Journal of Molecular Liquids 136 (2007) 71 – 78

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Densities and viscosities of aqueous solutions of 1-propanol and 2-propanol

at temperatures from 293.15 K to 333.15 K
Fong-Meng Pang a , Chye-Eng Seng a,⁎, Tjoon-Tow Teng b , M.H. Ibrahim b
a
School of Chemical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia
b
School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia
Received 26 November 2006; accepted 20 January 2007
Available online 24 February 2007

Abstract

Densities and viscosities of the binary aqueous solutions of 1-propanol and 2-propanol have been measured over the whole composition range
at temperatures between 293.15 K and 333.15 K. The energies of activation for viscous flow for aqueous solutions of 1-propanol and 2-propanol
were calculated and found to be 17.94 and 22.16 kJ mol− 1, respectively. A polynomial equation and an equation based on the Power Law and
Erying's absolute rate theory were used to correlate the viscosity data of the aqueous solutions of 1-propanol and 2-propanol. The average absolute
deviations (AAD) for density correlations of aqueous solutions of 1-propanol and 2-propanol are less than 0.07%.
© 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Viscosity; Density; 1-propanol; 2-propanol

1. Introduction essential oils in perfumery. Aqueous solutions of alcohols have

A knowledge of thermodynamic and transport properties of
binary aqueous solutions is important in engineering, designing
new technological processes and also in developing theoretical
models. Volumetric properties of aqueous solutions, in
conjunction with other thermodynamic properties provide
useful information about water–solute interactions. Density
and viscosity of aqueous solutions are required in both physical
chemistry and chemical engineering calculations involving
fluid flow, heat and mass transfer [1]. The values of such
quantities may sometimes be obtained from tables but it is
usually found that even the most extensive physico-chemical
tables do not contain all the data necessary for designing a
technological process [2]. Consequently, reliable and accurate
data which can be applied to wide ranges of temperature are
required. Alcohols are organic compounds widely used in the
chemical industry. Main use of alcohols is solvents for gums,
resins, lacquers and varnishes, in the preparation of dyes and for
⁎ Corresponding author. Tel.: +60 4 6533888x3546; fax: +60 4 6574854.
E-mail address: ceseng@usm.my (C.-E. Seng).
0167-7322/$ - see front matter © 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.molliq.2007.01.003
served as useful industrial solvent media for a variety of
separation processes. It also has become popular in solar
thermal systems. Alcohols and their binary mixtures are also
used as solvents in chemistry and modern technology for
homogeneous and heterogeneous extractive rectification [3].
Densities and viscosities of binary aqueous solutions of
1-propanol have been studied and presented using power
series equation by Mikhail and Kimel [4] at 298.15, 303.15,
308.15, 313.15 and 323.15 K. The maximum deviation of
the calculated values as compared with the experimental
values reported by Mikhail and Kimel was less than 0.15%
and 0.88% for density and viscosity, respectively. Ling
and Van Winkle [5] determined densities and viscosities of
1-propanol + water, toluene + n-octane, 1-butanol + water, ac-
etone + 1-butanol, benzene + 2-chloroethanol, carbon tetra-
chloride + 1-propanol, ethanol + 1,4-dioxane and methanol +
1,4-dioxane at temperatures of 303.15, 328.15, 348.15 and
368.15 K. They found that the liquid viscosity for the same
liquid composition was lower at higher temperature. Den-
sities and refractive indices of 1-propanol, 2-propanol and
methanol with water were measured at 293.15 and 298.15 K
[6]. The density–composition curves for both 1-propanol
72 F.-M. Pang et al. / Journal of Molecular Liquids 136 (2007) 71–78

