peal Aba aregdit ie ter ue i prams tte : eens CesT) Behe, a thread Bilan surchon Axa! denmural cdevren whose centrelled By tp GENRE TF box a vets mw shar (ih Con pease, he Aasergih calfel a4 archcaren | Potroduerbvo : RA are. irmepditann — pvopet Aa week Aayon, whieh 0 A xetot janeron cod bY a oproste. cePes on des POM a Colles E_qn BEE rere Lo — BIT Const bce cart eee Tr hes Be wegrons : we lage aod cotleotc. : Erviter, Tr «oO geREO Ageuntec| tO 7% Arde. &, & ad ‘ fo eootion (1 ED holes) Aransas vobueh Augrlies © ostge. ro go oad nas ae gan . 1 Teen cA clwoagt a pe doped ye cas Me aly 2 fonge 1ob- qa 7 Abe Oe ex ase tr A the raiddle. un wor te ° i nee ‘scan Gunetioms © he ypangiardy. The base Db + i _ whin ae Commpencel go the CmiteT and 1S MEA thy doped Neg ero : athens sch g colloctis qa ce 2 Yegern Aifuaret oe te AN which colleats Chovge- came . the celeste alzonlgs) “tegen than the ernirten +ransth. The deping Yevet of Cellecth Ageal Td ° : Coa trtenmedaie. byron the heavy dering A emitter ant ake fghr ober B ™ % ala “As Anperae beasecd - TH Lop, B Fe ust the tose. base. The collects Annee, changes from ah Jef ons about trenetct! de a \ the tramathé bar dw PN Jurchons te ~ li ; - ke 4wo cliadssa. the JP. , el called! enntteen base chiods. od? a irten died the Vey, Lekoan the base and ecfecttt L collegick base, diode ct ax collect did « The movesere A ecritten tote: (mend | easel) © yous Sem ah ETERS fo Sollecrt: Ate Chevense bedaed) * 2 Adtwotd base applied 10 eroirtert verty Aazalll uofernas — Feverte® ee _ diode. cA generally (on collect dtods cA "pila inl, ianenns tere: ONT Ls wheo he transichh cloner ctippeeut. page, a=. 4% Comventenc® by syncs 1 im by bola « Te ade collec te 09 Ut) Base ALAA NPN, fansite?@ The emmiltes cA Abmon by an arrme whieh indicates the aliieenin dh Convennomal CHrrerr ffove Conneantn OO with braved bao. Aor i nPM Convenronal current flows cur % the exntetes OF Sicdicated by dhe sutgaing aveaw- srrelonly A PN flows cote he Connesrton , the Conventional CHFTENr Youcaicl § QvTew, A ww 492) q@ Qamelnmenr % th. NPN we mPajaty camel e caste holes. emitter ay tnolicated (ey The PpNp vansinict pramsté . Tat Npn tramsisict , asta free EA, while mo PNP derunsinids ts Unbtased Bleolan Suncken transla? S- PRN Te A transis with a colleen) byt oren & called an dl an open ~ ctscutted qrans iste. UOdan ePuse Comclircons the tbjusten “b bre Ex, acitasa Q depletion Loyee- The favrien porenral yet kana oav be Ge dramist Ee oligpeuark olor t23 Qwwels, the clelerdom Jasjern well fwe He Aarne uwtolth, The emuttex-Lase dapletron penetyaies Ablghrly the ermirten, ch Ue a haudly oloped xeqion , utewar wr penetrates etedphy ” the Faso as the @ Dearly doped veg. uly eho sdeninals ( emitter, Base. untiasceel reansiaide a ley. Qrocuces um wotv come, B® He , por costo to4o Colleotor tase Asrlertin Jorjor Paeatvales mde toto base regen onal Yess foto the colleah VEegren - An acwol PracKce AT? excpat Upbiase pwansister 1A Rover Used fo yanaisté Qheon t6 Vuinal, Sake Canpected Seutebly to the dict voltage ours.| the applzaren op a feeble | dle Voltage, actos: the anacate? penrunls (6 Called | btastog. then, aw 3 Aifpearr wot : | a maahg 2 +rankister ushieb ante also Keown 2 i opuiaton. CP) Aduwand-- active t- ANAS TARA . nen Jy thee pole, ARE CNTFET™ bose c iy. deans t& 4cbevancl collect base sleverse brates, O48 Aho. A> Zarviare ca Ube Ah arnclifycatin Betanon * RAN Try thus both eanitfen base acd Curent. the toanscste? Us Opedettcel CO thus rede, when th Usest as @ closed Rustieh. GO) cur- Dh: AANA | | ! colleok bare. Srv, B® | WOM AA Feet € c | | ante. cod beawy . TP thes eects { b | pransisiet has a vow large value 3 ee | | To tha mode both eanitten- Lose NON colleokt bese oss Bia | | x & v, Ves franscsr ete reverse, betwen). I ce a T {tJ vhxn mode the trangctto? bees Phacttally Bere CH err: the trans (A Cpertarecd co thas cmos, when th % Usted A’ arn STee AvttelThe emilfer bare ny, (+ yhwosrd bv areal whwieas Colleis-base in ce Tuoete bracts The dowd Laas causes dhe es 8 the D-ESPE eeotet to flew towards the base. Thes Conitireates the emitter current Te Ag thae En flow atotough Re P4ype base, they tend $0 Combine urtth holes (Th Bx whieh Combine Ustth holes become Valente En, ter as valance 2A they flor dvtough ol + (ote the eacreral base load Th Comtetales base Curvent Te) Aa the vase cs Qinbely olapad ard verty thes,» arly a few ex (las than sy.) Corbina wth bole: to Cormrsitbute bate Current Te the femaintdy Ex (indie than 95/) Otoss avert (trio collestft Feeer te Comsttrute. collect current T+ Ga ths way almost the entire emtiien creyyoor flows tn the Colleetor ekp. Thes the emitter CLTVEMh CR ahe UPD Colleatas and bate Cusvent ye: TAans(Alet Conne ANNES eG - There corce abode to a TIAA, Critter, Pate 4 Collectio, Rak wha a LaanniAKh 1% A tetnrml, too be Used in“ okt, we hegeaehe chan Ob'pgecetb y th Tp and