Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • Nonviolence and Globalization in The SA PDF

    Uploaded by

    reyman rosalijos
    20 views12 pages

    Original Title

    Nonviolence_and_Globalization_in_The_SA.pdf

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PDF or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    Report this Document

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    20 views12 pages

    Nonviolence and Globalization in The SA PDF

    Uploaded by

    reyman rosalijos

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    of 12
    aa Al ‘Nonviolence and Globalization’ Nonviolence i incteusingly scen as meod of social change tht dramatically benefits rom te processes of globalization (Uynch, 2012). For example. those who dy the varios waver of democracy have Shown thatthe most recat transitions to democracy have nary all been accom plished trough means dered ay nonvio= Tent and thatthe spread of the eas and sees of nonviolent practice have bene- fted fom slobaliation (Chenoweth and Stephan, 2011; Mitchel, 2012; seas, the [Nonviolent Initiate for Demoxricy re ridemeercy.np/sbout sl). Former” US President Goorge W. Bish noe the power of nonviolence during the s0-cled “color ‘evolutions inh 2006 US National Secarty Shrategy,absoving tit th “olor vole ons” Georgia, Uke, and Kyrayasin ave brought ne: hope for freedom across the Eurasian Land mas’ (Bush, 2006). As ‘sty all things relating to the discussion of oblization hough the question naturally rae about the extent to which the po. cases of plobalzaton ae new. Afr all, Amentahru Wahlrab troughout history individuals and groups Inve adopted the practice of nonviolence for a varity of casons aed in varius contexts “The most famous examples inlude the Gandhi inspired nonviolence campaigns in Tada that lod nda to independence from England, and the American Civil Righs ‘ovemetl that ke tothe end of legs ain now as Jim Crow (See for example: Garou, 1988; Parekh, 2001), Oder eat signs have included the Polish Solidarity ‘ompaig, the Chinese workerstuden am paign in Tiananmen, the anthaparthcl movement in South Africa, Burmese monks, Ursinian democracy pret, Lebanese democracy potas, global antiwar protests ‘in February 2008, the Arab and ffican ‘prvng, and the Occupy eanpiges. All af these crss hve baneied to sme extent from the proces of globalization "The most fecen abd ongoiag example showing the connection between noavie: lence and globalization slo the best. The upasings tht began in Tunisia im 2010 demonstrated o the world tht nonviolent mm {TH Sect naNobo0K OF GLowaUzaTION resistance can work anywler, even ia suhortarian contelled roc, avy "hat oer recent neavoletcamigne did ‘ot Unlike past oasiolnt smpaigs hat have gamered global meds tention th ‘prisings that Began in 2010 were clay orayed as glotalizad and they occured Inside natfonstats wit sore of violet repression of political dissent (Smith, 211; ngs, 2012). As_people occupied the squares, pus, banks, goverment build ings and eongeessasthoughnut the worl, nonviolent reise turned the tradition ‘oton of power on it head sbopkecpets, Soden, motbers and the ely could come togetierand topple dietors. Whereas pst revoluionaries donned th ubiious Kalasinikoy, these sonviekn revolution: aries wielded eal phones, etern wit counts and digitized slogans of peaceol shange. Tahrir Square, Zaccot Park, Indignat, Occupy and’ a host of ater plas Became Synonymou with noavi ten, evil esse to compton, grec suthositranism, war, poveny, and inj tie. These uprisings employed new tech nologies that had the uadensble stamp of slobalization on thems Facebook, Twit, YouTube, et This was no theft inc mavilens ad been "used 10 ovetnow dicttrships, Niclas ccs have boon aed fo oppose compl and detiorial govenmens stoond the word as sudens an Bodie monks opposed the Burs junta td fad Aung Son Sus Kyi 2010), a5 stds and cv ups opposed Sabadun Mibsevie easing fis ft tow poser im Sai (200025 Indigndos (Indigranvangry ens) i Spin and around te ward opposed unter mes ‘ses (2011 to present Tusa and then Exyplias, Barns, Liang Syrins, and Palestinians protetd agaist ppession and ‘compton with waging degre of access 42010 to presen). Nowviolwce has Been ‘round for thosanis of years bu te notion ‘that nonviolence has truly gone global ‘cared more rey In 2005, ding spe ‘ious rod of gata protest, te Nee ark Times refered © people power movemens and publi opinion