APPENDIX II

1.0 TERMS OF REFERENCE FOR BRIDGES AND VIADUCTS STRUCTURES

1.1 Geometric Standards

The bridge geometric standards shall conform to JKR R5 Standard of Arahan Teknik
(Jalan) 8/86 (with modifications in respect of cross-sectional elements) and as stated in the
Need Statement.

1.2 Materials
The bridge and viaduct structures shall be of steel or concrete construction. The Contractor
shall use local materials, particularly locally produced steel in his Works, unless otherwise
approved by the Project Director. Materials shall be durable and adequate protection shall
be provided against environmental deterioration. Minimum grade of concrete allowed is
Grade 40.

1.3 Design Investigation and Consideration

(a) Appropriate investigations and data collection shall be carried out to determine the
best design. The investigation shall include at least the followings:

(i) Investigation and evaluation of the most appropriate structural forms and span
configurations that optimally satisfy the requirements of visual elegance,
functional adequacy, safety, robustness, suitability, ease of maintenance and
cost effectiveness.

(ii) Hydraulic and hydrology data: as required to determine the soffit levels and
deck finished levels of the bridges, river training, scour depth estimation, etc.

(iii) Weather and climatic data: required in drainage design and bridge loadings.
Where it is envisaged that wind loadings may have a significant effect on the
stability and serviceability of the structure, appropriate wind tunnel testing
shall be carried out.

(iv) Investigation of the most appropriate seismic loadings for the bridge structure
in order to incorporate adequate protection against such occurrences.

(v) Navigational requirements for navigable bridge: as required to determine soffit

levels, minimum navigational spans, protection against ship impact,
navigational lighting, etc.

(b) Bridges of total length less than 60 metres shall be designed as integral bridges, with
full continuity.

(c) The superstructure of the bridge and viaducts shall be structurally continuous with the
minimum of expansion joints. Continuity connection using tied deck slab is not
allowed.

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 (d) The bridge and viaduct structures shall be designed for ease of inspections,
maintenance and replacements of the various parts, such as bearings, expansion
joints, etc. Suitable access facilities shall be provided and incorporated in the bridge
structure where access is not possible by normal means.

1.4 Design Criteria

(a) Latest Malaysian or British Standards and Codes of Practice shall be adopted for
structures. The principal standards are the following:

i. The latest version of British Standard Institution BS 5400: Steel, Concrete and
Composite Bridges.

ii. Bridge loading shall follow BD 37/88: Loads for Highway Bridges. Prestressed
member should be design for Class1 under Load Combination 1 with HA and
HA+30 units HB. Load Combinations 2 to 5 is designed for Class 2 with HA
and HA+45 units HB.

iii. Foundations shall follow British Standard Institution BS 8004: Foundation.

iv. Retaining wall structures shall follow BS8002 : Code of Practice for Earth-
retaining Structures.

v. Vehicle Impact shall follow BD60/94: Design of Highway Bridges For Vehicle
Collision Loads

vi. Ship impact: shall establish appropriate ship collision forces and follow
AASHTO Guide Specification And Commentary For Vessel Collision Design
of Highway Bridges, 1991.

vii. Expansion Joints in Bridge Decks: shall follow Department of Transport

Highways and Traffic Departmental Standard BD 33/88. Expansion Joints For
Use in Highway Bridge Decks.

viii. Parapet shall be of New Jersey type concrete structure and in accordance to BS
6779: Highway Parapets for Bridges and Other Structures. The design of New
Jersey concrete guardrail shall be in accordance to Arahan Teknik (Jalan) 1/85
(Pindaan 1/89) Mannual on Guardrail of Longitudinal - Traffic Barrier.

(b) Beam of less than 30.0m shall be of the new JKR standard Beam Sections.

(c) Bridge Clearances

(i) For bridge over river the freeboard must be in accordance to JPS or Jabatan Laut
requirement
(ii) For bridge over KTMB railway lines the bridge vertical and horizontal
clearance must be in accordance of KTM Berhad requirement.
(iii) For bridge over road the vertical and horizontal clearance must be approved by
the relevant Road Authority

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 (d) Surface finishes: the surfacing shall be 100mm thick asphaltic concrete as specified for
the roadwork.

(e) Drainage: drainage facility for the bridge deck shall be suitably provided and the
bridge deck shall have crossfall of 2.5%.

(f) Bridge furniture and traffic signs: shall follow that specified separately in the relevant
sections or for the road.

(g) Anti-corrosion protective system: The steel materials used for the bridge structures
shall follow BS 5400: Part 6. A comprehensive anti-corrosion protective system in
accordance with BS 5493 or equivalent shall be submitted. The minimum effective life
of such protective system together with the maintenance requirements shall also be
specified.

