Development of Beeswax As Hydrophobic Solution For Paper, Leather and Wood

Development of Beeswax as Hydrophobic Solution for Paper, Leather and Wood
Proponents:
Kristofferson V. Ramos
Jose Raphael S. Jaringa
Jan Dave R. Co
Jan Marie B. Marasigan
Jacquilou T. Tolentino
March 2017
` Document Code: DCAVRKMI-F-RPAG
MANUEL S. ENVERGA UNIVERSITY FOUNDATION Document Title: Development of Beeswax as
Lucena City Hydrophobic Solution for Paper, Leather and Wood
An Autonomous University Page No.: Page 2 of 62
Revision No.: 1
DR. CESAR A. VILLARIBA RESEARCH AND Effectivity Date: January 2018
KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT INSTITUTE Prepared by: DCAVRKMI
Reviewed by: QMR
QUALITY FORM Approved by: President
Acknowledgement
To all of the parents of the researchers, who provided not only their support, but also their
unwavering love, thank you very much. They are the ones who brings the best in us researchers
and also the ones who bring colors during our dark days.
To all of our friends, and acquaintances. For the times when there are dire times that brought us
stress yet you all have made me laugh and overcome it.
To STEM 12b5, class ’17-’18. You will never be forgotten.
To the STE Boys, for all the providement of the essential needs of us men during the times when
we badly need it to relieve our stress, to meditate our minds.

Revision No.: 1
Reviewed by: QMR
Dedication
To Mama and Papa,
Who gave unwavering support and love, for motivating me always.

Thank you for everything.
To my siblings,
Thank you for inspiring and believing in me.
To my girlfriend,
Thank you for coloring my dark days.
You always bring out the best in me.
To my friends &classmates,
Thank you for being ridiculous
that never fail to make me laugh even in tough times.
To my thesis mates,
This extraordinary gentlemen never gave up,
Let’s cheers to this!
To Almighty God,
For the unconditional love and guidance.
THANK YOU
- Jose
Revision No.: 1
Reviewed by: QMR
To my mother and father
This research study is wholeheartedly dedicated to you both because you're the ones who made
me complete in this incomplete world (hell yea)
To my family
Like my father and mother we're bonded by love and blood
To my friends
You are the ones who made me laugh during the times when I’m in despair and your
companionship is comparable to my siblings though we're not of the same blood
- Popo
Revision No.: 1
Reviewed by: QMR
I would like to dedicate this research to all the people who have helped us succeed in this
research.
To our familywho given us fullsupport and undying loveand encouragements.
To our teachers and professorswho never failson giving us the proper knowledgeand enhancing
the intelligencewe have in us.
To those peoplewho gave their precious time on participating the study.
And also we dedicatethis research for all the students who arelooking for the properanswer about
the said topic. Without all of you, we would not be able to implement this research study.
- Jan Marie
Revision No.: 1
Reviewed by: QMR
This piece of work is heartily dedicated to my family and friends
To my family who serve as my inspiration and motivation to pursue in writing this research
To my friends who are willing to help us in every way they can
To those precious people who gave us their unwavering support
To our teacher and professor who are willing to share knowledge and thoughts
-Jan Dave Co
Revision No.: 1
Reviewed by: QMR
Revision No.: 1
Reviewed by: QMR
Table of Contents
Page
Title Page
Acknowledgement 2
Dedication 3
List of Figures 10
List of Tables 12
Abstract 13
Rationale of the Research 14
Purpose of the Research 16
Theoretical Framework 16
Literature Survey 18
Revision No.: 1
Reviewed by: QMR
Significance of the Research 22
Definition of Terms 22
Scope and Limitation 24
Statement of Desired Outcomes 24
Research Design 24
Research Instrument 25
Data Gathering Procedure 26
Sampling Design and Procedures 27
Assumptions and Hypothesis 27
Data Analysis Plan 28
Conceptual Framework 28
Results and Discussion 30
Conclusion and Recommendation 48
Reference List 49
Appendix 51
Revision No.: 1
Reviewed by: QMR
Curriculum Vitae
List of Figures
Figure
Number Title Page
1 Double Boiler
2 250 g. of dried Beeswax
3 Turpentine (Paint Thinner)
4 Linseed Oil
5 Finished Product of Beeswax
6&7 Application of spilling water on the wood surface
8&9 Application of spilling water on the leather surface
10 & 11 Application of spilling water on the paper surface

Revision No.: 1
Reviewed by: QMR
12 & 13 Application of spilling Ink on wood surface
14 & 15 Application of spilling Ink on the leather surface
16 &17 Application of spilling Ink on paper surface
18 & 19 Application of mud on the wood surface
20 & 21 Application of mud on leather surface
22 & 23 Application of mud on paper surface
24 Success Rate of Waterproof Solution

Revision No.: 1
Reviewed by: QMR
List of Tables
Table
Number Title Page
1 Conceptual Framework
2 Cost
3:Samples’ day of Failure

