Individual Multivariate Quality Control :

Case Study Hermetically Sealed Transformer

1st Yola Argatha Manik
Department of Business Statistics
Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember
Surabaya, Indonesia
yolaargatha@gmail.com
2nd Wahyu Wibowo
Department of Business Statistics
Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember
Surabaya, Indonesia
wahyu_w@statistika.its.ac.id
3nd Iis Dewi Ratih
Department of Business Statistics
Institut Teknologi Sepuluh
Nopember Surabaya, Indonesia
iisdewiratih@gmail.com

Transformer is a tool that is widely used for companies in
Indonesia, resulting in the longer the more competitors in the
manufacturing sector, especially the transformer where the
quality of the product must be controlled statistically to provide
quality in accordance with standard specifications that have
been set. This study aims to determine the quality of the
transformer Hermetically Sealed 50 kVA because the
transformer is the most in the message by consumers and often
repairs occur. The analyzes used were multivariate control
charts ie M and T2 Hotteling Individual control charts,
capability index process and Ishikawa’s diagram. The
interrelated quality characteristics are hysterisis losses (WF),
copper losses (Wcu), impedance (Iz) and no-load current (I0).
The results of this study indicate that the process of
transformer production in December 2017 is statistically
controlled in terms of process variability and process mean and
has a very good production process capability with Cp of 2,192.
Keywords— Capability Index Process, Ishikawa’s
Diagram, M Control Chart, T2 Hotteling Individuals Control
Chart, Transformer Hermetically Sealed
I. INTRODUCTION
Electrical energy needs in Indonesia increasingly year
increases so that the power plant in each island will
progressively increase. According to the business plan the
provision of electric power (RUPTL) 2016-2025,
electricity is expected to rise from 216.8 Tera watt Hours
(TWh) in 2016 be 457.0 TWh in the year 2025, or grow an
average of 8.6% per year while the peak loads of non
coincident in 2025 will be the 74,383 MW. This resulted in
the increasing transformer needs to meet the needs of the
construction of a substation. An increase in the needs of
the transformer lead to a growing number of companies in
the field of transformer.
The resulting product must be statistically controlled
in order to deliver quality products that comply with the
specifications of the standard has been set. This is done
with due quality control approach for this company using
only average in controlling the quality of the transformer
so that by doing an analysis of the quality control
approach, the company can know whether the process
output is already statistically under control or not.
This research takes the data output transformer
Hermetically Sealed 50 kVA because those products most
requested by PT. PLN (Persero). Quality control used in
this research is the map of multivariate control i.e. M
control chart and T2 Hotteling individuals control chart
with the quality characteristics that are related among
others hysterisis losses (WF), copper losses (WCU),
impedance (Iz) and no-load current (I0) but the first to
analyze with the assumption that must be met, among
others, the dependency variables and multivariate normal
distribution.
Quality control research on transformer ever done by
Bianti & Retnaningsih process capability in analyzing
product Hermetically Sealed 100 kVA transformer in an
enterprise. As for the measurement of the characteristics
that are used among other things hysterisis losses (WF),
copper losses (WCU), impedance (Iz) and no-load current
(I0). The results of such research are Hermetically Sealed
transformer 100 kVA in December 2015 has not been
restrained on mean the process but the process is already
capable of transformer production [1]. While other
research ever done by Gultom in quality control using lean
six sigma in an enterprise. The results from such research
is an increase in the value of sigma 4.32 be 3.85 after
achieving improved quality estimation 70.6% [2].
II. LITERATURE REVIEW
A. Multivariate Analysis
Multivariate analysis is an analysis of where the
variable that is used for more than one and mutually
correlated. Multivariate analysis in advance done testing
the assumptions which must be fulfilled, namely between
the variables correlated and multivariate normal
distribution.
1) Dependent Variable
Dependent Variables used in order to find out whether
there is a relationship between the variables of each other
or not. To see the independence of variables then used
with the hypothesis H0 Bartlett test: R = I (not correlated
Variables), H1: R ≠ I (Variable correlated) and using
equation (1).
 2p  5 
2    n  1  ln R (1)
 6 
If it is determined a significant level of  decision
could be taken then H0 is rejected on 𝜒2 > 𝜒2(𝛼,1/2𝑝(𝑝−1)) which
means between the variable response correlated [3].
2) Multivariate Normal Distribution
Multivariate normal distribution is the development of
a form of univariate normal distribution with an amount of
more than one variable. This distribution is used to a
bunch of data that the variable from a mutually-
dependent. Examination of the multivariate normal
distribution can be done make chi-square plot by
calculating the value to the distance squared in equation
(2).
d i2  x ij  x.j  S x ij  x.j 
 1
(2)
The value of q will form a normal line followed the spread
value d 2 . If there is a value d 2  χ 2 p;α  that is at least 50%
i i
the multivariate normal distribution assumptions being
met [4].

