Signal Transmission: Baseband and Bandpass: Dr. S .M. Zafaruddin Assistant Professor

Lecture 4
Signal Transmission:
Baseband and Bandpass
Dr. S .M. Zafaruddin

Assistant Professor
Deptt. of EEE, BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus
Dr. Zafar (BITS Pilani) CommSys: L4 Bandpass
Objectives of Today Lecture
1 Queries on the last lecture.

2 Baseband signal transmission over lowpass channel.
3 Hilbert Transform.
4 Bandpass signal transmission over bandpass
channel.

Homework 3
It is a solved problem from the text book.

Spectral Density: Unit Impulse
Function
• m(t) = δ(t)

Function
• m(t) = δ(t)
• Power of m(t) = 0.

Function
• m(t) = δ(t)
• Energy of m(t) =?.

Function
• m(t) = δ(t)
• M (f ) = 1

Function
• m(t) = δ(t)
• M (f ) = 1
• ESD Ψm (f ) = 1

Function
• m(t) = δ(t)
• M (f ) = 1
• ESD Ψm (f ) = 1
R∞
• Energy= −∞ Ψm (f )df = ∞

Function
• m(t) = δ(t)
• M (f ) = 1
• ESD Ψm (f ) = 1
R∞
• Energy of m(t) = ∞.

Function
• m(t) = δ(t)
• M (f ) = 1
• ESD Ψm (f ) = 1
R∞
• Energy of m(t) = ∞.
• m(t): Neither power signal nor energy signal.

Auto-correlation of Energy
Signal
• m(t): Energy signal

Signal
• ACF
Z ∞
ψm (τ ) = m(t)m(t − τ )dt, ∀τ (1)
−∞

Signal
• ACF
Z ∞
ψm (τ ) = m(t)m(t − τ )dt, ∀τ (1)
−∞
• ACF:
Z ∞
ψm (τ ) = m(t)m(t + τ )dt, ∀τ (2)
−∞

Signal
• ACF
Z ∞
ψm (τ ) = m(t)m(t − τ )dt, ∀τ (1)
−∞
• ACF:
Z ∞
ψm (τ ) = m(t)m(t + τ )dt, ∀τ (2)
−∞
• Use either (1) or (2)

Signal
• ACF
Z ∞
ψm (τ ) = m(t)m(t − τ )dt, ∀τ (1)
−∞
• ACF:
Z ∞
ψm (τ ) = m(t)m(t + τ )dt, ∀τ (2)
−∞
• Use either (1) or (2)

• ACF property: ψm (τ ) = ψm (−τ ).

Auto-correlation of Exponential
Signal m(t) = e−atu(t)
• ACF :
Z ∞
ψm (τ ) = e aτ
e−2at u(t)u(t − τ )dt (3)
Z−∞
∞
= eaτ e−2at u(t − τ )dt (4)
0

• ACF :
Z ∞
ψm (τ ) = e aτ
Z−∞
∞
0
• For τ > 0, eqn (4):

Z ∞
1 −aτ
ψm (τ ) = e aτ
e−2at dt = e (5)
τ 2a

• ACF :
Z ∞
ψm (τ ) = e aτ
Z−∞
∞
0
• For τ > 0, eqn (4):

Z ∞
1 −aτ
ψm (τ ) = e aτ
e−2at dt = e (5)
τ 2a
• For τ < 0, eqn (4):
Z ∞
1 aτ
ψm (τ ) = e aτ
e−2at dt = e (6)
0 2a

• Combining above:
(
1 −aτ
2a
e ,τ > 0
ψm (τ ) = 1 aτ
2a
e ,τ < 0

• Combining above:
(
1 −aτ
2a
e ,τ > 0
ψm (τ ) = 1 aτ
2a
e ,τ < 0
• In a compact form: ψm (τ ) = 1 −a|τ |
2a
e

Baseband Signal
Transmission over Channel:
Effect of Channel Distortion

Channel: A Linear Filter
m(t) x(t) y(t)

