New Era University

No. 9 Central Avenue, New Era

Quezon City 1107, Philippines
COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES
BA POLITICAL SCIENCE

FLOOD CONTROL
PROJECTS OF RODRIGUEZ,
RIZAL: AN ASSESSMENT

In partial fulfillment of the requirements for Public Fiscal Administration

September 2018

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 Table of Contents

I. History of Rodriguez ................................................................................. 3

II. Financial Background of Rodriguez LGU ............................................. 5-6

III. Flood Susceptibility and Flood Control ................................................ 7-14

IV. Conclusion and Recommendation .................................................... 15-19

V. References ............................................................................................. 20

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History of Rodriguez, Rizal
Rodriguez, Rizal is a 1st class municipality1 in the province of Rizal, Philippines.
It was formerly known as and is still commonly referred to as Montalban
(contraction of the words, ‘Monte Alba’ meaning ‘White Mountain’ from the
vast amount of white limestone deposits on the hills surrounding the town ) as
it was its official name from its founding in 1909 until 1982 when the Batasang
Pambansa officially renamed it to Rodriguez in honor of Eulogio Rodriguez,
Sr., a native of the municipality becoming its first Municipal President and
went on to become the longest serving Senate President after Manuel L.
Quezon.

It is the northernmost town in the province and comes after San Mateo, Rizal,
and Quezon City coming from Metro Manila. The town is located on the
slopes of the Sierra Madre mountain range and features many resorts; it is the
largest town in Rizal province with an area of 312.70 km². It is also widely
known as the location of the Legend of Bernardo Carpio.

According to the 2015 census, it has a population of 369,222 people, making

it the most populous municipality in the country. It borders San Mateo,
Rizal and Antipolo City, Rizal on the south, Norzagaray, Bulacan and San Jose
Del Monte, Bulacan on the north, Quezon City on the west and General
Nakar, Quezon on the east.

Rodriguez is one of the richest municipalities in the Philippines, ranking third in

2016 with an income of ₱ 691 million.

Rodriguez is politically subdivided into 11 Barangays (8 urban, 3 rural)  with the

barangays of San Isidro and San Jose being two of the most populated
barangays in the municipality and in the Philippines.

Based on different accounts, the town of Rodriguez (then

named Montalban) had been under the territory of San Mateo since the
Spanish period.

San Mateo, with its large size, was partitioned on April 27, 1871 when Captain
General Rafael de Isquierdo issued a decree separating the barrios of Balite,
Burgos, Marang and Calipahan from San Mateo and formed them into the
new municipality of Montalban (Rodriguez). On February 29, 1908, during the
American occupation, the American government, through the power of the
American Governor General of the Philippines, proclaimed the Executive

1
Division of Municipalities based upon their income. 1st-Class Municipalities have an average annual income
of ₱55,000,000 for the last 4 years

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Order No. 20 separating San Mateo from Montalban, making the former an
independent municipality.

From the Executive Summary of annual audit report 2012, the Municipality of
Rodriguez (formerly Montalban) was founded on June 30, 1871 under the
"Acta de Erreccion" or Deed of Foundation. Its creation on June 11, 1901 was
incorporated in the newly created Province of Rizal.

Established in 1871 during the Spanish rule by Padre Eustaquio; Montalban

was carved out of the town of San Mateo combining the barrios of Balite,
Burgos, Calipahan, and Maran. Its first town center was ‘Balite’ termed after
‘Balete’ or strangler fig tree that grew abundantly on the banks of Montalban
River.

Montalban played noteworthy roles in the Philippine Revolution history.

Patriots such as Licerio Geronimo, Simplicio Inocentes, Victoriano Bautista
Gregorio Cruz, Martin Cruz, and Hilario Cruz were notable members of the
revolutionary movement during the Spanish colonial regime. A revolutionary
fortress said to be frequented by Andres Bonifacio and General Emilio
Aguinaldo was set up in the caves of ‘Puray’. During the Philippine-American
War of 1898-1901, revolutionaries from this town dealt a heavy blow to the
Americans when “General Sergio” Licerio Geronimo, killed US General Henry
Lawton in battle along the river in Bagong Silangan.