Revision No.: 1
Reviewed by: QMR
Abstract
Revision No.: 1
Reviewed by: QMR
Rationale of the Research
Bees have played a big role for the development of nature and its environment; they
pollinated flowers and provide food which is honey for other animals. Another thing which is
known on bees is their production of beeswax. Beeswax is used for beauty and cosmetic products
which are lotions, creams, ointments and lipsticks due to its hydrophobic properties. Due to its
hydrophobic properties, beeswax is applied as maintenance on certain materials such as wood,
leather and even metal treatment. Beeswax is also used as a food additive (E901). Its
hydrophobic and antibacterial properties were one of the main ingredients of mummification by
embalmers of ancient Egypt. Beeswax can be stored a very long time. Its transformation is
simple, a method of heating and filtering enough to prepare the wax, which can be sold in small
pieces without special protection. Beeswax is produced by metabolizing honey in fat cells
associated with the wax glands and converting it to beeswax; workers cannot produce beeswax
unless there are adequate honey stores in the colony. The Beeswax’s hydrophobic properties is
one vital factor for this research.

Revision No.: 1
Reviewed by: QMR
Being located in the Tropic Regions, Philippines frequently encountered about eight (8)
to nine (9) tropical storms annually. Thus, resulting to surroundings getting damp and wet.
Especially on urban areas, where excessive flooding frequently occurs, There is an increased risk
of infection of water-borne diseases contracted through direct contact with polluted waters, such
as wound infections, dermatitis, conjunctivitis, and ear, nose and throat infections. However,
these diseases are not epidemic-prone. The only epidemic-prone infection which can be
transmitted directly from contaminated water is leptospirosis, a zoonotic bacterial disease.
Transmission occurs through contact of the skin and mucous membranes with water, damp soil
or vegetation (such as sugarcane) or mud contaminated with rodent urine.
Especially during school days, school bags containing important documents like thesis
papers, assignments, and other essential things related on education. Shoes worn are also one of
the most exposed during a rain, many things, especially uniforms worn for school, offices and
many other important clothing that may get wet. This is a fairly known problem which
researchers are trying to find a solution to solve this. This study is intended to be a small research
study with big impacts on the community. Thus coming up with a water-proof solution. This
Development of Beeswax as Hydrophobic Solution is a solution meant to be applied on things so
it can avoid getting wet. This research project intends to make a hydrophobic solution that has
lesser expenses, better efficiency, and a higher time of duration on its effectiveness. Water-
proofing materials especially on infrastructure has been a great help because it has avoided many
Revision No.: 1
Reviewed by: QMR
disasters especially during a strong hurricane or tropical storm where buildings are exposed to
disasters.
Purpose of the Research
General
This study entitled “Development of Beeswax as Hydrophobic Solution” aims to create a
waterproof solution for different materials such as cotton, leather, and woods for avoiding
getting wet or damp.
Specific
Specifically, this study sought to answer the following sub-problems.
1. To produce a solution that is hydrophobic/ water-repellant/ water-proof.
2. To test whether the solution can repel certain liquids such as:
a. Ink
b. Mud and
c. Water
Revision No.: 1
Reviewed by: QMR
3. To compare the waterproof solution to the commercial one in terms of:
a. Cost and
b. Time it will last when applied
Theoretical Framework
In the theory of hydrophobic model of hydrophobic interaction and theory
hydrophobicity it shows the solution of nonpolar molecule dissolved in liquid water and the
molecular description most likely encounter between such solute in aqueous solution. This
theory includes the peculiarities of solution of thermodynamics properties and spectroscopic data
on aqueous solution and evolves the molecular structure of system. A molecular model of
hydrophobic solution is heuristically developed using the information theory. The model theory
distribution shows that there are no solvent centers found in cavity volume. Also the model
theory illustrate the quantitatively for central hydrophobic phenomena and association of inert
gas solutes. The connection of information theory to statistical thermodynamics provides a clear
basis for the clarification of hydrophobic effects (Pohorille, A., & Pratt, P. 1991).
Revision No.: 1
Reviewed by: QMR
Literature Survey
Beeswax
In search for a wax polish that could be used for more than just wood finishing the
researchers came across a Beeswax/Oil Polish that can be homemade. It is used on bare wood to
penetrate the grain and smooth out the surface and keeps the surface to a matte, or satin, shine. It
can also be used on canvas for water proofing and leather for polishing and waterproofing as
well. I’ll show you how to make two of your own homemade mixtures to serve a few purposes:
wood finishing, canvas waterproofing, and wood polishing (Spunjin, 2016). Beeswax is a
component used for waterproofing woods. It has a component that is hydrophobic that can repel
water.
All you need to do is cover your canvas shoes with beeswax, and then use a blow dryer to
work it into the shoes. When you're done your shoes will be basically waterproof. Fair warning
Revision No.: 1
Reviewed by: QMR
though, this also means they won't breathe as well, so you might not want to use this on any
shoes you plan on wearing when it's not snowing out (Klosowski, 2012). Beeswax can be used
also in waterproofing leather or synthetic materials like shoes.
A much better product than any spray that have used on the market to date. One (1) bar
was used for all of the seams inside and out, the other covered all of the outside going over the
ground sheet seams twice. After it was finished, the tent was putted in the green house for 2 days
and the wax fully melted into canvas fabric. The tent has now been stood up for 9 days and has
been involved in some awful downpours but not a single drop has come through (Lawson, n.d.).
In some point, beeswax is created as soap for waterproofing such materials. It is a great
help to create this to easily apply on a certain material.
Turpentine Oil (Paint Thinner)
Turpentine (Paint Thinner) is a useful solvent for oil paints. The paints have a thick
consistency and cannot be used in this form. Turpentine (Paint Thinner) is used to thin the paint
before application. Due to its high evaporation rate, it is one of the most effective solvents for
use in oil paints. When mixed with the paint, it facilitates faster drying of paint. This makes the
paint easier to use and enables more effective application. Many solvents are available on the
market for various household purposes. However, some of them contain petroleum distillates as
Revision No.: 1
Reviewed by: QMR
part of the ingredients. Such compounds add to environmental pollution and degradation.
Fortunately, Turpentine (Paint Thinner) is free of such ingredients (DoItYourself, n.d.).
Turpentine (Paint Thinner) is a great help for the waterproof solution because it makes
the solution easy to dry and to mold easily. It can also add to the surface to make it shine.
Linseed Oil/Flaxseed Oil
Adding a small amount of linseed oil to enamel or oil-based paint can actually speed up
its drying time. Linseed oil acts as a natural drying agent that helps bond enamel paint with the
pores in wide-grain woods. Woods such as cedar or maple have a wide grain structure and will
benefit the most from adding linseed oil to enamel paint. The linseed oil can even be used
throughout the painting process, cutting down the drying time and waiting period
betweenindividual coats (DoItYourself, n.d.). Like Turpentine (Paint Thinner), linseed oil also
makes the solution easier to dry.
Linseed oil keeps the material protected from water. This helps to safeguard metal
products from corrosion and furniture fromwater damage. It can also add glow to wood. Linseed
oil binds together ingredients in many products. It creates a rich, smoothie emulsion when all
ingredients are mixed with it (DoItYourself, n.d.). Linseed oil is a hydrophobic material. It can
prevent rusting of metals and damaging of woods from water.
Hydrophobic
Revision No.: 1
Reviewed by: QMR
For almost 70 years, researchers have attempted to understand the hydrophobic effect and
the hydrophobic interaction or force. After many years of research into how hydrophobic
interactions affect the thermodynamic properties of processes such as micelle formation (self-
assembly) and protein folding, the results of direct force measurements between macroscopic
surfaces began to appear in the 1980s.It is clear that some stronger force must act in this regime
if the measured interaction energy curve is to extrapolate to the measured adhesion energy as the
surface separation approaches zero (Meyer, 2006).
The review of related literature has given the researchers easier method to conduct their
study. All of the materials needed in the research study have the ability to repel water. Beeswax
is used by bees to protect them against water loss through the integument and in the construction
of comb and it was utilized by the researcher that it can be used also to repel water and
otherliquid materials easily in daily living. Turpentine (Paint Thinner) oil has the capability of
better water-repelling solution when mixed with the beeswax. Linseed oil has also the capability
of much better water-repelling solution when mixed with the beeswax.

