  x  3   2 x  1 x  2 
2
-cMeBaH x 2  4x  5 tamtaragplKuNExVg
  x  2 2 x  x  3   2 x  1 x  2 
2
x 5
  x  2  2 x  2 x  6   2 x  1 x  2 
2
eday x 1
  x  2  2 x  2 x  6  2 x  4 x  x  2
2 2 x  5 x  4 x
  x  2  5 x  4  dUcenH x 2  4 x  5  x  5x  1 .
 5 x  4 x  10 x  8
2
-cMeBaH x 2  2 x  15 tamtaragplKuNExVg
  5 x  14 x  8
2
x 3
B  x  1 x  2  xx  1
2 2
eday x 5
5 x  3x  2 x
 
 x  2 x  1 x  2  x x  2 x  1
2
 2

 x  2x  2x  4x  x  2  x  2x  x
3 2 2 3 2 dUcenH x 2  2 x  15  x  3x  5 .
  2x 2  4x  2 -cMeBaH x 2  11x  30 tamtaragplKuNExVg
x 6
-TMB½rTI 31 ³ dak;kenSamxageRkamCaplKuNktþarYm x 5
A  6 x 2 x  1  2 xx  1
eday  5 x  6 x  11x

 x  1 6 x 2  2 x  dUcenH x 2  11x  30  x  6x  5 .
 2 xx  13x  1
-cMeBaH x 2  2x  8 tamtaragplKuNExVg
B  3x  1x  2  x  x x  2  2
 x 4
 3x  1x  2  xx  1x  2
 x  1x  23  x  eday x 2
2 x  4 x  2 x
-TMB½rTI 33 ³ dak;kenSamxageRkamCaplKuNénktþa dUcenH x 2  2 x  8  x  4x  2 .

A  x 2 x  1  4 xx  1  4 x  4 -cMeBaH x 2  5x  14 tamtaragplKuNExVg
 x 2 x  1  4 x x  1  4x  1 x 2

 x  1 x  4 x  4 2
 eday x 7
 x  1x  2  7 x  2 x  5x
2
 x  1x  2x  2  dUcenH x 2  5x  14  x  2x  7 .

 
B  3x  6 4 x 2  1  2 x  4 4 x 2  4 x  1   -cMeBaH 2 x 2  5x  3 tamtaragplKuNExVg
 3x  22 x  12 x  1  2x  22 x  1 x 1
2
 x  22 x  132 x  1  22 x  1 eday 2x 3

 x  22 x  16 x  3  4 x  2 3x  2 x  5 x
 x  22 x  12 x  5 dUcenH 2 x 2  5x  3  x  12 x  3 .
 50  -

-TMB½rTI 35 ³ dak;kenSamCaplKuNénktþa -TMB½rTI 37 ³ KNna

x 2  6x  7  x 2  6x  9  9  7 x2 x2  b
A 
 x  3  16 x 2  25 x 2  20 x  25
2
 x  3  4x  3  4 x2 x 2  20 x  25
 
 x  1x  7  x  5x  5 x2  b


x 2 x 2  20 x  25 
eRBaH 16  4 nig a  ba  b  a
2 2
 b2 . 
x  5x  5 x 2  b 
25 25
dUcenH KNna)an A  xx5xx205xx 25 b 
2 2
x 2  5x  6  x 2  5x   6
4 4 2
2
 5 1
x   a2 a3  a2
 2 4 B 2 
a b aa  2   a  2
 5 1  5 1
  x    x   
 2 2  2 2 
a  2  a 2 a  1
  x  3 x  2  a 2b a  2a  1
1

-TMB½rTI 36 ³ KNna b
a  2  0 a  2
1
1

2
manPaKEbgrYmKW xx  1 EdlktþasRmÜl  2
b¤ a  0
x x 1 a  0 
a  1  0 a  1
xx  1  x  1  2 x 

xx  1
x 2  x  x  1  2x dUcenH KNna)an B  b1 .

xx  1
x2 1

xx  1
x 2  x 3x  2 2 x 2  x
 
x 2  x x  1 xx  1
PaKEbgrYm xx  1


x 2  x  x3 x  2  2 x 2  x 
x x  1
x 2  x  3x 2  2 x  2 x 2  x

x x  1
2x 2  2x

x x  1
2 x x  1 x  0 x  0
 ,   
x x  1 x 1  0  x  1
 2
 51  -

-TMB½rTI 43 ³ edaHRsaysmIkar -TMB½rTI 45 ³ edaHRsaysmIkarxageRkam ³

k> 6x  2  3x  8 x 2  2x  4x  8  0
2 x  2    x  8 x x  2   4 x  2   0
2x  4  x  8 x  2x  4  0
2 x  x  8  4 x  2  0

x  4 x  4  0
 x  2
dUcenH smIkarmanb£s x  4 . x  4

x> 3x  5  3x  2
dUcenH smIkarmanb£s x  2 , x  4 .
3x  5  3x  6
3x  3x  6  5 2 x  12  x  32  0
0x  1 2 x  1  x  32 x  1  x  3  0
x  43x  2  0
Kµantémø x NaEdleFV[I smIkarepÞógpÞat;  x40

dUcenH smIkarKµanb£s . 3 x  2  0
K> 6 x  4  2  6x  1  x4
 x  2 / 3
6x  4  2  6x  6 
6x  4  6x  4
dUcenH smIkarmanb£s x  4 , x  2 / 3 .
6 x  6 x  4  4
0x  0 3x 2  9 x  0
3 x  x  3  0
mantémøén x eRcInrab;minGs;EdlepÞógpÞat;smIkar
 x0
dUcenH smIkarmanb£seRcInrab;minGs; . 
x  3  0
-TMB½rTI 44 ³ edaHRsaysmIkar  x0
 x  3
-cMeBaH 34x  9  2x  15 ¬manPaKEbgrYmKW 4¦ 
3x  36  2 x  60 dUcenH smIkarmanb£s x  0 , x  3 .
3x  2 x  60  36 2 x 2  3x  5  0
x  24 2 x 2  2x  5x  5  0
dUcenH smIkarmanb£s x  24 . 2 x x  1  5 x  1  0
x  12 x  5  0
-cMeBaH x 6 7  2x2 8  4 ¬manPaKEbgrYmKW 6¦
 x 1  0
x  7  32 x  8  24 
2 x  5  0
x  7  6 x  24  24
7 x  7
x 1
 x  5 / 2
x  1 
dUcenH smIkarmanb£s x  1 . dUcenH smIkarmanb£s x  1 , x  5 / 2 .
 52  -

-TMB½rTI 47 ³
k> rkGayurbs;bNU a
tag x CaGayurbs;bN U a ¬KitCaqñaM¦
naM[ Gayurbs; m:arI KW x  8 ¬KitCaqñaM¦
bRmab; ³ plbUkGayuGñkTaMgBIresµInwg 38 qñaM
eyIg)an ³ x  x  8  38
2 x  8  38
2 x  30
x  15
epÞógpÞat; ³ 15  15  8  38
Bit
38  38
dUcenH Gayurbs;bN U aKW x  15 qñaM .

x> rkcMnnY enaH
tag x CacMnnY EdlRtUvrkenaH
tambRmab;RbFan enaHeyIgsresr)ansmIkarKW ³
2 x  7  3x  27
3x  2 x  7  27
x  34
epÞógpÞat; ³ 2  34  7  3  34  27
Bit
75  75
dUcenH cMnYnEdlRtUvrkenaHKW 34 .
 53  -

-TMB½rTI 52 ³ cMeBaHvismIkarTI 1 ³ eyIg)an

RsaybBa¢ak;fa ebI a  b eK)an a  b 2 2
2x  7  6x  5 cemøIyCaRkabKW
eday a nig b CacMnnY viC¢manminsUnü naM[ a  0 , b  0 2x  6x  5  7
 4 x  12 
cMeBaH a  b  a  ab i  ¬KuNnwg a ¦
 
2
x 3 0 x
x  3
ehIy a  b  ab  b ii  ¬KuNnwg b ¦
2
cMeBaHvismIkarTI 2 ³ eyIg)an
tam i  nig ii  eyIg)an ³ 4 x  11  4  x cemøIyCaRkabKW
a  ab  b naM[ a  b
2 2 2 2
4 x  x  4  11  
3x  15 x 0 x
dUcenH ebI a  b enaHeK)an a  b CaR)akd .
2 2
x5
5
-TMB½rTI 55 ³ edaHRsayvismIkar cemøIyrYmCaRbsBVéncemøIyTaMgBIrKW ³