thug nonsolet pret asa secon! super power tht could courier "he USsndt ator plies (yer 2005) (sec abo Cog, 2001). But be movements hat raped i 2003 aginst he loming US invasion of ra wor bt st the global Zation of nonviolence te sarge 2010, caprrad world ateton, Both, how ‘ve, sth uot in longo of the sobaliatin of manvnence GLOBALIZATION AND NONVIOLENCE Ctobaization remains to this day highly contested concept (Callie, 195), The ares of ‘ons! wth the highs sakes spears be covert ideology of glablization bas The dominant or bese dacouse over lobalization seeks to porn slabiation sa kod of eyelng office market myth. For example, Thomas Ficdmin writes ta, lobalizaton isthe were egaton of rss, naan ena nes ot anaes trating the wot teats nga fo fessor and races ae er eee ape have ble rear a”, 205) He goes ono clay ithe “Gloaization cans the spread of feesmaket capil 'o virwally every country i the word (2000: 9), Ken Boo tes o this econo Sctnition af globalization a. aproject toured towards "he aecolestion dnd ‘np ofthe integrated global sytem under pitas inthe final quar af the neem sth cenury’ For Bool "the erm iyo mous ih the spread of neoliberal ad US power, and as been primarily 2 US projet, hough with many Toad agcas of the lobal eapitalist good (Booth, 2007 3461), Friedman's and’ Boot’s descriptions tnd definitions of globaition expr the extremes ofthe dette wih one ea rging that globalization is primarily about the Spread of capitalism at an inexorable Force tu Booth dining i 3 pliea-econoie project ofthe res of capa production. ‘hs Manfed Steger explains, however, there fue some gone ars of delaiional ove Tap among scalars. Globalization 6a pro es, nota finished sate, Globalization is ‘Shout the eolasing fie and space which Facies the increase of interactions between people sound the world. Globalization & about a change in con- sciousness ts people increasingly” Become fare oftheir membership in global com: ‘muni and us members ofthe species Homo ‘Sion. Thowph the term globalization has ‘nly rosenly coms ino Widespread se, tone wh ake longer view of things show thatthe processes indeed by Friedman, Booth an others as oan ong imei he making So jst how ni globalization? Weng indhe fourth century BCE, Arnal observed tha, "Manis by ature 2 politcal anima (Astle snd Sinai, 1992: $9). By ths ‘Atole means that hana Beings By tse future sock bea pan of someting gresier (a ste for exampe) (soe tel’ ino- ‘hctin: Aristo snd Reeve, 1998: 3x) In fan important sen, humany’s ques for ‘Ste intrcton ha procecdd along a path Spreading out of Aficn and it the digs ‘nd vial world as human beings crete cial networks with scominglyTimiless Ponies, Paesbook, Titan the lotr Sd slit and cellphone lecnolog, in onjnction wi oldr technologies of soi ganzing, faiiaed the spread ofthe "Arab Spring’ from its humble beginnings in “Toni tos prescac in nearly evry sat in the world, Michal Hrd an Anton Negs thas define oe fic’ of globalization as the ‘eation of a crits of cooperation and fellaboraton tht stch across nations and onfinens nd low alimied mamber of Couns it provides the posta ‘wile remaining dierent, we discover the “ommonaliy tat nabes sto communicate td at together (Hardt and Negs, 2008 i, Hart and Negi interpret pobaiation na Way tat lends suppet othe view that ‘lobalzton and nonviolence thre mat fly eifocing tendency toward sar i This ie not imply that globalization s incviable us sone have suggead, merely "ha, othe extent tat ievabI, is fan outgrowth of the socaiy of human beings (Thomas Fridman is the most roel proponent of the inevlblty thesis Friedman, 2000). Jonathan Schell emp sibes a simi link between glob eon Sciouness and nonviolence as a eats for the spread of democracy, writing st, out tgs of susained democai evoWton, the power hat government inspite trough fear femaias under consant challenge by the ‘ower tht ows fom people's freedom 10 {et i botlf of their iret and belies (Sebel, 2003 38), Nel al ditions of plobelation ke elemons of human soci biti ino consideration. For cxample, Munir Steger wees tat the “core of the nomenon neudes: 1) gebstason ot age meal but 2 yn sto ale cng an cova {Sy soon pce 9) goannas ‘owcaton and aceon ene ‘hanger and ate) he et pecan! me an Sac ft mal 20 Sere ree emis Spe Soper’ elegant summary caps the con tested eure ofthe definton of plabalize tin wile smliansouly leaving room For 3 ‘ity a theoretical approaches t0 come together unde the umbels of