Table 1
Densities (ρ) and viscosities (η) of pure components at different temperatures
1-propanol 2-propanol
ρ (g cm− 3) η (mPa s) ρ (g cm− 3) η (mPa s)
T (K) Experiment Literature Experiment Literature Experiment Literature Experiment Literature
293.15 0.80428 0.80370 [10] 2.197 – 0.78535 0.78550 [10] 2.414 –
298.15 0.80021 0.79999 [11] 1.947 1.938 [4] 0.78110 0.78090 [14] 2.070 2.052 [14]
303.15 0.79642 0.79660 [5] 1.726 1.723 [4] 0.77712 0.77680 [13] 1.785 1.780 [13]
308.15 0.79227 0.79200 [12] 1.542 1.534 [4] 0.77288 0.77220 [15] 1.546 –
313.15 0.78851 0.78730 [4] 1.379 1.379 [4] 0.76879 0.76800 [13] 1.347 1.350 [13]
318.15 0.78428 0.78410 [12] 1.236 1.223 [12] 0.76397 0.76329 [15] 1.176 –
323.15 0.78102 0.77900 [4] 1.111 1.110 [4] 0.75968 0.75930 [13] 1.033 1.040 [13]
328.15 0.77667 0.77610 [5] 1.003 1.011 [5] 0.75489 – 0.914 –
333.15 0.77282 – 0.908 – 0.75041 – 0.811 –

and 2-propanol exhibit a steady decrease in density with
alcohol concentration. Viscosity studies of solutions of water in n-
aliphatic alcohols were also reported at 288.15, 298.15, 308.15,
and 318.15 K [7]. Densities and refractive indices of pure alcohols
from 293.15 to 318.15 K were presented by Ortega [8]. Dizechi
and Marschall [9] measured kinematic viscosities and densities of
eight binary and four ternary liquid mixtures of polar components
at various temperatures and the data were correlated with
McAllister's equation and modified form of the McAllister's
equation.
The present study presents and discusses density and viscosity
data for binary systems of 1-propanol + water and 2-propanol +
water at temperatures from 293.15 K to 333.15 K over the entire
composition range. The data are correlated with an equation based
on the Power Law and Erying's absolute rate theory and also a
polynomial type equation.
2. Experimental
2.1. Materials
1-propanol (N 99.5%) and 2-propanol (N 99.8%) were obtained
from Merck Chemicals. Both were used without further purifica-
tion. Ultra pure water was used for the preparation of various
solutions. Mixtures of these alcohols with ultra pure water were
made by weighing a known amount of the respective chemicals,
taking care to minimize exposure to air (carbon dioxide). Densities
and viscosities of the pure components are given in Table 1 and
compared with the literature values [4,5,10–15].
this instrument was estimated to be ±1 × 10− 5 g cm− 3 and the
precision of this instrument is ±0.5 × 10− 5 g cm− 3.
Densities of the solutions, were calculated by the equation
q ¼ A Vs2 −B V ð1Þ
where A′ and B′ are calibration constants, ρ the density, τ the
period of vibration.
2.3. Viscosity
The kinematic viscosities of the solutions were determined
by using an Ubbelohde viscometer. Ultra pure water [16] was
used for calibration. The viscometer was immersed in a water
bath. The temperature of the water bath was controlled to
± 0.01 K. The flow time was measured with a stop-watch
accurate to ± 0.01 s. Measurements were repeated at least three
times for each solution and temperature. The uncertainty of the
viscosity measurements was estimated to be less than 0.4%.
The kinematic viscosity of solutions is given by
v ¼ k1 t−k2 =t ð2Þ
where v is the kinematic viscosity, t is the flow time and k1, k2
are the viscometer constants. The values of k1 determined by
calibrating with pure water at working temperatures are
between 0.001753 to 0.001763 mm2 s− 2. The k2/t term
represents the correction due to kinetic energy and can
generally be neglected. The dynamic viscosities were then

2.2. Density

An Anton Paar DMA58 vibrating tube digital density meter,

with a built-in constant temperature bath was used to determine the
densities of the solutions at temperatures ranging from 293.15 K to
333.15 K at 5 K intervals. The temperature of the water bath was
kept constant within ±0.01 K. The density meter was calibrated by
dry air and ultra pure water under atmospheric pressure. The output
signal from the vibrating tube was processed through a frequency
meter. The U-tube of the density meter was washed with water and Fig. 1. Viscosities of pure alcohols as a function of temperatures (●, 1-propanol;
acetone and dried with air before measurement. The uncertainty of ▵, 2-propanol).
 F.-M. Pang et al. / Journal of Molecular Liquids 136 (2007) 71–78 73