-cMeBaH x
27 cemøIyCaRkabKW    
4 x 3 0 5
x
x
5
x
  dUcenH RbB½n§vismIkarmancemøIy 3 x  5 .
4 0 20 x
x  20
 3x 2 4 x  3
 4  3  12 i 
dUcenH vismIkarmancemøyI x  20 . x>  3x  4
 2x 1  ii 
-cMeBaH 2x  3  5x  5 cemøIyCaRkabKW  2
2 x  6  5x  5 cMeBaHvismIkarTI i  ³ eyIg)an
6  5  5x  2 x x

 
3x 2 4 x  3
1
0 x
  cemøIyCaRkabKW
1  3x 3 4 3 12
9x  8  4x  3
x
1
9 x  4 x  3  8
 

3 x 0 1 x
5x  5
dUcenH vismIkarmancemøyI x  1/ 3 . x 1
-cMeBaH 0.37x  0.17  3.5 cemøIyCaRkabKW cMeBaHvismIkarTI ii  ³ eyIg)an

3x  4
0.37 x  3.33
 

2x 1 
2
cemøIyCaRkabKW
3.33 x x
x 0 9
4 x  2  3x  4
x
  
0.37 2 0 x
x9 4 x  3x  4  2
x  2
dUcenH vismIkarmancemøyI x  9 . cemøyI rYmCaRbsBVéncemøIyTaMgBIrKW ³
-TMB½rTI 56 ³ edaHRsayRbB½n§vismIkar    
x x
7  6 x  5 1 2 0 1
k> 24xx 11  4  x 2
 dUcenH RbB½n§vismIkarmancemøIy  2  x 1 .
 54  -

-TMB½rTI 58 ³ k> rktémø x EdlRtUvyk epÞógpÞat; ³

tambRmab;RbFaneyIgcg)anRbB½n§vismIkar ³ 638  639  640  1918

2x  5  18 2 x  10  18 638  639  640  1914
  
 5 x  50  5 x  50 1917  1918

Bit
 2x  8  x  4 1 1917  1914 Bit
   
5 x  50  x  10 2 dUcenH cMnYnKt;tKñaTaMgbIEdlRtUvrkKW
naM[ cemøIyrYmKW 4  x  10 638 , 639 , 640 .
eyIgGacbkRsay cemøIyCaRkab tamvismIkarnImyY ²
cMeBaHvismIkar 1 : x  4 x  x
 
0 4
cMeBaHvismIkar 2 : x  10 x
  
0 10 x
cemøIyrYmCaRbsBVéncemøIyénvismIkar 1 & 2 KW

x
   
0 4 10 x
epÞógpÞat; [ x  5 eyIg)an
25  5  18

20  18
 
Bit
 5  5  50 25  50 Bit
dUcenH vismIkarmancemøyI KW 4  x  10 .
x> rkcMnnY Kt;TaMgbIenaH
tag x CacMnnY Kt;TI 1
naM[ x  1 CacMnnY Kt;TI 2 nig x  2 CacMnYnKt;TI 3
tambRmab;RbFan eyIg)an RbB½nv§ ismIkar³
 x   x  1   x  2   1918

 x   x  1   x  2   1914
3 x  3  1918
 
3 x  3  1914
3 x  1915
 
3 x  1911
3 x  1915
 
3 x  1911
 x  638.33
 
 x  637
cMnYnKt;EdlenAcenøaH 637  x  638.33 manEtmYy
Kt;KW x  638
naM[ cMnYnTI2KW x  1  639 / cMnYnTI3 x  2  640
 55  -

 ៦ 
-TMB½rTI 64 ³ sg;Rkabssr ³ cMnYnkUn cMnYnRKYsar eRbkg;fy eRbkg;eFob eRbkg;eFob

eyIgmanTinñn½ycMnYnéf¶EdlbuKÁlikmin)anbMeBj x f f f% fy f % 
kargarkñúgry³eBj 20 éf¶ dUcxageRkam ³ 0

1
4
16
50
46
8
32
100
92
1 2 0 0 1 2 2 1 0 0 2 18 30 36 60
4 0 1 1 3 2 1 3 0 1 3 6 12 12 24
4 6 6 12 12
eyIg)antaragbMENgEckeRbkg;dUcxageRkam ³
cMnYnbuKÁlik eRbkg; f eRbkg;eFob f % k> rkcMnYnRKYsarEdlmankUn 2nak;y:ageRcIn
0 6 30 tamtarageRbkg;ekIn cMnYnRKYsarEdlmankUn 2nak;
1
2
7
4
35
20 y:ageRcInKWman 38 RKYsar.
3
4
2
1
10
5
x> rkcMnnY RKYsarEdlmankUn 2nak;y:agtic
srub 20 100 tamtarageRbkg;fy cMnYnRKYsarEdlmankUn 2nak;
tamtaragbMENgEckeRbkg; eyIgsg;)anRkabssr ³ y:agticKWman 30 RKYsar.
eRbkg; f -TMB½rTI 71 ³ sßti mi :assisS 200nak;énviTüal½ymYy
7
6 m:as kg 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70
5
4
eRbkg; 35 45 55 65
3
2
k> sg;tarageRbkg;ekIn nigp©itfñak;
1
fñak;énm:as eRbkg; eRbkg;ekIn p©itfñak;
0 1 2 3 4 cMnYnbuKÁlki 30-40 35 35 35
40-50 45 80 45
-TMB½rTI 67 ³ sg;tarageRbkg;ekIn nigeRbkg;fy 50-60
60-70
55
65
135
200
55
65
eyIgmanTinñn½y Edl x CacMnYnkUn nig f CacMnnY RKYsar
x 0 1 2 3 4
f 4 16 18 6 6
x> sg;BhuekaNeRbkg;ekIn
eyIgsg;)antarageRbkg;ekIn ³ eRbkg;ekIn
cMnYnkUn cMnYnRKYsar eRbkg;ekIn eRbkg;eFob eRbkg;eFob
x f f f% ekIn f %
 200 
0 4 4 8 8 150
135 
1 16 20 32 40
100
2 18 38 36 76 80 
3 6 44 12 88 50 
35 
4 6 50 12 100
eyIgsg;)antarageRbkg;fy ³ 30 40 50 60 70
m:as
 56  -

K> rkcMnnY sisS Edlmanm:aseRkam 50 kg

tamtarageRbkg;ekIn cMnYnsisSEdlmanm:aseRkam
50 kg mancMnnY 35  45  80 nak; .
dUcenH cMnYnsisSEdlmanm:aseRkam 50 kg
man cMnnY 80 nak; .
 57  -

 ៧ 
-TMB½rTI 77 ³ KNnamFüméntaragTinñn½yxageRkam ³ -rkemdüan m ³ e
x 0 1 2 3 4
y 3 6 5 2 2
eyIgerobTinñny½ tamlMdab; 7 8 10 12 13
KNnamFüm Tinñny½ mancMnYntYsrubKW n  5
tamrUbmnþ ³ x  x f fx f f ......fx f / f  y
1 1 2 2 n nnaM[ TItaMgénemdüanKWtY  5 2 1  3
tamTinnñ ½yerobtamlMdab;rcY tYTI 3 RtUvnwgelx 10
1 2 n
tamtaragTinñn½yxagelIKW ³
x
0  3  1 6  2  5  3  2  4  2 dUcenH rk)anemdüanKW m  10 . e
365 2 2