globalization In parca, Steger opens space for those ‘who gus tht globalization fs not new Bu rather ongoing und therefore (als) com iol. For example, Aristotle's observation fiat humans ae natal social fads is logis progress and extension inte modern concep of globalization ant just soil interaction but te exponential growin of Sct intractions and the sped wah which no {HE SAGE HaNeaooK OF GLoBALEATION they occu Farhe, a Arisote eins in him discussion of human sociability, the state has atl pry over the household and oer any indo among ws. For the whole most be prior to the pan” (Ariss {and Sinclar, 1982: 60) Thos, Sys ase. “ation tats lbalzston proceeds, amas become individually conscious of thet sored humanity: fobalinton is therefore an outgrow of expundcd soil intercon. Fal, while Fridman and others Toes ov apis as an pot ale gseing the rapid incense inthe spread and neni ation of globaition, itis yet obese i tapi repeseas “the ead of itary” (Fukuyama, 1989) Inded, the technologies ‘of glotlizaion can be ved by fore for global jihad us eal global justice — ‘pitas is not the only yam’ town (Barber, 1985; Soper, 2008), Globalization also els tel he story of nonviolence Because harm slidaiy sone ‘utgroxth oF the “compression of tine and Spee" as Stegr explains. The gb tion of aoavolenee athe Iva of univers consciousness isnot @ “doe de’ But the operating logic seems o Be tt humane ome to understand that hey are connected to one another av member ofthe specs Homo spins and part of the ger pole cal community. they Become less vile = Selidariy with hos who ae ike us is more Eonceitable than the lteativ: solduty with hose whe ae unlike ws (Sh, 2003). Jonathan Sebel argues, fr example, tat Tre tego of ra aon rsoneng eb, thar nt they wee. lige spent enact 10s Seon he loge ols, thn as human eliarty increas 2019 wll nonviolence and nom ‘lent esistance As the loge of glbaiation unfolds, so docs the story of Row nonvio- lence pong lel NONVIOLENCE SOES GLOBAL Nonviolenee i as astppery em epeialy ven its equemt wage in frncs to scat World evete™ the veleesevlaton Ceecostovaia, 189; he olor revoitions Philippines, 1986. Sebi, 2000; Georgia, 2003; Ukraine. 04: Lebanon and Kiva 2005; the Mile East and Non Afreae uprisings: 2010 0 the proven, andthe Ingres an Occupy movements 2011 to the preset. Atampting prvi speccty to the term nonviknes, Gene Shap wes that nonviolence a “general tetmige of ote, esisnee and iteration witht ‘lysed viokne Shap, 200: 567). Handy ‘Mercian sila sates that “nonviolent scion by defi action tt nt vole and hat kes pee outside the context of ‘normal poiiealesnomic, oF sci! Bey ‘our (Merman, 2009" 17), Howard Clark reserves the Tenn “nonviolence” for thse ‘movements hr set he wef vik ad whos over strate retreat ing tht jsiewhunan risers pe ail ate tha fdostoying the unapoist (Cia, 2009:4) Many ofthese defntons ince the idea at pure nomicence wll tum enemies into fends and ths end the eyele of violenes, Though the defntoes have the advanbys of Bing leg, they leave out an imporant isin, For ean ple Ia Choma affers a iflcttake on onviclnce than ft posicd by Shap snd those who follow sis congo af nonvo- lene, stating that any choose nonvisence ‘because they don't fave hie or hat "hey ssining their gods” (Chemes, 2004 ix Gandhi refered otis ind o aonvcence se ‘onolenee a heat (Gand, 1999, Vol 96: 12-13), Chemusfllows Gand’ con bots as the poner thera rd prions ‘of omiokace and his dseusion of oni lence ofthe weak hls to crest dspeton beswcen what Gea Sharp and his lower have eared stoic nom ile” and what ‘Chems ad aes terete ts “pi ‘ped onvilenes. Sec nonvoknee "NONVIOLENCE AND GLOBALAION mm thus a concept eid of eis content swhereas principled nonviolence conta tea core. Pu spy, tone who prostce ‘nied nonviolence do besa It 8 Faht not Because its convenient Sil there ave anempted to deal withthe problematic se ofthe double megntve of violence by refiing to coopentive power versus coer ‘ve power Shel for example, ies at ranvolnce” 3 negative eomction Yet tha which 1 negates ~ vilene ~ is set negative, a subeactor fom hie. 1 if we were obliged 1 refer to action as “norinactio, © hope as now-hoplesies", 10 faith as “nonsbais™ (Sel, 203 5380-1). Schell tus takes om noniolenee the core pet of sconce action ‘nis power offer up nonviolence as an "agenda ofa progam to bul 3 cooperative worl that would ose cooperative mens at very level of polieat fe (Schl, 203: 351). Nonviolence ths embodies