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TECHNICAL LECTURE SERIES TECHNICAL LECTURE SERIES
INDIAN ASSOCIATION OF STRUCTURAL ENGINEERS BSEC INDIAN ASSOCIATION OF STRUCTURAL ENGINEERS BSEC
Outline of Presentation
State-of-the-Art 3. Introduction to the New set of Limit State Codes
4. Installation Requirements for Bearings
ALOK BHOWMICK 5. Testing and Acceptance Criteria
Managing Director, Some of the material in this presentation is taken from :
B&S Engineering Consultants Pvt. Ltd.
315‐316, VISHAL CHAMBERS, SECTOR 18, NOIDA a) Presentation by Dr. Christian Braun of Maurer Shone, Germany
1 b) Presentation by Mr Chinmoy Ghosh of MAGEBA, (which I thankfully acknowledge) : 2
• Functions as per design requirements : It prevents displacements (Fixed Displacements
Bearings), or allow displacements in only one direction (Guided
Bearings), or allow displacements in only one direction (Guided
Bearings) or allows displacements in all directions (Free Bearings).
• Enables unrestrained movement of the deck, ensuring that large forces Rotations
are not transferred to the substructure and foundation due to restraints
in movement.
In addition to above application of Bearings, the modern
• Recent Bridge bearings are also designed to act as seismic protectors, bearing system combines the routine function of bearing
that arrests and dissipate energy during earthquakes and other seismic
activities. 5
with other functions (such as seismic isolators / LUD)
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M
T = 2π
K eff
≤ 30 % damping
Cost benefit for
loads ≤ 5.000kN
displacements ≤ ±150mm
period demands ≤ 2,5s
Period for seismic isolation is
depending on load onto the bearing
Lead Rubber Bearings and Steel Hysteretic Dampers (SHD) Curved Surface Slider (Sliding Isolation Pendulum)
Isolator resulting from the
combination of a LRB and
Crescent Moon Steel
Hysteretic Devices
Seismic Isolators
SIP exhibits a recentering characteristics and incorporates the characteristics of a
pendulum to lengthen the natural period of the isolated structure so as to avoid the
strongest earthquake forces. The period of the bearing is selected by choosing the
Seismic Isolators radius of curvature of the concave surface.
a
[[m/s2]
≤ 45 % damping
Large elongation of period not damping
depending on load
High load and rotation capacity
Extended working life ag
Good recentring capacity
Friction is load dependent
Seismic Isolators
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Brief History of Bridge Bearings Types of Modern Bridge Bearings
1. Until the middle of this 20th century, the bridge bearings used GENERAL CATEGORY BEARING TYPE
consist of following types only : Elastomeric Bearings Plain Elastomeric Pads
• Pin Laminated Elastomeric Bearings
• Roller & Rocker Sliding Bearing Mechanism
Sliding Bearing Mechanism PTFE Sliding
PTFE Sliding Material
• Metal sliding bearings
Alternative Sliding Materials (ULTRA HIGH MOLECULAR WEIGHT
POLY ETHYLENE) …. Patented materials like MSM, ROBO Slide.
2. Increased demands and improvements in engineering materials,
particularly plastics & elastomers have led to innovative designs High Load Multi‐Rotational Pot Bearings
Bearings Disc Bearings
and led to use of following types :
• Elastomeric Bearings . . . . Flexible Bearing Spherical Bearings
Fabricated Steel Mechanical Rocker Bearings
• High Load Multi Rotational Bearings (Pot, Spherical, Disc) . . . .Rigid Bearing Bearings Rocker cum Roller Bearings
3. ‘Pre‐setting’ shall be avoided as far as possible. This
principle reflects negative past experience caused by
wrong pre setting or installation that cancelled the very
wrong pre‐setting or installation that cancelled the very
small economical saving that could be achieved by
reducing the movement capacity of the bearings.
4. For dynamically stressed structures like railway bridges
or structures subject to the earthquake, the horizontal
forces cannot be transferred by friction.