two bat the O/p OVeICome hey making one Jexrenimal % (eimidala, Pepenckiny the F PANES on Common 10 bol Pip + le the termina), which cA Used as Commmean Freaourd {ransiste? CAN fe Comnmectafi # a CKF wn he following ways Cis Common base Confer ycciaicon Ci) Cesnencan ernnihert (ih) G@mmen celleotet — conpeyetarron, Cicemmon Base cen) eonneeren | Tr ge the Cenkeqeencein PAN ARNE NY, 1K and le ; ae , Tip & applied be oars Bee, aeuminals + A 6 faken Extwean colleen 4 bra fermion . —[n[e [a el op cenvest gate 5 Ulese HF TENE . az ernitted Cusrent ca the le current ana colleehs Corrrer cuvreor, the aiqtee Rg ake A TANAKA “ “e a called eurtene me cA even Ole cutverk TS the Tle SUUeeh SNS aye ~ 4 . an Tp te Op CLs reD aio a transikidi, Sroce ™ ie IN ASG ade define 2 Eyres onouy Be ertthen Ac MH ac, use - : > 2 . oy GUD casyrenr qeve dec cusrenr que a me Cav Teed Ceremon bate obe fi ax er current gain ) — £ RES € th ge movie A collect ae Te AS a) CO CP cCusyent oT qnatecd — by Cuvgent Te Grd ta ceargnsice J es wo Ge x= teh, — Peeen ® | Since, te Colleets curser 1A always bar than t the cuysenk JAin ah a hare conkeqguaahtn c6 aloe the ermifen CHIrenr — tyanink? in a Common Jerr tran unity. C4 ey th Te TBA Te H1OMA, mets De = TE 0-48) I value aa : ts QB de Current gain % mode chorex fe writy by making the petal dhe dering 4 Lege ob | the bse regan os acral oe peAlcle. whteh comaes | majdiky ds Ex wen Te moaeh He | ecllearh . Yenc collects CuBTROr uot eau a can be uonttten A G | | Ren PROMsisrds Bur Xe = Common base a-d curren PADIS OS — oon a reall charge '0 Aecall charge sentitel collec to base WRN a, ©9 Ye OY * _ % eB ar cznatant Nes. Ate Even though extent | ro gain & | “fens thon veing eh ca beceurse oh We fat thar’ th 4 collad cursenr gOW? , olp reser DQ a Comrnemn higher than Bip veamiance »| Ceevvent gain e ca OM Moen he . | caugeh spn = sicceear Secitees “gectlionstien ts C88) EN z, went Tp re = i Th Te =5MA, Tas o-osMA then P= hos Some tomes > a 4o 25O- man eFOnthert B Mey vous fromm 80 farige £ig00) com Ne | | “a the ) the colleok quer rs i the fp CUBBEEOE: “he Current que hia AvanuAtds tp the CE con peyeaarieon th the Hato & collects CeHvent tn the. oo Cuvyvent - j collect Fock de canrenr gain 7 ws the Hater % L me ARR a 4 lanoted Py. current Te jo__taae covet Ta @r) bee > PP (6 much > than unity, 7. calles fea CER HOT OS much loger than du bees: cupaent = ta dranscaidt o& Kogwa, 3 Wa data mr, RAR Oe cuvdenr gatos ee ee CE “Cc. Cw ain Po wnt as current gain Po at CA clepireel as the watio a #mall Change 9 collearA curvenr CATe ) +o the Aeoall change tn base cu¥rent CAT.) Lat a comtant Cellesta 40 emitter Valtege (Veg) + wr cs cleneted by Bo. Pac ©) hee go abso Calleel ae Cermmon-ernittet Adie ain cA Agra A% Wl Commerc ennittey Curseor are emrreor a gain. Bp, % @ parameter Used 9 ade. analige.s op Arch 44pel drach amok per COture. erpcaeckBe (#0) heakage Current : : . £2 Canorpoan Base COMb el eUerny , owe PORE ON RAINEY RE en When He Awetch & ee dhe foucotel bras voltage Yr Injecta “OR the Fase reeweene, bee yolbege yegion . Us barge 3098 eA aha (Mem) attracté the rayon aq eA, bre and contribute collecros correnr gee 0% “b Combats Ott fants fa the bot FEO and Cunsliteite bare anveenk-: fe ihe tora ereitfet CUBE Apl. up mio 2 Comparenls Tg and Te. aed, the oO rrtfe when te Aetiei cA FRPP j . x bece curctton (6 — apon-civcumeet, Thus how 1° and 2. ne base eussenh °F collect “° Lywee bated emitter cuesrvent euswot. Rap He cellestet base IP/. or due to G4 injected from the 2rirtet Pour 4H. tS Ip wostd. brased clue. fo the thernnallay generated mindy Cases ate heles . Thee ratnduty , Coubiten Ayu: acstoss the Collect base Jr. and hence Pretuce Contain value dh CuvTenr known 48 fearage CuPPeOr . The cusvent callect Ase kage current 1 eat prem. collet ip base white emitter epee conl_sepsesented DADS NO Waa by Tego 1 I “hs BDO Kesen as Aeneas PORT I, eurrenr OF colleoth enh suerrenk Zee: total Sellecte Cuprenk Cansikh @ 2 comporeall The Current Psocluted Qua io pdienal transittet actin called ‘riceror Cussenk clu to Ytily te Value = Te ° ctGD The twee Adkratven cLurrenk buy the thesrmabhy Generated cavers oF mindy Carrer - (XN = We above wie ga te mm acemate Cirsenh gale g a ce mode . Poockuodt Teo Ror T. e Ty #7 x (TetTe) + Feo = &KIgt Tey 7. “aT. E Ct-«) = Te Feo [i= /x \t + eo & a) Ci-22). ©Comme colleora ANN MANY ~ Tn th above ckr the Tfp tA applved bereweor bose g- Colleeras , utule Of, 64 falar gorwan the granary collect the em ited da eolleoto + Hers Ole CHA, hence mame. Cowra on Coromam te both Bip + collect Cennection cuvvent 64 the ampl'preatt ape ¥ * ae, cuereor cockpeation f3 Hae le Anns _ y ern curvenr Tp ond Ale current on the : : beeen claire 24 current Te + 17 CueseOr amnphitgécation factd bs tt rf re ghe rtahe Ce tor currenr fo the bage CLEVTENE . =z x P = ani - 1 t Je = % = in tai [Bam Relat berexnn current