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What are some stem Amniotes? What are some stem Amniotes?
Palaeontological tree:
“_________________”
Anthracinosauria, Seymouriamorpha, and
Anthracinosauria
Diadectomorpha as extinct outgroups to Amniotes
Seymouriamorpha
Split between Amniota and Amphibia ~360 Mya
Diadectomorpha
Diverse and terrestrial
Mainly predators
1
The Amniotic Egg The Amniotic Egg
__________ Amnion
Surrounds embryo
Forms space filled ___________
with amniotic fluid Outer-most membrane
______ exchange Forms placenta in
_________ embryo placental mammals
Dessication
Concussion Allantois
Chorion Yolk sac
Allantois
Yolk sac
2
What changes were involved with the What changes were involved with the
transition to dry habitats? transition to dry habitats?
Photo © PJB
What are the three main groups of Amniotes? What are the three main groups of Amniotes?
Synapsida – _____________ and stem mammals
_____________ Anapsida – ______________ and stem turtles
No temporal fenestrae
Diapsida – Archosauria (birds & crocodilians), Lepidosauria
(squamates and rhynchocephalians) and various stem
_____________ groups
One temporal fenestra
Surrounded by postorbital,
jugal and squamosal bones
_____________
Two temporal fenestrae
Lower one Synapsida
Homologous to synapsid Anapsida
Upper one Diapsida
Surrounded by postorbital,
squamosal and parietal
bones
3
What are the three main groups of Amniotes?
Biodidac
Derived?
4
How are Amniote taxa related?
Which condition is
ancestral?
___________
________________
________________
Derived?
A: ______________
B: ______________
A:
B:
5
How are Amniote taxa related?
What kinds of data
might be brought to
bear on this problem?
_________________
_________________
_________________
6
How are Amniote taxa related? How are Amniote taxa related?
Traditional Hypothesis B:
hypothesis: A Based on extensive
Basal anapsids fossil sampling and no
a priori assumptions of
“Parareptiles” relationship
Pareisaurs
Procolophids Testudines have a
___________________
anapsid condition
______________ with
“Parareptiles”
Sister to Sauropterygia
Benton Fig 5.15 Pough et al. Fig 2-9
Hypothesis B: Hypothesis C? B
What do __________ C
Testudines
data have to say?
Who are the
sauropterygians?
Limitation: no ______
Plesiosaurs
_____ can be included
Ichthyosaurs
Testudines are placed
Aquatic within ____________
(support for B)
How are Amniote taxa related? How are Amniote taxa related?
So, where do B
Who are the Amniota?
C
Testunides fit in? Testudines _____________
_____________
________________ _____________
Crocodilians
Within the _______ Birds
_____________
Molecular and Rhynchocephalia
morphological data Squamata
suggest Snakes
convergence with Lizards
“Parareptiles” Amphisbaenia
A
Testudines
Modified from Pough et al. Fig 2-9 Pough et al 2004, Fig 2-1
7
How are Amniote taxa related? How are Amniote taxa related?
Mammalia Mammalia
synapomorphies: Not dealt with further
Synapsid in this course
Atlas vertebra
3+ sacral vertebrae
_________
Mammary Glands
Etc.
How are Amniote taxa related? How are Amniote taxa related?
Reptilia (5) Archosauria
Includes the remaining synapomorphies:
amniotes to be
monophyletic Muscular Diaphragm
How are Amniote taxa related? How are Amniote taxa related?
Reptilia Testudines 300
Aves (Birds)
Lots of diversity Rhynchocephalia 2
Birds are dinosaurs, & dinosaurs are Archosaurs Squamata 7,750
~8000 spp. without Crocodylia 23
birds Aves 8,700
• Aves have many Online Reptile TOTAL ~ 17,000
synapomorphies: database:
• No teeth
• Wings
http://www.reptile-
• Feathers database.org/
(shared with
some dinos)
• Not covered
further in this
course
Photos © PJB &
KP Bergmann
Nature 421, 335 - 340 (2003)