the essence ‘human sociblity with the power of coop. ‘ration Th deals withthe choy I ‘rie over the esenee of nonviolence ae rattled though See's argumont seems to tthe weigh of th balance onthe side af ‘rie ad ls onthe ride of intron. IE Pople practise nowiolene (regardless of Inenon), then the werd wil bocome lest olen: One re wher hie debe sms to be ploying out inal Wei in he aren of ‘otal governance and demecry promotion. ‘One ofthe diving oes behind nonso- lence ping global is the push far lal govemance and good goverance by & Yar fy of incmational opanizations and the ‘ominance of the Unted State in those ‘natizatios, Specialy, te Worl Bans former president, James D. Wollasaho, fave aspech desrbod by most as his ‘can. fer of carption’ speech in October 1996 in ‘hich be doeribed ths problem oF bad go%- {nance The brunt of he speech focused on ‘now policy dirctives regarding loans: “The ‘Bask Grp canot intervene in he polical firs of our member countries, But we can {ve advice, encouragement and support 10 ‘soveraments that wish to. Right compton ‘and itis these govereats tat wil, oer Uns, atret th ing vole of investment (Wotteasoa, 1996). Today the bk arte Tae its eal for good governance in ems of 4 "wodlwvide’ demand for good governs Tadesd the World Bank's wab page prom ‘en states that Wordiethere einen. ing recogniion that cian involvement is cttcel for eahancing democratic gover anc, inpeoving servic delivery, a fxr. ing empowerment (World Bank, 2013). Global governance if one ofthe core ele mows ofan discussion af globalization wih emocray dstrbed ae 2 nour panaea fr ‘te probloms assoclated with globalization like income ineuaiy, sweatshop labour, ‘ad human right vinations. Farts, dit ‘orsips around the world ae ofen tacked by those who use violence 10 ovenlow thom Ye there does nat sem Yo be much ‘empirical evidence to support the cao hat oles is the best mane avallable for achieving good governanes and democntic ‘Several scholars saring in the ely 1980s pay special aention tothe work of Gene Stamp who, asthe New Tork Ter esrb, has ined dissidents rd he world, inluing In Burma, Boi, Estonia and Zimbabwe, and now Tunis and Egypt (Sharp, 1973, 197, 1985, 1989, 203, 2005, 2008, 2012; Sharp and Pal, 2007; Shap ad Spencer, 2003; Stolp. 2011). Sharp has boon doseribed as the "Machaveli of Nonviolene" (Lamer, 1986), amed caly ith eas which, noetless, “can be ft 10 the work's despa" (Silber, 201). Sharp's pamphlet on nonviolece,Avinging owt a Dictator canbe downlad fo fee in 24 Tanguoges from is website atthe ‘Alber Einstein sti, An admirer of Gene ‘Shap and former board member a Shays ‘Alber Einstein Instn, tied US Amy Colonel Robert Helv, vent to Serbia In 2000 on the order of the Inerstionl Republian Taste to help the dient ears of the ant-Milosovic group Orpor ‘beter understand Sharp's strategy of wanvio- lent resistance. (aforeemorepowsrfil og, 2013) As Het ater said of por, some ‘hing was mis” and a something wa theoretical insight hat could be provid by Sharp. Halve’ tp to Serbia ast one small example of how neavolence i ging ‘lobal with hehe ofboth ation tates and on-govermental organizations (NGON, Bat, the push to spread nonviolence aso onnes tom sade whore Bay ike tating thoi: of nonviolence with thesis ‘Fmatonl and plobl intrest ‘A-number cf scolars afte with the Fletcher Schoo! at Tufe Unversiy have rocolly predkeed 9 variety of texts that drive thi cure es rom Sharp's weings ‘nonviolent srtegy and atic (Chenoweth and Stephan, 3011; Sephae, 2008; Stephan and Chenowet, 200; Stephen, 2006) Eis “Chenoweth and Maria J. Stephan for ex le, argue tha state suppor of nonviolent fampgn canbe effective und good policy “From the penpectve of am ovtide sae, providing sipont to nonvokst campsins fan sometimes ai the movements. They do auton, tought sich bop aio int doce a new st of cena, eeuding the lieerierprflem and the poten less of Joel legacy For sats ike the US the suthors recomend that outside supper be once in cejonction wi ntl move ‘ment suppor Sanctions ud tat supp for ‘onviolet campaign work best when they te cootdntal ith the sappot of focal ‘opposition groups; bu they are never subst tutes (Chesoreth and Stephan 2011: 7). [Chcnoweth and Stephan sek advise policy elites onthe best ways o provide supporto cpposon mavemen's within suthriian regimes. To sopon this elim, the autor, poi ou that the svcesfl overtrow of Slobodan Miscvic a 2000 the has of Cfpor came wth lp fom the