Jol” RRA ARRON RA woe Kew 4 Der Te bers Acdea by TeThe above eH may be eosttiten as x (B+) = P apta =P 3G o = poe =pCre) Gamiiuatien de Pte felonies betwen ¥ + %* . RNAS NAR OY we = Kae 7 Ve fe Ab bt FLL : oe 142 = Itf [¥ ive | 2 _- heal Flo PSMA fas very T™ fe vesrciaoce (4 2 —) es by de ekr us alwoarys | application | whe common celleote ckr (4 150K=) and very Sow ole a when vollage gat high — traredance Aowten) Chorcareritin Be Corompen “AUR! SORIOL Deze than A. So Th savy ted bt pacer dhlk cet oe _ Patenaotly wed bh “rede | cratehing Cle fet atviviny mo conpedarce, Lead bye i | (Bork at xerox cory ) |Transistors Output characteristics Keeping the base current at a fixed value note-down the values of Ie for various values of Vg. Plot the readings taking Ip along Y-axis and V,,. along X- ig. 8.16). Repeat the experiment for various Values of I,,. Top” | SATURATION ReGION =] fg ACTIVE: REGION Cut ofF region Vee 6 Fig. 8.16 1. The collector current I, varies with Vog for values between OV and 1V. After the I, becomes almost constant and reaches the saturation value. The transistors are operated in the region above knee voltage. This region is called Active Region. 2. Inthe active région Jp is B times the base current. Small input current I, produces a large outpat current. 3. Above the knee voltage, Ip is almost constant. A small inerease in Iz is produced for a large increase in Vog.2 % 4, When the base current is zero, a smatl of Ip exists which is called Leakage Current. Practically no current due to majority camtiers flows in the transistor. Under this condition the transistor is said to be eut-off. 5. AC output resistance at any given operating point is given by the ratio of a change in Vop to the resulting change in I, for a constant base current. AV, =a Ig = constant Ale Fy ck die to He four har wncueased relies the baie cxarreor and hance the Physics an. Yea thus Phovmeton tantly eLiect cetlec i Cus rent ‘The output resistance of a transistor in the common emitter mode varies from 10K to SOK. i 1 Common-collector configuration i In this case the input is applied between the base and the | collector while the output is taken from the emitter, collector is commen to both input and oatput circuits. Input current is the base current and the output current is the emitter current Jp. Ie. I, 3 a! As l ye big. 8.17 u Current amplification factor Ik is the ratio of change in emitter current A I, of the changeTranisoe a fuming ough Be ueesior with ih opm ass ven Tega" eo * Be Igy" (1 BY i a ‘The collector cures consis of 4 Caner eto ajeity came (fly) 2. Leakage cast ley Therfor, [. = Bl + (1+ B) tog tis cleac fom the above equa ce me 3 om the above equation tat shag eat ia te rode i cme larger tha in he CD mode Since the vale of ‘co i affected bythe temperature changes, the collector seca the CE made is more sensitive co temperature ehaages. This may to istbliy inthe cormoa emiter tatsistar creat (Characteristics of common-emitter configuration In 1 2 Fg.803 put characteristics en gS a et Som eg Py geen esa ce ea 0 a gen a ‘roceduté may be adopted to clin character at iffernt ‘ales of Vp a6 Prosies ie? Fis 815 “The characterise resemble V- characterises ofa forward Diasad diode “There exists atresold o ke voltage (Vc) below which the base cunt i very small The vale of Vor sco i (05V and OLY for germanium, rears nae eee AS Veg is inctensed shove IV the curve shits downward “This Gloeatis Vo neeasg th dopleton within the base regio 2 a revue the effective width ofthe base region is Fede, which in turn reduces the base eer. Input Resistance : The ratio of change in basewemiter ‘vatage tothe change in base caret at constant Vegi called input resistance ofthe circuit Ys = Sse Vn Veg Cons I value ranges fern 600 ohms chinsCom parunron PWN TO™ OO ___ CPevaskertaner | Coreen base mn nigen| CS Cellean Tf Feorstance Loolateut te2}) Lowl 15% vehugh Gres Of weamiance vlrghs Cabour Nahas tow (YY BOE Voltage gain About 156 | tbeur SoD fess Hoard + Applicatton Lect hub req, [xc auto be) qc cmpadare. Gpplrcakon | applcation ann thing + Curvenr gain No Coss Ha uagh(p) Agphecurble Expharion bgt colleatc) current * ANNAN DRDO comin ee (A) (hack Ave AE 4A] a - SX b_. » TO Te = cs I, tc the colleeret curves 1 earn aepressntcd fy Acco ph votih base ieieme Bao, when Ge. boxe ckp ch oven) ae will be the | Ceivtent fo he Collect? os ernitten quurere) Seen kK mean. fy huh @ 0 @ Tt. - & x, + Tego ie Piet Teco . [oex, “Thia~ pant Abd fome hoje essenrals a Thamieict Paes . jranvatc Liang chr % page 5. i e the base bof, af thanksatsr os to de amMUpcatton. Ty weak Agral Aw yen te be pase Sh the bramsatet and acopbitred dle te ebratoee The pesos Falitos te SEER t) the collet ohmr. £ wet ae wtthgur 209 Change 10 kg gewrel dhape. w enone oo forth ba opelicatonn. Yat falthgl anplyrcation , a vacate? arnplifien rouse Aatieby a Conditvons. they one ie