Mat Foundation

NPTEL - ADVANCED FOUNDATION ENGINEERING-1
Module 5
(Lecture 19)
MAT FOUNDATIONS
Topics
1.1 STRUCTURAL DESIGN OF MAT FOUNDATIONS
 Conventional Rigid Method
1.2 Approximate Flexible Method
 Foundations on Sandy Soils
 Foundations on Clays
1.3 Example
1.4 PROBLEMS
STRUCTURAL DESIGN OF MAT FOUNDATIONS
The structural design of mat foundations can be carried out by two conventional methods:
the conventional rigid method and the approximate flexible method. Finite difference and
finite element methods can also be used, but this section covers only the basic concepts of
the first two design methods.
Conventional Rigid Method
The conventional rigid method of mat foundation design can be explained step by step
with reference to figure 5.8.
1. Figure 5.8a shows mat dimensions of 𝐿𝐿 × 𝐵𝐵 and columns loads of 𝑄𝑄1 , 𝑄𝑄2 , 𝑄𝑄3 , …
Calculate the total column load as
𝑄𝑄 = 𝑄𝑄1 + 𝑄𝑄2 + 𝑄𝑄3 … [5.24]

2. Determine the pressure on the soil, q, below the mat at points 𝐴𝐴, 𝐵𝐵, 𝐶𝐶, 𝐷𝐷, …, by
using the equation
𝑄𝑄 𝑀𝑀𝑦𝑦 𝑥𝑥 𝑀𝑀𝑥𝑥 𝑦𝑦
𝑞𝑞 = 𝐴𝐴 ± ± [5.25]
𝐼𝐼𝑦𝑦 𝐼𝐼𝑥𝑥
Where
𝐴𝐴 = 𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵
𝐼𝐼𝑥𝑥 = (1/12)𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵3 = moment of inertia about the 𝑥𝑥 axis
𝐼𝐼𝑦𝑦 = (1/12)𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 3 = moment of inertia about the 𝑦𝑦 axis
𝑀𝑀𝑥𝑥 = moment of the column loads about the 𝑥𝑥 axis = 𝑄𝑄𝑒𝑒𝑦𝑦
𝑀𝑀𝑦𝑦 = moment of the column loads about the 𝑦𝑦 axis = 𝑄𝑄𝑒𝑒𝑥𝑥
The load eccentricities, 𝑒𝑒𝑥𝑥 and 𝑒𝑒𝑦𝑦 , in the 𝑥𝑥 and 𝑦𝑦 directions can be determined by using
(𝑥𝑥 ′ , 𝑦𝑦′) coordinates:
𝑄𝑄1 𝑥𝑥′ 1 +𝑄𝑄2 𝑥𝑥′ 2 +𝑄𝑄3 𝑥𝑥′ 3 +⋯
𝑥𝑥 ′ = [5.26]
𝑄𝑄
And
𝐵𝐵
𝑒𝑒𝑥𝑥 = 𝑥𝑥 ′ − 2 [5.27]
Similarly
𝑄𝑄1 𝑦𝑦′ 1 +𝑄𝑄2 𝑦𝑦′ 2 +𝑄𝑄3 𝑦𝑦′ 3 +⋯
𝑦𝑦 ′ = [5.28]
𝑄𝑄
And
𝐿𝐿
𝑒𝑒𝑦𝑦 = 𝑦𝑦 ′ − 2 [5.29]
3. Compare the values of the soil pressures determined in step 2 with the net
allowable soil pressure to determine whether 𝑞𝑞 ≥ 𝑞𝑞all (net ) .
4. Divide the mat into several strips in x and y directions (see figure 5.8a). Let the
width of any strip be 𝐵𝐵1 .
5. Draw the shear, V, and the moment, M, diagrams for each individual strip (in the x
and y directions). For example, the average soil pressure of the bottom strip in the
x direction of figure 5.8a is
𝑞𝑞 𝐼𝐼 +𝑞𝑞 𝐹𝐹
𝑞𝑞𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 ≈ [5.30]
2
Where
𝑞𝑞𝐼𝐼 and 𝑞𝑞𝐹𝐹 = soil pressures at poins 𝐼𝐼 and 𝐹𝐹 as determined from step 2.
The total soil reaction is equal to 𝑞𝑞𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝐵𝐵1 𝐵𝐵. Now obtain the total column load on the strip
as 𝑄𝑄1 + 𝑄𝑄2 + 𝑄𝑄3 + 𝑄𝑄4 . The sum of the column loads on the strip will not equal 𝑞𝑞𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝐵𝐵1 𝐵𝐵
because the shear between the adjacent strips has not been taken into account. For this
reason, the soil reaction and the column loads need to be adjusted, or
𝑞𝑞 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝐵𝐵1 𝐵𝐵+(𝑄𝑄1 +𝑄𝑄2 +𝑄𝑄3 +𝑄𝑄4 )
Average load = [5.31]
2
Now, the modified average soil reaction becomes

average load
𝑞𝑞𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 (modified ) = 𝑞𝑞𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 � � [5.32]
𝑞𝑞 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝐵𝐵1 𝐵𝐵
And the column load modification factor is

average load
𝐹𝐹 = 𝑄𝑄 [5.33]
1 +𝑄𝑄2 +𝑄𝑄3 +𝑄𝑄4
So, the modified column loads are 𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹1 , 𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹2 , 𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹3 , and 𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹4 . This modified loading on the
strip under consideration is shown in figure 5.8b. The shear and the moment diagram for
this strip can now be drawn. This procedure is repeated for all strips in the x and y
directions.
6. Determine the effective depth of the mat d by checking for diagonal tension shear
near various columns. According to ACI Code 318-95. American Concrete
Institute, 1995), for the critical section,
𝑈𝑈 = 𝑏𝑏𝑜𝑜 𝑑𝑑[𝜙𝜙(0.34)�𝑓𝑓′𝑐𝑐 ] [5.34]
Where
𝑈𝑈 = factored column load (MN), or (column load) × (load factor)

