Leukemia is a cancer of the blood or bone marrow. Bone marrow produces blood cells.

Leukemia can happen when there is a problem with the production of blood cells. It usually
affects the leukocytes, or white blood cells.
It is most likely to affect people over the age of 55 years, but it is also the most
common cancer in those aged under 15 years.

In the United States, 62,130 people are expected to receive a diagnosis of leukemia in 2017,
and around 24,500 deaths will likely be due to this disease.

Acute leukemia develops quickly and worsens rapidly, but chronic leukemia gets worse over
time.

Fast facts on leukemia

Here are some key points about leukemia. More detail is in the main article.

 About 62,130 new cases of leukemia are expected to be diagnosed in the United States in
2017.

 Leukemia is one of the most common childhood cancers, but it most often occurs in older
adults.

 Leukemia can be fatal, but there are ways of treating and controlling the disease and its
symptoms.

CAUSES

Leukemia happens when the DNA of immature blood cells, mainly white cells, becomes
damaged in some way.

This causes the blood cells to grow and divide continuously, so that there are too many.

Healthy blood cells die after a while and are replaced by new cells, which are produced in
the bone marrow.

The abnormal blood cells do not die when they should. They accumulate, occupying more
space.

As more cancer cells are produced, they stop the healthy white blood cells from growing and
functioning normally, by crowding out space in the blood.

Essentially, the bad cells crowd out the good cells in the blood
 Risk factors

Some factors increase the risk of developing leukemia.

The following are either known or suspected factors:

 artificial ionizing radiation

 viruses, such as the human T-lymphotropic virus (HTLV-1) and HIV

 benzene and some petrochemicals

 alkylating chemotherapy agents used in previous cancers

 hair dyes

 smoking

Genetic predisposition: Some people appear to have a higher risk of developing leukemia
because of a fault in one or several genes.

Down syndrome: People with Down syndrome appear to have a higher risk, possibly due to
certain chromosomal changes.

It has been suggested that exposure to electromagnetic energy might be linked to leukemia,
but there is not enough evidence to confirm this.

Treatment

There are various types of leukemia, and they affect people differently. Treatment options
will depend on the type of leukemia and the person's age and overall state of health.

Progress in medicine means that treatment can now aim for complete remission, where the
cancer goes away completely for at least 5 years after treatment.

In 1975, the chances of surviving for 5 years or more after receiving a diagnosis of leukemia
were 33.1 percent. By 2009, this figure had risen to 62.9 percent.

The main type of treatment is chemotherapy. This will be tailored to the type of cancer a
patient has.

If treatment starts early, the chance of remission is higher.

Types of treatment include:

 targeted therapy
 interferon therapy

 chemotherapy

 radiation therapy

 surgery

 stem cell transplantation

Chemotherapy can affect the whole body, but targeted therapy is aimed at a specific part of
the cancer cell.

Some types of chronic leukemia do not need treatment in the early stages, but monitoring is
essential. The oncologist may suggest watchful waiting with frequent doctor's visits.

For a type of leukemia known as chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), a bone marrow transplant
may be effective. Younger patients are more likely to undergo transplantation successfully.

Early signs

Signs and symptoms of leukemia vary.

They may include:

 being tired all the time

 weight loss

 having fevers or chills

 getting frequent infections

There is more information on symptoms later in this article.

Types

Leukemia can be divided into four main groups. These groups distinguish acute, chronic,
lymphocytic, and myelogenous leukemia.
 Chronic and acute leukemia

During its lifespan, a white blood cell goes through several stages.

In acute leukemia immature, useless cells develop rapidly and collect in the marrow and
blood. They are squeezed out of the bone marrow too early and are not functional.

Chronic leukemia progresses more slowly. It allows more mature, useful cells to be made.

In other words, acute leukemia crowds out the good cells more quickly than chronic
leukemia.

Lymphocytic and myelogenous leukemia

Leukemias are also classified according to the type of blood cell they affect.

Lymphocytic leukemia occurs if the cancerous changes affect the type of bone marrow that
makes lymphocytes. A lymphocyte is a kind of white blood cell that plays a role in the
immune system.

Myelogenous leukemia happens when the changes affect the type of marrow cells that go on
to produce red blood cells, other types of white cells, and platelets.

Acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL)

Also known as acute lymphoblastic leukemia, this is the most common type of leukemia
among young children. It can also affect adults, especially after the age of 65 years. Among
children, the 5-year survival rate is higher than 85 percent.

The subtypes of ALL are:

 precursor B acute lymphoblastic leukemia

 precursor T acute lymphoblastic leukemia

 Burkitt's leukemia

 acute biphenotypic leukemia

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)

This is most common among adults over 55 years, but younger adults can also have it. It is
the most common type of leukemia in adults, and it rarely affects children. It is more
common in men than in women.

A person with CLL has an 82 percent of surviving 5 years after diagnosis.

Acute myelogenous leukemia (AML)

AML is more common in adults than in children. It affects men more often than women.

It develops quickly, and symptoms include fever, difficulty breathing, and pain in the joints.
Environmental factors can trigger it.

Chemotherapy is the main treatment. Sometimes, a bone marrow transplant may be

recommended

Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML)

CML mostly affects adults. According to the National Cancer Institute, the 5-year survival
rate is 65.1 percent.

However, many people with CML have a gene mutation that responds to targeted cancer
therapy, called Gleevec, or imatinib. For those people whose cancer is susceptible to Gleevec,
the 5-year survival rate can be up to 90 percent.

Symptoms

Signs and symptoms of leukemia include the following:

Poor blood clotting: Immature white blood cells crowd out platelets, which are crucial for
blood clotting. This can cause a person to bruise or bleed easily and heal slowly. They may
also develop petechiae, small red to purple spots on the body, indicating a minor hemorrhage.

Frequent infections: The white blood cells are crucial for fighting off infection. If these are
suppressed or not working properly, frequent infections can result. The immune system may
attack other good body cells.

Anemia: As the shortage of good red blood cells grows, anemia can result. This can involve
difficult or labored breathing and pale skin.

Other symptoms: There may be nausea, fever, chills, night sweats, flu-like symptoms,
weight loss, bone pain, and tiredness. If the liver or spleen becomes enlarged the person may
feel full and will eat less, resulting in weight loss.

Weight loss can also occur even without an enlarged liver or spleen. Headache may indicate
that the cancerous cells have invaded the central nervous system (CNS).

These can all be symptoms of other illnesses. Tests are needed to confirm a diagnosis of
leukemia.
Diagnosis

A doctor will carry out a physical examination and ask about personal and family medical
history. They will check for signs of anemia and feel for an enlarged liver or spleen.

They will also take a blood sample for assessment in the laboratory.

If the doctor suspects leukemia, they may suggest a bone marrow test. Bone marrow is taken,
usually from the hip, using a long, fine needle. This can help to show which kind of
leukemia, if any, is present.

Outlook

The outlook for people with leukemia depends on the type.

All patients who experience remission will need to undergo regular monitoring, including
blood tests and possible bone marrow tests, to ensure the cancer has not returned.

If the leukemia does not return, the doctor may decide, over time, to reduce the frequency of
the tests.