Retaliations made by the Americans eventually defeated the Filipinos.

Montalban was returned to the jurisdiction of the town of San Mateo in 1903.
Don Eulogio Rodriguez Sr. pursued the prominence of Montalban as a
separate municipality in 1909. During his term as ‘Presidente’2 of the town until
1916, the barangays of Burgos, San Jose, San Rafael, San Isidro, Geronimo,
Balite and Manggahan became part of Montalban.

On July 26, 1982 by virtue of Batas Pambansa Blg. 275, ‘Montalban’ was
renamed ‘Rodriguez’ in honor of Don Eulogio Rodriguez Sr., in grateful
recognition of his pioneering efforts and example of public service.

2
Municipal President. Under the American government from 1900-1936 the local chief executives are not
called as mayors.

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Financial Background of Rodriguez, Rizal

IRA

As a 1st-class municipality, Rodriguez enjoys a relatively large amount of funds to be

utilized for a myriad of projects aimed at providing necessary basic services for the
betterment of the people and for the general improvement of the municipality as a
whole.

The Municipality of Rodriguez regularly receives its share of Internal Revenue

Allotment3, better known as IRA coming from the Department of the Interior and
Local Government (DILG). As of 2016, its IRA increased by 10.48% from its 2015 IRA.

YEAR IRA
2015 ₱374,982,817

2016 ₱414,266,087

Table 1: Comparison of received Internal Revenue Allotment, FY 2015-2016

Also within the two consecutive years, the municipal budget increased by a
hundredfold as stated in the table below

YEAR MUNICIPAL
BUDGET
2015 ₱522,046,828.33
2016 ₱626,820,321.33
Table 2: Comparison of total municipal budget, FY 2015-2016

3
The Internal Revenue Allotment (IRA) is a LGU's share of revenues from the Philippine national
government. Provinces, independent cities, component cities, municipalities, and barangays each get
a separate allotment. The allotment is largely based upon the type of government they are and a
formula based upon their land area and population. Section 284 of the Local Government Code of
the Philippines (RA 7160) sets up the formula for the distribution of the allotment.

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Sources of Income

Commercial establishments have multiplied from 348 in 1972, 785 in 1982, to over
2,000 in 2010. With enormous population size, commercial and trading activities are
now on the uptrend.

The estimated number of registered establishments in 2016 has totaled to 3,752, of

which 1,172 were new accounts while 2,546 were renewed. A total of 78 accounts
were closed during the year. Of the 3,752 registered establishments, 53.15% are
manufacturers, wholesalers and retailers, 30.25% are in education/health services,
leisure and hospitality, transportation/warehousing/utilities and financial activities
while the remaining 16.60% are involved in construction, professional/business
services, and other services.

Revenues generated from business tax and other fees and charges amounted to
Php46,129,442.95 which is 11.89% higher than FY 2015 collection (P40,457,693.90).

Major industrial and commercial establishments such as twenty (20) crushing plants,
two (2) batching plants, one (1) major commercial center (Montalban Town Center)
and the presence of fourteen (14) livestock (poultry/piggery) productions in the area
contribute a great effect in the increase in the economy of this municipality.

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Flood Control
It is evident within the local population of low-lying barangays in Rodriguez that
flooding, among all other disasters, is a perennial and the most destructive one.
Every year, except from Brgy. Puray and Mascap, the rest of Rodriguez suffer from
flooding. For example, the onslaught of Ondoy in 2009 affected more than 40,000
individuals, flooded about 289 hectares of land and caused 284 million pesos in
damages. The Habagat of July-August 2012 that brought torrential rain and massive
flooding resulted into 47,204 individuals or 9, 106 families to be evacuated.

