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CHAPTER 4
3) Section Lines
5) Holes in Section
7) Breaks
Example 2
6.2 Cutting Plane Line
Cutting plane lines are used to define the location for the sectional view’s cutting plane.
Figure below shows two linetype patterns for the cutting plane lines, i.e. Dashed and
Phantom. Either pattern is acceptable.
The direction of the arrow indicates the line of sight and it is always perpendicular to the
cutting plane.
6.2 Cutting Plane Line
1 2
6.2 Cutting Plane Line
To Draw a Cutting Plane Line using AutoCad
Linetype
Given continuous line
6.2 Cutting Plane Line
To Draw an Arrowhead
1. Type qleader at the command prompt.
Command: qleader
Specify first leader point, or [Settings] <Settings>:
2. Select the location for the tip of the arrow.
Specify next point:
3. Select the end of the line, then right-click the mouse.
Specify text width <0>:
4. Press Enter or key-in text width then Enter.
Enter first line of annotation text <Mtext>:
5. Press Enter. The Text Editor tab will appear.
6. Click Close Text Editor.
Note: The arrowhead size can also be changed by typing dimasz in command line and
type in the new scale factor.
6.3 Section Lines
Section lines are used to define areas that represent where solid material has been cut in a
sectional view.
Section lines are evenly spaced at any inclined angle that is not parallel to any existing
edge line and should be visually distinct from the continuous lines that define the boundary of
the sectional view.
Figure below shows an area that includes uniform section lines evenly spaced at 45°.
Some areas include a 45° edge line; hence, the section line cannot be drawn at 45°. Lines at
135° were drawn instead.
6.3 Section Lines
Figure below shows an object that contains edge lines at both 45° and 135°. The section lines
within this area were drawn at 60°.
If two or more parts are included within the same sectional view, each part must have visually
different section lines.
Different
section lines
6.3 Section Lines
The recommended spacing for sectional lines is spaced 0.125 inches or 3 millimeters.
They should never be spaced so close together as to look blurry or be so far apart that they
are not clearly recognizable as section lines.
Wider for
larger areas
Too wide
Too dense
6.3 Section Lines
Section lines are drawn in AutoCAD using Hatch tool, which located on the Draw panel. The
general pattern of evenly spaced lines at 45° is defined as pattern ANSI31, and is default
setting for the Hatch tool.
Select the Hatch tool from the Draw panel. The Hatch Creation tab will appear.
Select the Pick Points option.
Select a point within the area to be hatched, then right-click the mouse, then select Enter.
The area will be hatched.
6.3 Section Lines
To Change Hatch Patterns
1. Select the Hatch tool from the
Draw panel. The Hatch
Creation tab will appear.
2. Click the arrow to the lower right
corner of the Pattern panel.
3. A list of available ANSI pattern
will appear.
4. Select the desired pattern and
apply it as described above.
After
Example 6.1
Figure below shows an object with a cutting plane line. Draw the following drawings
of the object in Third Angle Projection. All dimensions are shown in millimetres.
a) Top view.
b) Sectional view A-A.
Example 6.1
1 2
3 4
6.4 Sectional View Location
Sectional views should be located on a drawing behind the arrows. The arrows represent the
viewing direction for the sectional view.
If it is impossible to locate sectional views behind the arrows, they may be located above or
below, but still behind the arrowed portion of the cutting plane line.
Sectional views should NEVER be located in front of the arrows.
Full sectional
right-side view
6.5 Holes in Section
Figure below shows a sectional view of an object that contains three holes.
As with orthographic views, a conical point must be included on holes that do not completely
penetrate the object.
A common mistake is to omit the back edge of a hole when drawing a sectional view.
The sectional view of a hole drilled through an object should include a straight line across the
top and bottom edges of the view that represents the back edges of the hole.
6.5 Holes in Section
Figure below shows a countersunk hole, a counterbored hole, a spotface, and a hole
through a boss.
6.6 Types of Sectional View
Types of Sectional
Views
g) Broken-out
a) Full Section
This view is made by passing the imaginary cutting plane completely through the object.
All the hidden features intersected by the cutting plane are represented by visible lines in the
section view.