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B. Statistical Quality Control D. Causal Diagram
Statistical quality control is a method of collection and Causal diagram is a graph that illustrates the
analysis of data quality, as well as the determination and relationship between the problem (as a result) and the
interpretation of measurement-a measurement that factors that be the cause to find out the cause of the
describes the process in an industrial system. One of the problem. The cause of the occurrence of problems in
tools used in quality control methods is the control chart. General that is 4 M + L machines, methods, human,
1). M Control Chart material, and environmental [8].
M Control Chart is used to control the variability of
Material Human
multivariate processes on data with a sample of
individuals [5]. The statistical value is based on a formula
x i 1  x i derived from the matrix of V in the equation (3).

 X 2j  X1j '

  , i = 1, 2, 3, …,n-1 Problem
(3)
V  

X 3j.  X 2j
'
 
 
 

 X nj.  X (n 1)j  
'

Plot data on M Control Chart, the limit of control over Machine Method Environment
the lower control limit, and can be obtained from the
equation (4), (5), (6). Fig 1. The Cause-and-effect diagram
1
M i  ( X(i 1)j  Xij ) ' S -1 ( X(i 1)j  Xij ) (4) E. Transformator Hermetically Sealed
2
BKA  χ 2p,α  (5) Transformator Hermetically Sealed is an ascending or
2

BKB  χ 2p,1 α (6) descending transformer with fin or refrigerant and

  2  enclosed in oil/oil tank. Transformers Hermetically Sealed
2). T2 Hotteling Individuals Control Chart are commonly used in industrial and commercial
T2 Hotteling individuals Control Chart used to control buildings. The example of Hermetically Sealed
a process mean when the size of the subgroup (m) that is transformer product is shown on Fig 2.
used is the one (m = 1) [6]. The value of statistics as well
as limits on the control equations (7), (8).
Ti2  Xij  X.j  S h-1 Xij  X.j 
' (7)

BKA 
n  12 
0 , 0027 , p / 2 , ( n  p 1) / 2 (8)
n
BKB  0 Fig 2. Transformator Hermetically Sealed
The variance covariance matrix is shown in Equation (9).
1 V' V
Sh  (9) III. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
2 (n  1)
A. Data source
C. Process Capability Index
The data used in this research is secondary data
A process is said to be capable of working in
obtained from Quality Control Department with
conditions when the production process is in a State of
Hermetically Sealed 50 kVA transformer in December
controlled, meets the specifications and has a high
2017 i.e. as many as 144 unit transformer with every unit
accuracy and precision [7]. Following the calculation of
produced do the examination. The following variable
the value of the process capability in the equation (10),
quality characteristics are used.
(11), (12), (13), (14).
1 TABLE I. RESEARCH VARIABLE
K  (m  1) p  2
Cp  (10)
2 , p  S 