West The Sefian ressutce movement Oipor, for cxample,receved milion of dallas rom Funding agence ike othe Unied Stites and European goverment pir tothe op. Pliny of Wise” (Chenoweth and Stephan, OIL 54), Thay argue tat ste should eon Sider aiding nonviloat movemens more regularly than they do. The emis! deta they prsoat nds that states fr violet rus more ofen, a8 proses, than they’ eo onviolat groups ~ at at 35 percent to 10 per cen rapectvely (Chenoweth ard Stephan, 2011-54) The igor quanti tive amis aso iodizstey that sonvolet movements for regine change ae more ete han violent movements fr egime ‘change a acarly 0 10 ne bss. Their ‘wok bile upon ad evolses Gene Sharps ane oes Work om straegic norvolnes Inmporar her work asics the ke gs ecwcea national intrest and he spread oF nonviolence round the wl In ation, We individuals hae brought Gene Sharp an his Hens to the front with @ PBS documentary seis tied "A Force More Powerful’ Peter Ackerman ad Jack Duvall later turd their documentary sere tos book by the same ile (Ackerman 1nd Duval, 2000), The book ad the doo ‘mentary dai nonviolsat movements guns 2 arity of regimes ncloding expies (india), deters (Pippines, ad ros regimes (America and South AVRea) The breadth of the book shows tht ncnicisnee bs been more widespread than mst people ‘hin, The common perspective on nono ence is al i ony worked ist the British and. Amcrica and is theefore an exception 10 the rule that wolce ie te fon (fora sunny and erigue of this ‘th, se: Chenoweth and Stepan, 201 1). jack Duval’ background I rely in ‘he mon and hlps to expan wh the doce mentary series eae before the bok I also Served as a precusoe 1 the reel power of ‘the medi in novices revoluhort Bul, he bo has considerable experience eas ing to his bio, “Dircetor of Industry Compliance. Cost of Living Council (Exeruive Oc ofthe Presider) and an ‘officer in the US A Fore. Hi wing Ince speeches for US presidental on «aes in four ational amg’ (Nnvielent Coats, 20138). With @ PRD from the Fletcher Sehool at Tus Univer, Peter Ackerman has co-nuthred two "books WVIOLENCE AND GLOBALZATON” mm (Ackerman and Duvall, 2000 Ackerman and Krueger, 19%) on nonviolence and was the excel produce of the docsmentaies A Force More Power end “Binging down 3 Dicaor™ which have been rancid ino ‘Anbie, Burmese, Farsi, Fre, Indonesian, Mandarin, Resin and Sparsh and bees Ssinbu for bade o a6 09 DVD fa 3s many countries (Nonvilent Confit, 2013.1 plaunible to view the work of Duvall nd Ackerman ae eset othe ts, ‘of poplin an even gloiiingnonvo- Tone as an effective ate for overthrowing itor in ways that far outs the week of ‘mor radon academies wos Books and rile ae read by a had of experts in their fields Indeed, Chenoweth and Stephan claim that” “Ackerman and Duvalls book 4 Force More Power tas ‘been perhaps the most widely read book fon nonvileat action’ (Chenoweth and Stephan, 2011: 22) However, even they do not cum the tle bestowed by the New Tork Times, the Propresse, and. Peace Magasin he nella force bbind the lob spread of soviet resistance (Shap and Pa, 2007; Sharp and Speer, 2003). NONVIOLENCE IN HISTORY Nonviolene, like any idea, is timited and onstained by time ad plac, but time and place can also serve a caalya for creative Advancement. For example, carly Christians doped the idea of loving one's enemy ‘which evolved ita view ef nonviolence that lives on today dn the historic peace churches of the Anabuptss, Mennonites, (Quakers andthe Amish. Gandhi's combina. tion of the Juin principle 0° non-haming snd. Christianity’ "tum whe ether check cfm helped hin erate theory of aon- ‘olence strong enough oh Bris colo. im. Martin (thor King Ie vending of the Bible combined with bis reading of ‘Gandhi and other ead hi a thory and praice of soavolece that was anti, St-poverty and anti-war and that he argued Would produce the “beloved communis ‘Thus, the history of nonviolence aso shows its progesive evoluion as aanow'y con: ceived ideas of nonviolence orginally octane in tine ad pee inetd with ‘he teachings and interpreatons foes and became peogresively more inchsive ofall walks off mea and wont, Wate and bac, rich nd poor, colnizer ad alized 19a sualght elever and non ioe “Th erm ‘nonviolent ov story. “Noavilence is 8 plilotopbialpson" wes Manfred Stag, and an stoned rt ‘of polite aeons of hose who refi fom ‘he ltetonalinfon of psi nd psy ‘hoogial inury on pesos” (Step, 2003. 