Transmitter Channel
Receiver
f(t) c(t)

m(t) x(t) y(t)

Transmitter Channel
Receiver
f(t) c(t)
• Measurement on most of practical channels: channel

behaves as a linear filter.

m(t) x(t) y(t)

Transmitter Channel
Receiver
f(t) c(t)

• Wireline: LTI, Wireless channels: LTV

m(t) x(t) y(t)

Transmitter Channel
Receiver
f(t) c(t)

• y(t)?

m(t) x(t) y(t)

Transmitter Channel
Receiver
f(t) c(t)

• y(t)?
• y(t) = m(t) ∗ f (t) ∗ c(t)

m(t) x(t) y(t)

Transmitter Channel
Receiver
f(t) c(t)

• y(t)?
• y(t) = m(t) ∗ f (t) ∗ c(t)
• Y (f ) = M (f )F (f )C(f )

m(t) x(t) y(t)

Transmitter Channel
Receiver
f(t) c(t)

• y(t)?
• y(t) = m(t) ∗ f (t) ∗ c(t)
• Y (f ) = M (f )F (f )C(f )
• How you define the channel now?

m(t) x(t) y(t)

Transmitter Channel
Receiver
f(t) c(t)

• y(t)?
• y(t) = m(t) ∗ f (t) ∗ c(t)
• Y (f ) = M (f )F (f )C(f )
• How you define the channel now?
• h(t) = f (t) ∗ c(t) or H(f ) = F (f )C(f ).
Distortionless Transmission
• Transmission is distortionless if the input and output

signals have identical shapes.


• Condition for distortionless transmission?


• y(t) = x(t);


• y(t) = x(t);
• Channel transfer function: C(f ) = 1


• y(t) = x(t);
• y(t) = x(t − td )


• y(t) = x(t);
• y(t) = x(t − td )
• C(f ) = e−j2πf td

• y(t) = k · x(t − td )

• y(t) = k · x(t − td )
• C(f ) = ke−j2πf td ; k denotes the attenuation.

• y(t) = k · x(t − td )
• Magnitude response |C(f )| = k : independent of
frequency

• y(t) = k · x(t − td )
frequency
• Determines the gain of each input frequency

• y(t) = k · x(t − td )
frequency
• Phase response θc = −2πf td : linear with frequency.

• y(t) = k · x(t − td )
frequency
• Phase response θc = −2πf td : linear with frequency.
• Determines the delay of each frequency component
of signal.

Mitigating the Effect of
Channel: Channel Equalizer
m(t) x(t) y(t) x(t)
Transmitter Channel Channel Equalizer
f(t) c(t) (Inverse Filter)

m(t) x(t) y(t) x(t)
• How to extract x(t) from received signal y(t)?

m(t) x(t) y(t) x(t)

• Apply an inverse filter

m(t) x(t) y(t) x(t)

1
• Output at the inverse filter Y (f ) · C(f )
= X(f )

m(t) x(t) y(t) x(t)

1
= X(f )
• Filter 1
C(f )
is an inverse filter or channel equalizer.

m(t) x(t) y(t) x(t)

1
= X(f )
1
• Filter C(f )
is an inverse filter or channel equalizer.
• Difficulty: Need to know impulse/frequency response
of the channel.
Bandpass Signal
Transmission Over
Bandpass Channel

Real-valued Signals: Negative
Spectra
• x(t) = cos(2πf0 t)

Spectra
• Fourier transform representation of x(t)

Spectra
• x(t) = 12 e−j2πf0 t + ej2πf0 t


Spectra
• x(t) = 12 e−j2πf0 t + ej2πf0 t

• X(f ) = 21 [δ(f − f0 ) + δ(f + f0 )]

Spectra
• x(t) = 12 e−j2πf0 t + ej2πf0 t

• X(f ) = 21 [δ(f − f0 ) + δ(f + f0 )]

• Real signals: both sided spectra

Spectra
• x(t) = 12 e−j2πf0 t + ej2πf0 t

• X(f ) = 21 [δ(f − f0 ) + δ(f + f0 )]