0  6  10  6  8 30
  1.67
-rkm:tU m ³ o
18 18 edaym:tU CatémøEdlmaneRbkg;eRcInCageK .
dUcenH mFüménTinñn½yKW x  1.67 . EtTinñn½yxagelImaneRbkg;esµI1 dUcKñaTaMgGs;
-TMB½rTI 78 ³ rkemdüanénR)ak;ebovtSn_¬KitCaBan;erol¦ dUcenH Tinñn½yenHKµanm:tU eT .
R)ak;ebovtSn_ 200 300 350 700 840 950
eRbkg; 6 2 2 1 1 1
-TMB½rTI 82 ³ KNnamFüm emdüan nigm:UténTinñny½ ³
fñak; 21-28 28-35 35-42 42-49 49-56 56-63 63-70
eyIgsg;)antarageRbkg;dUcxageRkam ³ 3 7 eRbkg;
12 15 12 7 3
R)ak;ebovtSn_ x eRbkg; f eRbkg;ekIn
200 6 6
xf
1200
tamtaragTinñn½y eyIgsg;)antarageRbkg;ekIn ³
300 2 8 600 fñak; eRbkg; f p©ti fñak; x xf eRb>ekIn
350 2 10 700 21-28 3 24.5 73.5 3
700 1 11 700 28-35 7 31.5 220.5 10
840 1 12 840 35-42 12 38.5 462 22
950 1 13 950 42-49 15 45.5 682.5 37
srub 13 4990 49-56 12 52.5 630 49
56-63 7 59.5 416.5 56
edayTinnñ y½ mancMnYntYsrub n  13 CacMnnY ess 63-70 3 66.5 199.5 59
naM[ TItaMgén m KWtY  132 1  142  7

e
srub 59 2684.5
tamtarageRbkg; tYTI 7 RtUvnwgTwkR)ak; 300 Ban;erol -KNnamFüm x ³

dUcenH emdüanénR)ak;ebovtSn_KW m  300 Ban;erol. eyIg)an x  2684
59
.5
 45.5
e
-TMB½rTI 79 ³ rkmFüm emdüan nigm:Ut énTinñn½y dUcenH KNna)anmFüm x  45.5 .

eyIgmanTinnñ ½y ³ 10 8 13 12 7 -KNnaemdüan m ³ e
-rkmFüm x ³ emdüan CatémøéntYTI 592  29.5

tamTinnñ ½y x  10  8  135  12  7  505  10
tamtarageRbkg;ekIntYTI 30 sßitenAkñgú fñak; 42-49
dUcenH rk)anmFümKW x  10 . eyIgKNnaemdüantamGaMgETb:ULasüúg
 58  -

naM[ m  42 
49  4229.5  22  45.5
37  22
e
dUcenH KNna)anemdüan me  45.5 .

-KNnam:tU m ³ o
m:tU Catémøp©itfñak;EdlmaneRbkg;eRcInCageK
fñak; 42-49 maneRbkg; 15 eRcInCageK ehIyman
p©itfñak;esµI 45.5
dUcenH KNna)an x  me  mo  45.5 .
 59  -

 ៨ 
-TMB½rTI 89 ³ fg;myY manXøIBN’exµA 4 nigXøIBN’s 2 -TMB½rTI 92 ³

1.rkRbU)abEdleQµaH k cab;)anXøBI N’exµA 1. rkRbU)abEdlecjelxdUcKña
-XøIsrubman 6 naM[ krNIGac  6 -RKab;LúkLak;manmux 6 enaHeKGacpÁbÜ KUlT§pl
-XøIBN’exµAman 4 naM[ krNIRsb  4 rbs;va)an TaMgGs;cnM Yn 6  6  36 rebob
tamrUbmnþ P  cMcMnnYnYnkrNIRsb naM[ krNIGac  36
krNIGac
-KUEdlmanelxdUcKñaGacCa 1,1 2 , 2 3, 3 4 , 4
P XøIBN’exµA   cMnYnkrNIRsb 
4 2
  66.67% 5 , 5 nig 6 , 6 man 6krNI
cMnYnkrNIGac 6 3
dUcenH RbU)ab k cab;)anXøIBN’exµAKW P  66.67% . naM[ krNIRsb  6

2. rkRbU)abEdleQµaH x cab;)anXøB I N’exµA dUcenH P elxdUcKña   cMcMnnYnYnkrNIRsb 6 1
  .
krNIGac 36 6
edayeQµaH k cab;)anXøIBN’exµAehIymindak;cUlfg;
vij naM[b:HBal;dl;karcab;elIkeRkayrbs;Gñk x 2. rkRbU)abEdlplbUkRKab;TaMgBIresµInwg 10
-XøITaMgGs;sl;Et 5 naM[ krNIGac  5 KUénRKab;TaMgBIrmanplbUkesµI 10 GacCa 4 , 6 ,
5 , 5 , 6 , 4 manbIkrNI
-XøIBN’exµAsl;Et 3 naM[ krNIRsb  3
cMnYnkrNIRsb naM[ krNIRsb  3
XøIBN’exµA  
3
P   60%
cMnYnkrNIGac 5 cMnYnkrNIRsb
plbUkesµI!0  
3 1
dUcenH P
cMnYnkrNIGac
 
36 12
.
dUcenH RbU)ab x cab;)anXøIBN’exµAKW P  0.6 .
-TMB½rTI 90 ³ rkRbU)abEdleFVIdMeNIredaymFü)aydéT
tag P CaRbU)abGñkeFVdI MeNIredayrfynþpÞal;xønÜ
-Rkumh‘nu manbuKÁlik 250nak; naM[ krNIGac  250
-GñkCiHrfynþpÞal;xÜøn 50nak; naM[ krNIRsb  50
naM[ P  cMcMnnYnYnkrNI Rsb

50
krNIGac 250 5
1
  20%
tag P CaRbU)abénGñkeFVdI MeNIredaymeFüa)aydéT

Edl P CaRBwtkþi arN_bMeBjKñaCamYyRBwtkþi arN_ P
naM[ P  1  P  1  15  54  80%
dUcenH RbU)abénGñkeFVIdMeNIredaymeFüa)aydéT
EdlminCiHrfynþpÞal;xÜønKW P  80% .
 60  -

 ៩ 
-TMB½rTI 99 ³ KNnacm¶ayrvagBIrcMNuc
eyIgGacKNnacm¶ayrvagBIrcMNuc edayeRbIrUbmnþ ³
AB  xB  x A 2   yB  y A 2
k> A0 , 0 & B8 , 15
naM[ AB  8  02   15  02
 64  225  289
 17 ÉktaRbEvg .
dUcenH KNna)an AB  17 ÉktaRbEvg .
x> A 2 , 6 & B3 ,  6
naM[ AB  3  2   6  6
2 2
 25  144  169
 13 ÉktaRbEvg .
K> A 3 ,  5 & B1 ,  8
naM[ AB  1  3   8  5
2 2
 49
 13 ÉktaRbEvg .
X> A5 , 3 & B11 , 11
naM[ AB  11  5  11  3
2 2
 36  64  100
 10 ÉktaRbEvg .
 61  -

 ១០ 
-TMB½rTI 108 ³ !> sg;bnÞat;EdlmansmIkar y   2x -TMB½rTI 110 ³ sg;bnÞat;TaMgbIkgñú bøg;EtmYy

x4
cMeBaH x  0 naM[ 0
y 0 Edr CabnÞat;kat;Kl; -cMeBaHbnÞat; y
2
b£ y   12 x  2
2
G½kS . bnÞat;enHmanemKuNR)ab;Tis mann½yfa
a
1 taragtémøelxén y   12 x  2 KW x 0 4
y 2 0
2
ebI x ekInBIrÉkta enaH y fycuHmYyÉkta. -cMeBaHbnÞat; y  2 CabnÞat;edk kat;G½kS  yy  Rtg; 2
eyIgsg;bnÞat;)an dUcxageRkam ³ -cMeBaHbnÞat; x  4 CabnÞat;Qr kat;G½kS xx Rtg; 4
y sg;bnÞat;TaMgbIkgñú bøg;EtmYydUcxageRkam ³
x y
y x4
2
1
0 y x2
2
1 
x
y2
 