Revision No.: 1
Reviewed by: QMR
Significance of the Research
The outcomes of this study will help people to reduce and avoid skin allergies, viruses
and bacteria especially Leptospira using the water-proof solution. Students and office workers
will specifically benefit from this, with the application of the water-proof solution, if the
essential things of the office workers and students are exposed to water; the water-proof solution
will prevent it from getting wet. Application of this on surfaces like wood, leather, metal and
cotton will prevent infrastructures from getting deformed, rusted and making them prone to
destabilization of pillars that may lead to undesired destruction on infrastructures thus,
benefitting the industry and the economy.
Definition of Terms
Revision No.: 1
Reviewed by: QMR
The researchers have encountered difficulties of the different terminologies used in the
research paper.
Beeswax is a natural wax produced by honey bees. It is the main component for the
research; it will be mixed with Linseed oil and Turpentine (Paint Thinner) to produce a water-
proof solution
Cotton is a fabric that will be tested for the application of the water-proof solution
Hydrophobic is a property or substance that naturally repels water, has a strong tendency
not to absorb water, this is the aim of the researcher, to make a hydrophobic solution
Leather is a type of fabric, made from animal hide, which will be tested for application
of the water-proof solution
Linseed oil, extracted from flax seed, is one of the most useful natural oils. It is used as a
preservative for wood, concrete, and an ingredient in paints, varnishes, and stains. To be mixed
with the Beeswax and Turpentine (Paint Thinner) to produce a water-proof solution
Turpentine (Paint Thinner) is a colorless liquid with a characteristic penetrating odor
sharpening with age. It is used as chemical feedstock for the manufacture of floor, furniture,
shoe, and automotive polishes, camphor, cleaning materials; inks, putty , mastics, cutting and
grinding fluids; paint thinners; resins, and degreasing solutions. To be mixed with Beeswax and
Turpentine (Paint Thinner) to produce a water-proof solution