• x(t) = e−j2πf0 t , X(f ) = δ(f − f0 )

Spectra
• x(t) = 12 e−j2πf0 t + ej2πf0 t

• X(f ) = 21 [δ(f − f0 ) + δ(f + f0 )]

• x(t) = e−j2πf0 t , X(f ) = δ(f − f0 )
• Complex-valued signals: one sided spectra

Analytic Signal of Sinusoidal
Signal
• Represent real-valued signal x(t) = cos(2πf0 t) in
terms of complex-valued signals.

Signal
1 x(t) = Re[ej2πf0 t ] = Re[xp (t)], where xp (t) = ej2πf0 t .

Signal
2 x(t) = Re[cos(2πf0 t) + j sin(2πf0 t)] = Re[xp (t)],
where xp (t) = cos(2πf0 t) + j sin(2πf0 t).

Signal
3 And many more...

Signal
3 And many more...
• xp (t): complex envelop of signal x(t).

Signal
3 And many more...
• Most of the times, analyzing xp (t) is much easier than
x(t):

Signal
3 And many more...
x(t):
• xp (t): analytic signal

Signal
3 And many more...
x(t):
• xp (t): analytic signal
• Satisfies the Cauchy-Riemann conditions

Analytic Signal
• x(t) is a real-valued signal

Analytic Signal
• Find the complex-envelop or analytic signal of x(t)

Analytic Signal
• Assumption: there is no defining structure of the
signal x(t)

Analytic Signal
signal x(t)
• Hilbert transform is the way

Analytic Signal
signal x(t)
• xp (t) = x(t) + jxh (t)

Analytic Signal
signal x(t)
• xp (t) = x(t) + jxh (t)
• xh (t) is the Hilbert transform of x(t)

Analytic Signal
signal x(t)
• xp (t) = x(t) + jxh (t)
• xp (t): complex envelop of x(t)

Analytic Signal
signal x(t)
• xp (t) = x(t) + jxh (t)
• xp (t): complex envelop of x(t)
• |xp (t)|: envelop of x(t)

Hilbert Transform
1 1
R∞ 1
• xh (t) = x(t) ∗ πt
= π −∞
x(α) t−α dα

Hilbert Transform
1
R∞
• xh (t) = x(t) ∗ πt = π1 −∞ x(α) t−α
1
dα
1
• Xh (f ) = X(f )F T [ πt ]

Hilbert Transform
1
R∞
• xh (t) = x(t) ∗ πt = π1 −∞ x(α) t−α
1
dα
1
• Xh (f ) = X(f )F T [ πt ]
1
• F T [ πt ] = −jsgn(f)

Hilbert Transform
1
R∞
• xh (t) = x(t) ∗ πt = π1 −∞ x(α) t−α
1
dα
1
• Xh (f ) = X(f )F T [ πt ]
1
• F T [ πt ] = −jsgn(f)

−jπ/2
−j = 1 · e
 ,f > 0
F (f ) = 0, f = 0;

j = 1 · ejπ/2 , f < 0


Hilbert Transform
1
R∞
• xh (t) = x(t) ∗ πt = π1 −∞ x(α) t−α
1
dα
1
• Xh (f ) = X(f )F T [ πt ]
1
• F T [ πt ] = −jsgn(f)

−jπ/2
−j = 1 · e
 ,f > 0
F (f ) = 0, f = 0;

j = 1 · ejπ/2 , f < 0

• Hilbert transform: changes the phase of every

component of x(t)

Hilbert Transform
1
R∞
• xh (t) = x(t) ∗ πt = π1 −∞ x(α) t−α
1
dα
1
• Xh (f ) = X(f )F T [ πt ]
1
• F T [ πt ] = −jsgn(f)

−jπ/2
−j = 1 · e
 ,f > 0
F (f ) = 0, f = 0;

j = 1 · ejπ/2 , f < 0


component of x(t)
• xh (t) is the Hilbert transform of x(t).