Explanation Spesification Limit
m Hysterisis Loses (WF) (X1) 112 watt – 131 watt
S   ( x j  x ) ' A 1 ( x J  x ) (11) Copper Loses (Wcu) (X2) 780 watt – 820 watt
i 1 Impedance (Iz) (X3) 4,05 % - 4,25 %
A 1
 (x x ij )
'
ij
1 (12) No-Load Current (I0) (X4) 0 ampere – 0,6 ampere
K  ( xij   j ) S ( xij   j )
2 ' 1
(13) 1). X1 is Hysterisis Loses (WF) is the loss on the
transformer that can reduce the energy and power that is
 BSA  BSB 
1 (14)
 caused by a loss-loss histerisis and eddy current loss-loss
2
𝜒𝛼,p = Chi-Square with α = significance level of of iron core.
magnitude of 0.0027 and p is the number of quality 2) X2 is Copper Loses (Wcu) is the losses on copper to
characteristics. know how much the value of electrical resistance on the
If Cp > 1, meaning that the level of accuracy and high coil that causes heat when the coil is flowed.
precision. Then the distribution of observation data is 3). X3 is the impedance (Iz) is used to describe the
within the boundaries of the specification. magnitude of the nominal voltage terminal (voltage goes
down) to serve the full load current (full load) during short
circuit conditions.
4). X4 is No-load current (I0) is the measurement of the Fig 3 shows that the plotting of data following the red
magnitude of the currents flowing in the primary coil of line linear lines visually, so that data can be summed up
the transformer caused by losses in the iron core the production process of Hermetically Sealed 50 kVA
transformer December 2017 multivariate normal
IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION distribution
A. Quality Characteristics Of Transformer In the calculation of the value of di2 ≤ X2(0,5:4) (3,356)
Data analysis of production of Hermetically Sealed 50 as much as 83 data. So the proportion of value equivalent
kVA transformer are presented in a descriptive Table II. to 0.57 equal to 57% where the value is more than 50% so
as follows. that it can be stated the data production process
TABLE II. QUALITY CHARACTERISTIC
transformer Hermetically Sealed 50 kVA December 2017
multivariate normal distribution.
Variabel Mean Varians Min Max
WF 120,50 32,18 112,83 140,20 D. M Control Chart
Wcu 807,18 277,16 777,50 865,03 M Control Chart is used for controlling the variability
Iz 4,2075 0,00667 4,0359 4,3931
of multivariate data process based on observation of the
I0 0,33611 0,00038 0,28253 0,37648
individual. The following analysis process variability
Based on table II shows that copper losses has control transformer Hermetically Sealed 50 kVA in
the highest median value i.e. 807.18 watts with minimum December 2017.
and maximum watt 777.50 and 865.03 watts, as well as
20
the variance of the data of 277.16. The average value of 17,80

the impedance of 4.2075% with minimum of 4.0359% and 15

maximum of 4.3931%. While no load current of having

the average value of 0.33611 ampere with minimum 10

M
0.28253 and maximum 0.37648 ampere.
5

B. Dependencies Between Characteristics of Quality

0 0,11
The dependencies between the variables used to 1 14 28 42 56 70 84 98 112 126 140
determine if a variable between quality used, among Obs ke -

others, Iz, I0  , Wcu and WF are related or not.

2
Following the results of analysis of dependencies between
the variables of quality.
Hypothesis :
H0 : R = I (Independent quality characteristics)
H1 : R  I (Dependent quality characteristics)
So the values  acquired for 87.229 larger than
2
 2 of 12.591 and obtained by the P-value of 0.000 is
0,05;6
smaller compared to the significant level of 5%,
the obtained a decision which rejected H0
characteristics among hysterisis losses (WF),
losses (Wcu), impedance (Iz) and no load current
interconnected or dependent.
C. Normal Multivariate Distribution
Fig 4. M Control Chart for December 2017
In Figure 4 shows that the variability of the production
process of Hermetically Sealed 50 kVA Transformers
where no observations outside of the limits of control over
17.8004 and under the Control of 0.11 so it can be drawn
the conclusion that variability of the production process of
Hermetically Sealed 50 kVA Transformer has been
controlled statistically.
E. T2 Hotteling Individu Control Chart
so that Process variability control which has been under
quality control, then it can be continued by analyzing the mean
copper control of the process. The results of the control process
(I0) are using control charts of mean T 2 Hotelling Individuals can
be seen in Fig 5.
80

70
Multivariate normal distribution of the inspection will
60
be conducted on four quality characteristics in order to
50
determine whether the production process of Hermetically
Tsquared