Rodriguez is the home of the famous Wawa river which in turn is a part of the larger
Upper Marikina Watershed. These two major bodies of water as they make its way to
Laguna De Bay and Pasig River, are joined by numerous smaller tributaries, such as
creeks. However, pollution and siltation caused by the denudation of the forest
results into reduction of the depth of the rivers and the constriction of waterways.
Under the CLUP, there are two major factors identified that contributes to the
massive flooding.

Waste Disposal
Rodriguez generates approximately 523 tons of garbage a day or 119,125 tons per
year based on an average that every individual generates about 0.8 to 1.5 kg of
waste. About 52 tons of these waste are dumped into Rodriguez's waterways every
day.

As for the liquid waste, Rodriguez produces about 16,756 cm3 of liquid waste a day
or 6.115 million cm3 per year based on 48L per individual. Rodriguez has neither
communal nor centralized system but instead relies on individual households septic
tanks. Although the households are generally proper, a number of illegal settlers are
living within the banks of creeks and rivers and their wastes, both solid and liquid are
thrown directly into the waters.

Deforestation
About 65% of the upland ecosystem are denuded. Hardwood trees such as Narra
with its deep penetrating roots suitable for absorbing runoff waters from rains
bearing down from the mountains have been replaced by cash crops such as
Bananas, Sweet Potatoes and Pineapples which in contrast with the trees that they
have replaced have shallow roots that are cannot handle the surge of the runoff.

The siltation of the waterways also contributes in the massive flooding within the
municipality. This siltation is brought about by the wide-scale quarrying of sand and
gravel within the mountain tops of Rodriguez. As included in the CLUP, 4 million
metric tons of silt are deposited not only in the waterways of Montalban but also in
Pasig river and Laguna De Bay.

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FLOOD SUSCEPTIBILITY
The Mines and Geosciences Bureau of the DENR identified the Flood Susceptibility of
Rodriguez, classifying the extent of an area in which it could suffer from either high or
moderate. As defined by the bureau, High Flood Susceptibility are areas likely to
experience flood heights of more than 1.5 meters with flood duration of more than 3
days. Moderate Flood Susceptibility are areas likely to experience flood heights
anywhere from 0.5 to 1.5 meters with flood duration from 1 to 3 days.

The table below shows the data of Barangay and their Flood Susceptibility (In
Hectares)

Barangay Area High Risk Moderate Low Risk Barangay

Risk Total
Balite 53.88 47.89 0 0 47.89

Burgos 276 161.46 3.89 165.35

Geronimo 36.75 17.73 0 0 17.73

Macabud 1,886 0 0 0 0

Manggahan 117.44 62.62 0 0 62.62

Mascap 7,576.41 23.67 0 0 23.67

Puray 15,437.70 0 0 0 0

Rosario 25.17 22.53 0 0 22.53

San Isidro* 3,792 359.33 9.69 7.15 376.16

San Jose* 1,045 225.81 55.38 11.96 293.16

San Rafael 6,061.45 92.80 0.61 0 93.41

TOTAL 36,307.8 1,013.85 69.57 19.11 1,102.53

*BA and BU- Urban core of the town
* SJ and SI -Highest risks with the highest concentrations of relocatees.

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Rodriguez LGU responded to the problem of flooding by engaging in numerous
infrastructural projects scattered in almost all of the Barangays with the goal of
halting the effects of the flooding by following the definition of the DPWH as
"channel improvement." The aforementioned projects are stated below

Barangay Projects Cost (in millions of pesos)

Balite Drainage System 28,000
Improvement Along
Orange and Grape
Streets
Drainage 288,059.44
Improvement
System @ Libis Dike
Drainage System 14,746,546.99
Improvement along
Daang Bakal Street
(Shared with Brgy.
Burgos)

Burgos Construction of 2,942,123.18

Grouted Riprap river
wall @Becco- de la
Costa roads
Drainage and Road 2,078,642.31
improvement @
Becco- de la Costa
roads