𝜙𝜙 = reduction factor = 0.85
𝑓𝑓′𝑐𝑐 = compressive strength of concrete at 28 days (MN/m2 )
The units of 𝑏𝑏𝑜𝑜 and 𝑑𝑑 in equation (34) are in meters. In English units, equation (34) may
be expressed as
𝑈𝑈 = 𝑏𝑏𝑜𝑜 𝑑𝑑 (4𝜙𝜙�𝑓𝑓′𝑐𝑐 ) [5.35]

Where
𝑈𝑈 is in lb, 𝑏𝑏𝑜𝑜 and 𝑑𝑑 are in in. , and 𝑓𝑓′𝑐𝑐 is in lb/in2
The expression for 𝑏𝑏𝑜𝑜 in terms of 𝑑𝑑, which depends on the location of the column with
respect to the plan of the mat, can be obtained from figure 5.8c.
7. From the moment diagrams of all strips in one direction (x or y), obtain the
maximum positive and negative moments per unit width (that is, 𝑀𝑀′ = 𝑀𝑀/𝐵𝐵1 ).
8. Determine the areas of steep per unit width for positive and negative
reinforcement in the x and y directions.
𝑎𝑎
𝑀𝑀𝑢𝑢 = (𝑀𝑀′ )(load factor) = 𝜙𝜙𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 �𝑑𝑑 − 2 � [5.36]
And
𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦
𝑎𝑎 = 0.85𝑓𝑓′ [5.37]
𝑐𝑐 𝑏𝑏
Where
𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠 = area of steel per unit width

𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 = yield stress of reinforcement in tension
𝑀𝑀𝑢𝑢 = factored moment
𝜙𝜙 = 0.9 = reduction factor
Examples 5 and 6 illustrate the use of the conventional rigid method of mat foundation
design.
Approximate Flexible Method
In the conventional rigid method of design, the mat is assumed to be infinitely rigid.
Also, the soil pressure is distributed in a straight line, and the centroid of the soil pressure
is coincidental with the line of action of the resultant column loads (see figure 5.9). In the
approximate flexible method of design, the soil is assumed to be equivalent to infinite
number of elastic springs, as shown in figure 5.9b. It is sometimes referred to as the
Winkler foundation. The elastic constant of these assumed springs is referred to as the
coefficient of subgrade reaction k.
Figure 5.9 (a) Principles of design conventional rigid method; (b) principles of
approximate flexible method; (c) derivation of equation (42) for beams on elastic
foundation
To understand the fundamental concepts behind flexible foundation design, consider a

beam of width 𝐵𝐵1 having infinite length, as shown in figure 5.9c. The beam is subjected
to a single concentrated load Q. from the fundamental of mechanics of materials,
𝑑𝑑 2 𝑧𝑧
𝑀𝑀 = 𝐸𝐸𝐹𝐹 𝐼𝐼𝐹𝐹 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 2 [5.38]
Where
𝑀𝑀 = moment at any section
𝐸𝐸𝐹𝐹 = modulus of elasticity of foundation material
𝐼𝐼𝐹𝐹 = moment of inertia of the cross section of the beam = �121 �𝐵𝐵1 ℎ3 (see figure 5.9c)
However
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
= shear force = 𝑉𝑉
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
And
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
= 𝑞𝑞 = soil reaction
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
Hence
𝑑𝑑 2 𝑀𝑀
= 𝑞𝑞 [5.39]
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 2
Combining equations (38 and 39) yields