Propo ano aural cotlearar CHBIZOr- cy (reper bare. ernitter voltage oF ang cnstenr . (itis prepet collects enn inet veltage, ah any cneaent + The ercren glow hh ews Asqoak, collect) CUETO ars veper Colleoth — eairies vottoge 7 SEO — oe i knew ah aan sth The base pelpose qAansisid biasing 14 46 keep the base, emitter Junctin properly bdtcarid eased and collecth-koxe. SO. prepeily reveue brased ters rhe be aphicaiven a signal Th GP? ee, achebued ah 1 OF oti a thansste? « the. 7 et battey on aucciaking © CXF Chr whte, ereveder 1sans! beasing ecseuth | ¥ in a trannies Ckr analiygs, % gewrallly Aequired to cerermihe dhe collearas Cusrent Ad vasuius colleoks —emtiten voltages » A convenzent enidf.. ts know asEE enhance, Commnon- Bate Combvquotation 3 i) TNR RE ARN The chartactenmites B bbe 4 an pollows : se Aefuoned bead Here the emitter Juoctor ae oe and tee covreapooding Fle in by te battery Veo youreter ‘ew ard & = i a curenr “ ou 4) e° . we 2 The collect Jurcren current : yebioge. and Vo and whe Cosrespondieg ole ig Se = le. \ voRsonete es suas by we Zip Chavacienictes * rae A+ shows 4 ch (ag) with The volvoge, (Yee) § ye ABE thar Voltage. (Yen) * yore ta a fixed values’Po ; envi ji . ‘Hex Curses (outeae: twidh Mae aia cieu’ val ‘ em 01 (eg) Ulex te prA Juection chioda . | Cy toch a : ; fitedd emitter voltage (Veg) eeniner curvrent Te Aer wt with te in Aevouc calecrdi volge (Y_) dus to Conky QYeor. Cur He eter B tho, vaouation Be : Te with cellect voltage hell emitter Cuvy On tic V@uaron may be negieced For a SE aisvott , + 4h Ge ce rang 009 10 i Veg, ay be. ateund 0 OB: | The covernte the Alor Q (ot) ChalacterirsKC CUDwe yore Tp Heacstance, whieh dermiad i ay OF Ey \ | Ro = = (DVee \ A lore Ate Vee = comtant lp Chosacienntica 5- BRAAeReee Ze w Olp Choviactensher OR awn by rotting the Olp vortex. be and Covrespon deg collect current Te *koapthg emittey curssent Tg Constant thet at 3 vegionahactve eajetaron eyen sstQion pigaion ard CMD) curt Ah, segior- veqgeon City Sat [A ; an thon eq? em! ‘ = ye HEE Jjanctoo % ms th Te), Hae collec! & curren [gtivaosid- beara and biasea "wren Fer? earn AroallGb plows. Thi Canrent & sa S ) Log. Te % the cotteatt eur = oy Sk Sider ty mccrtoarmpert Heperse AakwIaHon euTtZor Thue vtegion & cxatlecd dentage careent + toh Te akove NO +i Colleath current appeata bdiiyoniad be te “ tndepencanr B | Colleord voltage and depends onty oo Te’ Bar ae Colleate® eeereem actually phere cc vViAmrall slope © ayy auppresccenae ustth Vob bape clu to eonihy jean. tr may be. neglected « The seviowedd 2 A Oe the neat betel qtr gives the Yp wren Aras gh Gister® wav. “the neat alent ever the Jang th Rast QA te Ades Sovko- PN NN Sarwiakteor reget : ; won an thls Teytoo Lt TRS colleckt nA Stet bareoost Co-didinate- T+ oon that Te tga Covpenpordeg +o Moe, Von =o C09 Te a Thig i becouse Ee ow tnjeated wate the base ‘ je; j on dhe deren phward~ braved Ele 3° ard Berd ‘Ao ftesnal dod ghrtge ip c& te Collett dee collected by at the Cle Junchon, tt preducing. Te = 97 eatenhal 7+ peulsalize thi potential basme® bey duke acctes® Ci, ~ienckon apying & cou WAR Ce NTNCK Lead Yrne method - @ OO AAR ARAN a shown th Hey, nen Ac beael Lire 1 Comtdolet CR CkE Provatl tm the uh, ne éignad wz @ppbied , AS meen eke: spa te7 15M “ 18 R, ve 3 < wh 302 ple sigod Te 5M a wg) Veo” Neki"S . . ; 5 The lp ehroiactercxtes BB thes eke (4 Ox bow in ZO) p t @ +i the Colleerdi. ernitten vottage, Vow at ang The value a ww given by Ve ME es nya Veg. = Yeo 7 te fe > Me (a) te pay, ene 7 the a popoesentest by @ ” n this i koswe at Ac: toad Line rd lp chavtactertah ts + oy yh ang Glatermines the Yocus & Veg ort fe 2 ; A volun A Ro + fo add @ Yoat Behe > enda P focatecl Bs % eo AA, Vine KB MRCOsarey uhech Cor Lotlows - ‘1 2 - a A cio when the colleard then Celie! emitter votrage, w mary, ard jove Max Vee = Nee Yeo) on the — Calleatoh- emitterwhen cellecios emitter Volta. Veg 20 the cellecin Mm meumem 4 = Voce | | cuvsenk Ke in equa P _ . é a Te RP Mee TO 4 8? On Ve Ei Thin gives the Td fe A (oA- Vee.) Yeo = te Re Re . : _. to - Nee OH the Calleottr Gree BY Jone ea Ree these eli atc oad fine Am comsiwmctad . g, cand yall. Ve by Aor CU é fofeterarcesy a ee cS [ite cuent Te Conditions ane — PEPAP pred ™ thu Op Chestactontaditis The Aer . ‘ az ee can bh obindred prow the te Jone - ne Yel me ay thas whee 2 om may Mec tue Ye | . Se vy “| qh cy othe 4+ when Te =o then oe ™ ava, = Nec . | ‘ - dre ectlecte 8 valuez oc) Collesre cuverr Aca OF eet en weling. Ye oD . Thue fead Ling ave* 7 ne usta to the prokloen- and arvect Schirtian te S Dak t= epertatiog LO. oa wt : ek RN whe gen caret ele LAS AAW i tf epenating PH. ANDRA (ee rk Shen focruth thas eo 7 yesubnon a “4 Me q a Boe nae earl a applied 4 To aha Called AS a Soo ctcatrye, as oprarieg cotor. Tr us called take Place TANTS a ety. a R=Ph became 7 quiescamt Cilent) 0 on T.