Geronimo Drainage 71,000

Improvement
@Charmrizon
Subdivision and
portions of Col. Cruz
street from
Geronimo to Brgy.
Balite
Macabud None
Manggahan Road Concretion 94,991
and Drainage
Improvement @Sitio
Adia Interior
Dredging of Tarimis 1,506,435.34
Creek to Mango
River

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Mascap None
Puray None
Rosario Improvement of 41,120.00
Drainage System
@Portion of E.
Ayuson Street
San Isidro Declogging of 23,405
Drainage and
Manhole restoration
@Villa San Isidro
Repair of Damaged 1,131,373.10
Riverwall along
portions of Anginan
River
Road Rehabilitation 9,968,442.41
and Drainage
Improvement
@portion of F.
Rodriguez, Street
Road Rehabilitation 49,935,616.89
and Drainage
Improvement of F.
Rodriguez Street
spanning from
Amityville (San Jose)
to Sitio Harangan
San Jose Materials for the 97,820
covering of open
drainage @ Bukluran
Hilltop
Drainage 41,780
Improvement of
Block 1, Marikina
Heights
Damaged Riprap 64,362
repair @1K1
Kasiglahan village
Drainage 53,770
Improvements @
Phase 1LL, Blocks 4
and 5
Drainage 40,344
improvements @
Block 22, Phase 1D

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Kasiglahan
Sewer line 25, 650
improvement of PNP
station
Drainage System 48,000
from Dao Street to
Montalban River
Drainage 19,900
Improvement and
Alley Roads
@Abatex hilltop
Drainage and Road 2,564,260.17
Improvement @ E.
Manuel and
Liamzon streets
Drainage 1,841,391.77
Improvement along
Sumulong Street
Construction of 1,182,945.91
Riprap slope
protection wall
@Kasiglahan Village
Phase 1B to 1D
Road and Drainage 433,456.62
Improvement along
Liamzon Street
Road and Drainage 10,254,355.30
Improvement along
Chico, Mabolo,
Sampaguita, Narra,
Ipil, Acacia and
Molave Streets
Road and Drainage 13,345,994.97
Improvement along
Dao Street
Construction of 17,139,140.93
Riprap slope
protection Structure
@Montalban River
and @Sitio Sapa,
San Rafael
Drainage 338,511.89
Improvement Phase
1-L-1, Suburban

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 Road and Drainage 1,923,519.78
Improvement along
Dao Street going to
Villa Marina Resort
Creek Dredging 1,290,732.30
@Kasiglahan Village
Phase 1D to
Montalban River
Dredging of Bulubok 2,395,711.90
Creek from de la
Costa Homes to
Montalban River
San Rafael Construction of 1,246,100.68
Slope Protection @
Sitio Wawa
Blue indicates awarded projects as of 2016 and scheduled to be implemented by
2017.

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The Habagat and Storm Onslaught of August 2018

Filipinos experienced around 53% of the expected rainfall for the month just on
Saturday, August 11 when more than half of the expected volume of rain for the
entire month of August fell just on Saturday, as the southwest monsoon was
enhanced by Tropical Storm Karding (Yagi).

Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical, and Astronomical Services Administration

(PAGASA) forecaster Buddy Javier said it was 53.55% of August's expected rainfall
that was experienced in just one day. In a statement, he said:

"We were expecting around 504.2 mm of rainfall for the

month of August. Yesterday, if you noticed, the rain was
really heavy.... 270 is more than half of the climatological
normal rainfall for August which is 504.2 mm."
The heavy rain triggered massive floods in parts of Metro Manila and Rizal. It also
caused the water level of the Marikina River to reach the 3rd alarm on Saturday. This
led to the evacuation of thousands of residents. Marikina City, for instance, around
5,000 individuals evacuated on Saturday, August 11, as the Marikina River's water
level reached 3rd alarm. Evacuations also took place in parts of Quezon City and
Rizal, among other areas.