𝑑𝑑 4 𝑧𝑧
𝐸𝐸𝐹𝐹 𝐼𝐼𝐹𝐹 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 4 = 𝑞𝑞 [5.40]
However, the soil reaction is
𝑞𝑞 = −𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧′
Where
𝑧𝑧 = deflection
𝑘𝑘 ′ = 𝑘𝑘𝐵𝐵1
𝑘𝑘 = coefficient of subgrade reaction (kN/m3 or lb/in3 )
So
𝑑𝑑 4 𝑧𝑧
𝐸𝐸𝐹𝐹 𝐼𝐼𝐹𝐹 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 4 = −𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧𝐵𝐵1 [5.41]
Solution of equation (41) yields
𝑧𝑧 = 𝑒𝑒 −𝛼𝛼𝛼𝛼 (𝐴𝐴′ cos 𝛽𝛽𝛽𝛽 + 𝐴𝐴" sin⁡𝛽𝛽𝛽𝛽) [5.42]
Where 𝐴𝐴′ and 𝐴𝐴" are constants and
4 𝐵𝐵 𝑘𝑘
𝛽𝛽 = �4𝐸𝐸1 𝐼𝐼 [5.43]
𝐹𝐹 𝐹𝐹
The unit of the term 𝛽𝛽 as defined by the preceding equation is (length)−1 . This
parameter is very important in determining whether a mat foundation should be designed
by conventional rigid method or approximate flexible method. According to the
American Concrete Institute Committee 336 (1988), mats should be designed by the
conventional rigid method if the spacing of columns in a strip is less than 1.75/𝛽𝛽. If the
spacing of columns is larger than 1.75/𝛽𝛽, the approximate flexible method may be used.
To perform the analysis for the structural design of a flexible mat, you must know the
principles of evaluating the coefficient of subgrade reaction, k. before proceeding with
the discussion of the approximate flexible design method, let as discuss this coefficient in
more detail.
If a foundation of width B (figure 5.10) is subjected to a load per unit area of q, it will
undergo a settlement, Δ. The coefficient of subgrade modulus, k, can be defined as
𝑞𝑞
𝑘𝑘 = Δ [5.44]
Figure 5.10 Definition of coefficient of subgrade reaction, 𝑘𝑘
The unit of 𝑘𝑘 is kN/m3 (or lb/in3 ). The value of the coefficient of subgrade reaction is
not a constant for a given soil. T depends on several factors, such as the length, 𝐿𝐿, and
width, 𝐵𝐵, of the foundation and also the depth of embedment of the foundation. Terzaghi
(1955) made a comprehensive study of the parameters affecting the coefficient of
subgrade reaction. It indicated that the value of the coefficient of subgrade reaction
decreases with the width of the foundation. In the field, load tests can be carried out by
means of square plate measuring 1 ft × 1 ft (0.3 m × 0.3 m) and values of k can be
calculated. The value of k can be related to large foundations measuring 𝐵𝐵 × 𝐵𝐵 in the
following ways.
Foundations on Sandy Soils
𝐵𝐵+0.3 2
𝑘𝑘 = 𝑘𝑘0.3 � � [5.45]
2𝐵𝐵
Where
𝑘𝑘0.3 and 𝑘𝑘 = coefficients of subgrade reaction of foundation measuring 0.3m ×

0.3m and 𝐵𝐵(m) × 𝐵𝐵(m), respectively (units is kN/m3
In English units, equation (45) may be expressed as
𝐵𝐵+1 2
𝑘𝑘 = 𝑘𝑘1 � 2𝐵𝐵 � [5.46]
Where
𝑘𝑘1 and 𝑘𝑘 = coefficient of subgrade reaction of foundation measuring 1 ft ×

a ft and 𝐵𝐵 (ft) × 𝐵𝐵, respectively (units is lb/in3 )
Foundations on Clays
0.3 (m)
𝑘𝑘(kN/m3 ) = 𝑘𝑘0.3 (kN/m3 ) � 𝐵𝐵 (m) � [5.47]
The definition of k in equation (47) is the same as in equation (45).
In English units,
1 (ft)
𝑘𝑘(lb/in3 ) = 𝑘𝑘1 (lb/in3 ) �𝐵𝐵 (ft)� [5.48]
The definitions of 𝑘𝑘 and 𝑘𝑘1 are the same as in equation (46).
For rectangular foundations having dimensions of 𝐵𝐵 × 𝐿𝐿 (for similar soil and q),
𝐵𝐵
𝑘𝑘 (𝐵𝐵 ×𝐵𝐵 ) �1+0.5 �
𝐿𝐿
𝑘𝑘 = [5.49]
1.5
Where
𝑘𝑘 = coefficient of subgrade modulus of the rectangular foundation (𝐿𝐿 × 𝐵𝐵)
𝑘𝑘(𝐵𝐵×𝐵𝐵) =
coefficient of subgrade modulus of a square foundation having dimension of 𝐵𝐵 × 𝐵𝐵
Equation (49) indicates that the value of k of a very long foundation with a width B is
approximately 0.67𝑘𝑘(𝐵𝐵×𝐵𝐵) .
The modulus of elasticity of granular soils increases with depth. Because the settlement
of a foundation depends on the modulus of elasticity, the value of k increases as the depth
of the foundation increases.
Following are some typical ranges of value for the coefficient of subgrade reaction 𝑘𝑘1 for
sandy and clayey soils.
Sand (dry or moist)
Loose: 29 − 92lb/in3 (8 − 25MN/m3 )
Medium: 91 − 460lb/in3 (25 − 125MN/m3 )
Dense: 460 − 1380lb/in3 (125 − 375MN/m3 )