2

0 4 x
2. sg;bnÞat;kat;tamcMNuc A0 , 1 nigmanemKuN
R)ab;TisesµI  13 KNnaRkLaépÞxNÐedaybnÞat;TaMgbIenH
eyIg)anbnÞat;kat;tam A0 , 1 ehIymanemKuNR)ab; bnÞat;TaMgbIpÁúM)anCaRtIekaNEkgEdlman )atesµI 4
ÉktaRbEvg nigkm<s;esµI 2 ÉktaRbEvg
TisesµI  13 mann½yfa ebI x ekInbIÉkta enaH y fycuH
naM[ RkLaépÞRtIekaNEkg S  4 2 2  4 ÉktaépÞ
mYyÉkta.
eyIgsg;bnÞat;)an dUcxageRkam ³ dUcenH épÞRkLaxNÐedaybnÞat;TaMgbIKW S  4 ÉktaépÞ .
y
-TMB½rTI 111 ³ rksmIkarbnÞat;kat;tamBIrcMNuc
¬Rbtibtþei nHerobcMmin)anl¥ ³ eK[rksmIkarbnÞat;kat;tamBIrcMNuc Et

eBl[cMNuc manEtmYycMNuceTAvij KW  2 , 7 dUcKña¦
x
0 eKGacsg;bnÞat;eRcInrab;mni Gs;kat;tammYycMNuc
dUcenH minGackMNt;)ansmIkarbnÞat;kat;  2 , 7 .
-TMB½rTI 113 ³ rksmIkarbnÞat;kat;tammYycMNuc ehIy
3. KNnaemKuNR)ab;Tsi énbnÞat;kat;tamBIrcMNuc RsbeTAnwgbnÞat;mYyepSgeTot
A 2 , 0 nig B 1 , 4
k> kat;tam 0 , 0 ehIyRsbnwgbnÞat; y  3x  1
naM[bnÞat;manemKuNR)ab;Tis tag M x , y enAelIbnÞat;RtUvrkkat;tam A0 , 0
y y 40
 4 .
4
a B A
 ehIyRsbnwgbnÞat; y  3x  1 enaHemKuNR)ab;TisesµIKña
x x
B A  1   2 1
 62  -

yM  y A eyIg)an yM  y A 1
eyIg)an xM  x A
3
xM  x A 2
  1
y0 y   1 1
x0
3 naM[ y  3x x2
  1
2
y  1  2x  2
dUcenH y  3x CasmIkarbnÞat;EdlRtUvrk . y  2 x  3
karsg;bnÞat;edIm,IepÞógpÞat; dUcenH smIkarbnÞat;EdlRtUvrkKW y  2 x  3 .

y  3x karsg;RkabedIm,IepÞógpÞat;
y  3x  1
2 y  x 1  0
x> kat;tam 6 , 3 ehIyRsbnwgbnÞat; x  3 y  3

y  2 x  3
tag M x , y enAelIbnÞat;RtUvrkkat;tam B6 , 3
ehIyRsbnwgbnÞat; x  3 y  3 b¤bnÞat; y  13 x  1 x> tat;tam A 21 , 0  ehIyEkgnwgbnÞat; y  2x
enaHemKuNR)ab;TisesµIKña tag M x , y enAelIbnÞat;RtUvrkkat;tam  A
1 
, 0
eyIg)an yx  xy  13
M B  2 
M B ehIyEkgnwgbnÞat; y  2x naM[plKuNemKuNR)ab;
y 3 1
x6 3
 TisesµI  1
y y
y  3  x  6 naM[ y  x  1
1 1 eyI g )an x x
M
 2  1
A
M A
3 3
y0
dUcenH y  13 x  1CasmIkarbnÞat;EdlRtUvrk .  1 
 2  1
x  
 2 
karsg;bnÞat;edIm,IepÞógpÞat; 1
2 y  x 
1 2
y x 1
3 1 1
y  x
2 4
1
y x 1
3
dUcenH smIkarbnÞat;EdlRtUvrkKW y   12 x  14 .
-TMB½rTI 115 ³ rksmIkarbnÞat;kat;tammYycMNuc ehIy karsg;RkabedIm,IepÞógpÞat;

EkgeTAnwgbnÞat;myY epSgeTot y  2x
k> tat;tam A2 ,  1 ehIyEkgnwgbnÞat; 2 y  x  1  0 1
y  x
2
1
4
tag M x , y enAelIbnÞat;RtUvrkkat;tam A2 ,  1
ehIyEkgnwgbnÞat; 2 y  x  1  0 b¤ y  12 x  12
naM[ plKuNemKuNR)ab;Tsi esµI  1
 63  -

-TMB½rTI 117 ³ rkeBlevlaEdlsItN

u ðPaBesµnI gw 26 o
tagG½kS xx CaeBlevlaEdlRtUvekIneLIg nigG½kS

 yy  CasItNu ðPaBEdlnwgRtUvfycuH
edaysItuNðPaBfycuHkñúgGRta 2 / h mann½yfa
o
ebIeBlekIn 1h enaH sItuNðPaBfycuH 2 o
eyIg)anbnÞat;kat;tamcMNuc 12 , 40manemKuNR)ab;

esµnI gw  2 . ebI M x , y CacMNucmYyenAelIbnÞat;enH
enaHeyIg)anbERmbRmYlemKuNR)ab;TisKW ³
y  40
 2  y  40  2 x  24
x  12
 y  2 x  64
cMeBaHsItN
u ðPaB y  26 o
eyIg)an 26  2x  64
2 x  38
x  19 CaeBl 
dUcenH sItuNðPaB 26 RtUvnwgem:ag 19  7 yb; .
o
 64  -

 ១១ 
-TMB½rTI 123 ³ edaHRsayRbB½n§smIkartamRkab i 

x> 34xx  4yy178 ii 
4 x  3 y  4 i  
eyIgmanRbB½ns§ mIkar 
ii  -eyIgedaHRsayedayeRbIviFICMnYs
3x  y  2
eyIgsg;bnÞat; i  & ii  enAkñúgbøg;EtmYy tam ii  : 4x  y  17  y  17  4x iii 
-taragtémøelxén 4x  3 y  4 KW yx 10  24 yk iii  CMnsY cUlkñúg i  eyIg)an ³
i  : 3x  417  4 x   8
x 1
-taragtémøelxén 3x  y  2 KW 0
y 1 2
3x  68  16 x  8
19 x  76
sg;RkabTaMgBIrenAkñúgbøg;EtmYy eyIg)an ³ x4
3x  y  2
yk x  4 CMnsY cUlkñúg iii  eyIg)an ³
iii  : y  17  4  4  1
dUcenH RbB½n§smIkarmanKUcemøIy x , y  4 , 1 .
-TMB½rTI 128 ³ edaHRsayRbB½n§smIkar
k> 43xx35yy97 12
4x  3 y  4

tamtaragbnÞat;RbsBVKñaRtg;cMNuc  2 , 4 eyIgedaHRsayedayeRbIviFIbUkbM)at; enaHeyIg)an
dUcenH RbB½n§smIkarmanKUcemøIy x  2 , y  4 .  4x  3 y  9 3

 3 x  5 y  7 4
-TMB½rTI 125 ³ edaHRsayRbB½n§smIkar  12 x  9 y  27
k> 9yx62y 3x3 12 
 12 x  20 y  28
 11y  55  y5
-eyIgedaHRsaytamviFCI MnsY cMeBaH y5 ykCMnYskúgñ 1 eyIg)an ³
tam 1 : y  6  3x  y  3x  6 3 1 : 4x  3  5  9
yk 3 CYscUleTAkñgú 2 eyIg)an ³ 4 x  24
2 : 9 x  23x  6  3 x6
9 x  6 x  12  3
3x  9 dUcenH RbB½n§smIkarmanKUcemøyI x  6 , y  5 .
x  3
yk x  3 CMnsY cUlkñgú 3 x> 77xx31y63y  55xx  yy 1
2

3 : y  3   3  6  15
eyIg)an 7 x  3 y  9  5 x  5 y

7 x  7  6 y  5 x  5 y
dUcenH RbB½n§smIkarmanKUcemøIy  xy    153  .
   
