(Strategic Intervention Material)

Phases of
Matter
GUIDECARD

A.INTRODUCTION
B. Solid
C.Liquid
D. Gas
E.Plasma
F. Definitions
G. Pictures of:
Solid
(Different states of Solids)
Liquid
(Different states of Liquids)
Gas
Plasma
 I Summary
II Activity Card Explanations
III Assessment Card Jumbled Words
IV. Enrichment Card Crossword Puzzle

V. Reference Card
Website
VI. Key Answers

A. Introduction

The term phase is sometimes used as a synonym for state of matter. Also, the
term phase is sometimes used to refer to a set of equilibrium states demarcated in
terms of state variables such as pressure and temperature by a phase boundary on
a phase diagram. Because phase boundaries relate to changes in the organization
of matter, such as a change from liquid to solid or a more subtle change from
one crystal structure to another, this latter usage is similar to the use of
"phase" as a synonym for state of matter. However, the state of matter and phase
diagram usages are not commensurate with the formal definition given above
and the intended meaning must be determined in part from the context in which
the term is used.

The phases of matter represent 'classes' of the type of molecular motion found at
different temperatures. When the temperature is low, the motion of molecules
is dominated by the fact that they stick together, and the result is a phase of
matter that is rigid and dense. When the temperature is high, the motion of the
molecules is dominated by their translational energy, so intermolecular forces can
almost be ignored. At intermediate temperatures, molecules translate but still
stick together.
B. Solid

One of the main characteristics of solids is that they hold their own shape.
Therefore, if you put a solid in a container, it will not change its shape. You can
move the container all around and the solid will still not change its shape!
Another characteristic of solids is that they are very difficult to compress. When
you compress any type of matter, you are applying a force a certain amount of
matter into a smaller space. If we take a closer look at the atoms of a solid, they
are very close together and have very little energy.

At low temperatures the nuclei of the atoms of a solid vibrate about an

equilibrium position but are trapped in their lattice positions, unable to flow or
diffuse.

Other states of Solids

Ionic solids-- These substances have a definite melting point and contain ionic
bonds. An example would be sodium.

Covalent solids -- This substance appear as a single giant molecule made up of an

almost endless number of covalent bonds. An example would be graphite.

Molecular solids-- are represented as repeating units made up of molecules. An

example would be ice.

Metallic solids-- are repeating units made up of metal atoms. The valence
electrons in metals are able to jump from atom to atom.

A. LIQUID

The forces of attraction between the molecules of a liquid are less than that in a
solid and greater than that in a gas. A substance in liquid state does not have a
defined shape; rather, its shape is defined by that of its container. When a liquid
reaches its boiling point, it acquires a gaseous state.

One of the main characters of liquids is that they hold the shape of the container
it is placed in. In other words, it will fill up as much space of the container as it
possibly can. Liquids are also difficult to compress.
 (Other states of Liquid)

Viscosity --The resistance of a liquid to flow is called its viscosity

Surface Tension -- The result of attraction between molecules of a liquid which

causes the surface of the liquid to act as a thin elastic film under tension. Surface
tension causes water to form spherical drops.

Vapor Pressure -- The pressure that a solid or liquid exerts when it is in

equilibrium with its vapor at a given temperature.

Boiling Point -- when vapor pressure = atmospheric pressure.

B. GAS

Gas molecules are in a state of random motion. They exhibit the least
intermolecular forces of attraction and hence gases lack a definite shape. The
intermolecular distances are very large due to which the particles of gases are
widely separated from each other. The density and viscosity of a gas is less as
compared to solids and liquids.
One of the main characters of gases is that they fill a container of any size or
shape. Therefore, gas is everywhere! In fact, the gas that surrounds the earth is
called the atmosphere. The atoms of a gas are really spread out and are full of
energy. As a result, they are always zipping around. A gas is matter in which the
molecules are widely separated, move around freely, and move at high speeds.
Examples of solids include the gases we breathe (nitrogen, oxygen, and others),
the helium in balloons, and steam (water vapor).

 Gases are described by the Kinetic Theory of Gases. In this limit, gas
molecules have negligible size, have no appreciable intermolecular forces,
and are in continuous, random motion.

 Gases have mean free paths that are larger than molecular diameters, i.e.
they are usually isolated but occasionally have collisions

 The state of a gas is universally, if approximately, described by the Ideal Gas

Equation of State.
 C. PLASMA

The fourth state of matter is plasma. Plasma is an ionized gas, a gas into which
sufficient energy is provided to free electrons from atoms or molecules and to
allow both species, ions and electrons, to coexist. In effect a plasma is a cloud of
protons, neutrons and electrons where all the electrons have come loose from
their respective molecules and atoms, giving the plasma the ability to act as a
whole rather than as a bunch of atoms. Plasmas are the most common state of
matter in the universe comprising more than 99% of our visible universe and most
of that not visible. Plasma occurs naturally and makes up the stuff of our sun, the
core of stars and occurs in quasars, x-ray beam emitting pulsars, and supernovas.
On earth, plasma is naturally occurring in flames, lightning and the auroras. Most
space plasmas have a very low density, for example the Solar Wind which averages
only 10 particles per cubic-cm. Inter-particle collisions are unlikely - hence these
plasmas are termed collision less.