Sand (saturated)
Loose: 38 − 55lb/in3 (10 − 15MN/m3 )
Medium: 128 − 147lb/in3 (35 − 40MN/m3 )
Dense: 478 − 552lb/in3 (130 − 150MN/m3 )
Clay
Stiff: 44 − 92lb/in3 (12 − 25MN/m3
Very stiff: 92 − 184lb/in3 (25 − 50MN/m3
Hard: > 184lb/in3 (> 50𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀/m3
Scott (1981) proposed that for sandy soils the value of 𝑘𝑘0.3 can be obtained from standard
penetration resistance at any given depth, or
𝑘𝑘0.3 (MN/m3 ) = 18𝑁𝑁cor [5.50]
Where
𝑁𝑁𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 standard penetration resistance
In English units,
𝑘𝑘1 (U. S. ton/ft 3 ) = 6Ncor [5.51]
For long beams, Vesic (1961) proposed an equation for estimating subgrade reaction:
12 𝐸𝐸 𝐵𝐵 4 𝐸𝐸𝑠𝑠
𝑘𝑘 ′ 𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 = 0.65 �𝐸𝐸𝑠𝑠 𝐼𝐼 [5.52]
𝐹𝐹 𝐹𝐹 1−𝜇𝜇 𝑠𝑠2
Where
𝐸𝐸𝑠𝑠 = modulus of elasticity of soil
𝐵𝐵 = foundation width
𝐼𝐼𝐹𝐹 = moment of inertia of the cross section of the foundation
𝜇𝜇𝑠𝑠 = Poisson′ sratio of soil
For most practical purposes, equation (52) can be approximated as

𝐸𝐸
𝑠𝑠
𝑘𝑘 = 𝐵𝐵(1−𝜇𝜇 2) [5.53]
𝑠𝑠
The coefficient of subgrade reaction is also very useful parameter in the design of rigid
highway and airfield pavements. The pavements with a concrete wearing surface are
generally referred to as a rigid pavement, and the pavement with an asphaltic wearing
surface is called a flexible pavement. For surface load acting on a rigid pavement, the
maximum tensile stress occurs at the base of the slab. For estimating the magnitude of the
maximum horizontal tensile stress developed at the base of the rigid pavement, elastic
solutions involving slabs on Winkler foundations are extremely useful. Some of the early
work in this area was done by Westergaard (1926, 1939, and 1947).
Now that we have discussed the coefficient of subgrade reaction, we will proceed with
the discussion of the approximate flexible method of designing mat foundations. This
method, as proposed by the American Concrete Institute Committee 336 (1988), is
described step by step. The design procedure is based primarily on the theory of plates.
Its use allows the effects (that is, moment, shear, and deflection) of a concentrated
column load in the area surrounding it to be evaluated. If the zones of influence of two or
more columns overlap, superposition can be used to obtain the net moment, shear, and
deflection at any point.
1. Assume a thickness, h, for the mat, according to step 6 as outlined for the
conventional rigid method. (Note: h is the total thickness of the mat).
2. Determine the flexural ridigity R of the mat:
𝐹𝐹 𝐸𝐸 ℎ 3
𝑅𝑅 = 12(1−𝜇𝜇 2) [5.54]
𝑠𝑠
Where

𝜇𝜇𝐹𝐹 = Poisson′ s ratio of foundation material
3. Determine the radius of effective stiffness:

4 𝑅𝑅
𝐿𝐿′ = �𝑘𝑘 [5.55]
Where
𝑘𝑘 = coefficient of subgrade reaction
The zone of influence of any column load will be on the order of 3 to 4 L’.
4. Determine the moment (in polar coordinates at a point) caused by a column load
(figure 5.11a):
𝑄𝑄 (1−𝜇𝜇 𝐹𝐹 )𝐴𝐴2
𝑀𝑀𝑟𝑟 = radial moment = − 4 �𝐴𝐴1 − 𝑟𝑟 � [5.56]
𝐿𝐿′
𝑄𝑄 (1−𝜇𝜇 𝐹𝐹 )𝐴𝐴2
𝑀𝑀𝑡𝑡 = tangential moment = − 4 �𝜇𝜇𝐹𝐹 𝐴𝐴1 + 𝑟𝑟 � [5.57]
𝐿𝐿′
Figure 5.11 Approximate flexible method of mat design
Where
𝑟𝑟 = radial distance from the column load

𝑄𝑄 = column load
𝐴𝐴1 , 𝐴𝐴2 = functions of 𝑟𝑟/𝐿𝐿′
The variations of 𝐴𝐴1 and 𝐴𝐴2 with 𝑟𝑟/𝐿𝐿′ are shown in figure 5.11b (for details, see
Hetenyi, 1946).
In the Cartesian coordinates system (figure 5.11a),
𝑀𝑀𝑥𝑥 = 𝑀𝑀𝑡𝑡 sin2 𝛼𝛼 + 𝑀𝑀𝑟𝑟 cos2 𝛼𝛼 [5.58]
𝑀𝑀𝑦𝑦 = 𝑀𝑀𝑡𝑡 cos2 𝛼𝛼 + 𝑀𝑀𝑟𝑟 sin2 𝛼𝛼 [5.59]
5. For the unit width of the mat, determine the shear force, V, caused by a column
load:
𝑄𝑄
𝑉𝑉 = 4𝐿𝐿′ 𝐴𝐴3 [5.60]
The variation of 𝐴𝐴3 with 𝑟𝑟/𝐿𝐿′ is shown in figure 5.11b.
6. If the edge of the mat is located in the zone of influence of a column, determine
the moment and shear along the wedge (assume that the mat is continuous).
Moment and shear opposite in sign to those determined are applied at the edges to
satisfy the known conditions.
7. Deflection (𝛿𝛿) at any point is given by
𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄′ 2
𝛿𝛿 = 𝐴𝐴4 [5.61]
4𝑅𝑅
The variation of 𝐴𝐴4 is given in figure 5.11.
Example 5
The plan of a mat foundation with column loads is shown in figure 5.12. Use equation
(25) to calculate the soil pressures at points 𝐴𝐴, 𝐵𝐵, 𝐶𝐶, 𝐷𝐷, 𝐸𝐸, 𝐹𝐹, 𝐺𝐺, 𝐻𝐻, 𝐼𝐼, 𝐽𝐽, 𝐾𝐾, 𝐿𝐿, 𝑀𝑀, and 𝑁𝑁. The
size of the mat is 76 ft × 96 ft, all columns are 24 in.× 24 in. in section, and 𝑞𝑞all (net ) =
1.5 kip/ft 2 . Verify that the soil pressures are less than the net allowable bearing capacity.
Figure 5.12 Plan of a mat foundation
Solution
From figure 5.12,
Column dead load (𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷) = 100 + 180 + 190 + 110 + 180 + 360 + 400 + 200 +
190 + 400 + 440 + 200 + 120 + 180 + 180 + 120 = 3550 kip
Column live load (𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿) = 60 + 120 + 120 + 70 + 120 + 200 + 250 + 120 + 130 +
240 + 300 + 120 + 70 + 120 + 120 + 70 + 2230 kip
So
Service load = 3550 + 2230 = 5780 kip