Revision No.: 1
Reviewed by: QMR
Water is a molecule with one oxygen atom and two hydrogen atoms, bonded together by
shared electrons.
Wood is a hard fibrous material which will be tested for the application of water-proof
solution.
Scope and Limitation
The emphasis of the research is to prove the effectiveness of the water-proof solution.
The solution is expected to repel water to prevent getting damp. The water-proof solution is
expected to be applied on leather and cotton materials.
It is not certain that the water-proof solution’s capabilities of repelling water are extended
to its oleo phobic capabilities. It is not certain that the water-proof solution can be applied on
certain materials such as wood and metals.
Moreover, the solution is mainly designed during rainy seasons which people and things
are prone on getting wet.
Statement of Desired Outcomes
The researchers expect to produce a solution that is water-proof, hydrophobic and can
repel other liquids that will prevent essential materials to get damp and wet from liquid
properties. The researchers also foresee that this produced solution is an environmentally-
friendly and easy-to-make one. The researchers also guessed that the solution created will have
Revision No.: 1
Reviewed by: QMR
no hazardous substances that may be critical to people when exposed to it. Testing of this
solution will be applied on many surfaces.
Research Design
This research study used an experimental design which will be based on the different set-
ups of the experiment. On set-up A, the solution will be applied to cotton and water, ink, and
mud will be poured to examine whether it is effective on each liquid. On set-up B, the solution
will be applied to leather and water, ink and mud will be poured to examine whether it is
effective on each liquid. On set-up C, the solution will be applied to wood and water, ink and
mud will be poured to examine whether it is effective on each liquid. On set-up D, the solution
will be applied to metal and water, ink, and mud will be poured to examine whether it is effective
on each liquid.
Research Instrument
The research instrument to be used is experiment since there will be manipulation of
variables and different set-ups will be conducted in order to know the best material that will repel
water, ink, and mud for it to be an effective water-proof solution in order to avoid getting damp
and wet. There will be a statistical treatment to be used in order to calculate the difference of the
solution in commercial one in terms of success rate of repelling water and time it will last when
applied. T – Test statistical treatment will be used in order to assess whether the means of two
groups are statistically different from each other. This analysis is appropriate whenever you want
Revision No.: 1
Reviewed by: QMR
to compare the means of two groups, and especially appropriate as the analysis. It will show a
histogram of the controlled and experimental group in order to show the idealized distribution.
This statistical treatment will help the researchers to a very important conclusion, when the
researchers are looking at the differences between scores for two groups; the researchers have to
judge the difference between means relative to the spread or variability of the scores.
One sample T-test will be used in comparing the cost and time the hydrophobic solution will last
when applied. There will be a standard number which will be compared to the three (3) trials’
average. It will use the formula:
 x bar is the sample mean
 s² is the sample variance
 n is the sample size
 µ is the specified population mean
 t is a Student t quartile with n-1 degrees of freedom.

Revision No.: 1
Reviewed by: QMR
Data Gathering Procedure
Data gathering is based on the creation of the output of the research. The beeswax will be
melted in a steel container under the presence of fire in a gas stove. Turpentine (Paint Thinner)
oil and linseed oil will be mixed immediately after the beeswax has melted. After several hours,
the solution is expected to be dry.
The solution will be applied to a piece of cloth, shoes, and bags. A dryer will be used in
order the surface of each material will dry easily. Water will be applied to the surface of each
material. After such experiment, the solution will be applied again on different set of materials
like wood and metals. Another type of liquid material will be applied on each surface of the
material like ink, mud, and oil to test whether the solution will be effective on this kind of
liquids.
There will be four (4) set-ups in the study which consists of Set-ups A, B, C, and D. In
set-up A, it consists of cotton. In set-up B, it consists of leather. In set-up C, it consists of wood.
In set-up D, it consists of metal.
Sampling Design and Procedures
The study will use purposive sampling since it will just focus on such materials like
cotton, leather, wood, and metals.
Assumptions and Hypotheses

Revision No.: 1
Reviewed by: QMR
The success rate of creating hydrophobic solution is higher than 80%
The cost of the solution is less than the commercial brand
There is no difference between hydrophobic solution created over the commercial one in terms
of the effectiveness and durability.
The hydrophobic solution is also effective in other form of liquid like ink and mud.
Data Analysis Plan
The data for the first set of experiments is to measure the success rate of the millimeter-
coating hydrophobic layer on set-ups A, B, C and D, this will easily determine which materials
are the most preferred and the best when applied with the solution. Second set will be
determining the average duration of time the solution is when applied through weighted mean.
Third set will be for criss-crossing which materials that can inhibit the solution when applied.
Conceptual Framework
Table 1
Revision No.: 1
Reviewed by: QMR
Conceptual Framework of Development of Beeswax as Hydrophobic Solution for Paper,
Leather and Wood
Input Process Output Outcome
The researcher The researcher will The researcher The researcher
will gather all the prepare all the produced concludes that the
materials needed for materials that are hydrophobic solution hydrophobic solution
the experiment such needed for the which is needed is effective as water
as 1.)120 ml of experiment. The during rainy days repellent.
Turpentine (Paint researcher will melt
Thinner) 2.)120 ml of the bees wax. Then
linseed oil 3.) 1/4 kg they will mix the
of beeswax in solid linseed oil and
for and 250 ml of Turpentine (Paint
beeswax in liquid Thinner). After that
form. The researcher the researcher will
will also prepare all solidify the mixing
the tools needed such product. Lastly the
as dryer, steel researcher will apply
container, gas stove. the solution on