This phase of matter is very similar to gases, but the atoms are different because
they are made up of free elections and ions of the element. In fact, these electrons
and ions have little or no order which why they are similar to gases. This is the
most common phase of matter.

D. Definitions

Surface is the edge or boundary of a material.

Interface is the region of contact between two phases.
Surface Tension is the energy required to increase the surface area of a liquid (or
solid) by a unit amount.
Viscosity is the resistance to the flow of a liquid. Solids don't have viscosity.
Cohesive Forces bind molecules of the same type together.

Adhesive Forces bind unlike molecules.

Kinetic Molecular Theory a gases describes a gas as a large number of small

particles (atoms or molecules), all of which are in constant, random motion. The
 rapidly moving particles constantly collide with each other and with the walls of
the container.

Amorphous solids a solid in which there is no long-range order of the positions of

the atoms unlike those in crystalline solids.

E. Pictures of ( Chemistry Graphics )

The simplest particle of an element the retains all of the properties of that
element is an ATOM. BELOW is a model for an Atom showing the NEUTRONS
and PROTONS in the NUCLEUS and the ELECTRONS moving around the
Nucleus. Neutrons have NO CHARGE, Protons have a POSITIVE CHARGE, and
Electrons have a NEGATIVE CHARGE. The electrical charges of the electrons
offset those of the protons, making the Net Electrical Charge of an Atom ZERO.
BELOW shows a portion of the PERIODIC TABLE, All ELEMENTS are arranged on the Chart.
Among the information provided in the periodic table are the ATOMIC NUMBER, the
CHEMICAL NAME, CHEMICAL SYMBOL, and ATOMIC MASS.
BELOW show the THREE STATES OF MATTER - SOLID, LIQUID AND GAS, using
Water as an Example.
BELOW shows BOTH IONIC BONDING AND COVALENT BONDING.
BELOW shows how individual WATER MOLECULES are made by COVALENT
BONDING. One Oxygen Atom Share Electrons with TWO Hydrogen Atoms. The
Sharing of Electrons Between Two Atoms.
BELOW shows 2 pictures of how Table Salt is Formed by IONIC BONDING - The Transfer of
Electrons Between Two Atoms.
I-Summary

All material must exist in one of the three forms of matter—a solid, a liquid, or a gas.
These are different physical states of being and each form has implications for the
substance in question.
 When we consider chemical substances most can exist in any of the three states.
Which state of matter is encountered depends upon the physical conditions that they
are being studied under. If the conditions are not specified then standard
temperature and pressure is assumed. As a result of this it can be said that sodium
chloride (table salt) is a solid. What in fact should be said is that at a pressure of one
atmosphere (1.013 x 105 Nm2 ) and a temperature of 273.15 K (32°F or 0°C) sodium
chloride is a solid.
The three states of matter have different ways of responding to changes in
temperature and pressure. All three will show an increase in volume (expansion) when
the temperature is increased and a decrease in volume (contraction) when the
temperature is lowered. This effect is most noticeable with a gas and least noticeable
with a solid, with a liquid being intermediate between the two extremes.
The difference between the states of matter is due to the differences between the
amounts of energy their molecules have. A solid has molecules that are relatively
immobile. All the molecules comprising a solid are in close contact with their
neighboring molecules. The molecules are not free to move away from each other.
This means that a solid has a definite shape and definite volumes, neither of which
change much as the conditions of the environment alter. As the temperature
increases the molecules are able to vibrate more vigorously. As the temperature
decreases the molecules move more slowly and they become more aligned, this
makes it easier for the transmission of electricity, if the solid is a conductor.
A liquid is very similar to a solid in many respects. The molecules of a liquid are also
in close proximity to their neighbors. The liquid molecules are vibrating faster than
those of a solid. A liquid has a fixed volume although its shape is not fixed; it will flow
to take on the shape of its container. The layers of molecules in a liquid are more
capable of moving over each other.
When a gas is considered the situation is very different. Within a gas the molecules
have very high energy. The molecules of a gas are not touching any of their neighbors
and they are free to act independently. This allows a gas to have neither a fixed
volume nor shape. A gas will expand to fill the container into which it is placed. The
properties of a gas are described by a series of equations known as the gas laws,
these are Boyle's law, Charles's law, and the constant volume law.