Table 2
Experimental viscosity for 1-propanol (1) + water (2) mixtures from 293.15 K to 333.15 K
x1 η (mPa s)
293.15 298.15 303.15 308.15 313.15 318.15 323.15 328.15 1333.15
0.00000 1.002 0.890 0.797 0.719 0.653 0.596 0.547 0.504 0.466
0.01000 1.156 1.024 0.906 0.810 0.728 0.659 0.600 0.551 0.507
0.02000 1.335 1.160 1.019 0.912 0.807 0.726 0.657 0.599 0.549
0.05000 1.898 1.603 1.366 1.187 1.039 0.919 0.820 0.738 0.669
0.07000 2.209 1.844 1.555 1.342 1.167 1.027 0.912 0.817 0.738
0.10000 2.545 2.116 1.786 1.530 1.330 1.164 1.030 0.920 0.827
0.20000 3.109 2.598 2.192 1.879 1.625 1.420 1.250 1.112 0.994
0.30000 3.173 2.674 2.267 1.953 1.692 1.479 1.303 1.157 1.034
0.40000 3.053 2.592 2.216 1.915 1.666 1.460 1.288 1.146 1.024
0.50000 2.880 2.465 2.118 1.840 1.610 1.416 1.252 1.117 0.999
0.60002 2.707 2.333 2.023 1.765 1.547 1.366 1.212 1.084 0.971
0.70006 2.537 2.202 1.920 1.686 1.485 1.315 1.171 1.050 0.944
0.80004 2.403 2.097 1.839 1.623 1.437 1.278 1.142 1.026 0.925
0.89997 2.300 2.022 1.783 1.581 1.405 1.254 1.123 1.012 0.914
1.00000 2.197 1.947 1.726 1.542 1.379 1.236 1.111 1.003 0.908

Table 3
Experimental viscosity for 2-propanol (1) + water (2) mixtures from 293.15 K to 333.15 K
x1 η (mPa s)
293.15 298.15 303.15 308.15 313.15 318.15 323.15 328.15 333.15
0.00000 1.002 0.890 0.797 0.719 0.653 0.596 0.547 0.504 0.466
0.01000 1.170 1.029 0.912 0.815 0.733 0.664 0.604 0.554 0.510
0.02000 1.369 1.188 1.040 0.923 0.823 0.739 0.668 0.609 0.556
0.05000 2.062 1.725 1.467 1.263 1.098 0.966 0.856 0.767 0.691
0.07069 2.544 2.089 1.735 1.480 1.270 1.103 0.969 0.862 0.774
0.10000 3.054 2.472 2.041 1.717 1.458 1.261 1.101 0.973 0.868
0.20003 3.741 3.040 2.504 2.109 1.789 1.539 1.337 1.175 1.037
0.30003 3.726 3.068 2.551 2.153 1.835 1.580 1.374 1.207 1.066
0.40003 3.481 2.894 2.425 2.062 1.765 1.525 1.328 1.168 1.033
0.50004 3.180 2.667 2.253 1.926 1.657 1.437 1.256 1.107 0.981
0.60005 2.888 2.441 2.076 1.787 1.544 1.345 1.179 1.041 0.926
0.70013 2.655 2.256 1.934 1.669 1.449 1.265 1.113 0.985 0.877
0.79990 2.484 2.127 1.824 1.585 1.379 1.208 1.064 0.944 0.840
0.89994 2.395 2.054 1.772 1.538 1.341 1.176 1.035 0.919 0.818
1.00000 2.414 2.070 1.785 1.546 1.347 1.176 1.033 0.914 0.811