Revision No.: 1
Reviewed by: QMR
cotton, leather, wood,
and metals.
The researcher will gather the materials needed for the experiment such Turpentine (Paint
Thinner), beeswax, and linseed oil. Also the researcher will gather the tools needed for the
experiment such as dryer, steel container, and gas stove. First the researcher will melt the
beeswax and mix in the Turpentine (Paint Thinner) and linseed oil. After several hours the
solution is expected to dry. Lastly it will be apply into different materials such as cotton, leather,
wood, and metal. For every material, water, ink, mud, and oil will be poured in order to test
whether the material is effective enough to be applied by the solution.
The statistical treatments to be used are one sample T-test and two sample T-test. One
sample T-test will be used in order to calculate the success rate of the repelling of water. There
will be a standard number which will be compared to the three (3) trials’ average. Two sample T-
test will be used in time it will last when applied. It will be used in order to compare the solution
and commercial one’s average time.

Revision No.: 1
Reviewed by: QMR
Results and Discussion
A product that increases the hydrophobicity of a certain surface/material. The researchers
brought the 250 g of beeswax inside the double boiler to melt it into liquid and after 1-2 hours of
boiling, 120 ml of linseed oil and turpentine were mixed together and dried for 1 hour to solidify.
The solution after drying turned into a yellowish wax.
Figure 1 Figure 2
Double Boiler 250 g. of dried Beeswax

Revision No.: 1
Reviewed by: QMR
Figure 3 Figure 4
Turpentine (Paint Thinner) Linseed Oil
Figure 5
Finished Product of Beeswax

Revision No.: 1
Reviewed by: QMR
After the drying of the beeswax solution. The dried beeswax is applied to the materials
with:
Revision No.: 1
Reviewed by: QMR
A. Water
1. Wood
Figures 6 and 7
Application of spilling water on the wood surface
The wood applied with beeswax solution was dried for 30-60 min.. As shown from the
figure below, 20 drops of water were spilled to test the hydrophobicity of the wood. The result is
the water was not absorbed by the wood but rather it was repelled and then it formed droplets
Revision No.: 1
Reviewed by: QMR
2. Leather
Figures 8 and 9
Application of spilling water on the leather surface
The leather slipper applied with beeswax solution was dried for 20-30 minutes. 10 drops
of water were spilled to test the hydrophobicity of the leather. The result is leather
applied with beeswax solution was repelled and the water formed droplets
3. Paper
Figures 10 and 11
Application of spilling water on the paper surface

Revision No.: 1
Reviewed by: QMR
A sheet of paper applied with beeswax solution was dried for 10-15 minutes. 20 drops of
water was spilled to test the hydrophobicity of the water. The results are the parts of the
paper applied with beeswax solution repelled the water while the parts not applied with
beeswax solution got wet
B. Ink
1. Wood
Figures 12 and 13
Application of spilling Ink on wood surface
The wood applied with beeswax solution was dried for 0.5-1 hour. 5 drops of ink was
spilled into the wood and the results are the wood applied with beeswax solution cannot
repel ink
Revision No.: 1
Reviewed by: QMR
2. Leather
Figures 14 and 15
Application of spilling Ink on the leather surface
The leather slipper applied with beeswas solution was dried for 20-30 minutes. 5 drops of
Ink was spilled into the slipper and the result is the leather successfully repelled the Ink
3. Paper
Figures 16 and 17
Application of spilling Ink on paper surface
A sheet of paper applied with beeswax solution was dried for 10-15 minutes. After
dropping 2 drops of Ink, the paper cannot repel the Ink

Revision No.: 1
Reviewed by: QMR
C. Mud
1. Wood
Figures 18 and 19
Application of mud on the wood surface
The wood applied with beeswax solution was dried for 0.5-1 hour. After putting a
pea-sized mud into the wood. The result is the wood cannot repel the mud
Revision No.: 1
Reviewed by: QMR
2. Leather
Figures 20 and 21
Application of mud on leather surface
The leather slipper applied with beeswax solution was dried for 20-30
minutes. After putting a pea-sized mud on the leather slipper. The result is the leather
cannot repel the mud