 65  -

7 x  3 y  9  5 x  5 y

7 x  7  6 y  5 x  5 y
9 y  2  10 y
y  2
yk y  2 CMnnY skñúg 1 eyIg)an
1 : 7 x  3 2  3  5x  2
7 x  15  5 x  10
2x  5
x  5/ 2
dUcenH RbB½n§smIkarmanKUcemøyI x  5 / 2 , y  2 .
-TMB½rTI 131 ³ k> rkcMnnY TaMgBIrenaH
tag x CacMnnY TI! nig y CacMnnY TI@
tambRmab;RbFaneyIgcg)anRbB½n§smIkar
 x  y  50 1

3x  2 y  60 2
eyIgedaHRsaytamviFbI kU bM)at;

 x  y  50 2

3 x  2 y  60
2 x  2 y  100

3 x  2 y  60
5 x  160
x  32
yk x  32 cMnYnkñgú 1 edIm,Irk y eyIg)an ³
1 : 32  y  50  y  18
dUcenH cMnnY TaMgBIrenaHKW cMnYnTI!= 32 nigcMnYnTI@= 18 .

x> rkRbEvgTTwg nigbeNþayénctuekaNEkg
tag x CaTTwg nig y CabeNþay 0  x  y xñatEm:t
tambRmab;RbFaneyIgcg)anRbB½n§smIkar
2x  y   158

yx5
edaHRsayedaybUkbM)at;

 x  y  79

 yx5
2 y  84  y  42
cMeBaH y  42  x  42  5  37
dUcenH ctuekaNEkgman TTwg  37m /beNþay  42m .
 66  -

 ១២ 
-TMB½rTI 138 ³ KNnargVas; x KitCa cm énrUb

tag ycm CaGIube:U tnusénRtIekaNEkg i 
-kúgñ   i  ³ tamRTwsbþI TBItaK½r
1
y  1 1  2
2 2 2
x  ii 
-kñgú   ii  ³ tamRTwsbþI TBItaK½r i 
1
x  y 1  2 1  3
2 2 2
1
 x  3 cm
dUcenH rgVas;KNna)anKW x  3 cm .
-TMB½rTI 139 ³ KNnargVas;Ggát;RTUgénRbelBIEb:tEkg
tag y CaRbEvgGgát;RTUgEdlRtUvrk KitCa m
cMeBaH   ABC ³ RTwsbþI TBItaK½r
x 2  22  12  5
cMeBaH   ACD ³ D
y
tamRTwsbþI TBItaK½r 2
x C
1
A
y 2  x 2  22  5  4  9 2
naM[ y  9 3m
dUcenH RbEvgGgát;RtUvKNna)anKW 3 m .
-TMB½rTI 140 ³ rkkm<sC; Ba¢aMgenaH
tag h Cakm<s;CBa¢aMg KitCa m
edayCeNþrI CBa¢aMg nigépÞrabpÁKúM ña)anCaRtIekaNEkg
tamRTwsbþI TBItaK½r
eyIg)an
82  h 2  2 2  h 2  64  4
 h  60  2 15 m
dUcenH km<s;CeNþrI KW h  2 15 m  7.75 m .
 67  -

 ១៣ 
-TMB½rTI 145 ³ KNnaRbEvg AP nig BC -TMB½rTI 150 ³ KNnakaMénrgVg; OQ S

eK[ AB  25 cm B
eyIgman ST  RT  20 cm 20 cm
r
BQ  6.5 cm P o
Q C
ehIy TQ  10 cm T  r
10 cm
Q
o
dUcrUbxagsþaM tagkaMrgVg; OS  OQ  r 20 cm
R
A
kñgú RtIekaNEkg TSO man OT CaGIube:U tnus
-eday AB  OP Rtg; P naM[ P kNþal AB tamRTwsbþI TBItaK½r eyIg)an ³
OT 2  OS 2  ST 2
enaH AP  AB 
25 cm
 12.5 cm
2 2 OQ  TQ2  OS 2  ST 2
-eday BC  OQ Rtg; Q naM[ Q kNþal BC r  102  r 2  20 2
enaH BC  2BQ  2  6.5 cm  13 cm r 2  20r  100  r 2  400
20r  300
dUcenH KNna)an AP  12.5 cm nig BC  13 cm . r  15
-TMB½rTI 147 ³ rkRbEvg NP dUcenH kaMrgVg;KNna)anKW OQ  r  15 cm .

OA Cacm¶ayBIp©it O eTAGgát; MN
OB Cacm¶ayBIp©it O eTAGgát; NP M -TMB½rTI 152 ³ RsaybMPføW a BR  RC
eyIgman ABC CaRtIekaNsm)at
B
eday OA  OB  5.5 cm A
 o
P

naM[ MN  NP  9 cm . N naM[ AB  AC A 
o
R
B
P
tamRTwsbþI TbnÞat;b:HEdl 
dUcenH rk)anRbEvg NP  9 cm . KUsecjBIcN M ucrYmenAeRkArgVg;

Q
C
-TMB½rTI 148 ³ KNnargVas; AC C

eyIg)an AP  AQ , BP  BR , CQ  CR
eyIgmanrgVgp; ©it O kaM 2 cm o 2 cm

cMeBaH AB  AC enaH AP  BP  AQ  CQ

A CacMNucenAeRkArgVg; 2 cm eday AP  AQ eyIg)an BP  CQ

  BP  BR
B CacMNucb:HrgVg;
A 2 cm B l
tamTMnak;TMng BP  CQ  BR  CR .
AB  OB  OC  2 cm ¬eRBaH OB CakaMrgVg¦; CQ  CR
kñgú   ABO man OA CaGIbu Ue: tnus tamRTwsþIbTBItaK½r
OA  AB 2  OB2  2 2  2 2  2 2 cm
dUcenH eyIgbMPøW)anfa BR  RC .
naM[ AC  OA  OC  2 2  2  4.83 cm -TMB½rTI 153 ³ KNnaRbEvg AB ¬KitCa cm ¦
dUcenH RbEvgKNna)anKW AC  4.83 cm . eyIgman r  5 cm , r  3 cm
eyIgKNnaRbEvg AB tamkrNIdUcxageRkam ³
 68  -

-krNIrgVg;KµancMNucrYm R  r  4

eyIg)an ³ R  r 1
2R  5
OO  AB  r  r 

A B
 R  2.5 cm
 AB  OO  r  r  O r r O
 OO  5  3 cMeBaH R  2.5

 OO  8 enaH r  4  R  4  2.5  1.5 cm
-krNIrgVg;b:HKñaxageRkA A B
dUcenH KNna)an kaMrgVg;TaMgBIrKW
naM[ A RtYtelI B O
 r 
r O
2.5 cm , 1.5 cm .
enaH OO  r  r nig AB  0
-krNIrgVg;kat;Kña)anBIrcMNuc
eyIg)an AB  2r 
B A
r r O
O
b¤ AB  6 cm
-krNIrgVg;b:HKñaxagkñgú
eyIg)an AB  2r B
 
Or Or
A
b¤ AB  6 cm
-krNIrgVg;KµancMNucrYmenAkñgú Kña
eyIg)an AB  r  r 
r B A
b£ AB  2 cm . O O r
-TMB½rTI 155 ³ KNnakaMénrgVg;TaMgBIr

tag R CakaMrgVgF; M nig r CakaMrgVgt; cU
-cMeBaHcm¶ayrvagp©ti TaMgBIresµI 4 cm
 
O O
4 cm
krNIenH eyIg)an R  r  4 1

-cMeBaHcm¶ayrvagp©ti TaMgBIresµI 1 cm
1 cm
 
O O
krNIenH eyIg)an R  r  1 2

tam 1 nig 2 eyIg)anRbB½n§smIkar
 69  -

១៤
-TMB½rTI 160 ³ bgðajfa AOB  COB -TMB½rTI 164 ³ KNna AIB B
eyIgman rgVg;p©it o nig eyIgmanmMu ACB  34 nig o

A 
I
C
B CacMNuckNþalFñÚ AC CAD  45 .
C B
o
mMpu ©it AOB maFñsÚ áat; AB O

 A kñgú RtIekaN ADI man ³ D
mMpu ©it COB maFñsÚ áat; BC CAD  ADB  AIB ¬plbUkmMukúg

ñ @esµmI MueRkA!¦
eday B CacMNuckNþalFñÚ AC Et ACB  ADB  34 ¬manFñÚsáat;rmY AB ¦
o
naM[ FñÚ AB  FñÚ BC naM[ CAD  ACB  AIB

45o  34 o  AIB
eyIg)an mMpu ©it AOB  COB Edr
79 o  AIB
¬mMpu ©itEdlmanFñÚsáat;esµKI ña vaCamMbu :unKña¦
dUcenH KNna)an AIB  79 . o
dUcenH eyIgbgðaj)anfa AOB  COB .