Table 4
Experimental density for 1-propanol (1) + water (2) mixtures from 293.15 K to 333.15 K
x1 ρ (g cm− 3)
293.15 298.15 303.15 308.15 313.15 318.15 323.15 328.15 333.15
0.000000 0.99821 0.99705 0.99565 0.99403 0.99222 0.99021 0.98804 0.98569 0.98320
0.009998 0.99290 0.99167 0.99030 0.98859 0.98668 0.98440 0.98251 0.98019 0.97762
0.019999 0.98848 0.98712 0.98561 0.98389 0.98187 0.97963 0.97744 0.97505 0.97243
0.049998 0.97734 0.97534 0.97301 0.97067 0.96849 0.96629 0.96330 0.96037 0.95720
0.070003 0.96982 0.96711 0.96417 0.96120 0.95844 0.95526 0.95252 0.94913 0.94625
0.099997 0.95616 0.95301 0.95011 0.94679 0.94379 0.94032 0.93734 0.93371 0.93134
0.200001 0.91803 0.91461 0.91084 0.90707 0.90341 0.89949 0.89581 0.89284 0.88786
0.300004 0.89051 0.88665 0.88284 0.87877 0.87484 0.87111 0.86674 0.86244 0.85901
0.399999 0.86976 0.86571 0.86162 0.85744 0.85334 0.84901 0.84482 0.84036 0.83582
0.499996 0.85383 0.84973 0.84479 0.84047 0.83683 0.83242 0.82809 0.82359 0.81909
0.600017 0.84071 0.83668 0.83292 0.82863 0.82373 0.81931 0.81488 0.81032 0.80567
0.700065 0.82928 0.82512 0.82088 0.81651 0.81220 0.80774 0.80329 0.79872 0.79432
0.800042 0.81986 0.81568 0.81142 0.80711 0.80293 0.79851 0.79421 0.78975 0.78549
0.899968 0.81242 0.80825 0.80393 0.79987 0.79589 0.79134 0.78716 0.78270 0.77844
1.00000 0.80428 0.80021 0.79642 0.79227 0.78851 0.78428 0.78102 0.77667 0.77282
74 F.-M. Pang et al. / Journal of Molecular Liquids 136 (2007) 71–78

Table 5
Experimental density for 2-propanol (1) + water (2) mixtures from 293.15 K to 333.15 K
x1 ρ (g cm− 3)
293.15 298.15 303.15 308.15 313.15 318.15 323.15 328.15 333.15
0.00000 0.99821 0.99705 0.99565 0.99403 0.99222 0.99021 0.98804 0.98569 0.98320
0.01000 0.99229 0.99144 0.98984 0.98816 0.98633 0.98436 0.98207 0.97992 0.97750
0.02000 0.98735 0.98609 0.98463 0.98301 0.98117 0.97911 0.97724 0.97518 0.97192
0.05000 0.97594 0.97412 0.97196 0.96967 0.96745 0.96549 0.96201 0.95898 0.95656
0.07069 0.96908 0.96645 0.96244 0.96105 0.95835 0.95451 0.95152 0.94861 0.94828
0.10000 0.95735 0.95399 0.95027 0.94670 0.94267 0.94081 0.93826 0.93444 0.93304
0.20003 0.91714 0.91317 0.90928 0.90578 0.90120 0.89695 0.89361 0.89000 0.88444
0.30003 0.88547 0.88129 0.87735 0.87303 0.86866 0.86419 0.85988 0.85528 0.85095
0.40003 0.86143 0.85713 0.85292 0.84850 0.84415 0.83950 0.83511 0.83038 0.82584
0.50004 0.84283 0.83854 0.83419 0.82956 0.82517 0.82048 0.81611 0.81124 0.80649
0.60005 0.82745 0.82307 0.81872 0.81407 0.80951 0.80479 0.80015 0.79520 0.79001
0.70013 0.81457 0.81020 0.80569 0.80130 0.79646 0.79166 0.78704 0.78210 0.77701
0.79990 0.80368 0.79960 0.79464 0.79007 0.78549 0.78072 0.77614 0.77118 0.76635
0.89994 0.79433 0.78985 0.78557 0.78101 0.77666 0.77192 0.76748 0.76296 0.75791
1.00000 0.78535 0.78110 0.77712 0.77288 0.76879 0.76397 0.75968 0.75489 0.75041

calculated from the measured kinematic viscosities and the
densities of the same solutions.
3. Results and discussion
Numerous empirical and theoretical equations have been
formulated to relate the variations of viscosity with temperature,
pressure and the bulk and structural properties of the liquids. Most
notable among the empirical equations used is the Andrade
equation which relates viscosity, η and absolute temperature, T, by
an Arrhenius type of exponential function
g ¼ A exp ðE=RT Þ
where A is a system specific constant, E the activation energy for
viscous flow, R the gas constant and T the temperature in Kelvin.
Plots of ln η versus 1/T for pure 1-propanol and 2-propanol are
shown in Fig. 1. The values of E, the activation energies for
viscous flow, of 1-propanol and 2-propanol were found to be
17.94 and 22.16 kJ mol− 1 with the correlation coefficient
N0.9999. 2-propanol has higher activation energy than 1-propanol
probably due to the larger structure of 2-propanol in resisting flow.
The alcohol aggregates become more bulky and flow less easily as
the structure of alcohol becomes larger. Extra energy is required to
break the hydrogen bond in the secondary alcohols. For pure
alcohols, the temperature dependence of the viscosity becomes
stronger with increasing degree of branching. The viscosity is
higher for branched alcohols than for the n-alcohol at low
ð3Þ temperature, whereas the viscosity decreases faster for the
branched alcohols than for the n-alcohol as the temperature
increases. This temperature dependent behavior may follow from
the fact that at low temperatures the association of branched