Revision No.: 1
Reviewed by: QMR
3. Paper
Figures 22 and 23
Application of mud on paper surface
A sheet of paper applied with beeswax solution was dried for 10-15 minutes. After
putting a nail-sized mud into the paper. The result is the paper cannot repel the mud
Revision No.: 1
Reviewed by: QMR
Table 2: Cost
Comparison of Cost of the Waterproof Solution between the Experimental Product and the
Commercial Product (Averaging the costs of 5 products)
Waterproof Solution Cost Commercial Cost
1 P800
2 P700
1 P600 3 P650
4 P630
5 P560
Average P600 Average P668
Σ(𝑥 − 𝑥)2
𝑠2 =
𝑁−1
(668 − 800)2 + (668 − 700)2 + (668 − 650)2 + (668 − 630)2 + (668 − 560)2
=
4−1
31880
=
4
𝑠 2 = 7970
EQUATION 1: As taken from Table 4.1, The formula for variance was used, The variance
(σ²/s²), is defined as the sum of the squared distances of each term in the distribution from the
mean (μ), divided by the number of terms in the distribution (N), (Σ) stands for summation.
Revision No.: 1
Reviewed by: QMR
SOLUTION 1: P value and statistical significance: The two-tailed P value equals=0.3000. By
conventional criteria, this difference is considered to be not statistically significant.
Confidence interval: The hypothetical mean of the waterproof solution is 600.00 while the actual
mean is 628.00. The difference between these two values is 28.00 (which was taken by
subtracting 628 by 600). The 95% confidence interval of this difference ranges from
37.35-93.35. Intermediate values used in calculations: t = 1.1896; df = 4; standard error of
difference = 23.537;Mean=628.00 SD =52.63;SEM=23.54;N =5
Table 3: Samples’ day of Failure
Success rate and time of waterproof solution, 100 samples are taken into trial and 60 days are
taken to conduct the research with varying samples resulting in failure from day (41)
Samples Day of
Failure
1 41
2 42
3 43
4 46
5 50
6 55
7 44
Revision No.: 1
Reviewed by: QMR
8 51
9 58
10 41
11 55
12 42
13 55
14 46
15 50
16 51
17 5
18 43
19 57
20 41
21 55
22 46
23 51
24 52
25 42
26 57
27 50
28 44
Revision No.: 1
Reviewed by: QMR
29 51
30 56
31 43
32 46
33 57
34 47
35 41
36 51
37 58
38 52
39 46
40 58
41 42
42 56
43 45
44 59
45 43
46 59
47 45
48 41
49 48
Revision No.: 1
Reviewed by: QMR
50 49
51 50
52 46
53 45
54 52
55 43
56 56
57 48
58 51
59 52
60 42
61 60
62 48
63 47
64 49
65 51
66 52
67 44
68 43
69 53
70 45
Revision No.: 1
Reviewed by: QMR
71 48
72 49
73 53
74 47
75 53
76 54
77 42
78 54
79 48
80 49
81 44
82 56
83 43
84 54
85 42
86 54
87 47
88 54
89 45
90 60
91 44
Revision No.: 1
Reviewed by: QMR
92 60
93 56
94 42
95 48
96 56
97 47
98 49
99 45
100 60
SOLUTION 2:P value and statistical significance: The two-tailed P value is less than 0.0001
and by conventional criteria; this difference is considered to be extremely statistically significant.
Confidence interval: The hypothetical mean is 45.00; the actual mean is 48.86; the difference
between these two values is 3.86, and the 95% confidence interval of this difference ranges from
2.45=5.27. Intermediate values used in calculations: t = 5.4282; df = 99; standard error of
difference = 0.711; Mean=48.86’ SD =7.11’ SEM =0.71; N =100

Revision No.: 1
Reviewed by: QMR
Figure 24
A graphical data showing the success rate of Waterproof Solution, (Y) axis stands for the success
rate, (X) axis stands for the number of days.
120
100
80
Success Rate
60
Success Rate
40
20
0
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43 45 47 49 51 53 55 57 59
Revision No.: 1
Reviewed by: QMR
Conclusion and Recommendation
The hydrophobic solution is only able to repel water on all surfaces which are paper,
leather and wood. It is also able to repel drops of ink on the surfaces like wood and leather.
The hydrophobic solution doesn't have the ability to repel ink on the surface of the paper because
it is not thick enough to hold the ink. The solution also lasts for almost 60 days which is if
compared to commercial one is more efficient and effective. When it comes to cost, it is more
affordable
The researchers recommend using another type of wax that is hydrophobic. Different
binders can be used also in order to create a powerful water-repellant solution. Finding another
solution that is more affordable and effective is also recommended since the hydrophobic
solution is not effective enough to repel ink and mud on the said surfaces. It is also
recommended to use the hydrophobic solution on other surfaces such as steel wool, cement and
also on the human skin. Another alternative is to test the hydrophobic solution by applying
cooking oil on the surface to test whether it is effective enough