(Vs) Vee Chemicon te tA the Patek | when the transite Adane $e to the Absence of the Agra : The gene Aignad valu fd. od M c Oe m~\ epenanny othe on detersminas ty OH Or. where \O © ara Mec! elec. tne Utendeelk the proper have Curienk Cumwe —~]pomertemanamamre es ie os abe brow as the de opening or coding 7 fs 5 Ph he beast positon heken CH= Ab dt Aanciokon Pie. ushere Vig wy) 4h hum Pry, 4 ee 0 tab te (ike er 6 $9) cu he Ke, ethene, the Load Line tnterseclé the Tg-0 only Acall T¢ curve te known as cut Bho At thie ety, te Reakage current ZT, Nictimnal aahiny oy dyanaaich oy dor Ves. K. @ Duss + Ye 4 Me. Sakurahion? The PH/. whine the dead bine thee 2, = Tecege) ve A Colles Vee(sard=Yan, Vet te maumun) and Aatwaakon. jp thea pty, base CHTenr the colleott curvent. Ab Zahwoar proverse beased dn ik an Catlecr bate JO), ms No Dor gen Aeamains ts Lose. Relive fopiony The fagiony between curds Om AT a AN Pn : e eeleats ° & enon pone Yoqeo- Bn thin Mo? > cwumen ai 8G! OO enitten ny, Reovolins Ginp,, pamalins feveue biased vohaten - dhwerd bentcct . fdransistch action Laseoteale op A Mearavtish eateg SRE Tharwath bidsing « hoquisecl ph dpurngel anne hipyicanir he sblasing retete TAoadied wttic the Fanaa Aboulsl be llowtog peqpriverenlé. Abals, €raucre Pepe Keno ignad colleatdt Current atl kelmo OSV instant oreat the. Cy de CW) ar Sho, ensure thak aloes ok Veg. AL evamsatat ab Ary thi Ge, and IV be (ths a half. ensine. Ihe Atabetbiearion % opmahrs Seed RLS th ce corgynaror collecrat Cure % giver bey Te = Pe + (P+!) Teo |The collenkt Roakaye, CuYVEDK Tog, % strongly _ lon empy, Th flow % Celleat® cureent eeocducn heat Pha tronsiato® feme/, ustitas th, tvansedtc. thes Hasser and tk pe Ataldbwaten a done , Joakage Curent Twas adic Taen- Th ' Mes fee Te acs Sy (pt) Feo qodse th temp WR bem 4an ©. the fact To wetll qhix qpeate o> twin wilt cause To, te fae. cumulative ancl tp matter gy) Accs, the collect = Currvenr cro ery Joige Causing He ranma to BOP eet am thigh -al. is obideacs 1 The Aelb-clertuchin g an BO TRIE NN re ke axa thi ei i komen 22 Teal mune Tn dideq 40 Quad iheimal vanaway tAsental cs i hes v thar Spoon Cle. KH Alabilieed te teept corn, : eran: ofan us done hey Canuatng Ig te 4 curtommaticoblas wolthy denap/, Bre by Che eocebpitation. her Pig Jue win compenate fa the fen % (PDE, heaping Te noely Comiank. (thus 6 Whar always acon at while beulding Aral clerigéag a beasing ck) stability facto +-4 (ALAR RAR th, ecttent to which @ bidsing ekF Uh Auccesspal tn achieving te be be eorutant t bag Atabsdsty tact Sg! ae ch olifined at ewer to the “dhe state 4p Change @ Celleakt CAMPY a t at Comtarh POPE Te collectah Rsakage CueTPNK — eRe te called Atabsility pect Ye Atadsibing fact S > eZee at Cemitant ptte ot aS “ro Geeo= Feo to c& avianThe tabby jacrot endliitates the Change comet Te. clue to we Change to colleote Leakage | ve 4, En den te achieve thesinoal Aebeiiy iene sexiclle: ** LE Ren ROSS deol volue % EX 7 2 Pie + (Fr) tee alijjerentrating. eo 7 Te | a> p dtp 4 (Pt!) dee | I \ i ¢ Ato 4 = pai = pte 4 (er) Methods % ANNOY in the Patvrous SKF aq batteuys Vee, wes Aepoeae Jone ahs, beter Yew usect 10 we Ale Okt Bt té& dedatle te pave eerie coke ith a sings dower Aupely = th on a he aoe pose . the mos commonly ) oft Keopucsty a CCPmETOS pert wsed mtd, & bering ef Bese Fuststch cad mihet fing 2rtAd/, Biaacag wrth colleat)~ teodback YEAIAEA « bata a> cud ceo & (LY) vetrage ~biue clonothe ake OT orad enti < the bnwe - S ta Aogasiveed vali of betas COTY ny pacnaple. 6 Zam suey Agena Crhence Te) tm oblate trem Me, i | Condtihime. The live © cclleottt | Me Soad Re gall tals O°O¥ cA Adseted keooping ln view . thar Veo hey PO Jor Ge ApaarrAlay and iv bd ep EP ANE * pos db bres Bias rend) f- Whig ~ be cottely utteed a Vollage 2B vcolet arn wy’ aN oe rte, ® Previterg Brasing and dlabidenation te = Vin 1 Mee crcsless the Aapely Qron ected FESIATATEE Re Fa a PLLA The vobrage. Vee pravcale cbscagdag. the eo rote te cy 5 fork fas: rele Re provides fiabiLreiirn pecoue od * laren cemetert R, & the Ame voltage clive. acters Ba frbecoseel Aosinwes fyPrenach bes the Votbage bP On eda Aaah "byes, CUseor . the. Je Abie cers venr lowe the, ZOO tb the beee - Garitte7t and hence colleor Gard ror ecveautt anak = Suppete. thar the Cermseot nae 7 ut C ; yesthonres @, 4 tis As bese Cerrenk te < Cl4suming that it ! : wuring that ihe fiemaiancy Ry ca euch Sewers Wren Ka. 8° drat Abaest {floret aforeSI i ! ye) , the collectch cleypeets upan she _Cumnest Joie Ba, the txansidte® {of the Heixss 2 Grosing Chr Bur 8 cs bermipenateme A®rs'tve ex peers. ! £°A ae trans fapes, Stoes dhs eonnal vabiee 2 oY, [P£4 bor coel!L Asbince! yee 7 would be. clestvalte te pacude, de bids Ck whois 1 focdepenlook a tPe, Arana coh curyer. Jow P- Volbage chivicleor bias soeot thes condition a thus 4 Very pepulan bids Chra) neacsiance Re, (several hundied KR es bue and te Tn thes mid, a buy th Cemnected beteoean bapelys hi PD Arcana wt % Aupelyy ah ene] - Hey. FRE tA pacvroled by Vee Lee +ve, f OR, “ es ®’ us Jghrucnsid - beaceet - the base Cursvenr the base fe base.