The Saturday flooding reminded people of the onslaught of Tropical Storm Ondoy
(Ketsana), which dumped 556.1 mm of rain in a 4-day period in 2009.

After the torrential rains of August 11, NDRRMC reported that among 11 Barangays
of Rodriguez, there are 6 that were affected.

Note: Kasiglahan is not a barangay but rather a village and under the jurisdiction of
Brgy. San Jose. the closest comparison to the 'chest-deep' flood waters is at
Southville resettlement area which is adjacent to Kasiglahan and experienced
massive flooding, with some houses submerged in the flood.

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Meanwhile, DSWD reported on 25 August that in Rodriguez, there are 7 Barangays
affected by the Monsoon which are not clearly pinpointed in the report, despite the
researcher's best efforts. In these Barangays, 5, 881 families were affected or 29,246
individuals and reported 21 damaged houses.

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Conclusion and Recommendation
With the 626 million pesos of total Municipal budget for FY 2016, around 500 million of
it were used for operating expenses. The projects listed above, both accomplished
and awarded amounted to around 140 million pesos which is more than a quarter of
the MOOE and a very significant one. It is perhaps a healthy indicator that the LGU is
aware and is not totally passive about the problem.

The LGU followed the MGB Flood Susceptibility Study under the CLUP and focused
on areas that are affected the most, with Brgy. San Isidro and San Jose getting the
most projects. it is also important to note that some Barangays with 50-90% High
flood susceptibility rates such as Brgy. Balite, Manggahan and Rosario were not
prioritized for this FY.

It is also important to note that the said projects are what we can consider as short-
term solutions or stop-gap measures. Although possibly somehow effective, these
will not last long. With rapidly changing weather brought about by Climate Change,
we can expect stronger storms and monsoons. One must also take into the account
that pollution of waterways by solid and liquid waste disposal are still present.
Although, DENR has "temporarily halted" quarrying operations in Rodriguez,
denudation of the upland forests is still a threat in making the waterways shallower.

After the August Monsoon event, the researcher made rounds of his immediate
areas, covering the grounds of Barangays San Isidro, San Jose, Manggahan and San
Rafael, there are damaged parts of perhaps newly-built channel improvement
infrastructures. Some are extensive while some are minimal. Reparations of these
would cost millions of pesos again, and this cycle of build-repair-build-repair of short-
term solutions will not stop and perhaps might not be sustainable in the future,
knowing that every year, costs are rising and there would be problems or issues,
either new or renewed that the government must grapple and address.

What the Municipality needs to do is to envision a long-term solution about the

problem. A centralized, comprehensive flood control plan is one; a centralized liquid
waste treatment and solid waste management by establishing a Materials Recovery
Facility is another. A comprehensive flood control plan, as envisioned by the
researcher, is a smaller and much, much, more cheaper version of the Tokyo
underground flood control mechanism which consists of elaborate huge cisterns,
kilometers-long of sewers and pumps with the power of military-grade aircraft
engines and a number of other supporting infrastructures. However, such
magnificent project is almost imposssible since the Tokyo project itself cost around $3
billion.

Upon the suggestion of the subject adviser, the researcher further delved into the
assessment by utilizing an international standard aimed at measuring the success of
a flood control project. However, the standards that are available for use are
designed for those who have master plan for flood control.

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The local government of Rodriguez, Rizal admitted through a statement in their
Comprehensive Land Use Program (CLUP) that Rodriguez does not have a
centralized flood control program but instead relies on a rather patchy network of
efforts made by the local government, concerned homeowners, and subdivision
developers.

As a result, the measure of success of the aforementioned flood control projects

otherwise known as channel improvement of the local government unit cannot be
ascertained, yet. Unfortunately, this is in contrast with the researcher's claim prior to
the presentation of this paper on which he based on the report made by the
NDRRMC for the flood water receding status after the habagat onslaught of August
2018 as well as his personal accounts.