(h) Where Reinforced Earth Wall is part of a bridge abutment, reinforced strips which
located within 10m of the beam seat shall be designed of 120 years to a service life.

(i) Bridge lighting: shall be of linear lighting system fixed to the bridge. The light fixture
shall be of appropriate brightness aimed at the roadway and shielded to prevent glares
to motorists. Where required by the navigational authorities, appropriate navigational
lighting aids shall be provided.

(j) Elastomeric bridge bearings shall be of natural rubber and shall be in accordance with
the specification proposed by the Committee on Natural Rubber in Construction,
Rubber Research Institute, Malaysia.

(k) A plaque shall be fixed on the outer face of the parapet or wingwall of each bridge.
The shape and dimension of the plaque shall be as approved by the Project Director
and shall be of yellow brass with bold face alphabets.

The wordings on the brass plaques shall be as follows: -

JAMBATAN : Name of bridge

TARIKH : Month and year of completion of bridge
PEREKABENTUK : Name of Designer
KONTRAKTOR : Name of Contractor
BEBAN : Design loading
RENTANG : Bridge spans
ASAS : Type, size, and length of pile or length and depth
of foundation.

2.0 TERMS OF REFERENCE FOR INDEPENDENT STRUCTURAL CHECKER

2.1 Introduction

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 The Independent Checking Engineer (referred to as the checker herein after) shall take full
responsibility for integrity and the thoroughness and competence of his report and
recommendation that it has been adequately carried out in accordance with accepted
engineering practice, and to ensure the structural integrity and stability of the proposed
construction.

2.1.1 A certificate by the checker in respect of the plans relating to the bridge and
associated structures works stating that, to best of his knowledge and belief, the
plans so checked do not show any inadequacy in the key elements;
(a) Evaluate, analyse and review the structural design in the plan and perform
such original calculations with a view to determining the adequacy of key
elements; and

(b) Verify that the key elements designed are consistent with general layout
shown and in any amendments there to.

2.2 The Checkers

The names and professional qualifications of at least one individual expert for the field of
Structural disciplines shall be committed by the contract for JKR approval.

The experts shall have at least 10 years of working experiences at the professional level in
their respective design works or have published several technical papers in their specialized
fields (not less than 5 technical papers in national/international seminar, conferences or
journals); and be by virtue of professional standing and experiences, deserving of such a
designation.

The checker is not allowed to have a financial or professional interest in the project he is
undertaking.

2.3 Scope Of Services

Sufficient working drawing details and specifications shall be made available to the
checker. The checker in carrying out this, is required to:

(a) Determine and use of the Code of Practice and Design Standards in the plans;
(b) Check the design loading;
(c) Check the standards and specifications of materials to be used;
(d) Ascertain the structural design concept used and identify the key structural elements;
(e) Analyse all key structural elements of the bridge and associated structure to be built;
(f) Determine the stability of the structural frame;
(g) Check structural detailing; and
(h) Determine the adequacy of other aspects of the design which are peculiar to the bridge
and associated structures to be built and which are essential to the structural integrity of the
works.

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Note:

Structural elements is define as those parts of elements of a bridge and associated structure
which resist forces and moments and include pile caps, and walls beams, beams, deck slabs
and all other elements designed to resist forces and moments.

2.4 Reporting Of The Independent Check

The checker’s report shall be submitted in writing to JKR within 2 weeks of the
Independent Check being done or otherwise as agreed in writing.
The report should specifically describe the deficiencies, potential or real, which have been
identified along with the relevant references to accepted standards, practices and design
principles. The point should be illustrated wherever practicable by marking-up the plans or
with sketches, drawings and such related materials. The report may include the checkers
suggestion, amendments, alternative solutions and designs for amendments and or
alternative solutions.

3.0 TERMS OF REFERENCE FOR BRIDGE ASSESSMENT PROCEDURE

3.1 Introduction

This bridge assessment procedure shall be adopted if the Need Statement requires upgrading
works. It involves careful consideration for the treatment of the existing stock of

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 structures(bridges and culverts) so as to attain the desired objectives of ensuring structural
safety, quality, serviceability, durability and economy.

3.2 Bridge Replacement Policy

The general policy is to save existing structures. The Contractor shall follow this Bridge
Assessment Procedure and prepare a report to cover the assessment of existing structures.

The Objective of this report is to access :-

(i) the conditions of the existing bridge based on visual inspection,

(ii) the hydraulic capacity of an existing structure based on site investigation and
discharge capacity
(iii) the existing structures capacity based on theoretical calculation.

If one or all the criteria given above are not satisfied, the existing structure will either be replaced,
widened or strengthened as deemed necessary.