40
Sealed transformer 50 kVA multivariate normal 30
distribution or not. Examination of the multivariate 20
UCL=25,10

normal distribution is done by looking at the Chi-square 10

Median=5,11
Plot between d i2 with qi =  (p;
2
(n - j+ 0,5)/n)
is shown in Fig 3. 0

1 15 29 43 57 71 85 99 113 127 141

Sample
40

Fig 5. T2 Hotteling Individu Control Chart Desember 2017

30

Fig 5. obtained control of the boundary value of 25.10

20
and the lower control limit of 0. On the control chart there
dj2

10
is a control point observations out of the limits of control
over, among others, the point of observation to 23 with
0 code 21213028 series, 21213187 series code 96, 98 with
0 2 4 6 8
qc
10 12 14 16
code 21213193 series and 21213256 series code 119 has a
value that exceeds the the limits of control over. According
Fig 3. Chi-square Plot Production of December 2017
to information obtained from the Quality Control, the
observations point out of the limits of control is caused due
to resetting your machines and turn of the raw material in
producing Hermetically Sealed 50 kVA Transformer.
After the known causes of the observation point out of
the limits of control then the repair needs to be done in a
manner to be eliminated because researchers can't fix
directly on the transformer so that the production process
on the analysis improvement using 140 observation data.
Fixes the limits of T2 Hotelling Individual control chart
can be seen in Fig 6.
35
30
25
Tsquared
20
15
10
5 Median=5,11
0
1 15 29 43 57 71
Sample
85 99
Fig 6. Repair T2 Hotelling Individu Control Chart
Desember 2017
In Fig 6. shows the new control of boundary value of
25.05 and, after repairs there are 13 point of observation
results of transformer production process that are out of
the limits of control. After asking what's going on at the
time of the production transformers to Quality Control and
Quality Control gives information that from his notes
there are no checksheet specifically so that the cause of
the discharge points of observation on the plot-the plot is
unknown or random causes after so it can be decided that
the mean of the process in December 2017 have been
statistically controlled.
F. Process Capabilty Index
Multivariate process Capability indices to measure
process capability in December 2017. Based on
calculations in equation (10) in the get the value of Cp
amounting to 2.19229 where the value of the Cp pointed
out that during the month of December 2017 production
process capabilities of Hermetically Sealed 50 kVA
Transformer can be said to be very good because the value
of Cp that is more than 1, but still need to be monitored on
an ongoing basis.
G. Ishikawa diagram
Ishikawa diagram used to explain the factors cause the
product out of the limits of the specifications and
uncontrolled the process. Following the results of
ishikawa diagram in Fig 7.
Figure 7 Ishikawa diagram
Based on Fig 7. describes the factors hysterisis losses
(WF). These variables are most noted by quality control
because if an error occurs then the company suffered
considerable losses. Those factors can be caused by human
factors, machines, and materials. Operators need a break if
the target already achieved because if at the time the
operator is already exhausted so hard to concentrate and
more chatting than working so that production manager
needs to pay attention to the performance of the operator
chat work and replace the operators who are already
exhausted. Damage to the machine's sudden or unexpected
can cause production to stop so that preventative
maintenance needs to be done every couple of hours once
UCL=25,05
the core pieces, replacement part can match with a design
that has been created. Change the quality of the raw
material may also lead to reduced quality of transformer
explisit re-examination before entering into production.
CONCLUSION
113 127 The conclusion of the analysis is the process of
production of Hermetically Sealed 50 kVA Transformer
in December 2017 using M Control Chart already
controlled in process variability. On control chart full of
T2 Hotteling Individual initially with 144 observations is
not yet under control because there are 4 point out of the
limits of control, then the repair is done by removing the 4
point because researchers cannot doing repairs directly
and do the analysis again. After analysis of the back there
are several observation points that came out of the
boundaries of the control however cannot be known the
cause so that the control can be inferred chart already
controlled statistically on the mean process. Next process
capability index values obtained of 2.192 where that value
more than 1 so that the process is said to be very capable.
Discrepancies that often occur on hysterisis losses (WF)
because the core pieces are not appropriate, the
occurrence of a change in the quality of the raw material
and the operator composing the core improper.
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