13). Stoger's denon reflet arf com autive analysis of avait of rains of ronvolet deny. Such a comparative stidy |S impoat because the idea of monvolence ‘the product of itorcally ich pet of ‘ais, The term "nonvoience has roo Ia ivergnt ligious ado It can be ace to the Hindu teachings in the Vedas and he Sans word shina which, alte into [English means ‘now-hanning’ (Zunes, Kart and Asher, 199: 3). Like he English variant, aims takes he Saket wort for violence (bisa) and ads tho prox which meses without Buddhism, aso from the Indon subeontioca, includes ints “noble eightold the precept of ight action’, ein ie ‘ted in Eagle asthe ale or pnp pre Serting noavileoce~spciielly tide of loving kinds which teaches the nteson- ‘ecenes of all Ifo (Han, 199: chapter 13), Scholae lo trace the rote of noavio- lene in China wo the ound of Taoism, Lao “Tau (Sn coarury BCE), and tothe rebel, plilsopher MoT (ca. 479-391 BCE) who tuued” foe universal love (chien i) (Krlansy, 2006: 10; Zunes ca, 1999: 23) Wit the Hebrew adn, oavolent resistance i traced to ae fark the eases Sf Haber tier Hing clave baer fom the murderous ser ofthe Pharaoh (ca. 1300 BCE). Those historical refreces 'o sonvinlesce al share a common, unifying eat; thal pneraly ews onthe scons mm THESAGE WANo800K OF GLosaLZaTION of indvidoa, not sae. Ts, the greats lesson eam fe the History ‘of soma, ‘ences that nivale power (GLOBALIZATION OF NONVIOLENCE Nonviolence has spread ay 2 theory and a Drctice ata sul of wo econ com sing and conftng Toros The fr 9 product of NGOs ike he Alber Einstein Teste and State Poles. The second force ‘sa grsroct: or salem ideology of dom ‘orate resistance. The loalzation of om violenee iy thus explained as a tension ‘between top-down and boom up polis rocesis or ylbaliraton fm above” and “albalizton rom blow ‘Being athe 1980s, Gene Stay wax ‘ecognized for runing the theory of aon violet resistin. The Civil Rights move "msm ws eh in many people's minds The ower of noevolece war conceived and lundersiood asa nomic apron opi «al change. Gini, fier als had bon sane tiled io tod and King was himself a Preacher. Gen: Sharp's inovation was 10 Malescim mavolece as a satya could be used even by thove who id not renounce vole. Sta wis, "the consi: tration and adoption of vlan bused defo aefaittd bythe ft tha it docs ft require peopl o accep ane political octene, party program, or religion, much Jess a bli i "nonvolnce abu moral or roigoas pineal (Sharp, 1985: 503, Shay §jusiliably pod ofhis succes ancmns {© mnssam noavalnc. For Sharp. he it so maki palatabi to a many po Pleas posible. In recent dts, Sharpay boon chastised for hi apparent apneic reyatding who can’ tse. nonviolence (Cecaieo-Maher and Ginger. 2008), Even in some of hit ely wing, Sharp stearly sates this “value astaly He writes that “While iiantased defense nonviolent, snot pacifist, This plicy can ‘be appli effecively by persons who have supponts or wed violence inthe pst and ‘might again inthe frre ander other crcum tons" ins seas, etn ase defence 4s purely a urtepe choice and thas fas 0 braing on ales norms his or mori “Ths dense pully simply toques that they stereo tonviolen means ef sve spat of «grand strategy forthe couse af the given confi. Some pacify would back civilian based defeme, while other: wotld not" (Shap, 1985: 3), This alone Foctss the distinction between Gana ‘Sta. Wao help o exp th labia "ion of nonviolenee. As nonviolence became Swansea, mare people around the weld adopted it 36-9 statape choke. In oct ‘wort nonviolence went lobe Much s mk, for example, ofthe resis nce ovement lpr which waste pimary force motivating nonviclentresstince 10 Slobodan Milosevic saring in 1998, Some Point to bp that it eceived fom Wester Sources, inulin forner CIA operative Major Rober Heley as beryl of nv: lene principle (Beisingr, 2006; Cicearl Maher and Golingr, 2008: Gowan, 2008, 20066, 2003e; Hely and Spenew, 2008; Rocio, 2003: Shap and Spence, 2003), i Jl for expe, anes hat intr ‘tonal donors to noe olen ups nce, ‘hen ofthese groups changes om con fit movements into consenses movement ‘ut low an inition esoueedependct son-conil stay with 9 dp Took i ‘he comimaniy” Galli, 2013: $5. Ths, ‘sotlizaton fom above of novice pro= aces exanizations Ut may pad the a {ssence of ronvalnse as based in cooper, ive power. The by-produet oF intemal Sang is, according to this agumce a fn- amentally dserpowcring ‘of etherwhe one opposition fee round the world usher, 2 number of etiey hie accel those ‘who fund