3.3 Bridge Assessment Procedure

The Bridge Assessment Procedure is a nine (9) steps procedure as shown in Figure II.1
The three types of assessment to be carried out are explained below:

3.3.1 Visual Assessment

The condition of the existing structures are to be inspected by checking defects of each
structure through visual inspection, giving particular attention to primary members such as
longitudinal beams, cross heads and abutments. The defects shall be divided to :
a) Material defects
These includes spalling of concrete, corrosive of steel reinforcement and abrasion of piers
and abutments.
b) Structural Defects
Structural defects are caused by the inability of the structural member to resist the load
imposed on it and can be in the form of cracks, settlement or deformation
c) Hydrological Defects
This includes silting and erosion due to fluctuation of water level and inadequate discharge
capacity of the existing section.

3.3.2 Hydrological Assessment

The aim of this assessment is to ensure that the existing structure provides adequate opening
for the designed flood frequency discharge. Also the foundation structure is to be checked
for scouring effects.

3.3.3 Analytical Assessment

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a. The loading shall be JKR Specification for Bridge Live Loads
(i) Long Term Axle Loads(LTAL) combined with KEL
(ii) Special Vehicle (SV20) loading

b. Method of analysis should ideally take into account of all the significant aspects of
behaviour of a structure governing its response to loads and imposed deformations.

c. Structure Member Resistance

i. Evaluation Code shall follow :

i.1 BD 21/93 : The Assessment of Highway Bridges And Structure,

Department of Transport UK.

i.2 BD 44/90 : The Assessment of Concrete Highway Bridges and Structures,

Department Of Transport UK.

ii. Partial /Load Factors

Dead Load = 1.15

Superimposed Dead Load = 1.75
If premix was measured = 1.25
Live Load LTAL = 1.50
Live Load SV = 1.30

iii. For material Strength Without Drawings(Unknown)

fy = 230 N/mm2 = γ ms = 1.10

fyv = 230 N/mm2 = γ mv = 1.15
fcu = 20 N/mm2 = γ mc = 1.20

iv. Calculation Of Member Resistance by Statistical Method

This method shall be used to obtain percentage of steel for reinforced concrete bridges
without flexural reinforcement details. The use of this method is restricted to
- simply supported reinforced concrete bridges
- bridges in Peninsular Malaysia
- bridges constructed between 1950 and 1972
- bridges spanning between 6-15metres.

The Formula is

% steel = 0.015 x Rcindex – 0.20

Rcindex = 100 x S.L 1.326
W.D2

S = The girder spacing(mm); L = Span length (mm)

W = The girder width (mm); D = The effective depth (mm)- 0.9 of the total depth

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v. Rating System

The load carrying capacity of a bridge is assessed based on the ratio of the available resistance of
a member to the effective of live load

Rating = φR-αD
αL
φR = Factored resistance of a member
αD = Effect of the factored dead load on a member
αL = Effect of the factored live load for LTAL

SV Rating = 20 . φR-αD where αLsv = effect of the factored SV20 loading on the member
αLsv

vi. Decision Making

Widen when Rating > 0.8 LTAL

Replace when rating < 0.8 LTAL

3.4 Reporting On the Bridge Assessment

The detail report shall be submitted in writing to JKR within 2 weeks of the
assessment being done or otherwise as agreed in writing .

It shall include a summary of the consultant’s recommendation as shown in Figure

II.2

FIGURE II.1: BRIDGE ASSESSMENT PROCEDURE

STEP 1
Desk Study

STEP 2
Categorised bridges into:
a. bridges with adequate drawings
b bridges without drawings

STEP 3
Visual inspection and condition assessment
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 STEP 4
Hydraulic assessment Satisfactory? No
(if over river)

Seek methods to
improve the hydraulic
characteristics
Yes
Improvement
not possible
Improvement
possible

Discussion and
STEP 5 seek further
Structural analysis advice from JKR

Hydraulic
characteristics
Bridge with drawings Bridge without drawings acceptable
Recommend
for
replacement

STEP 6 STEP 6A
Structural capacity determination Identification of bridges suitable for using the JKR statistical
method

Bridges suitable for JKR statistical method

STEP 7A,8A,9A
Discussion and seek further
Adequate? RETAIN advise from JKR

Yes

No

STEP 7 Yes
Determine material properties

STEP 9
- Load limitation/weight
STEP 8 Adequate? restriction
Reassess structural capacity No - Strengthening/upgrading
- Load Testing
- Replacement

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 FIGURE II.2 : SUMMARY OF CONTRACTOR’S RECOMMENDATION
No. Structure Bridge Type Span Carriageway Year Built Consultant’s Report JKR Comments
No/River Length(m) Width(m) Hydraulic Condition Analytical Recommendation Opinion Consultant’s
Name Action

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