-erniiter ~I0/ taie., cumerenr La (+hence Tet vole 5 AD Agra. oo rdlocning the merry value g te bate. can be male, to fimo bY BELMMA Re. | Che, Analysis = I pabiysis ! Te c& Tleqytivect 4° find he value 4 Re | HR, Typo fo that Aayrivect Colleatst cuvrenk float 7 Aigral. condion ber T, ba fa pred BO eLssenk . ° Te = Bs : |Considlertt cole wdering the closed ctvcutt AGENA and are Kérebhats — volrege. fas we ger “ v, fo = TenReg + Vexe. Advantage = RA this basting Chr & Vikieple, a only one hesislenct: Ro th dleqprisect - the. 2. Brating Condskens Car be easily fe set ord caleuetong Ce Ample . Bothew & no foasling op the COON bey the being CRY No steardtdt & emmployael across bese -ortitee sry. 1D thadwantages *- PRAEAAAR a eek eNethed proueles gout Atebli sation, Tt becouse Aelk increase, © Te due to Atep 4 deal voswa tions [for °4 qf aca als. “h due ra Wena. ante seplacvercar, then 3 Rees by | wow ot Ta co Gm “ : ne cusoanene JE caabelery fete ear high ; thow &% po mean. fo femps, Be ard sdlivyeottve Cusveor flews thio Ry, + the QO rennance MAY becom rderad /) Ra, t the 2 rennarce MAY be coow 1 \) bed (103 teh vouy + , it can be assumed that Cuvrenr Bowing thio &, & alio Ty" L sto bee 1b eollente een Te I Aerier + ee (eke 2) Tt, Veo Rr Re voltage. posisteda: Ba & V. ‘a ) Re dhe base Chr Acrkying Jewo 4 V, Q y Tet Vo Yee 2 Re Bice te aor en porn war Fe aces Sek bet 0 clopenal up B. theugh Tc cogent PPP Wee 7" prache v. “ * pracrroolhy trclegerdon ache L, >> Ve Ao thar e 2 77 “ee te obemosth tkepeodee Q Vag + thes F jo thu Ske . c tc hence gavel Atealedlesatn oh, 4 veermir Arh Para mtee ane Mer . o . 1/ ts centers 4 tA ensuwds je. ochy 4hn tL. mids. be Phopeling transit PES. Collect = &°2 tpfert ASA wwe collegpet Keele voltage Veco * Ede eS Aprdyrng Kivebaps vebtoge Yas se oHVv = = Te CretRe ) Nee 2c = ctad carcelloor stcbilisaton Ww bcatton : eR Le proveoled by Se ey Ve = Vee +TcRe © Yee * + Suprne. Te face due to we to tempertatne , Cases Votrage, cbice EE Re te i Ae votage chop acrtosg Rp, 04 thdapersting @ Fe (7 Ge ‘3 2 / +8 ve Vee sess this io Werte ue & ° . cad value Be + dae the pal al vobue- fe To to OH duge ~ lends ‘0 vst ma “&Bee at ce eee ee fide aloe SE scoebyer: a ou SR aie RA Braning Clee t- www The pesuatence &% Ra, Re fetter te B83 mus estebbich oR te Te 4, nthe %e- and ‘Qe Atabilization kt. the butsing Ckt ae eerahing pty ottanuica & OE halpcrele A Ve Auynal may be cut A r * . Tle APA Co os 2 a 2 te electuctyre — CtRRCHE ws : i the fA Used $0 Crmple the Bigot do the base D ignal Awansicich . Ty ib us ek Used TRE Aigo Ke edie writl come, team Py, thus Charge the capaci? Cin atlors only auc. Seyret to ew bor Aral Anurce. prom ®. the bias. tholate, the Emitor bypass coroetet Ces Ce Ca Wonk) weet rrwed i whe, ane Diyred votth Re to. Poavids Amp Agactence path to Oe | tA pot used) then amplified ac AY Cause. a vadbage atop Woes fe, he Up vortage - ac mand. Th te flawing dina Ge will thereby YedleectrgCaapling Capaciiet : Seupling Capeciie’ C. the couphing cornet (4 tot) th, rect Alea - Couples ome Alege amplication 10 nerd Atege, TE wolates A-e Q ane Alay yooro thy bert allows the Asay ae - Argel WAG + AN When & Weak T), @-C- Atgral us applied do the base @ the Imari a derall base CUTFeor 1 Getpn a Alok. pur to thanekpr Aachen, a mucl Custenh Leos tuto callect’ oad Res & lange vel fag, aprans acnore Re + hence, aa the Ap «Teste a weak — Acqnal applies to the bare cxppave ampltied forms to the colleattt Chr. vattage- oedn(av) A the amelitjes % the patio ob the ampgred elp voltage to the Bp vot rage Par Vee Gr) Vent capacitive Voltage. gain - mMdvoven at ts) haw which fonctance. tb the pase emitter OL disor the base current the «“weduices dhe CULE TENR thee Q TEasom, the amlifitarion facta pp. 2 to Volage gain avops Ak ah hage preys.” *K Loading ajjcer many pe Componenr Comes along higher fo-equcncves + operating & “a wots AC Comspenent at Atsqurtbedd, Aa mil proquencies C504 6, ae mila jroquaneice COONR the votrage qeee oy the. amplehier o& eomstane. The heer % coupes capaciidre ss bYeF ange A fuch, 2 ai, te crane unsiipie? vyokrage Gade . thes 6 the prea, Apes 09 ahi, Mange + penctance % e. Lacs wiieh tends te Bae the Sate” € . be gher loadin ape Zamna atone , lower peacienca means "5 a, pirat Aboge a hence, Lauer goles the 2 pacts un a Uattphen go neki) % SN Wewerest ar almost canal each oth, hos ulberg at mal- frequency - Advasntages +- Advarvtoges Peak Bas’ excallene Wenz, yorponse othe gui us Combant oe te Audis freq) RE (whieh ce th Teen rote. We drach, , The , a Cos ini Adres th Uses only noscatch 4 sed o 4 4 Vous Compacp as orodarn Peaistelt dcapans en—————— Ckt opsiaten; hen ve bel) cycle oh the Argel OA el cack eti Vac (4 Hagel stres ty tx Aloe tye i