According to ACI 318-95, factored load, 𝑈𝑈 = (1.4)(Dead load) + (1.7)(Live load). So
Factored load = (1.4)(3550) + (1.7)(2230) = 8761 kip
The moments of inertia of the foundation are
𝐼𝐼𝑥𝑥 = 121 (76)(96)3 = 5603 × 103 ft 4
𝐼𝐼𝑦𝑦 = 121 (96)(76)3 = 3512 × 103 ft 4
And
∑ 𝑀𝑀𝑦𝑦 = 0
So
5780𝑥𝑥 ′ = (24)(300 + 560 + 640 + 300) + (48)(310 + 650 + 740 + 300) +

(72)(180 + 320 + 320 + 190)
𝑥𝑥 ′ = 36.664 ft
And
𝑒𝑒𝑥𝑥 = 36.664 − 36.0 = 0.664 ft
Similarly,
∑ 𝑀𝑀𝑥𝑥′ = 0
So
5780𝑦𝑦 ′ = (30)(320 + 640 + 740 + 320) + (60)(300 + 560 + 650 + 320) +

(90)(160 + 300 + 310 + 180)
𝑦𝑦 ′ = 44.273 ft
And
𝑒𝑒𝑦𝑦 = 44.273 − 902 = −0.727 ft
The moments caused by eccentricity are
𝑀𝑀𝑥𝑥 = 𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑦𝑦 = (8761)(0.727) = 6369 kip − ft
𝑀𝑀𝑦𝑦 = 𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑥𝑥 = (8761)(0.664) = 5817 kip − ft

From equation (25)

𝑄𝑄 𝑀𝑀𝑦𝑦 𝑥𝑥 𝑀𝑀𝑥𝑥 𝑦𝑦
𝑞𝑞 = 𝐴𝐴 ± ±
𝐼𝐼𝑦𝑦 𝐼𝐼𝑥𝑥
8761 (5817 )(𝑥𝑥) (6369)(𝑦𝑦)

= (76)(96) ± 3512 ×10 3 ± 5603 ×10 3
Or
𝑞𝑞 = 1.20 ± 0.0017𝑥𝑥 ± 0.0011𝑦𝑦 (kip/ft 2 )
Now the following table can be prepared.

𝑄𝑄
Point (kip/ 𝑋𝑋 (ft) ±0.0017𝑋𝑋 (ft) 𝑦𝑦 (ft) ±0.0011𝑦𝑦 (ft) 𝑞𝑞(kip/
𝐴𝐴
ft 2 )
ft 2 )
A 1.2 -38 -0.065 48 -0.053 1.082
B 1.2 -24 -0.041 48 -0.053 1.106
C 1.2 -12 -0.020 48 -0.053 1.127
D 1.2 0 0.0 48 -0.053 1.147
E 1.2 12 0.020 48 -0.053 1.167
F 1.2 24 0.041 48 -0.053 1.188
G 1.2 38 0.065 48 -0.053 1.212
H 1.2 38 0.065 -48 0.053 1.318
I 1.2 24 0.041 -48 0.053 1.294
J 1.2 12 0.020 -48 0.053 1.273
K 1.2 0 0.0 -48 0.053 1.253
L 1.2 -12 -0.020 -48 0.053 1.233
M 1.2 -24 -0.041 -48 0.053 1.212
N 1.2 -38 -0.065 -48 0.053 1.188
The soil pressures at all points are less than the given value of 𝑞𝑞all (net ) = 1.5 kip/ft 2 .
Example 6
Use the results of example 5 and the conventional rigid method.
a. Determine the thickness of the slab.