-TMB½rTI 167 ³ KNna ACB , ADB , AEB
-TMB½rTI 161 ³ rkcMnnY mMucarwkkñúgrgVg; P
eyIgman AOB  60 naM[ o
tamry³rUbxagsþaM mMcu arwkkñúgrgVg; B

ACB  ADB
D
mancMnnY bImMu rYmman ³  AEB E

o
AOB 
C D  60o C
BPC , BPD , CPD . 2
o A
60
  30 o B
-TMB½rTI 162 ³ bgðajfa ABC  12 AC 2

¬mMcu arwkkñgú rgVg; nigmMup©itmanFñÚsáat;rmY AB ¦
eyIgman ABC CamMcu arwk B
kñgú rgVgp; ©it o . dUcenH ACB  ADB  AEB  30o .

A
o
tamlkçN³én]TahrN_1 -TMB½rTI 169³ KNnargVas;mMu x, y,z
D
eyIgbgðaj)anfa ³ C
D kñgú RtIekaN ADC man³ A z

o
y
C
x
mMu ABD  12 AD nig mMu CBD  12 CD -RCug AD  DC ¬smµtki mµ¦ B
edaydkGgÁ nigGgÁeyIg)an -mMu ADC  90 ¬mMcu arwkknøHrgVg;Ggát;p©it AC ¦

o
 1
ABD  AD
naM[ ADC CaRtIekaNEkgsm)atRtg;kBM Ul D



2 vi)ak mM)u at x  y  45 o
CBD  1 CD kñgú RtIekaN ABC man ³


 2
1
ABC  AC -mMu ABC  x  90 ¬mMcu arwkknøHrgVg;Ggát;p©it AC ¦
o
2
dUcenH eyIgbgðaj)anfa ABC  12 AC . dUcenH KNna)an x  90 o
, y  z  45o .
 70  -

-TMB½rTI 171³ KNnargVas;mMu a nig b tamrUb eyIg)an CMD  12  AB  CD  ¬mMukúgñ rgVg¦;

eXIjfactuekaNenHCactuekaN 92o
carwkkñgú rgVg; enaHplbUkmMQ

u mesµI180 o
112o
b
 
1
2

150 o  120o  135o
a
naM[ a  112  180  a  68
o o o
dUcenH KNna)anrgVas;mMu CMD  135 . o
b  92o  180o  b  88o -TMB½rTI 175³ KNnargVas;mMu D énrUbxageRkam ³

dUcenH KNna)anrgVas;mMu a  68 nig b  88 .o o
mMu PDR CamMeu RkArgVg;
-TMB½rTI 173³ KNnargVas;mMu naM[ PDR  12  PSR  PR  260 o
P
eyIgman ctuekaN ABCD

B o
S 100o
A 1

 260 o  100 o  D
carwkkñgú rgVg; / AB  BC nigmMu 76o

2
 80 o
R
27 o E
ACE  27 o , ADE  76o dUcenH rgVas;mMuKNna)anKW D  80 .
D
o
C
k> KNnargVas;mMu ACB

ABC  ADC  180o ¬mMuQmctuekaNcarwkkñgú rgVg¦; -TMB½rTI 178³ KNnargVas;mMu D
ADE  ADC  180 ¬mMubEnßmKña¦

o eyIgman DE  DF nigmMu o

naM[ ABC  ADE  76

F
o
FET  40o 40o
kúgñ RtIekaN ABC man AB  BC CaRtIekaNsm)at k> KNnamMu EOF S E T
enaHmMu)at ACB  180 2ABC

o
mMu EOF CamMpu ©itmanFñÚsáat; EF
180 o  76 o naM[ EOF  EF
  52 o
2 edaymMu FET CamMcu arwkBiessmanFñÚsáat; EF
eRBaH plbUkmMku gñú énRtIekaNesµI 180 . o
enaH EF  2 FET  2  40  80 o o
dUcenH KNna)anrgVas;mMu ACB  52 . o

eyIg)an EOF  EF  80 o
x> KNnargVas;mMu BAD dUcenH rgVas;mMuKNna)anKW EOF  80 . o
edaymMu BCD  ACE  ACB  27  52  79 o o o

x> KNnargVas;muM DES
ehIy BCD  BAD  180 ¬mMuQmctu>carwkkñgú rgVg¦;
o
kñgú RtIekaN EDS man DE  DF
naM[ BAD  180o  BCD  180o  79o  101o naM[ RtIekaN EDS CaRtIekaNsm)at Edlman
dUcenH KNna)anrgVas;mMu BAD  101 . o
mMu EDF  FET  40 ¬mMcu arwkmanFñÚsaá t;rmY EF ¦
o
-TMB½rTI 174³ KNnargVas;mMu CMD A nigmM)u at DEF  12 180  40   70

o o o
eyIgman CAD  60 nigmMu o
60 o
B eday DE  DF enaH DE  DF ¬Ggát;FñÚb:unKñaFñÚesµIKañ ¦
o M
ADB  75o 75o DF
DEF 
mMu CAD manFñÚsáat; CD C D ehIy 2  DES  DEF  70 o
DE
DES 
naM[ CD  2 CAD  2  60  120 o o
2
mMu ADB manFñÚsáat; AB eRBaH DES CamMcu arwkBiessmanFñÚsáat; DE

naM[ AB  2 ADB  2  75  150 o o
dUcenH KNna)anrgVas;mMu DES  70 . o
 71  -

១៥
-TMB½rTI 182 ³ sg;cN

M uc P A
sg;Ggát; AB rYcsg; kñgú RtIekaN ABC man DE  AB 
C

knøHbnÞat; Ax  . RkitknøHbnÞat;   P

eyIg)an pleFobsmamaRt D E

Ax  [)an AC  5 ÉktaRbEvg. AD DC
 b¤ AC BC

 BE EC DC EC A B
P¢ab;BI C eTA B ehIyKUsbnÞat;kat; eyIgbMeBjtaragedayeRbIsmamaRtxagelI eyIg)an ³

cMNucÉktaepSg²[Rsbnwg CB .
C B
x
AD DC BE EC
RbsBVénbnÞat;ÉktaTI2 nigGgát; AB Ca cMNuc P k> 3 2 4
6
dUcenH eyIg)an AP 2
 . x> 7 3
35
3
5
AB 5 8
K> 2
3
3 4
-TMB½rTI 184 ³ KNnatémøén x nig y DC AC EC BC
AD BE
eyIgman  ,  ,  ,  CabnÞat;RsbKña
1 2 3 4 X> 12 8 20 9 6 15
enaHeyIg)anGgáts; mamaRtKñaKW ³ g> 12
18 30 9
27 45
2 2
1 1.5 y
 
1.6 x 2
1
-cMeBaH 1 1.5
1.6

x
1
2
1.6
x
1.5
naM[ x  1.5 1.6  2.4 y 3
2
-cMeBaH 11.6  2y 4
naM[ y
2
1.6
 1.25
dUcenH témøKNna)anKW x  2.4 , y  1.25 .

-TMB½rTI 186 ³ KNnakm<s;énedImeQI
tamRTwsbþI TtaElscMeBaHRtIekaN
eyIg)anGgáts; mamaRt
A
AF CF
 B
BE CE 1m
C
BE  CF
AF 
CE
b¤ AF  CF
CE
F E
Edl CF CaRbEvgRsemaledImeQI nig CE CaRbEvg

BIbegÁaleTAcugRsemal .
 72  -

 ១៦ 
-TMB½rTI 193 ³ KNna x , y , z -TMB½rTI 197 ³ KNnaRbEvgénTTwgTenø AB

eyIgman ABC dUcnwgRtIekaN ABC manpleFob edaybRmab;RbFan
dMNUcesµnI gw 14 CBA

A A
3 4 CDE
eyIg)an smamaRtpleFob B 7
C AB CB
 B 24 m C 32 m D
AB AC BC 1 ED CD
   40 m
AB AC  BC  4 A
b¤ AB 24m

naM[ x
y 40m 32m E
24m  40m
AB 1
 
3 1
  x  12 B z C
enaH AB 
32m
 30m
AB 4 x 4
AC 1 4 1

AC  4
 
y 4
 y  16 dUcenH RbEvgTTwgTenøKNna)anKW AB  30m .
BC 1 7 1

BC  4
   z  28
z 4 -TMB½rTI 200 ³ KNnatémø x nig y
-tamrUb AEB ADC tamlkçxNÐ m>m
dUcenH KNna)an x  12 , y  16 , z  28 .
eday AEBADC

BE AE

CD AD
A
-TMB½rTI 195 ³ k> bgðajfa ABC dUc PMN 6 4

 E 6 cm B
RtIekaN ABC man A  80 , B  54o o
y 10
D y C
naM[mMu C  180  A  B

o
 y
6 10
 15 cm AE  4cm
AD  10cm
 180  80  54   46
o o o o
4
dUcenH KNna)an y  15 cm .
edayRtIekaN ABC nigRtIekaN MNP man
-mMu C  M  46 o
-tamrUb GIH JLK tamlkçxNÐ m>m

-mMu B  P  54 o
eday GIH GH GI
 
JLK JK JL G
dUcenH ABC NPM tamlkçxNÐ m>m . x 3

3m x

3 2 I H
x> TajrkpleFobdMNcU  x
3 3 9
 m
K
3m 2m
L
eday ABC NPM enaHeyIgTaj)an ³ 2 2 J
ABC AB AC BC
dUcenH KNna)an x  4.5 m .
  
