Chapter 1 Human Anatomy (Online)

 What is anatomy? Structure.

 What is physiology? The study of function.
 Complementarity of structure and function: Anatomy tells the observer
something about physiology.
Examples of anatomy:
 Macroscopic/gross – Seen with unaided eye.
 Regionaled (leg muscles, nerves, bloods, vessels, etc.)
 Systemic – organ system (lymphatic system)
 Surface anatomy – body builder
 Microscopic anatomy – cytology (study of cells), histology (study of
tissues).
 Developmental – embryology
Examples of physiology:
 Physiological variables -> BP, HR, body temperature
 Renal – urinary system, kidney
 Neural – brain, spinal cord
 Cardio – function of heart, blood vessels

 Atoms – simplest unit of an element and contains smaller particles within

them. Examples: C, H, O, N – 96% of the human body

 Molecules – H20 (60% of our total body weight TBW)

 o Glucose
o Proteins
o DNA, RNA

 Mitochondria – powerhouse of the cell

 Organelle – “mini” organ – specific function within cell
 Cell fundamental unit of life
 Four types of tissues
o Epithelial - covering
o Connective – diverse
o Muscle
o Nervous
 Integumentary
 Skeletal
 Nervous
 Endocrine
 Lymphatic/Immune
 Respiratory
 Digestive
 Urinary
 Reproductive
Necessary Life Functions
 Maintaining boundaries – plasma membranes, integument
 Movement – contractility (muscles)
 Responsiveness (irritability) – nervous

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  Digestion – breakdown and absorption
 Metabolism – all chemical reactions
 Dispose of wastes – excretion
 Reproduction – cellular diversion for repair, production of offspring
 Growth – increase in size of body part or organism
Organ Systems
 Integumentary (integrity)
o Maintains integrity of our bodies
o Protection
o Synthesizes vitamin D
 Hair, nails, skin
 Receptors (pressure, pain)
 Glands (sweat, oil)
 Skeletal – bones
o Framework for muscles
o Provide protection for internal organs
o Stores minerals (Ca + P)
o Blood cell formation (hematopoiesis)
 Muscular system
o Locomotion
o Manipulation of our environment
o Maintains posture
o Generate heat
 Focused mainly on skeletal muscles
 Nervous – exhibit irritability/responsiveness

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  Brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves
o Signaling system
o “fast-acting” – much faster than endocrine system
 Endocrine system
o Slow acting control system
o Affects growth, reproduction, metabolism, nutrient use
 Endocrine gland – produces a hormone which is released into blood
 Comparing:
 Nervous – fast acting
 Endocrine –
 Cardiovascular system – deliver O2 + nutrients to tissues
o Removes CO2 + wastes from tissues
 Lymphatic/Immune
o Transport fluid that leaks out of tissues
o Works along with the cardiovascular system
 Respiratory – exchange 02 + C02
o Nasal cavity
o Pharynx
o Trachea
o Bronchi
o Lungs
 Unit of gas exchange
 Digestive – breaks down (catabolism) food into small units can be
absorbed
o Alimentary canal – passes from mouth to anus
o Proteins -> amino acids

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 o Fats -> Fatty acids
 Both absorbed into tissues
 Urinary – Eliminate waste products (N-containing melcules)
o Regulate BD
o Eliminates H20
o Maintains acid/base balance (also respiratory system)
o Maintains electrolytes
 Male gonads – testes (produces gamete called sperm)
 Female gonads – ovaries produce female gametes (eggs)
Homeostasis
 Dynamic state of equilibrium
o Monitors all of these variables
 Homeostasis
o Maintenance of relatively stable internal conditions despite
continuous changes in environment
o A dynamic state of equilibrium
o Maintained by contributions of all organ systems
o Nervous and endocrine systems
o 98.6 degrees F -> cools down body
 Negative Feedback
o Most feedback mechanisms in the body
o Response reduces or shuts off original stimulus
 Response opposite of stimulus
o Examples:
 Regulate of body temperature (a nervous system
mechanism)

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  Regulation of blood volume by ADH (an endocrine system
mechanism) (ADH= antidiuretic hormone) ->prevents H20
loss
 Positive Feedback (rare) -> sign of pathology (disease)
o Response enhances or exaggerates original or exaggerates
original stimulus
 Response in same direction as stimulus
o May exhibit a cascade or amplifying effect
o Usually controls infrequent events that do not require
continuous adjustment
 Enhancement of labor contractions by oxytocin (chapter
28)
 Platelet plug formation and blood clotting
 Homeostatic Imbalance = sickness/disease
o Disturbance of homeostasis
 Increases risk of disease (pathology)
 Contributes to changes associated with aging
 Control systems less efficient
 If negative feedbacks mechanisms overwhelmed
 Destructive positive feedback mechanisms may take
over (e.g., heart failure)
Anatomical Position