oasolst movement sound the woe spacing ew kin! Of imperialism or colon these mover ‘ents a cooped ad diemponerl as 8 esi of such globalization from above Fumes, Mask Besinger observed ta the immediate consequence of exer funding sf nonviolent movements ia th form Soviet Republics has oon backlash by sthoriian Tears: Moreover, thee of th “colored ‘evoltons" on other counties so far ave teen far from porive, s+ suortaian ropimes have eaeked down on democratic epponcus, closed down or monitored more floret relations with human hts NGOS, tnd stempled to isle themselves. from transnational ifence” (Beisnge, 2006: 2D), Oters poi to extemal suppor as an ‘xample ofthe globalization of romance (ranovie, 2008; Johansen, 2009; Lake, 2008; Nena and Beltevie, 2008). Indod, the uprisings inthe Middle East and Nor Afren begining i 2010 would appear 10 ‘inate this perspective, Further he emp {al orcarch by Chenoweth and Stepan ug tts that extemal finding of nonviolent {roupsean be sucess ft done ln cop {ration ith leal groups (Chenoweth ae Stephan, 2011) While there is cosidenble deta over the advisability of excl fund- ing of nonviolent movements, ice that the globalization of nonviolence wecurig. Inaditon nota of te spreading of onvi- ences duo globalization rom above “The globalization of nomvolence has also occurred through yass-oots organiz~ from below’ (Falk, 1999). In oor words, tobaliation from Below ‘captures the Spread of ideas through new media und ‘cla media technology that hs eriteized {he view of globlization as merely neo Iiberal or sonore globalization. In con {east with NGO and state suppor force instances of nonvolene, sonvolece has aleo. spread through globalization from testo, The wprisings hat Began in 2010 Ia Tunisia and spread sound the word exem pli ths nonviolence from below. For Serer, thore were past uprisings nthe Middle Eas and Nowt Affica that id very ‘ll without the new technology of Facebook and Twiter It easy to forget that radio and print media were the "acw medi’ that helped to organize popular ‘resistance movements inthe 19505, 1960s, 1970s, sed 19805. Wildly unpopalar Intemational Monetary Fund (IMF) aust ity measures motivated waves of protests Uhyoughoat the Middle East and North [Africa specially in Turia and Egypt 10 1983 in Tunisia “the protests bopan 3s angry chizen recived news over the state tadio station that food. price subsidies ‘would be sated. Furious Tunisins ram- paged through the steuts, overwhelming ocalpolice"(Lyneh, 2012: 43). Though he regime was badly sbaken by th tne the ‘protests ended in 1984 and ie protestors tron 2 mumber of economic concessions i remained in power ‘The wave dil at stop 1 the Tunisia Border and instead travelled ‘on ito Morocco and then Algeria and on Into most of northem Affe. This period ‘was mashed, however, by civil was, wii tary coups, andthe rit of 2 nasty Islamist, authoritarian” according to Mare Lynch (Lynch, 2012: 46). However, this period leo saw the rise ofthe Palestinian inifada which was masked by grass-roots organiz~ ing and nonviolent pres (Ackerman aad Duvall, 2000; King, 2007) Dee ia large ‘ar (© Al Jazcra, the iniads has webs ‘gue become part f the renal na tive hat gives hope te esisunce organizers tnd protston throughout the pian (Lynch, 2012 56). The decade of popular organizing that preceded the 2010 spd 2011 uprisings rope feats ontqutio ofthe globalization and trast atviem. Whores th adi and the prin media that helped organize pees ‘ous generations wre able to communicate nd spred information, the ne generation benelited from 2 more interactive medi ‘avironment that seemed 10 demonstate hare sruggles arse national boundaries. As Lynch observes, this wave of protests se es toate gre hn teeta ca space sap by raw mada tern: Ser alcnt re sera pete 1 te ats mitout Faabeok. whl Sud abs “ee nan sw tees ‘tele ooundy ges he ae) ee Gen 207 55 ‘Ths, the grassroots posts that erupted fan eame toe known a the “Arab Spe Secame apart ofthe lage greet spread of nonviolent ates we to topple ditto Shins ht comuption, protest against usc lay measues, and demand good governance and demeracy. While iti Toft to be cen What becomes of the various noavilent ‘movements and the pole projets tht ‘they stared tis ate ay tha the plobaie tion of naevileace whether fom ove er below has had = wemendous effect on the Politics of social chunge andthe say of Eloblization. The frees of slbaition produce now esses at inreasing rts tha wl cone tine to effet etanges in nonvicent pre ie. Nonviolence puts presse on the r0cess of globalization ta shape its evel Yon in turn. Evidence of the shaping Someshat weak. Homer the global ustice movement as agape an ieoogy of ob ‘sonvolent resistance tothe negative aspects f marketploboism. The question that emis fo be answered ie whthr the phil: sophical and political practice of sonvo lence wil beable rly shang te ircton of economic globalization fom fe ade to ‘aie rade and 1 prioitize commitments to man ropes instead of corporate pois DISCUSSION QUESTIONS. 