Fig. 2. Viscosities of 1-propanol (1) + water (2) systems from 293.15 K to Fig. 3. Viscosities of 2-propanol (1) + water (2) systems from 293.15 K to

▪
333.15 K (●, this work; □, Mikhail and Kimel [4]; ▴, Ling and Van Winkle [5]; 333.15 K (●, this work; □, Mato and Coca [18]; ▵, Taniewska-Osinska and
, D'Aprano et al. [7]). Kacperska [19]).
 F.-M. Pang et al. / Journal of Molecular Liquids 136 (2007) 71–78 75

Table 6
Parameters ai of Eq. (4) for viscosity of binary aqueous 1-propanol solutions
T (K) a1 a2 a3 a4 a5 a6 AAD%
293.15 0.9596 22.6495 −81.8479 131.6387 − 101.9294 30.7325 1.012
298.15 0.8630 17.7274 −61.8624 96.7569 −73.2237 21.6902 0.738
303.15 0.7765 14.1008 −47.7885 72.9931 −54.0813 15.7279 0.608
308.15 0.7060 11.4701 −37.9942 56.9090 −41.4093 11.8616 0.425
313.15 0.6396 9.5088 −30.9668 45.7326 −32.8468 9.3123 0.466
318.15 0.5849 7.9519 −25.4952 37.1016 −26.2406 7.3335 0.437
323.15 0.5372 6.7379 −21.3787 30.7748 −21.4783 5.9183 0.407
328.15 0.4959 5.7924 −18.3139 26.3534 −18.4052 5.0807 0.404
333.15 0.4595 5.0183 −15.8049 22.5812 −15.5771 4.2315 0.374

Table 7
Parameters ai of Eq. (4) for viscosity of binary aqueous 2-propanol solutions
T (K) a1 a2 a3 a4 a5 a6 AAD%
293.15 0.8965 30.1282 − 109.5571 171.6818 −128.8869 38.1523 1.917
298.15 0.8196 22.9893 −81.1228 123.8812 −90.9939 26.4963 1.477
303.15 0.7487 17.8859 −61.7891 92.8855 −67.4918 19.5456 1.147
308.15 0.6844 14.2991 −48.5914 72.0433 −51.7182 14.8290 0.930
313.15 0.6279 11.4858 −38.2748 55.6804 −39.2663 11.0930 0.737
318.15 0.5769 9.4385 −31.1384 44.8530 −31.3040 8.7498 0.626
323.15 0.5316 7.8640 −25.7806 36.9080 −25.5914 7.1009 0.554
328.15 0.4928 6.6220 −21.5074 30.3646 −20.6715 5.6131 0.470
333.15 0.4574 5.6529 −18.4286 26.2088 −18.0311 4.9519 0.437

alcohol molecules is stronger whereas, as temperature increases,
the branched alcohols become more monomolecular like than
linear alcohols [17].
The experimental viscosities and densities data for the binary
aqueous solutions of 1-propanol and 2-propanol from 293.15 K to
333.15 K are presented in Tables 2–5, respectively. The
viscosities of the aqueous solutions of 1-propanol and 2-propanol
are plotted versus mole fraction in Figs. 2 and 3. The literature
viscosity data of aqueous 1-propanol [4,5,7] are also plotted in
Fig. 2 for comparison. The viscosities of 1-propanol measured in
this work are in good agreement with the available literature data
[4,5,7], except for the viscosity values at 298.15 K reported by D'
Aprano et al. [7], which are slightly higher at high mass fraction of
1-propanol. The literature viscosity data of aqueous 2-propanol
[18,19] are also plotted in Fig. 3 for comparison. The measured
aqueous 2-propanol data also agree well with those available data
[18,19].
Tables 2 and 3 show that viscosity values decrease with
temperature. For both the binary systems, viscosity increases
with the mole fraction of alcohol, reaching a weak maximum at
about 0.3000 mol fraction of alcohol, beyond which the
viscosity decreases slowly due to strong interactions between
water and alcohol.
Two equations are proposed to correlate the viscosity of the
aqueous solutions of 1-propanol and 2-propanol systems
i.) Polynomial equation [20]:
X
6
g ¼ g0 þ ai x i ð4Þ
i¼1
where η is the viscosity of the binary solutions, η0 the viscosity
of pure water at the same temperature, ai are the polynomial
coefficients. Eq. (4) was used to fit the experimental data. The
best-fit values of the polynomial coefficients are listed in
Tables 6 and 7.
ii.) Equation based on the Power Law and Erying's absolute
rate theory [21]:
An equation for liquid viscosity has been derived based on
the Power Law equation for non-Newtonian fluid equation and
Erying's absolute rate theory. The equation for a concentration

