ENDOCRINE

1. hormones are cleared:

Metabolic destruction
Binding
Excretion by liver
Excretion by kidney
2. Alpha subunit-GDP
3. Leptin- not a 2nd messenger
4. Steroid hormones-lipophilic;carrier proteins
5. Prolactin-breast development
6. Oxytoxin-uterine contraction & milk ejection; paraventricular cells
7. Insulin
-inactivates liver phosphorylase
- inhibit gluconeogenesis inc. Act. Of glucokinase
- Inhibit glucose phosphate
-Inc.glucose sythethase
8. Negative feedback-prevent over activity of hormone system or oversecretion in response to acti
vity of the target organ
9. somatomedin effects on growth are similar to the effects of insulin on growth. Therefore, the so
matomedins are also called insulin like growth factors (IGFs).
10. Polysaccharides-no hormones known
1. Acromegaly- an acidophilic tumor occurs after adolescence—that is, after the epiphyses of the l
ong bones have fused with the shafts—the person cannot grow taller, but the bones can becom
e thicker and the soft tissues can continue to grow.
11. Panhypopituitarism in the Adult
a. hypothyroidism
b. depressed production of glucocorticoids by the adrenal glands.
c. Suppressed secretion of the gonadotropic hormones so that sexualfunctions are lost.
12. Functions including: metabolism, growth and development, water and electrolyte balance, repro
duction, and behavior.
13. Preprohormone- the initial protein formed by the endoplasmic reticulum is larger than the activ
e hormone
14. Hormones derived from tyrosine, adrenal medullary hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine,
and thyroid hormones, are taken up into preformed vesicles and stored until secreted.
protein hormones stored in secretion granules,
catecholamines are released from adrenal medullary cells through exocytosis.
15. Seminiferous tubules- sperm are produced
16. Epididymis-maturation of sperm occurs
17. Vas deferens- most sperms are stored
18. Fructose- energy source of sperm
19. 1-3 days- life expectancy of ejaculated sperm
20. Activity is enhanced in a neutral & slightly alkaline medium(7.5)- prostate gland
21. prostate gland- makes semen milky in color
22. testosterone-produced by leydig cells-stimulated by LH
23. GH- promotes early division of spermatogonia
24. FSH- spermatids to sperm
25. Estrogen- essential for spermiogenesis
26. Capacitation- making it possible for the spermatozoa to penetrate the ovum
27. Less than 20M-infertile
28. Nitric oxide/erection-parasympathetic effect
29. Emmission –forerunner of ejaculation
30. Ejaculation-culmination of sexual act
31. Primary follicle-ovum surrounded by single layer of granulosa cells
32. Corpus luteum-yellow body
33. Ovulation-LH surge
34. Organification- Binding of iodine to thyroglobulin
35. Parathyroid hormone-increase blood calcium, increase bone resorption
36. Chief cells- secretes PTH
37. vit.D3-cholecalciferol-formed in the skin
38. Grave’s dse- Identify the type of thyroid disease.. TSH dec. T3 T4 inc. positive of IgG
HYPERTHYROIDISM HYPOTHYROIDISM
 high state of excitability  Mentally sluggish and retarte
 intolerance to heat d
 increased sweating,  Cretinism, fatigue and extre
  mild to extreme weight loss (som
etimes as much as 100 pounds)
 varying degrees of diarrhea
 muscle weakness
 nervousness or other psychic In
c. Chol
disorders
 extreme fatigue but inability to sl
eep
 tremor of the hands
 Exophthalmos
39. ADH is formed primarily in the supraoptic nuclei
oxytocin is formed primarily in the paraventricular nuclei.
me somnolence with sleepin
g up to 12 to 14 hours a day
 extreme muscular sluggishne
ss,
 slowed heart rate
 decreased cardiac output, de
creased blood volume increa
sed body weight,
 constipation
 failure of many trophic functi
ons in the body evidenced by
depressed growth of hair and
scaliness of the skin
 development of a froglike hu
sky voice
 in severe cases, development
of an edematous appearance
throughout the body
 Inc. Tendon reflex