1 Canratonsses supa nein oie ero tel bore tou canny se ey rene? 21M praca or een andl well serena between satel sd pence "nv 3 How does he gloaliaton of romisance change noneience forthe beter? or be von? Notes. 1 era oon, nwee he tsge cctoore seem poate © toe, ‘ey alles he oucane of sone pele wih sages at thee ate Freres hx mabvae fregn kpen of renmolnt movenens (Chetoneth a Seta 200159) esa ny sate, ste acorng i en pects bed oh fenvatrt vee may bea ‘ecest heiph Tatra powe ther eg 2 Dust an Aen ae ovedeg mente of ‘ie Inanona! Cen’ on hana one: ‘athens ace ama A nr free the TONG Tas 2 bao whch oes) tary eos on nonsense ‘Moe tert They even ne 8 ee gore svelte ‘Seog car eae athe ook as een Polis of nant ten Prt Tro is 8S ‘ates St gen the Bucky coat os ‘aly eons key at mee pop hae Suara REFERENCES een and Dun es 2000 Foe Me over A Cenay of emt Cone Ne ‘oa haga. ‘Aceran Pind Kage (550 Sipe owt Cnt. The amc af ope Roe fe ere Centay Wer, CE age ocenonput 013 ewe Cee oe ey fend fon watecmoove cs) Shaboteneatoattae oe sae ad Ree CO (1928 Pls raps, Pts toe Sear T6952 Th pots. aoe ergun Bass rer BF (1935) Ja we cl How Gotan ‘se a Raping te Vd Ne You ‘Bue Bots NONWOLENCE AND GLOBALZATON™ m eninge Ml 208) Ronan eenora 5 ener ing reuten 3 crsruce Seay er ‘ee ta (200) Ter of Wat Seay Nen Yok Ce Unies Pres. en GW 38S Nar Sey Sate 208 Chenoweth and Stepan Ml QOH) Hy Ci Tessar Ws: Th rage Lge of ert (oferty Pes, heme 04 Armen ence Te Sy re. Warr Os Books E cle ir 6 9d oli € GOO) akg Ts ero ep wees tte A. Uren a, Aan caer G and Gala € 2008) A fa ei fo 2 nonepy rca Ana}, 28 igo lal a wnwoeneaeinsyn cond massa (ca 209] op Poe sed ese and “lt Slt nde Re rk Fo Pes cane BGO) A feel Sigepaver The scret agin te War Fa Se Geter fn sir foam Fa BA (1998) Peavy Glan: A Cre sie Fly es. nea 200) Sti ht yo afer tn Cate Ted) Prope ower Um esac and Gl! Sela endo ew Yar: Pa es. P35. Freda 200 Te ensand he ee Red Ne rk Fre, Sas Gro. ‘jars (1985) Te er fsa? Te ton ine. Some Ge 985) Esenity comet cones. ced oe eon Sy 3617-38 Gand WE (99) Te cle was of Mahara “Gea CWO), Maat ar eso ec. 5 fom maior of CMG er ew Deh Abts Don, Mey of hiomaton 9rd froutsing Gowran ot ida Duliale st ane oo FOF row D188 feig the Gs rn Ler ‘eeg 2d te scthon Cvs tates Conner ea Yo Vue Bets. ons 50008) Theo an ansof Udon pronatenn ese claus Wars tet 4 Ly. Healt 3 wo gn ere can20007 ae ea aes \eedenecuerpoeotonnte tenga Govars QUO} Overton rc: Fete Actaans ‘ut Go wht Ck edt ga nd ate Sem pages. Wha se 6 Augus. Alte 2 gona odes art20030808) crete pleackernan E2480 9955 (ust domtaihecaseeoseantate Seempogesia! onan 5 20090) Home ware Qusoneg ek flere What Le, 20 Au ap (389) The Ret ofthe ws echo ‘aomeg sng ropes, gael ‘hela bleu th roe ex hs he tae Bt wath st ea Bas {de pe He Yor Bana os dt M and high A G0D0 hs Morand ‘enocag ine Age of Ege. he Ye Te fergan e. ee Ran Spence M2008 Tang odenaay moran consent Coon ate Fev ce ire anya nat 0013 Fravengengeweren? How fen id Sour ig ad sacl meee fees gusts mableton Seely Compass Diys72 0010112007 sone 1 (208) taut of opposton imveen ce} ee Po sme Fears and Gb Say en You Puts Pres, 8-205 Xing O07 Aust en: The isa Tos and Howe Ressarce New Yor ato Bots uty GO) Hee: Ker Lens om he Hote of» Dames Ne Yr een Usa aes 6 00) Pomisece vag a hag of sur eral A gud fo waned ass 1 Ca ed) Perl Poe Ud Rese ed Gh! Sey. ew Yok Mas Pes sore. Lame 8 (189 Mcinal of onvlce, stan Snes Monta, 1 ie. fetid on HW (Grontccn8606) eas rl lyre QO) The ea apg Te Une Tsu oe New Ace as, Hen ek Rete rina 205 Tera ais of amiket etn tpn ed) a ad Naolt Sigg Damactinon an Goerarce te ibe fo ae No Fae acai pears. Dahl (A 012) he Cor Resins 15 et, Pali Unies Pangan Press. end D are Seve G0 Se ~ Hence: ugg denny he lef Oger Clk Hed) Pepe ove: Uramed sce and (Geta sian end Hw Yor: Pio es pea, ne THE SAGE WaNB00K OF cLosaLzanon Nana Conict 213 ack Ow. Asse a ‘ nevolen

    You might also like