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Cut‐Rollers
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Pure PTFE has a low compressive strength and a high coefficient of thermal
The most important detail of the pot bearings is the seal, preventing the leakage expansion. To make it suitable for use in bridge bearings, PTFE must be combined
of the elastomer through the gap between pot and piston and governing the with suitable fillers. These fillers are typically glass fiber and bronze.
durability under repeated rotations.
SLIDING
MATERIAL IN
BEARINGS
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TECHNICAL LECTURE SERIES – INDIAN ASSOCIATION OF STRUCTURAL ENGINEERS
TECHNICAL LECTURE SERIES – INDIAN ASSOCIATION OF STRUCTURAL ENGINEERS
Spherical Bearings Spherical Bearings :
MANUFACTURING OF BEARING FOR SIGNATURE BRIDGE Advantages :
• Multirotational Bearings. Can accommodate higher rotations
• Relatively high vertical load capacity
• L h i ht
Low height
• Negligible vertical deflection under load.
Disadvantages :
• Require high degree of quality control and careful attention when installing
– especially to ensure no dis‐assembly.
Spherical bearing • Requires periodic maintenance.
@ P19
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Spherical Bearings Disc Bearings
VARIOUS FORMS OF SPHERICAL BEARINGS
• Long life span
• High loading capacity
1. For the curved surfaces,
• Free of wear
aluminium or chromium plated
• Small reaction forces
mating surfaces are allowed
mating surfaces are allowed.
• Inspectable during service
2. For the guides of sliding guided • Vertical stiffness
bearings the use of un‐dimpled • Horizontal play Disc Bearings, introduced in 1970, offers lower profiles
PTFE or composite materials • Horizontal load transfer
over other multi‐rotational bearings such as Pot
based on PTFE are allowed. passed in general Bearings. This is due to the use of an elastomeric
failed for some
3. These materials allow a applications like high
unconfined polyurethane disc to accommodate
considerably higher pressure but speed railway bridges rotation instead of a confined elastomer, a pot and a
have also a much higher friction. piston in case of Pot Bearing
Typical Disc
Bearings with
Pintle Pin, having
Vmax = 2000T
GUIDED SLIDING DISC BEARING FIXED DISC BEARING 39 40
DISC BEARINGS : REASONS FOR IT’S LIMITED USE IN BRIDGES SELECTION OF APPROPRIATE BEARING TYPE FOR A GIVEN SITUATION
5. The choice of bearing depends on a
1. They have not been extensively used because of proprietary wide variety of factors, including : 17000
status until recent years. Type of Structure (Rail /
Highway, Span length) Pot Bearings & Disc Bearings
Max. rotation,
Horizontal displacement,
3. There is concern that rotational stiffness can cause high stresses Environment (Climate,
on sliding surfaces. Seismicity, Wind), 500
Economics
Structural arrangements.
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FOR SIMPLY SUPORTED SPANS: FOR SIMPLY SUPORTED SPANS:
PIN BEARING METALLIC GUIDED BEARING
V i lS
Vertical Stopper Bearings to
i
take lateral loads
BEARING LAYOUT WITH ELASTOMERIC BEARINGS WITH PTFE SLIDING BEARING LAYOUT WITH ELASTOMERIC BEARINGS WITH PTFE SLIDING
SURFACE TO TAKE VERTICAL LOADS & A SEPARATE MECHANISM TO TAKE SURFACE TO TAKE VERTICAL LOADS & A SEPARATE ELASTIC RESTRAINTS
LATERAL LOADS TO TAKE LATERAL LOADS
Plan View of Span
Plan View of Span
Structural bearings are fixed, guided or moveable in all directions Fixity in longitudinal direction
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FOR HLMR BEARINGS : FOR HLMR BEARINGS :
Plan View of Span Plan View of Span
Wind or other impacts
FOR SIMPLY SUPPORTED SPANS ‐ FOR CONTINUOUS SPANS
(WITH HLMR BEARINGS) :
Structural bearings are fixed, guided or moveable in all directions
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(WITH HLMR BEARINGS) :
α
1. Bridge Bearing Types and Functional Properties
2. Possible arrangement of Bearing Layouts
Possible arrangement of Bearing Layouts
3. Introduction to the New set of Limit State Codes
4. Installation Requirements for Bearings
FREE BEARING FREE BEARING
FIXED BEARING FIXED BEARING
GUIDED BEARING
PIN BEARING
GUIDED BEARING
PIN BEARING
5. Testing and Acceptance Criteria
56
b. Size and Shape Parameters of ‘EB’ modified b i d i
bearing devices. It is applicable to Laminated EB, Plain Pad
I i li bl L i d EB Pl i P d
Bearings, Sliding Bearings…etc. New Code permits
c. New Criteria introduced for Transfer of Seismic forces through EB Rectangular, square as well as Circular shaped Bearings.