NPM NP NM PM
dUcenH eyIg)anpleFobdMNUc
AB AC
 
NP NM PM
BC
.
 73  -

-tamrUb RQV RTS tamlkçxNÐ m>m

eday RQV
RTS

QV QR

TS TR
sUmEk ST BI
20m  20cm
x 16

20 10
16  20
 x  32 m
10
dUcenH KNna)an x  32 m .
x
Q
QR  16cm V
RT  10cm
R
S 20cm T
-tamrUb DAE BAC tamlkçxNÐ m>m

DAE
eday BAC

DE DA

BC BA
x 220

40 100
220  40
 x  88 m
100
dUcenH KNna)an x  88 m .
D 120m B 100m
A
40m
x
C
-TMB½rTI 207 ³ KNna z nigsg;rbU eLIgvij

cMeBaH z  x  y 2 2
naM[ z  x  y b¤ x  y  z 1
2 2 2 2 2 2
tamTMnak;TnM g 1 bBa¢ak;fa RtIekaNEdlmanrgVas;

RCug x , y , z CaRtIekaNEkg ehIyman x CaRbEvg
GIube:U tnus nig y , z CaRCugCab;muEM kg .
dUcenH RbEvgRCug z  x , yx .
sg;rbU ³ x
y z  x2  y 2
 74  -

 ១៧ 
-TMB½rTI 214 ³ P¢ab;cMNucTaMg* R)ab;cMnYnRCug nigGgát;RTUg 2  2    2  12 o  2  3  360 o
eyIgman 8 cMNuc eyIgP¢ab;)anrUbdUcxageRkam ³ 12   12 o  360 o

348o

12
  29 o
dUcenH eyIgKNna)anmMu   29 .
o
BhuekaNenHman 8 RCug nigmanGgátR; TUgcMnYn 20 . -TMB½rTI 220 ³ bBa¢ak;

-TMB½rTI 217 ³ rkcMnnY RCugénBhuekaN -)anCactuekaNEkg minEmnCaBhuekaNniy½t eRBaH
-cMeBaH BhuekaNEdlmanplbUkmMku gñú esµInwg 2 700 famMuTaMgbYnrbs;vab:un²Kñak¾Bti Emn k¾bE:u nþ RCugrbs;vavij
o
b:unKñaEtBIr² minEmnb:unKñaTaMgGs;eT.
ebI n CacMnnY RCugénBhuekaNenaH
tamrUbmnþ 180 n  2  2 700
o o
-)anCactuekaNesµI minEmnCaBhuekaNniy½t eRBaHfa
n  2  15 RCugTaMgbYnrbs;vab:un²Kñak¾Bti Emn k¾bE:u nþ mMurbs;vavij
n  17
minEmnesµKI ñaTaMgGs;eT KWesµKI ñaBIr²bue: NÑaH.
dUcenH BhuekaNenHmancMnnY RCug n  17 .
-cMeBaH BhuekaNEdlmanplbUkmMku gñú esµInwg 3 420 o
ebI n CacMnnY RCugénBhuekaNenaH

tamrUbmnþ 180 n  2  3 420
o o
n  2  19
n  21
dUcenH BhuekaNenHmancMnnY RCug n  21 .

-TMB½rTI 219 ³ KNna  énBhuekaNxageRkam ³

2
2
2
12o
2
3
eyIg)an
 75  -

 ១៨ 
-TMB½rTI 226 ³ KNnaépÞRkLaxag nigépÞRkLaTaMgGs; épÞRkLaTaMgGs; ST  S L  S B

-cMeBaHrUb (a) :  30 cm 2  6 3 cm 2
épÞRkLaxag  40.39 cm 2
1
SL 
2
pa 13 cm
-TMB½rTI 228 ³ KNnamaDekaNKitCa dm 3
 5  4  13
1 ekaNenHman km<s; h  28 cm
2 5 cm
kaMfas)atmanRbEvg R  13 cm
 130 cm 2
épÞRkLa)at S  5  5  25 cm 2
tamrUbmnþmaDekaN
B
h  28 cm
V  R h eyIg)an
1
épÞRkLaTaMgGs;
2
ST  S L  S B 3
 130 cm 2  25 cm 2 1
V   3.14 132  28
R  13 cm
 155 cm 2 3
 4952.83 cm 3
-cMeBaHrUb (b) :
eday 1000 cm  1dm
3 3
épÞRkLaxag sUmEkkaM)atBI 5 m  5 cm
S L  Ra
naM[ 4952.83 cm  5dm 3 3
 3.14  5  10 dUcenH maDrbs;ekaNKW V  5dm . 3
 157 cm 2
-TMB½rTI 231 ³ sresrpleFobbrimaRt nigpleFobépÞRkLa
10 cm
épÞRkLa)at
S B  R 2 -cMeBaHrUb (a) :
 3.14  5 2
5 cm
pleFobbrimaRt
 78.5 cm 2
ebI P CabrimaRtrUbFM 12 mm

o
3 mm

o
épÞRkLaTaMgGs; ST  S L  S B P CabrimaRtrUbtUc
 157 cm 2  78.5 cm 2 eyIg)an PP  123 mm 4
 235.5 cm 2 m
-cMeBaHrUb (c) : dUcenH pleFobbrimaRtKW P

4 .
épÞRkLaxag P
SL 
1
pa
pleFobépÞRkLa
2
5 cm
ebI S CaépÞRkLarUbFM
 2  6 5  30 cm 2
1
2 S  CaépÞRkLarUbtUc
2 cm
épÞRkLa)at eyIg)an S  12 mm 

2
  4 2  16
1
2
 
S B  6  2 2 2  11 

 S   3 mm 
 6 3 cm 2 dUcenH pleFobépÞRkLaKW S
S
 16 .
2 cm
 76  -

-cMeBaHrUb (b) : x> rképÞRkLaénctuekaN DECB

pleFobbrimaRt épÞctuekaN DECB  S  S
ABC ADE
ebI P CabrimaRtrUbFM  S  S
50 50  18
P CabrimaRtrUbtUc  6
3 3
eyIg)an PP  32 
32 2
cm
3
dUcenH pleFobbrimaRtKW P 3

P 2
. dUcenH épÞRkLaénctuekaN DECB KW 323 cm . 2
pleFobépÞRkLa
ebI S CaépÞRkLarUbFM
S  CaépÞRkLarUbtUc
2
eyIg)an SS   32   94
 
dUcenH pleFobépÞRkLaKW S 9

S 4
.
smÁal; ³ eKGaceRbIpleFobrUbtUcelIrUbFMk¾)an .
-TMB½rTI 232 ³ eyIgman DE BC  ehIy A
AD  3 cm , AB  5cm
D
nigépÞRkLaRtIekaN ADE  6cm 2 E
k> rképÞRkLaRtIekaN ABC B C
tag S CaépÞRkLaénRtIekaN ABC

S  CaépÞRkLaénRtIekaN ADE
naM[eyIg)anpleFobKW ³
2 2
S  AB  S 5
 smmUl
25
   
S
 AD 6 3   9
25  6 50
S  cm 2
9 3
dUcenH épÞRkLaRtIekaN ABC KW S  503 cm . 2
 77  -