Table 8
Parameters of Eq. (5) for viscosity of binary aqueous 1-propanol solutions
T (K) 293.15 298.15 303.15 308.15 313.15 318.15 323.15 328.15 333.15
E′ 1.1731 1.1382 1.1300 1.1004 1.1014 1.0969 1.0987 1.1006 1.1018
V 8.9237 8.5430 8.2256 7.9922 7.7804 7.6242 7.5580 7.4248 7.4021
ψ2 0.8822 0.8902 0.9044 0.9095 0.9231 0.9335 0.9435 0.9498 0.9569
ψ12 5.3900 5.0102 4.9037 4.5506 4.5578 4.4949 4.4698 4.4372 4.3959
β 3.7406 3.7775 3.7988 3.8208 3.8470 3.8606 3.8732 3.8452 3.8371
σ (s) 32.7667 29.6323 27.7891 25.1850 23.9903 22.5868 21.2379 20.1432 18.9129
AAD% 1.398 1.088 0.908 0.682 0.695 0.608 0.555 0.528 0.482
76 F.-M. Pang et al. / Journal of Molecular Liquids 136 (2007) 71–78

Table 9
Parameters of Eq. (5) for viscosity of binary aqueous 2-propanol solutions
T (K) 293.15 298.15 303.15 308.15 313.15 318.15 323.15 328.15 333.15
E′ 1.1195 1.0967 1.0723 1.0563 1.0275 1.0240 1.0236 1.0162 1.0148
V 9.6951 9.3122 8.9873 8.7079 8.4304 8.2195 8.0680 7.8994 7.7074
ψ2 0.9176 0.9151 0.9113 0.9174 0.9227 0.9304 0.9387 0.9445 0.9487
ψ12 6.4924 5.8999 5.2857 5.0203 4.6394 4.5410 4.4792 4.3664 4.2804
β 5.0262 4.6997 4.6046 4.5349 4.5014 4.4112 4.3256 4.2620 4.1381
σ (s) 34.5774 30.4144 27.3282 25.1252 23.0022 21.5665 20.2460 19.0483 18.0365
AAD% 2.122 1.807 1.608 1.358 1.107 0.954 0.834 0.677 0.649