Hilbert Transform
1
R∞
• xh (t) = x(t) ∗ πt = π1 −∞ x(α) t−α
1
dα
1
• Xh (f ) = X(f )F T [ πt ]
1
• F T [ πt ] = −jsgn(f)

−jπ/2
−j = 1 · e
 ,f > 0
F (f ) = 0, f = 0;

j = 1 · ejπ/2 , f < 0


component of x(t)
• Hilbert transform of x(t) = cos(2πf0 t)

Hilbert Transform
1
R∞
• xh (t) = x(t) ∗ πt = π1 −∞ x(α) t−α
1
dα
1
• Xh (f ) = X(f )F T [ πt ]
1
• F T [ πt ] = −jsgn(f)

−jπ/2
−j = 1 · e
 ,f > 0
F (f ) = 0, f = 0;

j = 1 · ejπ/2 , f < 0


component of x(t)
• xh = sin(2πf0 t)

Hilbert Transform
1
R∞
• xh (t) = x(t) ∗ πt = π1 −∞ x(α) t−α
1
dα
1
• Xh (f ) = X(f )F T [ πt ]
1
• F T [ πt ] = −jsgn(f)

−jπ/2
−j = 1 · e
 ,f > 0
F (f ) = 0, f = 0;

j = 1 · ejπ/2 , f < 0


component of x(t)
• xh = sin(2πf0 t)
• Hilbert transform of sin(2πf0 t) = − cos(2πf0 t)
Spectrum of Complex Envelope
• Xp (f ) = X(f ) + jXh (f ) = X(f ) + sgn(f )X(f )


(
2X(f ), f > 0
Xp (f ) =
0, f < 0;


(
2X(f ), f > 0
Xp (f ) =
0, f < 0;
• For real-valued x(t): two-sided spectrum


(
2X(f ), f > 0
Xp (f ) =
0, f < 0;
• For real-valued x(t): two-sided spectrum
• Complex envelop xp (t): one-sided spectrum

Spectrum of Bandpass Signal
• x(t): bandpass signal.

Spectrum of Bandpass Signal
• x(t): bandpass signal.
X(f)
f=0 f0-B f0 f0+B

-f0-B -f0 -f0+B f

Complex Envelop of Bandpass
Signal
• xp (t) = x(t) + jxh (t)

Signal
• xp (t) = x(t) + jxh (t)
(
2X(f ), f > 0
Xp (f ) =
0, f < 0;

Signal
• xp (t) = x(t) + jxh (t)
(
2X(f ), f > 0
Xp (f ) =
0, f < 0;
X_p(f)
2
f=0 f0-B f0 f0+B

f
Signal
• xp (t) = x(t) + jxh (t)
(
2X(f ), f > 0
Xp (f ) =
0, f < 0;
X_p(f)
2
f=0 f0-B f0 f0+B

f
• x (t) = x̃(t)e
Dr.j2πf t
Zafar0(BITS Pilani) CommSys: L4 Bandpass
Low Pass Equivalent of
Bandpass Signal
• xp (t) = x̃(t)ej2πf0 t

Bandpass Signal
• x̃(t): Low pass equivalent signal

Bandpass Signal
• |xp (t)| = |x̃(t)|

Bandpass Signal
• |xp (t)| = |x̃(t)|
• x̃(t): Complex envelop of bandpass signal

Bandpass Signal
• |xp (t)| = |x̃(t)|
• x̃(t): Complex envelop of bandpass signal
• Finally: x(t) = Re[x̃(t)ej2πf0 t ]

Exercise 4
• Problem 2.10-11 TB (page 139) (B.P. Lathi) In the
system shown in Fig.2 P2.10-11a , bandpass filter
characteristics is shown in Fig. P2-10-11b. Here
x(t) = 2Bsinc(2πBt). Energy in x(t) and z(t) are Ex
and Ez . Obtain the raio Ez /Ex .

Objectives Achieved and Q&A
1 Queries on the last lecture.

