QNO 1 .

sociogram
A sociogram is a graph database that depicts the relationships among individuals in a group in order to map the
group's social network. Social scientist Jacob L. Moreno developed the sociogram in the mid-20th century as
a quantitative method for analyzing social relationships in prisons and reform schools. His goal was to create a
sociometric tool that would help administrators learn how reciprocal and non-reciprocal communication
patterns, status, alliances and hidden agendas affected a group's ability to remain cohesive.

Interpreting the Sociogram

Here are three patterns to look for when breaking down a sociogram:
Isolates – One of the alerts a leader gets from this is that there are some people – the isolates – who no one has
chosen or who have only been chosen by another isolate. In the sociogram above, Sam is an isolate and so is Jill,
having only been chosen by Sam. While it is wise to have a certain degree of philosophical skepticism in making
initial assumptions about isolates, they are a cause for concern. You want to make sure they feel connected and
supported in the larger group.
Cliques – There are several quite tight groups which may well merit some degree of skepticism. Are these groups
“cliques” that exclude others? Cliques are defined as groups of three or more people within a larger group who
all choose each other. In the above example, Ann, Fleur and Meg have all chosen each other, and are clearly a
tight group. You may want to observe to make sure they aren’t excluding other people.
Stars – Stars are people who have been chosen many times on the sociogram. These people are generally popular
and well-liked, hence being chosen by many of their peers. In the example given above, can you find one of the
Stars?
Remember, this is simply a guide. If nothing else, the sociogram can be used as a guide for further, more focused,
observation.

social distance scale

Bogardus social distance scale is defined as a scale that measures varying degrees of closeness in people
towards other members of diverse social, ethnic or racial groups. It measures the degrees of warmth, hostility,
indifference or intimacy between these groups.
This scale was developed by Emory Bogardus in 1924 and named after him. It is one of the oldest and still in
use, psychological attitude scales. Due to its unidimensional nature, prejudice or the lack of it towards only one
community or group can be measured at one point of time. The Bogardus social distance scale is also known as
a cumulative scale because an agreement with one item shows agreement with any number of preceding items;
which makes it a subset of the Guttman scale. The other major types of unidimensional scales are the Likert
scale and the Thurstone scale.
Characteristics of Bogardus Social Distance Scale
 Cumulative in nature: The Bogardus social distance scale is a variation of the Guttman scale(or cumulative
scale) because any agreement with a statement is an assumption of agreement with any statements preceding
the selection.
 7-point scale: The Bogardus social distance scale uses a 7 point social distance scale to track empathy
between 2 social groups. The lower rating 1.0 indicates a less social distance between the 2 groups whereas a
higher rating like 5.0 indicates a higher social distance between the 2 groups.
 Measure social distance: The option with the rating scale 1.0 measures the proximity to a certain individual
and the option with the rating scale as 7.0 measures the distance between to that individual.

Guess Who.
Guess Who? is a two-player character guessing game created by Ora and Theo Coster, also known as Theora
Design, that was first manufactured by Milton Bradley, in 1979,
It is to help students to complete a meaningful
speaking activity where they have to guess the identity of their partner's character based on questions about their
appearance. The game can be played with 2 or more players.
QNO 2 Test anxiety
Test anxiety is a combination of physiological over-arousal, tension and somatic symptoms, along with worry, dread, fear
of failure, and catastrophizing, that occur before or during test situations.[1] It is a physiological condition in which people
experience extreme stress, anxiety, and discomfort during and/or before taking a test. This anxiety creates significant
barriers to learning and performance.
Highly test-anxious students score about 12 percentile points below their low anxiety peers. Test anxiety is prevalent
amongst the student populations of the world. It has been studied formally since the early 1950s beginning with researchers
George Mandler and Seymour Sarason. Sarason's brother, Irwin G. Sarason, then contributed to early investigation of test
anxiety, clarifying the relationship between the focused effects of test anxiety, other focused forms of anxiety, and
generalized anxiety.

Test anxiety can also be labeled as anticipatory anxiety, situational anxiety or evaluation anxiety. Some anxiety is normal
and often helpful to stay mentally and physically alert

Stress Testing mean:

Stress testing refers to the testing of software or hardware to determine whether its performance is satisfactory under any
extreme and unfavorable conditions, which may occur as a result of heavy network traffic, process loading,
underclocking, overclocking and maximum requests for resource utilization.

Most systems are developed under the assumption of normal operating conditions. Thus, even if a limit is crossed, errors
are negligible if the system undergoes stress testing during development.

1. Be prepared.
Yes, this seems obvious, but it bears repeating. If you feel confident that you’ve prepped thoroughly, you’ll feel more
confident walking into the test.

2. Get a good night’s sleep.

Cramming is never the answer, and pulling an all-nighter can exacerbate your nerves. Having adequate rest (9–10 hours
per night) is likely to be more beneficial than rereading a text until dawn (But if you ARE up late studying and have a
question, our on-demand tutors are there for you.)

3. Fuel up.
Eat a nutritious breakfast before the test and pack smart snacks for ongoing energy. Look for foods that offer a steady
stream of nutrients, rather than a sugar high followed by a crash.

4. Get to class—or the testing site—early.

Feeling rushed will only amp up the anxiety. Pack everything you need for the exam the night before and set the alarm, so
you can get out the door on time.

5. Have a positive mental attitude .

Bring a picture of your happy place or come up with a morale-boosting mantra like “I can do this” or “I worked hard and
deserve this.” Peek at your picture or recite your mantra, right before the test begins.

6. Read carefully.
Read the directions thoroughly and read all answers before making a choice or starting the essay. There is nothing worse
than putting time into a question and realizing you are not solving for x, or the essay is off target. Slowing down can help
you stay focused.

7. Just start.
The blank page can maximize your anxiety. After you’ve read the directions, dive right in by making an outline for an
essay answer. Or, find some questions you can ace to build up your confidence and momentum. You can always go back
and change things later if needed, but a few quick answers can get the ball rolling.

8. Don’t pay attention to what other people are doing.

Everyone else is scribbling away? Ack! What do they know that you don’t? It doesn’t matter. Pay attention to your own
test and pace, and forget about the other students in the room.

9. Watch the clock .

Realizing that time is almost up and there are lots of test questions left can make it hard to do anything useful in those
final minutes. Stay on pace by scoping out the whole test before getting started. Mentally allocate how much time you’ll
spend on each section. If there’s time to recheck, even better.

10. Focus on calm breathing and positive thoughts .

Deep breathing can slow down a beating heart or a racing mind, so practice these techniques at home. The very act of
concentrating on breathing and thinking can biometrically alter those anxious feelings.