fo tide amet 1 pre tio _leadsita cleo Pobrricl Jira ot oentttesshy, fan = ch fisod. S CW) pia BT, Gace! tet () Drap 7.6. ih fsccl Consiclenedlley 2 Consceas oly! (ud Ue & Prod 29 yois Voto Re | | Hence ve ball eucla dp ahs Op oa ohteatreel Zit noone ve qo} A iggnesl bee ca: Ve Aarng Op Aignel | tabi lsat — The psocwss % Making apruatiog fa id As OL, Youtron, in PIANWAIA PAI noteus 1A hoaral Atal ha tela Ace Aralilletanon t& alone TRe Zona Argnok Ze t+ Vee become Coolspenctone _ % dempenqrin, Vouunteonn oF se placomenr oh Hands 7 He. the Operating Pky chy exec. A Geto bea 1g. Ger alwoar Cnswtes the “Atabe Dd aban Mereseating thyfer 5 bene a excivemdy Aight. pielgentetes e| bo Tr has law voltage 4 fret Soin- :. : they have dhe fendeocy *° become Nos . , : fi tole ac pectticulanky Ur rmotAr climates . s ° zz . . Sepadance Matching poh, Ate, the Op dnrpedanta A Re coupled amplifier A Aeuenal Pundryed ofan cohunins de Bp empedance Ba Aperker & Crhy O peu ehmet Hens Little proen twill be prondgrred jo the Apecker- Arclicatont - “the ec courted arnplspyens howe encallent audio pieutty oven a we gange % jrogesncg 0" ‘“ . they ae votdaly useol as Volta amplulgier4 . Cemitren pollevet Cee aphigies) ce we CHEM io ONE paemebipien that hes 70 voltage gio Tr hat hugh Sle ernpalence, Jow lp empedtret , yokuiols fh neakes er am cheat ckt be creapecteroca: uch) Lneve Re ceaclh Zc Gs tha boast Lo care « ofp vobiage Mout) Mddhan cGwit Ras [or by Cease The birars ce Psorided cttber J“ rord/..* eee ae erniten - bate ancrda j i Liasest by Mel the. collect base Junthon ce some the Caeert meaiarancs. Re) qe, othe ser ch ar as the Fp Ay wc ech te Ww" Zz, dhe Guoursl “DwWUS qve hal eyole. te le ew fod © hence the base the sor ittet Aignal , the poewarid buns Curvent (A Nao. At a venult b ANIA»cussent tA (eel - the Clp vor acnoss Rog cd acteu te hoet ef . ae the ne Re Bows oe ge x ta Aict«, corsenpenrly the ve balk cycle Bun Ao abltatred - The Sfp + Cle Adyrals One tn) Phare Uith 240 other. i. AQ ameliper & aben calles, a ettog2) crmiver oly” because te ob ven ETE ms ts vs 7 Tp vottage , the ape ofp Lynas one (0 Phase with Gach ebhes- The vottage gain 7 ti ern i Hen oiler 4 Yess than anvity. CharactertAres.- WAAR be lo vetkage gake + the voltage gain ba emnees Jplisuen a close. to 4. 3 2. Rebar vely hugh aussent Yau? et PRUE GUO . Jao le Unpecdance a High Z Ie tmpedance. a og ee tN PPE 4. 8p +e W valkages Oe 1 “type Chet Chasactexithe oe CE FL ) = is cahesr (We t. caxrrenr gate necislly unsry hegh(E eg exe (CP 2. vot hage que negh Ve begh nearly unl SB: powes goke medecie | highest Dowest a: kip impedance | lawesl rrodenal highest 5 -Olp u highest poodsaalt Lowear. G6. Phase Agvensad alo qe No-Gdven To= (mA Be = P= AT f = Te. Tete B Te- Pe —* PB = xKIlo = 19 = O-DIx 1H 2 Ae i te >) eA Da dtp ee Giver 3 Ae HL A parsiic® Connected tn a CE car oo . f ehange er eeniter a collect eussent & oe unsere ’ pase O-FVIMA yoapeotvely. whak Changes (0 5 a te produce, thice Changes -f wha 6 the at phans iste? pete: ae = 0: DSA Bao-d1t SOT o-c0S 3323 Saale . cs 020Q- La Bn yoancist a the fatio % peterming at PB an Bmw, O-5Y- trolmA cdetereniimm Pp. a 20-96 yeorat | = O+DIMAT Veg BV.5- te B= _¢# . 0:98 49 tak [0-98 Gadeulase tg > a transite? + Te 2 2opA P= 2c. 2 Atod the valu &% P 4 a> geo dis wo of 0-4 = 2 = Gee Se I lo 6-4 oe) ro-9e 08 di pc ots , of 2 aa th a Evaro? paA® + ka. huey cz Connected th tvolk. “find the bate Creer ab BOX ROX NO loop xt hh whieh P= 5° | 6 te sep eres votrage ude collect Chr yeh CE Combysqnatter- _SZea = Te = 1a - 45 = 0s0RQMA La g- 7 A transac “ta comnectedt th whieh Celleetd Capely yorrage voknage duop actors bv Comme! th OV. Th a = 0-98 © fend > colleors aonitet VONEEE ci Bare cuxsent. bev 2 ea 021% Veo = lov Vee = 0r6V / Be = ° 4h ce Confrgenatean _ = 1p -0°b = q-AV en — Tyke = O78 = 66 a i - = as 6 = ma c 69D —— pr = 0098 = AD [=e (048 Te = Te = imA 6 0 Ro4- om p a ~ espa Te = Qos A. 9- A dvanstte bat Tp = Aco cP) ah, dp dy Te Changes by the Vilue % B- aqpA ard Te charges ce Combqeahen the ce wv an: in collect “hr (ww) pow b Te key O° bSeAa> hs 19-5 = 6-98 Qos —t ~s.ten oS Ke + 2208 % 10 Qe 1SS mA Ate = obama - / = 1BQpRA =. wa 2005+0-65 =~ a Te ~S Pp - te. QTeO” Bo & eB [Ba x we ——* to. 29 A thansihior CE Ckr Veg =lOV, aeapprsd, gone Atqrak collect Cuvvenr ipa. Whar I the apertatiog we 'h Ree asthe Re = a BRP ~ Te ke s ixie?x ArtXlo = wats £Le% =i - i. el epexiating Pt Cima, 8°38 Ro = BSA Cima, Vv)Ie ne Caleudate whe appsernate celjectt CMeNeOK + be 2 Curvenr ch the enitten CUTTER LA lard . Guver, Ps &- Dee IRMA. 7 R® v '3) gn vathage Aruiden tare Neo = Re « SoD 4 fe bE -vollage - geist Vee a ort TR Ve > Vee. FOE +3 “p= Voc. Ro = DEK ARN —s 12s QX10> Lely Va= +78! -~Vee Te Re = Ve Be B-2sv gost oT =—SBA dronsignst une potential Aivalee mide A bvasing § S1= sok, + = WK and Re ~ tian T} Yoo = lay bind ‘ = ‘ > the volun @ To HV Veg = o-tVv ify ; city the value Te given Vee = 0° SV" Vee= o-! SS — Votrage. across R. ts Ye = Ve @ Ra. Ry Re = 12K lox to” [Ro ~Qv oF SS 7 66 — Go x 10" +eRe 5 Ment Mee =Te 4) [xlo Bo voltage. chivilor bees, operating Pr Ib Von FAY, Re = BRR Vee = BV, Fe = RMAF Te. Tpke + Tekh Nee = “ce 3 _ 2 QxID Rk, + axe eax FEAF = [+b Re = = 200 92— axe ==="| ena the Value ob Te fot potenteal clive ont, tho es WV, Ree Im Rye sake, ka stoke Voltaic aeyoss Go My = Mee Rg, RytRs - Fxiox103 Roe athe , Varn = Otsy cf Be Vo. ! 