Revision No.: 1
Reviewed by: QMR
Reference List
Altman, &Armitage (1994).Single sample T-Test. Retrieved from
https://www.statsdirect.com/help/parametric_methods/single_sample_t.htm
Brown, S. (2013). The Philippines is the most storm-exposed country on
Earth.Retrievedfromhttp://world.time.com/2013/11/11/the-philippines-is-the-most-storm-
exposed-country-on-earth/
Haughcourt, H. M. (n.d.).Two sample t test for comparing two means. Retrieved from
https://www.cliffsnotes.com/study-guides/statistics/univariate-inferential-tests/two-sample-t-test-
for-comparing-two-means
Klosowski, T. (2012).Waterproof canvas shoes with beeswax. Retrieved from
https://lifehacker.com/5959735/waterproof-canvas-shoes-with-beeswax
Laerd Statistics (n.d.).One-Sample T-Test using SPSS Statistics. Retrieved from
https://statistics.laerd.com/spss-tutorials/one-sample-t-test-using-spss-statistics.php
Lawson, H. (n.d.).Bee kind beeswax waterproofing bar. Retrieved from
https://www.beekind.co.nz/categories/Bee-Kind%E2%84%A2-Beeswax-Waterproofing-Bar/
Meyer, E. E. (2006).Recent progress in understanding hydrophobic interactions. Retrieved from
http://www.pnas.org/content/103/43/15739.abstract
Revision No.: 1
Reviewed by: QMR
Pohorille,A.,& Pratt, L. R.(1991). An information theory model of hydrophobic interaction. Los
Alamos: Los Alamos National Laboratory.
Rosenberg, K. J. (2006).Recent progress in understanding hydrophobic interactions. Retrieved
from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17023540
Statistics Solution (n.d.).One Sample T-Test. Retrieved from
http://www.statisticssolutions.com/manova-analysis-one-sample-t-test/
Spunjin (2016).DIY beeswax wood polish and sealant. Retrieved from
http://themoderndiylife.blogspot.com/2012/12/diy-beeswax-wood-polish-and-sealant.html
Revision No.: 1
Reviewed by: QMR
APPENDIX
Figure 1 Double Boiler: Figure 2 Beeswax:

It's used for cooking delicate ingredients the wax secreted by bees to make
that have a tendency to seize or separate honeycombs and used to make wood
over direct heat polishes and candles.
Figure 3 Turpentine (Paint Thinner): Figure 4 Linseed Oil:

a solvent used to thin oil-based paints or is a colorless to yellowish oil obtained
clean up after their use. Also known for from the dried, ripened seeds of
its hydrophobicity the flax plant. Also known for its
hydrophobicity
Revision No.: 1
Reviewed by: QMR
Figure 5 Beeswax Solution:

Made from by mixing 250 g. of beeswax, 137 mL.of Turpentine and 137 mL.
Linseed Oil through the use of Double Boiler.
Figures 6 and 7
Wood applied with Beeswax Solution. 20 drops of water were spilled to test its
hydrophobicity
Revision No.: 1
Reviewed by: QMR
Figures 8 and 9
Leather applied with Beeswax Solution. 20 drops of water were spilled to test its
hydrophobicity
Figures 10 and 11
Paper applied with Beeswax Solution. 20 drops of water were spilled to test its
hydrophobicity
Figures 12 and 13
Wood applied with Beeswax Solution. 5 drops of ink were spilled to test its hydrophobicity
Revision No.: 1
Reviewed by: QMR
Figures 14 and 15
Leather applied with Beeswax Solution. 5 drops of ink were spilled to test its hydrophobicity
Figures 16 and 17
Paper applied with Beeswax Solution. 5 drops of ink were spilled to test its hydrophobicity
Revision No.: 1
Reviewed by: QMR
Figures 18 and 19
Wood applied with Beeswax Solution. Pea-sized mud were applied to test its hydrophobicity
Figures 20 and 21
Wood applied with Beeswax Solution. Pea-sized mud were applied to test its hydrophobicity
Figures 22 and 23
Paper applied with Beeswax Solution. Pea-sized mud were applied to test its hydrophobicity
Revision No.: 1
Reviewed by: QMR
EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
Secondary:
Quezon National High School
S.Y. 2012-2016
Primary:
Gulanggulang Elementary School
PERSONAL INFORMATION
S.Y. 2006-2012
Full Name: Jose Raphael S. Jaringa

SKILLS
Age: 18
Date of Birth: September 7, 1999
 Proficeint in Oral and Written
Place of Birth: Lucena City
Communication
Sex: Male
 Average User of Windwos
Citizenship: Filipino
Application: Microsoft Office
Marital Status: Single
(Word, Powerpoint, Excel)
Height: 167 cm
 Trained in Multi-Tasking
Weight: 50.5 kg
Activities
Address: Blk 7 Lot 7 Welmanville Subd.
Phase II Brgy. Bocohan Lucena City,
Quezon
Cellphone no.: 09487269821
Father: Jose L. Jaringa
Mother: Alicia S. Jaringa
Email:
JOSERAPHAELJARINGA@gmail.com
Revision No.: 1
Reviewed by: QMR
Secondary:
Dominican Academy
S.Y. 2012-2016
Primary:
Unisan Central Elementary School
S.Y. 2006-2012
SKILLS
Full Name: Jacquilou T. Tolentino