Be that as it may, the researcher decided to utilize the Technical Standards and
Guidelines for Planning and Design, Volume I: Flood Control made by Japan
International Cooperation Agency for recommendation. Although originally made in
2002 for the DPWH, the researcher believes it is still relevant for consideration. It
discusses the different aims of flood control, the ways, through different types of
infrastructures, which an agency (or LGU for this paper) can adapt and implement
as well as the detailed rationale as to why this certain infrastructure should be built.
The researcher decided not to include the contents of this guideline since this paper
focuses on the assessment and not with the flood control infrastructures themselves.

As for the assessment, the researcher recommends that the LGU must adopt the
Integrated Flood Management (IFM) authored by the Global Water Partnership in
partnership with the World Meteorological Organization. It is comprehensive and a
very detailed one but for the sake of simplicity, perhaps the LGU must instead look
specifically the evaluation approaches of the IFM, these are: (a) project evaluation
and (b) outcome evaluation to which the definition and difference can be seen
following the table below.

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As an illustration of the difference, development of adaptation policies (e.g.
preparation of catchment-specific flood management policies and plans) would be
a project-based indicator, while effectiveness of adaptation (e.g. reduction in
economic losses due to floods) would be an outcome indicator. Two illustrative
examples of these approaches are LogFrame Approach and Impact Evaluation.

LFA or Logical Framework Approach. The LFA involves identifying strategic elements
(inputs, outputs, outcomes, impact) and their causal relationships, indicators and the
assumptions or risks that may influence success and failure. It thus facilitates
planning, execution and evaluation of a development intervention (OECD, 2010).
LFA is the most widely used management tool in the design, monitoring and
evaluation of international development projects. It affords a useful analytical and
organizational tool for identifying important project components. It applies a number
of tools such as institutional capacity assessments, economic and financial analysis
and environmental assessments. The findings from a LFA are usually brought together
in a matrix, called a logframe. While the rows list the vertical hierarchy of
objectives—activities deliver outputs, which contribute to outcomes that help bring
about the overall goal—the columns present how each objective will be assessed
and means of assessment. The columns also outline assumptions that may affect
project achievements. An example can be seen below.

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Impact Evaluation or IE is an evaluation of the effects—positive or negative,
intended or not—on individuals, households, institutions and the environment caused
by a given program or project action. Such an evaluation can be conducted in
mid-project or at the end of the project to assess both impacts as well as outcomes.
Whereas project evaluations focus on institutional process, IE assesses the impact of
programs on the community’s well-being. An IE addresses the question of how
participants’ welfare would have been altered if the intervention had not taken
place. This type of analysis requires a comparison between what actually happened
and what would have happened in the absence of the program or project
intervention.

It is no secret that monetary constraint is a key factor why Rodriguez may not be
able to afford to have a master plan, but she has many Gravel and Sand businesses
operating on her mountains. Why not tax them higher or engage in a compromise
with them?

In 2016, according to the financial statement of Rodriguez LGU, this sector only paid
21,000 in taxes despite their large-scale operations. As of 2017, their contribution to
taxes can no longer be seen in the financial statement. The researcher suggests
that the LGU should close that sector since 21,000 pesos, in terms of the municipal
earnings, is a small contribution that can be neglected. If the LGU decides not to,
the researcher suggest that the LGU should give them the responsibility to aid the
local government in reforestation of the upland ecology and low-land resiliency that
is now 65% denuded by planting hardwood trees in the diminished forests and
mountains such as Mt. Balagbag and Mt. Parawagan, or by planting bamboo trees
along the banks of waterways and helping the local communities resorting to cash-
crop by teaching them sustainability and giving them assistance and should ever
they violate, these businesses and its union must be punished severely because as of
now, the local government is somehow lukewarm with regards to their presence and
role in the municipality.