41% to” ‘Ne = Vy | OBE = eq — OS ; | Se 1x (0? The potenhal = Atte cKe Shon ts iy bax he values ar hollows » Bes BMA Ta, -sopd, Vac 2072” - Zs Re =e tlsn. 82 = ORR and Veg stow cena the value 4 Re. = St : bes teh dhe Cuiszant dfere Ryb Ra ; Q ; “ ae bits. Ube AY beanie ibaugh ue cornll ——= cA vey Athpenencs Votiage across fz Ve = Veet Fe oe x SB fg oQte2r So Qtr xi Ko | i = av { — we Va eR 2 0 RAMA current though Re Fa = a To RSE ° BS RS + © & on current athiough &,, Ty, = Tatts, = ap mA <= 0:X 2 ton 2B = TRV -“Ve 2 7-8Y = Qa-8T KR . 13 = “ Te = Lay AaF419 Aha base TRE IL Y keasing _ Deiermine € T. arc Collenseh-errtHen voltage Vee + hegfeer Arrell), bose - ag eeniten voltage . Given city Eke tH Ree PKr Ven =4V y oo Meo WY Nees tf \ RK Ambgng Kivebahs volrege. slopkie Jao ho the Okt ABen Vee, = Teka + Vee R= Tek ae L BRS (+7 Veg eefigilde 2 _ 2 given - = a 3° = > x. To = Pigs 50% 20 = joncpa Amluying Kv de REN Mec = Tek + Ve Qe as, 3 VX107 KILO 4 Vee Ye = 1-8 = Iv be, CP whan 8, = Bok <6 = ORLO a gia = toHA | Tez BRO a,= SDLLO — =2emrh Vee 2 I, amA | Yee isuFit the Giver Chr cota de lead bine and desenmne ite} % pred cpaarng Pt. qieo B = loo @ a aeieen am Vine. OY ee river ; = B26K S- () Vee = bY i Rae ® fa Re TRE. te em Meg = Mew Tefe This decates Pr & on te dead Dine » _& = amp tha when Veg =O 7 Moc, - def Z s “4 xO Re Recaten dhe er Mow the leact be ; By Getony MB Dead bin tA wl : ama © 5 uml epeianng pt At Vaaowa\ av a lage = O° Vee a Ze. te at Vee = Veo | tee Ke “ee 2 Ge © lope MeT ee 2 GOT = ke SSF ft. a 7 Collects crmenr Jes Pt = tex vox 1? 2 Leh 3 7 Me = Vre — Teh = G- EKO KRxIC Gl Ra aN : iTh, re Bi Auctich operates between 2 Atales os Cub-gy Atate- the Aatirator ocot ns (emitter - base in, + colleard: “HOG Aste Idoard booted, and cat oH OF Srey ote Hovertse bracect- Q the svat ve A pulbse zp M applies 40 the base , thc % Use to control te ving. (oF stake van Kerh® « vottage-(vin = between collect and emitte® a be enuol Ap e Term) othe ca the cen | 7] Collecrch - base thansintcr % SA rand value bene cuerert whew. ermkuwe. thar “ by Aethng th Valu. a Fe(sar) = Vee gan Op the ssansadnf (ek et) ve ‘@ ab <2, i a x ternal pls ~se ctf. value. ® Nee S a < Yo: Vothage Vv, = Yeecaat) penn ws conn: collect . ttansistt th 0+ Qv and He thar 8 — 2 anchicate. ues curser | ate w Vee/, . Ro eh O08 we neg thansinth acli as ae ee ont “ we detesentcee! ake CDoted witch V.. and the Jond nosutas Re potustn® eat | save {do go CLS Cc. Te Ab time “ puck * qaanust AV, + this Cases th Covreo ausiten) (car ) T= sr (Sake « thus aod Nee * Nec. = Vee! be te = Vee), and Vee =OPhohlorn Actuing Ti cia Activity Zols - aaa wa Any oar e™Y Lo In @ Common Bere commechin , Cueserr aenbifrcaton | Aneto OT. Th the emitter Cusved th Ama, determine ite value % Lue CHrIOr: 2 A teamserte cs Connected th CE Conbyotahdn O48 Ahowe below» eo ee R= bka. Saw He No ae Ree 6K Ly eo av ole fea bine . what wal be the Q vont vem Aignal base cursest BopA and P= F° 2 B. Deterenme che value DB collected CUTFEPr and cellecto® to ernitter yeltage fd? the cbuder bes ckr Ahn vonage balono Ee, =~ otv + | bs fina. Assan, Vee e s leo | 2 & ser ER. NE, 7 ESoo 4 the cata shear B a IFEV Gives the follouxing Cofdrentio: Inge = 374A, Vasco) = ~&Y 74 Bex (nan) = SOBOp + Detesmineg the (wanstenductanc. 4ch Vang = 4 aud, Kod cain Camvent Tp at tis per. 5 A sret 9 403 aa ae bes valu 3 Ves (ay) 7 -fy + 2 + ee Thu. = ibeA s De tesrnin tL ager 1 the values A YT 4 Vo Bw. she ely crosh as, —D sil6 A 4vangrstaA Usted 19 CE as rangeroenr has ollnwing ser Qh revemetexs when the cle 2 J = ION. hye = Reh, the er Tt bring HK VL, F eV Ae : = = 50. Detesmine 3 + hp = 30 DB = 10 hoe = (BF mbe , Pre ¢ hy cuvreok so Cy Tp tempedance cH T Two voltages obv and lay &x applied to the ta Lip weak RB A Aumenng Aanplities The Veapeonve Zip vessajots OH 40D Kn apn. et frat bak TRACKS? 04, Ravk ND. Detevemin at. lp vole |B ch the = legiata? ChE 4hmun below bas dteng doer | te take igh the Sp to each Aatunaton 2 lpKo ape TNuisy + Vout nisv we ny FE nylecacety | | c Load Line 1 jadi the chr “baw cr 3 cbiaw the Ie po os the. cal cords ern iter No syed Vee = eh TSE p \: Ue = Yee” Te Re | 2e- Q.5KIL yottage qe -| | | | Vee Merl s ¥ | ushen To =o Voe sa Vee aus Qocates the PH. & F ns ee = BS ne: Qoal ding an the Collects emitter wbbage omit oN Bs given when Vea =O which aver Te te (4 19-5 2 ama Jee 7 Qine Am