ចម្លើយប្រតិបត្តិ គណិតវិទ្យាថ្នាក់ទី ៧ ៨ ៩ PDF

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ចម្លើយប្រតិបត្តិ គណិតវិទ្យាថ្នាក់ទី ៧ ៨ ៩ PDF

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8

emeronTI 1 cMnYnKt; -TMB½rTI 13 ³ KNna

cMnYnEdltUcCag 19 KWenAxageqVgcab;BIelx 18 nig -TMB½rTI 16 ³ bMeBjelxkñgú RbGb; 154  ³

cMnYnEdlFMCag 8 KWenAxagsþaM cab;BIelx 9 mksþaM cMnYnEdlRtUvbMeBjkñgú RbGb;KWelx 0 eRBaHcMnYnEdlEck

-TMB½rTI 3 ³ cUrrk -TMB½rTI 16 ³ bMeBjelxkñgú RbGb; 7  8 ³

x> 1712366  492135  54201  1166030 elxBIrxÞg;xagcugrbs;vaEckdac;nwg 4 .

x> rkRKb;tEY ckéncMnYndUcxageRkam ³ -TMB½rTI 27 ³ KNnatémødac;xaténcMnYn ³

esovePA 24 k,al nigexµAéd 36 edIm Eck[sisSesµ²I x> KNnaRbEvg AB nig BD eK)an ³

-TMB½rTI 35 ³ -TMB½rTI 43 ³ sRmYlRbPaK ³

-TMB½rTI 48 ³ KNna ³ x> 16.301 cMnnY TsPaKenHman¬tamlMdab;BIeqVgeTAsþaM¦³

x>  4.01 ³ tag A  4.01  4.01010101... -TMB½rTI 64 ³ k> sresrPaKryCaRbPaK ³

K> 0.345 ³ tag x  0.345  0.345345345... x> sresrPaKryCacMnYnTsPaK ³

dUcenH eKRtUvGab;R)ak;[Nar:ugvijcMnnY 5849.475 ` . 0.983  0.983 100  98.3  98.3%

k> 0.004681  0.005 bgÁte; LIgeRBaHxÞg;bnÞab;elx^ -TMB½rTI 66 ³ rkPaKryénmnusSEdlsøab; ³

dUcenH PaKrymnusSEdlsøab;KW ³ 18.75% .

rUb ¬x¦ sresr)an 100 45

x> R)ak;lk; 240 000 ` R)ak;xat 80 000 ` CabnþGñkRtUvyl;[)anc,as;tamkarbkRsayxageRkam ³

-TMB½rTI 74 ³ rkcm¶ayBitR)akdrvagPUmi A eTAPUmi B naM[ 18282.24m  18282

RbFan eRBaHebImin)anKit[Ditdl; GacfaRbFanxusk¾man .¦ dUcenH épÞdIERsKitCaGaKW 182.8224a .

K> rkRbEvgExSlYs ¬KitCasin ¦ K> rkéfølk;kgñú mYydbedIm,I[cMeNj 12%

edaykUnCBa¢gI dak;elIfasmYyEdlmanm:asesµI 101 én -eRcInéf¶naLika sIuNaedIryWtCagnaLikacan;FcI nM Yn ³

cMNuHeRbgEdl)anTij 1800l RtUvnwg 18 hl x> sresrkenSamBICKNittagGIubeU: tnusénRtIekaNEkg³

> k> sresrcMnYnR)ak;rbs;NarICakenSamBICKNit ³ -TMB½rTI 89 ³ KNnaplKuNkenSamBICKNit

naM[R)ak;NarIKW ³ 5 000  3 500  1 500 erol .  2 x  5 x  10 2

x> 4x  5  x  22x  5

k> a  10 nig b  3 ³ naM[ b3a3  33103  306  5  4 x  20  2 x 2  5 x  4 x  10

PaKEbgesµsI Unü enaH x  12 CatémøEdleFVI[PaK x> xy  2z  2 y  xy

-TMB½rTI 96 ³ edaHRsaysmIkar rYcepÞógpÞat;cemøIy ³ 2> rkcMnYnKt;essTaMgbIenaH

-TMB½rTI 105 ³ -TMB½rTI 113 ³etIbrimaNNaEdlsmamaRtbrimaN!eTot?

ebIcm¶aypøÚv 91km vasIiusaMgGs; 7l dUcenH Kat;pÁt;pgÁ ;eKa 50 k,>)anry³eBl 28 éf¶ .

k> A d x> F  d K> D  d eRkayBI)aneRbIEdkQanvas;rYcmk ³

-TMB½rTI 121 ³ manbøg; P EdlmancMNuc A , B , C bRmab; ³ AB  12 cm , BC  46 cm ehIy cMNuc

k> rab;eQµaHbøg;fIEµ dleTIbnwgekItman ³ nig BN  BC

bøg; SAB / bøg; SBC nig bøg; SAC . eyIg)an ³ MN  MB  BN

-cMNuc A KW A P / A ABC / A SAB nig A SAC 8 cm 20 cm

-TMB½rTI 134 ³ etImuCM ab;énmMu xOt CamMGu VI ?

¬ebIKUskñgú esovePAéd rgVas;mMuGaRs½ytamvas;Cak;Esþg¦ tag xOy  2a nig EdlplbUk

eyIgsg;muTM aMgenHeLIgvijeTAtamskmµPaBCak;Esþg . naM[ 2a  2b  180  a  b  90 o o

CadMbUkykkMBlU mMCu ap©ti KUsFñÚ[kat;RCugTaMgBIrénmMu bRmab; ³ Oh nig Ot CaknøHbnÞat;BuHerogKñaénmMu xOy

rUbedIm >>> . sUmemIlBIviFIsg;muM [b:unnwgmMmu YyeTot yOt 

BinitümMu BAC nig BHC mMTu aMgBIrman ³

tamTMnak;TMng bnÞat;BIrRsbKñakat;edayxñat;myY AE kat;tam I Edl Cakm<s;énRtIekaN ABC

eyIg)an ³ mMu x  45  80  180

-TMB½rTI 156 ³ R)ab;RbePTénRtIekaNtammMu ³ 2 > sg;RtIekaNedaysÁal; B

sm)ateRBaH vamanmMu ³ 3 > sg;RtIekaN DEF D

-TMB½rTI 158 ³ KNnamMu x nig y ³ edaysÁal; AB  4.5 cm 3.5 cm

k> nig AD  3.5 cm ³ D C

X> P DEC  DC  DE  EC  DC  2 AE -TMB½rTI 170 ³ KNnabrimaRtRtIekaN ABC ³

emeronTI 16 brimaRtnigépÞRkLaBhuekaN P  13  17  19 19dm

-TMB½rTI 168 ³ KNnabrimaRtBhuekaNxageRkam ³ -TMB½rTI 171 ³ bMeBjcenøaHxageRkam ³

RCugRbEvgnWmyY ²manRbEvgesµI²Kña x> 1a  ..........

eyIg)an P  8  53.4cm  427.2cm K> 500 cm  ..........

x> rkbrimaRtBhuekaN 50.8cm -TMB½rTI 172 ³ RbtibtþienHerobcMmni )anRtwmRtUv eTaHbICa

P  12  2  6.7  4  6  4  54.3  2 srubmk ³ lMhat;Rbtibtþei nHminRtwmRtUv .

vaminEdlmandIERsÉNa manépÞRbEhlépÞtsu isSeron épÞrbs;vaKW ³

-TMB½rTI 175 ³ KNnaépÞRkLarUbEdl[ ³ b .

-ebImrU tamTTwgvij mann½yfabeNþayCakm<s;

LaMeQIGacdak;)ansab‘U ^dMu EdlduMsab‘mU anragCaKUb  33856 mm 2

-TMB½rTI 188 ³ etIsuxaRtUvmUrtambeNþayb¤mrU tamTTwg ? 3

-ebImrU tambeNþay mann½yfaTTwgCakm<s; naM[ B  1550 .25dm

Et p  2R naM[ R  2p enaH R  4p 2

ehIy B  R    2p   4p

 2   124.02  12.5  2  124.02