While negotiating with these businesses, the local government must connect with
consultation firms or make a study on how can they be able to expand their sources
of income whether or not to introduce new taxes or ways to attract investments and
businesses into the municipality. The LGU must also invest heavily on farm-to-market
roads since Brgy. Puray and Mascap are rural and agricultural in nature, although
difficult, it must be done so as to alleviate them from poverty and propel the local
economy. Also, establish stronger tourism by opening new mountains for hiking,
springs or waterfalls for resorts or establishing adventure camps, since Rodriguez is
not so far way from Metro manila and being considered as new haven for
adventure-seeking people who live in the city and don't want to go too far.

As for the short-term policies, the researcher suggests that the LGU must put quality
fishing nets into the sewer pipes that leads directly to the rivers and creeks with the
hopes of trapping garbage, plastics specifically from flowing into the river and
become a cause of constriction. In Kwinana, a town located in Australia, the LGU

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tested to install nets on two major pipes coming from sewers to trap solid wastes.
During the three times it was cleaned, they were able to collect 815 pounds of
garbage, particularly plastic wastes. Imagine if the local government unit opts to do
just that and see whether or not it is viable and beneficial in the long run. The
researcher believes that it helps in decreasing the solid waste being dumped into
the waterways every day. The collection of the waste being trapped by the fishing
nets must be charged with the street sweepers or to waste collectors. Perhaps the
best action is to remove illegal settlers and with no permanent homes from the
riverbanks. There must be a permanent 10-meter no-build zone to ensure that the
integrity of the waterways are not affected and should the water levels increase in
times of storms or monsoons, the potential number of victims and the economic
damages would further be minimized.

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 REFERENCES:

Rodriguez Comprehensive Land Use Program, 2012-2022 and Rodriguez

Comprehensive Development Plan, 2015-2020 pages 8, 24-35.
Annual Report, FY 2016
Rodriguez, Rizal. Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodriguez,_Rizal
EXECUTIVE ORDER NO. 249 July 25, 1987. Retrieved from
https://www.lawphil.net/executive/execord/eo1987/eo_249_1987.html
Internal Revenue Allotment. retrieved from
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_Revenue_Allotment
Sitrep 03 Preparedness MEasures and Effects of Southwest Monsoon
Enhanced by Tropical Storm Karding. Retrieved from
http://www.ndrrmc.gov.ph/attachments/article/3403/Sitrep_No_03_Prepared
ness_Measures_and_Effects_of_SW_Monsoon_enhanced_by_TS_KARDING_14
August2018_0800H.pdf
DSWD DROMIC Report #27 on the Effects of Southwest Monsoon. Retrieved
from https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/DSWD-DROMIC-
Report-27-on-the-Effects-of-Southwest-Monsoon-as-of-25-August-2018-6AM-
1.pdf
Bagayas, S. (2018, August 12). Monsoon dumps over half of August rainfall in
just 1 day. Retrieved from https://www.rappler.com/nation/special-
coverage/weather-alert/209412-southwest-monsoon-august-11-2018-rainfall-
volume
de Guzman, C. (2018, August 13). DENR chief orders a stop to quarrying in
Rizal towns due to flooding links. Retrieved from
http://cnnphilippines.com/news/2018/08/13/DENR-chief-quarrying-Rizal-
towns.html
LOOK: Thousands spend weekend in evacuation centers. (2018, August 12).
Retrieved from: https://www.rappler.com/nation/209374-filipinos-evacuate-
flood-metro-manila-august-12-2018
Blackburn-Dwyer, B. (2016, July 14). Japan Could Hold The Key To Surviving
Floods. Retrieved from: https://www.globalcitizen.org/en/content/japan-
flood-control-superstructure-china-tokyo/
City of Kwinana collects 815 pounds of garbage using drainage nets. (2018,
August 10). Retrieved from: https://www.surfertoday.com/environment/14509-
city-of-kwinana-collects-815-pounds-of-garbage-using-drainage-nets
JICA (2002). Technical Standards and Guidelines for Planning and Design
Volume I: Flood Control.
APFM (2015). IFM Tools Series: Effectiveness of Flood Management Measures.

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