b. Divide the mat into four strips (that is, 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴, 𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵, 𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷, and 𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹)
and determine the average soil reaction at the ends of each strips.
c. Determine the reinforcement requirements in the y direction for 𝑓𝑓′𝑐𝑐 =
3000 lb/in2 and 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 = 60,000 lb/in2 .
Solution
Part a: Determination of Mat Thickness
For the critical perimeter column as shown in figure 5.13 *(ACI 318-95),
Figure 5.13 Critical perimeter column
𝑈𝑈 = 1.4(𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷) + 1.7(𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿) = (1.4)(190) + (1.7)(130) = 487 kip
𝑏𝑏𝑜𝑜 = 2(36 + 𝑑𝑑/2) + (24 + 𝑑𝑑) = 96 + 2𝑑𝑑(in).
From ACI 318-95
𝜙𝜙𝑉𝑉𝑐𝑐 ≥ 𝑉𝑉𝑢𝑢
Where
𝑉𝑉𝑐𝑐 = nominal shear strength of concrete

𝑉𝑉𝑢𝑢 = factored shear strength
𝜙𝜙𝑉𝑉𝑐𝑐 = 𝜙𝜙(4)�𝑓𝑓 ′ 𝑐𝑐 𝑏𝑏𝑜𝑜 𝑑𝑑 = (0.85)(4)(�3000)(96 + 2𝑑𝑑)𝑑𝑑
So
(0.85)(4)(�3000 )(96+2𝑑𝑑)𝑑𝑑
≥ 487
1000
(96 + 2𝑑𝑑)𝑑𝑑 ≥ 2615.1
𝑑𝑑 ≈ 19.4 in.
For the critical internal column shown in figure 5.14,
Figure 5.14 Critical internal column
𝑏𝑏𝑜𝑜 = 4(24 + 𝑑𝑑) = 96 + 4𝑑𝑑(in. )
𝑈𝑈 = (1.4)(440) + (1.7)(300) = 1126 kip
And
(0.85)(4)(�3000 )(96+4𝑑𝑑)𝑑𝑑
≥ 1126
1000
(96 + 4𝑑𝑑)𝑑𝑑 ≥ 6046.4
𝑑𝑑 ≈ 28.7 in.
Use 𝑑𝑑 = 29 in.
With a minimum cover of 3 in. over the steel reinforcement and 1-in. diameter steel bars,
the total slab thickness is
ℎ = 29 + 3 + 1 = 33 in.
Part b: Average Soil Reaction
Refer to figure 5.12. For strip ABMN (width = 14 ft)

𝑞𝑞 (at 𝐴𝐴 ) +𝑞𝑞 (at 𝐵𝐵 ) 1.082+1.106
𝑞𝑞1 = = = 1.094 kip/ft 2
2 2
𝑞𝑞 (at 𝑀𝑀 ) +𝑞𝑞 (at 𝑁𝑁 ) 1.212+1.188

𝑞𝑞2 = = = 1.20 kip/ft 2
2 2
For strip BCDKLM (width = 24 ft)

1.106+1.127+1.147
𝑞𝑞1 = = 1.127 kip/ft 2
3
1.253+1.233+1.212
𝑞𝑞2 = = 1.233 kip/ft 2
3
For strip DEFIJK (width = 24 ft)

1.147+1.167+1.188
𝑞𝑞1 = = 1.167 kip/ft 2
3
1.294+1.273+1.253
𝑞𝑞2 = = 1.273 kip/ft 2
3
For strip FGHI (width = 14 ft)

1.188+1.212
𝑞𝑞1 = = 1.20 kip/ft 2
2
1.318+1.294
𝑞𝑞2 = = 1.306 kip/ft 2
2
Check for Σ 𝐹𝐹𝑣𝑣 = 0:
Soil reaction for strip 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 = 12(1.094 + 1.20)(14)(96) = 1541.6 kip
Soil reaction for strip 𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 = 12(1.127 + 1.233)(24)(96) = 2718.7 kip
Soil reaction for strip 𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 = 12(1.167 + 1.273)(24)(96) = 2810.9 kip
Soil reaction for strip 𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹 = 12(1.20 + 1.306)(14)(96) = 1684.0 kip
∑ 8755.2 kip ≈ ∑ Column load = 8761 kip − OK

Part c: Reinforcement Requirements
Refer to figure 5.15 for the design of strip BCDKLM. Figure 5.15 shows the load
diagram, in which
𝑄𝑄1 = (1.4)(180) + (1.7)(120) = 456 kip
𝑄𝑄2 = (1.4)(360) + (1.7)(200) = 844 kip
𝑄𝑄3 = (1.4)(400) + (1.7)(240) = 968 kip
𝑄𝑄4 = (1.4)(180) + (1.7)(120) = 456 kip
The shear and moment diagrams are shown in figure 5.15b and c, respectively. From
figure 5.15c, the maximum positive moment at the bottom of the foundation =
2281.1/24 = 95.05 kip − ft/ft.
Figure 5.15
Figure 5.16 Rectangular section in bending; (a) section, (b) assumed stress distribution
across the section
For the design concepts of a rectangular section in bending refer to figure 5.16.
∑ Compressive force, 𝐶𝐶 = 0.85𝑓𝑓 ′ 𝑐𝑐 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎
∑ Tensile force, 𝑇𝑇 = 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦
𝐶𝐶 = 𝑇𝑇
Note that for this case 𝑏𝑏 = 1 ft = 12 in.
(0.85)(3)(12)𝑎𝑎 = 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠 (60)
𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠 = 0.51𝑎𝑎
From equation (36),