The theory by which the physical properties of the three states of matter is explained
by reference to the motion of the molecules making up the material is known as the
kinetic theory of matter.
 When a solid changes into a liquid it is by a process called melting. When a liquid
changes into a gas it is by boiling. A gas changing to a liquid is condensation and a
liquid changing to a solid is freezing.

Some substances are capable of going directly from a solid to a gas, this is a process
known as sublimation.

The bonding that is present has a strong influence on the state of matter of a
material. Strong intermolecular forces, van der Waals forces, are characteristic of a
solid. It is these forces that strongly hold together the molecules of a solid. With a
liquid the molecules are also held closely together by intermolecular forces, although
not as strongly as in a solid. The intermolecular forces in a liquid are not strong
enough to keep the molecules from slipping past one another. It is this characteristic
that makes the pouring of liquids a practicality. With solids the intermolecular forces
virtually lock the molecules in place. The molecules in a solid can take up and retain a
regular structure, a lattice. Kinetic energy has the tendency to speed up the
movement of particles and force them apart whereas intermolecular forces tend to
draw molecules together and stop them from moving. The particles of a solid and a
liquid are fairly close together compared to those of a gas, and solids and liquids are
called the condensed states. By altering the kinetic energies, a solid can change to a
liquid and then to a gas. The kinetic energy that is applied in a situation such as this
has to be sufficient to overcome the various van deer Waals forces that are in
operation within the molecule.

I Activity Card Explanations

Direction: Read carefully the given questions and then write the answer
on the blanks provided.

1. The molecules are closely bound to one another by molecular forces. A solid
holds its shape and the volume of a solid are fixed by the shape of the solid.
Ans. (osdil)
2The molecular forces are weaker than in a solid. It will take the
shape of its container with a free surface in a gravitational field.
In microgravity, it forms a ball inside a free surface.
Ans. (iluqdi)

3. The molecular forces are very weak. It fills its container, taking
both the shape and the volume of the container.
Ans. (sag)

4. Boundary or edge of a material.

Ans (cefarus)

5. Resistance to the flow of a liquid. Solids don't have it.

Ans. (sivocsiyt)

6. A force that bind molecules of the same type together.

Ans.( hecovesi)
 7. A theory that describes a gas as a large number of small particles all of which are in
constant, random motion. The rapidly moving particles constantly collide with each other
and with the walls of the container.
Ans. (citenik)

II Crossword Puzzle

2 5

7 6

Enrichment Card
 ACROSS:

1. The molecules are closely bound to one another by molecular forces. A solid holds its
shape and the volume of a solid are fixed by the shape of the solid.

4 Boundary or edge of a material.

6. Bind molecules of the same type together.

7. A theory that describes a gas as a large number of small particles all of which are in constant,
random motion. The rapidly moving particles constantly collide with each other and with the
walls of the container.

DOWN:

2 The molecular forces are weaker than in a solid. It will take the
shape of its container with a free surface in a gravitational field.
In microgravity, it forms a ball inside a free surface.

3 The molecular forces are very weak. It fills its container, taking
both the shape and the volume of the container.

5 Resistance to the flow of a liquid. Solids don't have it.

III- Jumbled
Words
ASSESSMENT CARD
Direction: The words below are jumbled arrange it correctly
then write it on the space provided.

1. DILSO-_ _ _ _ _
2. UQILDI- _ _ _ _ _ _
3. SGA- _ _ _
4. LAPMSA- _ _ _ _ _ _
5. SRUCEAF- _ _ _ _ _ _ _
6. VSICSOIYT- - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
7. INOIC- _ _ _ _ _
8. COAVELTN- _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
9. MOELUCLRA- _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
10. MEATLILC- _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

V. Reference Card Websites:

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase_(matter)

www.enchantedlearning.com/physics/Phasesofmatter.shtml

www.miamisci.org/af/sln/phases/index.html

itl.chem.ufl.edu/2045_s00/lectures/lec_f.html

students.ed.uiuc.edu/mrayon/phases.html
 www.splung.com/content/sid/6/page/phasesofmatter

www.buzzle.com/articles/phases-of-matter.html

www.chem4kids.com/files/matter_states.html

www.yahoo.com

VI. Key Answers:

I Activity Card Explanations

1. Solid
2. Liquid
3. Gas
4. Surface
5. Viscosity
6. Cohesive
7. Kinetic

II Enrichment Card Crossword Puzzle

Across Down
1. Solid 2. Liquid
4. Surface 3. Gas
6. Cohesive 5. Viscosity
7. Kinetic
III- Assessment Card Jumbled Words
1. Solid
2. Liquid
3. Gas
4. Plasma
5. Surface
6. Viscosity
7. Ionic
8. Covalent
9 Molecular
10.Metallic

GUIDECARD
 The guide card enables you to understand
much better the topic about phases of matter
which includes solid, liquid, gas and plasma.
By reading this, it gives you more valuable
ideas about the topic and gives you more
knowledge.