dependent binary system viscosity is obtained using additive
contribution from each component.
g ¼ ðsc =rc Þ½ðg0 =sc ÞexpðxE VÞ=ð1 þ xV ÞÞWc
where, ψC = 1 − x β + x β (1 − x β )ψ12 + x β ψ2 and σc = σ ψc− 1 η is
viscosity of the binary solutions, τc is shear stress, σc is the
apparent viscosity rates, x is mole fraction, E′ is activation
energy of viscous flow, V is molar volume of holes, subscripts 1
and 2 denote components 1 and 2 in the binary system, subscript
12 denotes a non-linear constant for the binary system and β is a
non-linear adjustable constant for mole fraction. Eq. (5) was
used to fit the experimental data with the MATLAB program.
The best-fit parameters are listed in Tables 8 and 9. It is noted
that all parameters are dimensionless except for σ which has a
dimension of seconds (s).
The activation energy E′ is the difference between the molar
free energy of activation for creating holes in the liquid by
moving particle of pure component 1 and component 2.
E V¼ ðDG⁎2 −DG⁎1 Þ=RT
where ΔG⁎ is the free activation energy constant, R is the gas
constant and T is the temperature.
Decreasing E′ with temperature, it indicates that the rate of
decrease of the molar free energy of activation for creating holes in
the liquid of pure component 2 is slower than that of pure
component. Tables 8 and 9 show that the values of E′ decrease with
increasing temperatures for 1-propanol and 2-propanol systems.
The molar volume of holes, V is found gradually decreasing
with temperature. A decrease in V parameter indicates that the
solute molar volume of holes expands slower than its solvent with
temperature. The molar volume of holes can be expressed as
V ¼ ðV2 −V1 Þ=V1
where ND is the total number of data in the sample, subscript
exptl denotes experimental data and subscript calc denotes
calculated value.
ð5Þ The polynomial equation correlates the viscosity with an
AAD of 0.541% and 0.922%, respectively, for 1-propanol and
2-propanol aqueous solution systems. The Power Law and
Erying's absolute rate theory correlate the viscosity values
of the binary solutions with an AAD of 0.771% and 1.235% for
1-propanol and 2-propanol aqueous systems, respectively.
The density data for the binary aqueous solutions of 1-propanol
and 2-propanol are shown in Figs. 4 and 5. The literature density
data of aqueous 1-propanol solution [4,5] are included in Fig. 4 for
comparison. The measured density data are in good agreement
with those in the literature. The density data of 2-propanol
aqueous solutions reported by Sakurai [15] and Taniewska-
Osinska and Kacperska [19], are included in Fig. 5. The measured
aqueous 2-propanol data are found to be in good agreement with
the literature data [15,19].
Density is a function of temperature and composition for
ð6Þ aqueous solutions. Thus from Tables 4 and 5, the densities
generally decrease with temperature and composition of alcohol.
Densities for binary solutions can be represented by the
ð7Þ

where subscripts 1 and 2 denote components 1 and 2 in the binary

system.
The ψ2 value increases with temperature. The parameter β is
an adjustable parameter. It represents how the non-Newtonian
deviation constant changes with concentration for a binary
system.
The overall regression results are measured using average
absolute percent deviation (AAD)
X Fig. 4. Densities of 1-propanol (1) + water (2) systems from 293.15 K to 333.15 K
AAD% ¼ 1=ND ½ðgexptl −gcalc Þ=gexptl Þ2 1=2  100% ð8Þ (●, this work; □, Mikhail and Kimel [4]; ▴, Ling and Van Winkle [5]).
 F.-M. Pang et al. / Journal of Molecular Liquids 136 (2007) 71–78 77

Table 11
Coefficients of Eq. (9) for density of binary aqueous 2-propanol solutions
T (K) a1 a2 a3 a4 a5 AAD%
293.15 − 0.4074 −0.1371 1.2831 −1.5256 0.5756 0.078
298.15 − 0.4392 −0.0275 1.1036 −1.3853 0.5334 0.065
303.15 − 0.4716 0.1087 0.8391 −1.1545 0.4606 0.057
308.15 − 0.4951 0.1875 0.7033 −1.0405 0.4242 0.044
313.15 − 0.5221 0.2783 0.5625 −0.9422 0.4004 0.058
318.15 − 0.5275 0.2335 0.7301 −1.1401 0.4781 0.064
323.15 − 0.5264 0.1705 0.9119 −1.3359 0.5519 0.072
328.15 − 0.5483 0.2621 0.7070 −1.1203 0.4689 0.066
333.15 − 0.5490 0.1935 0.9371 −1.3952 0.5811 0.092

concentration range at temperatures from 293.15 to 333.15 K.

Fig. 5. Densities of 2-propanol (1) + water (2) systems at various temperatures
(●, this work; □, Sakurai [15]; ▴, Taniewska-Osinska and Kacperska [19]).
2-propanol has higher activation energy than 1-propanol.
Viscosity values decrease with temperature for 1-propanol
and 2-propanol aqueous solutions. Densities decrease with
temperature and concentration of alcohol. The viscosity data
can be correlated by an equation based on the Power Law and
Erying's absolute rate theory and a polynomial equation
whereas the density data can be represented by a polynomial
equation.

following polynomial equation which is convenient for interpo- Acknowledgment

lation [22]
The authors wish to thank the Fundamental Research Grant
X
5
d ¼ d0 þ ai x i
ð9Þ Scheme (FRGS) of Universiti Sains Malaysia (grant no. 203/
i¼1 PTEKIND/670033) for the financial support.

where d0 is the density of pure water at the temperature concerned, References

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