 Playing Guitar
Age: 18
 Playing Volleyball
Date of Birth: April 09, 1999
Place of Birth: Unisan Quezon
Sex: Female
Height: 5’2
Weight: 57 kg
Address: Purok Sampaguita Brgy.
DomoitLucena City
Father: Ramel M. Tolentino
Mother: Merlita T. Tolentino
Email: jcqltolentino@gmail.com
Revision No.: 1
Reviewed by: QMR
Secondary:
Our Lady of the Angels Academy
S.Y. 2012-2016
Primary:
Little Angels Montessori Learning
PERSONAL INFORMATION Center
S.Y. 2006-2012
Full Name: Jan Marie B. Marasigan
Age: 17 SKILLS
Date of Birth: April 12 2000
Place of Birth: Atimonan Quezon  Typing
Sex: Female  Encoding
Citizenship: Filipino  Playing Volleyball
Marital Status: Single  Trainee in Community Services
Height: 167 cm
Weight: 84.5 kg
Address: Dr. Ramon Soler st. Site ext
Zone II Pob. Atimonan Quezon
Father: Joel P. Marasigan SR.
Mother:Rosemarie B. Marasigan
Email: janmariemarasigan@yahoo.com
Revision No.: 1
Reviewed by: QMR
Curriculum Vitae
Revision No.: 1
Reviewed by: QMR
Secondary:
Quezon National High School
S.Y. 2012-2016
Primary:
Kanlurang Mayao Elementary School
S.Y. 2006-2012
Full Name: Jan Dave R. CO

SKILLS
Age: 18
Date of Birth: August 16, 1999
 Athletic
Place of Birth: Lucena City
 Trained in Multi-Tasking
Sex: Male
Activities
Height: 159 cm
Weight: 72 kg
Address: Chico Street, Phase V-C,
Calmar Homes, Lucena City, Quezon
Father: Edgardo A. Co
Mother: Cecilia R. Co
Email: cojandave@gmail.com
Revision No.: 1
Reviewed by: QMR

Development of Beeswax As Hydrophobic Solution For Paper, Leather and Wood

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Development of Beeswax As Hydrophobic Solution For Paper, Leather and Wood

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Development of Beeswax as Hydrophobic Solution for Paper, Leather and Wood

Jose Raphael S. Jaringa

Jan Marie B. Marasigan

To STEM 12b5, class ’17-’18. You will never be forgotten.

we badly need it to relieve our stress, to meditate our minds.

To Mama and Papa,

Who gave unwavering support and love, for motivating me always.

me complete in this incomplete world (hell yea)

Like my father and mother we're bonded by love and blood

companionship is comparable to my siblings though we're not of the same blood

To our familywho given us fullsupport and undying loveand encouragements.

the intelligencewe have in us.

To those peoplewho gave their precious time on participating the study.

This piece of work is heartily dedicated to my family and friends

To my friends who are willing to help us in every way they can

To those precious people who gave us their unwavering support

Rationale of the Research 14

Purpose of the Research 16

Scope and Limitation 24

Statement of Desired Outcomes 24

Data Gathering Procedure 26

Sampling Design and Procedures 27

Assumptions and Hypothesis 27

Data Analysis Plan 28

Results and Discussion 30

Conclusion and Recommendation 48

2 250 g. of dried Beeswax

3 Turpentine (Paint Thinner)

5 Finished Product of Beeswax

6&7 Application of spilling water on the wood surface

8&9 Application of spilling water on the leather surface

10 & 11 Application of spilling water on the paper surface

14 & 15 Application of spilling Ink on the leather surface

16 &17 Application of spilling Ink on paper surface

18 & 19 Application of mud on the wood surface

20 & 21 Application of mud on leather surface

22 & 23 Application of mud on paper surface

24 Success Rate of Waterproof Solution

3:Samples’ day of Failure

Rationale of the Research

hydrophobic properties, beeswax is applied as maintenance on certain materials such as wood,

one vital factor for this research.

transmitted directly from contaminated water is leptospirosis, a zoonotic bacterial disease.

or vegetation (such as sugarcane) or mud contaminated with rodent urine.

Development of Beeswax as Hydrophobic Solution is a solution meant to be applied on things so

Purpose of the Research

This study entitled “Development of Beeswax as Hydrophobic Solution” aims to create a

getting wet or damp.

Specifically, this study sought to answer the following sub-problems.

1. To produce a solution that is hydrophobic/ water-repellant/ water-proof.

b. Time it will last when applied

In the theory of hydrophobic model of hydrophobic interaction and theory

also in waterproofing leather or synthetic materials like shoes.

help to create this to easily apply on a certain material.

Turpentine Oil (Paint Thinner)

Fortunately, Turpentine (Paint Thinner) is free of such ingredients (DoItYourself, n.d.).

Linseed Oil/Flaxseed Oil

makes the solution easier to dry.

prevent rusting of metals and damaging of woods from water.

surface separation approaches zero (Meyer, 2006).

of much better water-repelling solution when mixed with the beeswax.

Significance of the Research

destabilization of pillars that may lead to undesired destruction on infrastructures thus,