1. The Endocrine hormonal system its function.- Maintain homestasis

2. Dec (???) to affect neighboring cells of different cell types.- Paracrine
3. Product of neuron secreted into the blood stream and influence function of the target
cellsof another parts of the body.- Neurocrine
4. Peptides produce unsecreted by various cells into the ECF and may function as a
Autocrine, Paracrine.- Cytochyne
5. Hormones are most likely to interact with.- Trimeric G- Protein
6. Example of control of hormone secretion by short loop feed back.- Inc level of growth
hormone inhibits the somatostin.
7. Which factor dec metabolic clearance of hormone.- Binding with plasma proteins
8. Hormone binding to a specific receptor of target cells.- The first step of hormonal action
causes activation of receptors.
9. 2nd messengers are least likely to be formed when hormones interacts with.- Cytoplasmic
or nuclear receptors ( accdg kay Dr Vilches). Ion channel link receptor (accdg Dr. Viray)
10. An activated protein receptor with function directly intrinsic acting enzyme deactivate to
produce a change in cell function.- Enzyme link hormone receptor
11. Not a characteristic of anterior pituitary gland or adenohypophysis.- Serves as a storage
12. Nerve endings of the ossmo cellular neuron differ from most nerve endings of the (???)
bind.- Secretes hypothalamicotropic hormone into the viscous fluid which diffuse into
the portal system.
13. Somatotropes are.-Acidophils that secretes growth hormone
14. In condition which require rapid release of hormone by the bypass mechanism hormones
that leading into anterior pituitary they omit.- Packaging of the golgi apparatus
15. The most important metabolic effect of growth hormone in inc the rate of protein
synthesis of cell is.- Inc RNA transcription to inc protein synthesis in the ribosome (dr
Vilches) . Protein sparring effect by dec the (???) Rhythm of amino acid and protein (Dr.
Viray)
16. Not a mechanism of growth hormone in causing an inc in the size and number of cells.-
Production of somatomedin or insulin like GH factor
17. Dec secreted GH causes.- ketoacidosis
18. Mechanism of carbohydrate sparring effect of GH.- Lacking of glycolysis acetyl CoA
enhances glycogen storage in the (???) hepatic gluconeogen.
19. Diabetogenic effect is not caused by.- Enhances action of insulin
20. Optimum growth also needs.- insulin, carbohydrates and thyroid hormone
21. A difference b/w DM and Pituitary diabetes.- Inc in blood glucose but no utilization by
the cell
22. A 40yo male has a routine FBS which shows blood glucose level to be higher than
normal.His Doctor gave him immediate action of insulin and afte3r 2 hrs took CBG which
shows no change in blood glucose level. Dr. suspects.- Pituitary diabetes
23. GH causes bone lengthening and thickening by.- Production of somatomedin and insulin
like GH
24. GH secreted is highest at what age.- Birth – 20yo
25. Most potent stimulus of GH.- hypoglycemia
26. 21yo post partum Female develop moderate severe bleeding and went respiratory shock
after recovery she went into hypopituitary stage probably due to a (???) secondary to
shock. Describe the manifestation of the (???) effect- obese, dull sluggish, abnormal
sexual function, infertility, low BMR
27. 10yo male was brought to the doctor for severe growth retardation starting at age 3. All
family members are tall and lean. He has headache for the past 2 yrs. Physical
examination shows proportionate with the height of a normal 5yo. No secondary
characteristics. Grade 1 average intelligence. You will suspect what type of tumor.-
Chromophobe? ( produce GH)
28. Ht. 8’1/2”, Basketball player. During practice he experience lightheadedness and cold
clammy sweat. Blood glucose reveal high. PR: 50, RR:16. BP. 85/50, Temp: 26. You will
suspect what.- Acidophilic tumor
29. Which of the following inc ADH secretion.- Inc plasma osmolality
30. What produces the Oxytocin.- Paraventricullar nuclei
31. The following is not an effect of oxytocin stimulation.- Prolonged and difficult labor