𝑎𝑎
𝑀𝑀𝑢𝑢 = 𝜙𝜙𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 �𝑑𝑑 − 2 �
𝑎𝑎
(95.05)(12) = (0.9)(0.51𝑎𝑎)(60) �29 − �
2
𝑎𝑎 = 1.47 in.
Thus
𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠 = (0.51)(1.47) = 0.75 in2
 Minimum reinforcement, 𝑠𝑠min (𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 318 − 95) = 200/𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 = 200/60,000 =

0.00333
 Minimum 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠 = (0.00333)(12)(29) = 1.16 in2 /ft. Hence use minimum
reinforcement with 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠 = 1.16 in2 /ft.
 Use no. 9 bars at 10 in. center-to-center (𝑨𝑨𝒔𝒔 = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟐𝟐 𝐢𝐢𝐢𝐢𝟐𝟐 /𝐟𝐟𝐟𝐟) at the bottom of
the foundation.
From figure 5.15c, the maximum negative moment = 2447.8 kip − ft/24 = 102 kip −
ft/ft. by observation, 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠 ≤ 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠(min ) .
 Use no. 9 bars at 10 in. center-to-center at the top of the foundation.
Example 7
From the plate load test (plate dimension1 ft × 1 ft) in the field, the coefficient of
subgrade reaction of a sandy soil was determined to be 80 lb/in3 . (a) What will be the
value of the coefficient of subgrade reaction on the same soil for a foundation with
dimensions of 30 ft × 30 ft? (b) if the full-sized foundation has dimension of 45 ft ×
30 ft, what will be the value of the coefficient of subgrade reaction?
Solution
Part a
From equation (46),
𝐵𝐵+1 2
𝑘𝑘 = 𝑘𝑘1 � 2𝐵𝐵 �
Where
𝑘𝑘1 = 80 lb/in2
𝐵𝐵 = 30 ft
So
30+1 2
𝑘𝑘 = 80 �(2)(30)� = 21.36 in3
Part b
From equation (49),

𝐵𝐵
𝑘𝑘 (𝐵𝐵 ×𝐵𝐵 ) �1+0.5 �
𝐿𝐿
𝑘𝑘 = 1.5
𝑘𝑘(30 ft×30 ft) = 21.36 lb/in3
So
(21.36)(1+0.530
𝑘𝑘 = 45
= 19 lb/in3
1.5
PROBLEMS
1. Determine the net ultimate bearing capacity of mat foundation with the following
characteristics:
a. 𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑢 = 120 kN/m2 , 𝜙𝜙 = 0, 𝐵𝐵 = 8 m, 𝐿𝐿 = 18 m, 𝐷𝐷𝑓𝑓 = 3 m

b. 𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑢 = 2500 lb/ft 2 , 𝜙𝜙 = 0, 𝐵𝐵 = 20 ft, 𝐿𝐿 = 30 ft, 𝐷𝐷𝑓𝑓 = 6.2 ft
2. Following are the results of a standard penetration test in the field (sandy soil):
Depth (m) Field value of 𝑁𝑁𝐹𝐹

9
1.5
12
3.0
11
4.5
7
6.0
13
7.5
11
9.0
13
10.5
Estimate the net allowable bearing capacity of a mat foundation 6.5 m × 5 m in

plan. Here, 𝐷𝐷𝑓𝑓 = 1.5 m, and allowable settlement mm. assume that the unit
weight of soil 𝛾𝛾 = 16.5 kN/m3 .
3. A mat foundation on a saturated clay soil has dimensions of 20 m × 20 m. Given

dead and live load = 48 MN, 𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑢 = 30 kN/m2 , 𝛾𝛾clay = 18.5 kN/m3 .
a. Find the depth, 𝐷𝐷𝑓𝑓 of the mat for a fully compensated foundation.
b. What will be the depth of the mat (𝐷𝐷𝑓𝑓 ) for a factor of safety of 2 against
bearing capacity failure?
4. Repeat problem 4 part b for 𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑢 = 20 kN/m2 .

5. A mat foundation is shown in figure P-1. The design considerations are 𝐿𝐿 =
12 m, 𝐵𝐵 = 10 m, 𝐷𝐷𝑓𝑓 = 2.2 m, 𝑄𝑄 = 30 MN, 𝑥𝑥1 = 2 m, 𝑥𝑥2 = 2 m, 𝑥𝑥3 = 5.2 m, and
preconsolidation pressure 𝑝𝑝𝑐𝑐 = 105 kN/m2 . Calculate the consolidation
settlement under the center of the mat.
Figure P-1
6. Refer to figure P-2. For the mat,
𝑄𝑄1 , 𝑄𝑄3 = 40 tons, 𝑄𝑄4 , 𝑄𝑄5 , 𝑄𝑄6 = 60 tons, 𝑄𝑄2 , 𝑄𝑄9 = 45 tons, and 𝑄𝑄7 , 𝑄𝑄8 = 50 tons.
all columns are 20 in.× 20 in. in cross section. Use the procedure outlined in
section 7 to determine the pressure on the soil at A, B, C, D, E, F, G, and H.
Figure P-2
7. The plan of a mat foundation with column loads is shown in figure P-3. Calculate
the soil pressure at points A, B, C, D, E, and F. note: all columns are 0.5 m ×
0.5 m in plan.
Figure P-3

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NPTEL - ADVANCED FOUNDATION ENGINEERING-1