o New Code permits hole inside the bearing to reduce the
d. Choice in Material Properties for the designer Circular Elastomeric Bearings
loaded area without changing plan dimensions.
e. Maximum and Minimum permissible stresses & strains in o Many other possibilities of combining sliding and fixing
Bearings amended device with elastomer exists, which was never tried before.
59 60
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• 2.5mm for Top
& Bottom
• 4mm for Sides
Clause 5.2.2 of the New Code
Maximum Size : 1200mm x 1200mm
63 64
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In the New Code : New Code :
There is no limitation for the maximum pressure on the bearings. The limits of total strain and shear strain is taken as 7.0 and 1.0
Minimum pressure under ULS, for permanent load is restricted to 3 respectively under ultimate limit state (ULS). The partial safety
Mpa. factor on action is taken as 1.4.
67 68
Specification, workmanship and installation of the grout or mortar are extremely important
to control shrinkage / expansion and compressibility, to ensure that voids do not remain
between the bearing and the structure, and to ensure sufficient strength.
DISTRESS IN DELHI METRO LINE‐AIRPORT LINK
1. ELASTOMERIC BEARINGS OF SIZE – 300MM X300 MM X50
ON RCC PEDESTALS OF 500 MM X 500 MM SIZE PROVIDED
2. VIBRATIONS OF RAILWAY TRACK CAUSED FURTHER
DETERIORATION. Collapsed Ultadanga
3. BEARINGS FOUND LOOSENED AND DAMAGED. Flyover,
4. ADJOINING CONCRETE FOUND DISINTEGRATED. Kolkata : March 2013
5. SPEED REDUCTION AND SHIMMING UNDER RAILS DID NOT
HELP.
6. RAIL TRAFFIC SUSPENDED JULY 2012.
7. IN ALL 216.0 BEARINGS RECTIFIED.
71 72
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DERA BASSI FLYOVER, PUNJAB
Bearing Layout as per
HANGING BEARING SLEEVES !!
Approved Drawing
80m Bow String Girder Bridge
Orientation of Guide
Bearing Changed
Bearing Layout as built GAUNDALIM
at site BRIDGE AT GOA
73 74
75 76
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1. Short‐term behaviour tests : 1. Tests on Raw Materials :
o On Cast Steel, Mild Steel, Forged Steel, Mating
‐ Shear Modulus test for G
Surface, Stainless Steel, Elastomer, PTFE, Bolts and
‐ Shear strength tests for shear bond Nuts.
‐ Compression test for stiffness 2. Inspection of Finished Bearings
‐ Visual Inspection for all Bearings
2. Long‐term behaviour tests ‐ Testing of One pair of Bearings (Vertical Load Test,
Friction Test and Rotation Test)
‐ Compression Set test (Creep test)
2. Process Inspection
3. Environmental Influence Tests ‐ Tests on Welding
‐ Surface Hardness
‐ Accelerated Ageing test ‐ Corrosion Protection
‐ Ozone resistance test
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For any query, contact
bsec.ab@gmailBSEC
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