Surfaces touched by the cutting plane have section lines drawn at a 45-degree angle to the
horizontal.
Full
cut
The following figure shows an object. Sketch the following drawings of the part in Third Angle
Projection.
a) Front view.
b) Full sectional right-side view.
b) Half Section
Half and partial sectional views allow a designer to show an object using an orthographic view
and a sectional view within one view.
A half-sectional view shows half the view is sectional view; the other half is a normal
orthographic view excluding the hidden lines.
The cutting plane line is drawn to include an arrowhead at only one end of the line.
Half cut
A rectangular support is shown in the following figure. Sketch the following drawings of the part
in Third Angle Projection.
a) Top view.
b) Sectional A-A view.
d) Aligned Section
Cutting plane lines taken at angles on circular shapes may be aligned as shown in figure
below.
Aligning the sectional views prevents the foreshortening that would result if the view were
projected from the original cutting plane line location.
A foreshortened view would not present an accurate picture of the object’s surfaces.
SECTION A-A
A) Aligned sectional view A-A
d) Aligned Section
Aligned section conventions are used to rotate the holes into position along the vertical center
line.
d) Aligned Section
Class Activity 4
A round plate is shown in the following figure. Sketch the following drawings of the part in Third
Angle Projection.
a) Front view.
b) Full sectional right-side view.
e) Removed Section
Removed sectional views are used to show how an object’s shape changes over its length.
Removed sectional views are most often used with long objects whose shape changes
continuously over its length.
The sectional views are not positioned behind the arrowheads but are positioned across the
drawing.
f) Multiple Section
More than one sectional view may be taken off the same orthographic view.
Figure below shows a drawing that includes three sectional views, all taken off a front view.
Each cutting plane line is labeled with a letter.
Identifying letters are also placed below the sectional view and written using the format
SECTION A-A, or SECT A-A, and so on.
The letter I, O, and X are generally not used to identify sectional views because they can be
easily misread.
g) Broken-Out Section
Broken-out Sectional Views
Broken-out sectional views are used to show only
small internal portions of an object.
Broken lines are used to separate the broken-out
section from the rest of the orthographic views.
Freehand lines
S-Break lines
6.7 Breaks
To Draw an S-break
1. Draw a rectangular view of the cylindrical object and draw a construction line
where the break is to be located. The rectangular view should include a
centerline.
2. Draw two 30° lines: one from the intersection of the construction line and the
outside edge line of the view, and the other from the intersection of the
construction line and the centerline.
3. Draw an arc using the intersection created in step 2 as the center point. Mirror
the arc about the centerline and then about the construction line.
4. Use Fillet, set to a small radius, to smooth the corners between the arc and the
edge lines. Any small radius may be used for the fillet, provided it produces a
smooth visual transition between the arc and the edge lines.
5. Erase and trim any excess lines.
6. Hatch the area created by the two arcs and fillet.
6.7 Breaks
1 3
2 4
6.8 Sectional View of Castings
Cast objects are usually designed to include a feature called a rib or web.
Ribs and webs add strength and rigidity to an object.
Sectional views of ribs or webs do not include complete section lines because this is
considered misleading to the reader.
Ribs are usually narrow, and a large sectioned area gives the impression of a denser and
stronger area than is actually on the casting.
There are two conventions used to present sectional views of cast ribs: one that does not
draw any section lines on the ribs, and one that puts every other section line on the rib.
Sectional views of castings that include section lines on ribs are created using Hatch
command for those areas that are to be hatched.
Ribs
6.8 Sectional View of Castings
6.9 Drawing Conventions in Section
Slots and small holes that penetrate cylindrical surfaces may be drawn as straight lines.
Larger holes, i.e. holes whose diameters are greater than radii of their cylinders should be
drawn showing an elliptical curvature.
6.9 Drawing Conventions in Section
Intersecting holes are represented by crossed lines, as shown in figure below.
The crossed lines are drawn from the intersecting corners of the holes.
6.10 Sectional View in AutoCAD
1. What is the units? (Use ‘units’ command)
Inches
Millimetres
4. Draw the normal orthographic projection view either top, front or side view together
with cutting plane line.
5. Project all information from the normal orthographic view to the sectional view drawing
that will be created using ‘xline’ command.