2 Baseband signal transmission over lowpass channel.
3 Hilbert Transform.
4 Bandpass signal transmission over bandpass
channel.

Signal Transmission: Baseband and Bandpass: Dr. S .M. Zafaruddin Assistant Professor

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Lecture 4

Dr. S .M. Zafaruddin

1 Queries on the last lecture.

Dr. Zafar (BITS Pilani) CommSys: L4 Bandpass

It is a solved problem from the text book.

Dr. Zafar (BITS Pilani) CommSys: L4 Bandpass

Dr. Zafar (BITS Pilani) CommSys: L4 Bandpass

Dr. Zafar (BITS Pilani) CommSys: L4 Bandpass

Dr. Zafar (BITS Pilani) CommSys: L4 Bandpass

Dr. Zafar (BITS Pilani) CommSys: L4 Bandpass

Dr. Zafar (BITS Pilani) CommSys: L4 Bandpass

Dr. Zafar (BITS Pilani) CommSys: L4 Bandpass

Dr. Zafar (BITS Pilani) CommSys: L4 Bandpass

Dr. Zafar (BITS Pilani) CommSys: L4 Bandpass

Dr. Zafar (BITS Pilani) CommSys: L4 Bandpass

Dr. Zafar (BITS Pilani) CommSys: L4 Bandpass

Dr. Zafar (BITS Pilani) CommSys: L4 Bandpass

• Use either (1) or (2)

Dr. Zafar (BITS Pilani) CommSys: L4 Bandpass

• Use either (1) or (2)

Dr. Zafar (BITS Pilani) CommSys: L4 Bandpass

Dr. Zafar (BITS Pilani) CommSys: L4 Bandpass

• For τ > 0, eqn (4):

Dr. Zafar (BITS Pilani) CommSys: L4 Bandpass

• For τ > 0, eqn (4):

Dr. Zafar (BITS Pilani) CommSys: L4 Bandpass

Dr. Zafar (BITS Pilani) CommSys: L4 Bandpass

Dr. Zafar (BITS Pilani) CommSys: L4 Bandpass

Dr. Zafar (BITS Pilani) CommSys: L4 Bandpass

m(t) x(t) y(t)

Dr. Zafar (BITS Pilani) CommSys: L4 Bandpass

m(t) x(t) y(t)

• Measurement on most of practical channels: channel

Dr. Zafar (BITS Pilani) CommSys: L4 Bandpass

m(t) x(t) y(t)

• Measurement on most of practical channels: channel

Dr. Zafar (BITS Pilani) CommSys: L4 Bandpass

m(t) x(t) y(t)

• Measurement on most of practical channels: channel

Dr. Zafar (BITS Pilani) CommSys: L4 Bandpass

m(t) x(t) y(t)

• Measurement on most of practical channels: channel

Dr. Zafar (BITS Pilani) CommSys: L4 Bandpass

m(t) x(t) y(t)

• Measurement on most of practical channels: channel

Dr. Zafar (BITS Pilani) CommSys: L4 Bandpass

m(t) x(t) y(t)

• Measurement on most of practical channels: channel

Dr. Zafar (BITS Pilani) CommSys: L4 Bandpass

m(t) x(t) y(t)

• Measurement on most of practical channels: channel

• Transmission is distortionless if the input and output

Dr. Zafar (BITS Pilani) CommSys: L4 Bandpass

• Transmission is distortionless if the input and output

Dr. Zafar (BITS Pilani) CommSys: L4 Bandpass

• Transmission is distortionless if the input and output

Dr. Zafar (BITS Pilani) CommSys: L4 Bandpass

• Transmission is distortionless if the input and output

Dr. Zafar (BITS Pilani) CommSys: L4 Bandpass

• Transmission is distortionless if the input and output

Dr. Zafar (BITS Pilani) CommSys: L4 Bandpass

• Transmission is distortionless if the input and output

Dr. Zafar (BITS Pilani) CommSys: L4 Bandpass