STRUCTURAL DESIGN OF MAT FOUNDATIONS

Conventional Rigid Method

𝑄𝑄 = 𝑄𝑄1 + 𝑄𝑄2 + 𝑄𝑄3 … [5.24]

𝐼𝐼𝑥𝑥 = (1/12)𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵3 = moment of inertia about the 𝑥𝑥 axis

𝐼𝐼𝑦𝑦 = (1/12)𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 3 = moment of inertia about the 𝑦𝑦 axis

𝑀𝑀𝑥𝑥 = moment of the column loads about the 𝑥𝑥 axis = 𝑄𝑄𝑒𝑒𝑦𝑦

𝑀𝑀𝑦𝑦 = moment of the column loads about the 𝑦𝑦 axis = 𝑄𝑄𝑒𝑒𝑥𝑥

Now, the modified average soil reaction becomes

And the column load modification factor is

𝑈𝑈 = 𝑏𝑏𝑜𝑜 𝑑𝑑[𝜙𝜙(0.34)�𝑓𝑓′𝑐𝑐 ] [5.34]

𝑈𝑈 = factored column load (MN), or (column load) × (load factor)

𝑈𝑈 = 𝑏𝑏𝑜𝑜 𝑑𝑑 (4𝜙𝜙�𝑓𝑓′𝑐𝑐 ) [5.35]

𝑈𝑈 is in lb, 𝑏𝑏𝑜𝑜 and 𝑑𝑑 are in in. , and 𝑓𝑓′𝑐𝑐 is in lb/in2

𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠 = area of steel per unit width

Approximate Flexible Method

To understand the fundamental concepts behind flexible foundation design, consider a

𝑀𝑀 = moment at any section

𝐸𝐸𝐹𝐹 = modulus of elasticity of foundation material

Combining equations (38 and 39) yields

However, the soil reaction is

𝑘𝑘 = coefficient of subgrade reaction (kN/m3 or lb/in3 )

Solution of equation (41) yields

𝑧𝑧 = 𝑒𝑒 −𝛼𝛼𝛼𝛼 (𝐴𝐴′ cos 𝛽𝛽𝛽𝛽 + 𝐴𝐴" sin⁡𝛽𝛽𝛽𝛽) [5.42]

Where 𝐴𝐴′ and 𝐴𝐴" are constants and

Figure 5.10 Definition of coefficient of subgrade reaction, 𝑘𝑘

Foundations on Sandy Soils

𝑘𝑘0.3 and 𝑘𝑘 = coefficients of subgrade reaction of foundation measuring 0.3m ×

In English units, equation (45) may be expressed as

𝑘𝑘1 and 𝑘𝑘 = coefficient of subgrade reaction of foundation measuring 1 ft ×

The definition of k in equation (47) is the same as in equation (45).

The definitions of 𝑘𝑘 and 𝑘𝑘1 are the same as in equation (46).

𝑘𝑘 = coefficient of subgrade modulus of the rectangular foundation (𝐿𝐿 × 𝐵𝐵)

Sand (dry or moist)

Loose: 29 − 92lb/in3 (8 − 25MN/m3 )

Medium: 91 − 460lb/in3 (25 − 125MN/m3 )

Dense: 460 − 1380lb/in3 (125 − 375MN/m3 )

Loose: 38 − 55lb/in3 (10 − 15MN/m3 )

Medium: 128 − 147lb/in3 (35 − 40MN/m3 )

Dense: 478 − 552lb/in3 (130 − 150MN/m3 )

Stiff: 44 − 92lb/in3 (12 − 25MN/m3

Very stiff: 92 − 184lb/in3 (25 − 50MN/m3

Hard: > 184lb/in3 (> 50𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀/m3

𝑘𝑘0.3 (MN/m3 ) = 18𝑁𝑁cor [5.50]

𝑁𝑁𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 standard penetration resistance

𝑘𝑘1 (U. S. ton/ft 3 ) = 6Ncor [5.51]

𝐸𝐸𝑠𝑠 = modulus of elasticity of soil

𝐸𝐸𝐹𝐹 = modulus of elasticity of foundation material

𝐼𝐼𝐹𝐹 = moment of inertia of the cross section of the foundation

𝜇𝜇𝑠𝑠 = Poisson′ sratio of soil

For most practical purposes, equation (52) can be approximated as

2. Determine the flexural ridigity R of the mat:

𝐸𝐸𝐹𝐹 = modulus of elasticity of foundation material

3. Determine the radius of effective stiffness:

Figure 5.11 Approximate flexible method of mat design

𝑟𝑟 = radial distance from the column load

In the Cartesian coordinates system (figure 5.11a),

𝑀𝑀𝑥𝑥 = 𝑀𝑀𝑡𝑡 sin2 𝛼𝛼 + 𝑀𝑀𝑟𝑟 cos2 𝛼𝛼 [5.58]

𝑀𝑀𝑦𝑦 = 𝑀𝑀𝑡𝑡 cos2 𝛼𝛼 + 𝑀𝑀𝑟𝑟 sin2 𝛼𝛼 [5.59]

The variation of 𝐴𝐴3 with 𝑟𝑟/𝐿𝐿′ is shown in figure 5.11b.

The variation of 𝐴𝐴4 is given in figure 5.11.

Figure 5.12 Plan of a mat foundation

From figure 5.12,

Service load = 3550 + 2230 = 5780 kip