-o ~:;(,

Section 5 -Concrete Structures (SI) i,,;c,,~c:,,"

SPECIFICATIONS COMMENTARY

1'""' In the absenceof moreaccuratedata, the shrinkage :.., '.

coefficients may be assumed to be 0.0002 after 28 days . .
and 0.0005after one year of drying.
When mix-specificdata are not available, estimates
of shrinkage and creep may be made using the
provisions of:

. Articles5.4.2.3.2 and 5.4.2.3.3,

. The CEB-FIP model code, or

. ACI 209.

For segmentallyconstructedbridges, a more precise

estimate shall be made, including the effect of:

. Specific rnaterials,

. Structuraldimensions,

. Site conditions,and

. Construction
methods.

5.4.2.3.2 Creep C5.4.2.3.2

r--. Thecreepcoefficientmay be estimated as: The methods of determining creepand shrinkage,as

specifiedherein and in Article 5.4.2.3.3,are takenfrom
.,,(t t): Collins and Mitchell (1991). These methods are based
, , on the recommendation of AC' Committee 209 as
3 5k k ( 1 58 - H )t -0.118 (t - t,)o.. (5.4.2.3.2-1) modifiedby additionaJrecently published data.
. c" 120 I 10 0+ (t-t)o., Other applicable references include Rusch et al.
. I (1983), Bazant and Wittman (1982), and Ghali and Favre
(1986).
for which: The creep coeffic;ent ;s applied to the compress;ve
strain caused by perrnanentloads in order to obtain the
strain due to creep.
k
, ~ :
42+ t' (5.4.2.3.2-2)
Creep is influenced by the same factors as
shrinkage,and also by:
c

. Magnitude and duration of fue stress,

where:
. Maturityof the concrete at the time of loading, and
H = relativehumidity(percent)
. Temperatureof concrete.
kc = factor for the effect of the volume-to-surface
ratio of the component specified in Figure 1 Creep shortening of concrete under permanent loads
is generally in the range of 1.5 to 4.0 times the initial
kt = factor for the effect of concrete strength elastic shortening, depending prirnarily on concrete
maturity at the time of Joading.
t = maturity of concrete (Day)

~ = age of concrete when load is initially applied

(Day)

5-13
,
,
 -;~f"",:, ::,f;:;'"

Section5 - ConcreteStructures(SI)

SPECIFICATIONS COMMENT
ARY

In the absence of better infonl1ation, H may be taken ~

from Figure 5.4.2.3.3-1. ' .'
" . -:=:::
t'c = specifiedcompressivestrengthat 28 days (MPa) ,

1.4 volume Figure 1 is based on the equation below (PCI 1977):

surfacearea
1.2
~.. 25 mm
..- 1.0 '..'..38mm I t
f
~ o.8 ~ ::".' 50nw»
':...'75mm 2690,Of42CV/S)+t
...:'...100 mm kc = )[ 1.80 + 1.77S-0.0213Cv/S) ]
--
,g 0.8 ". ~

.i
~

'8 0.4
~ ..'.150 mm -.!.-
45 t 2.587
0.2 ¡or- +
""-,"', . (C5.4.2.3.2-1)
0.01 2 5 10 100 1000 10000
(t . ti> time uooer JDad(days) Th .
e maxlmum VIS ratio conSI' d ered .In the
development of Figure 1 and Equation C1 was 150 mm.
- Factorkc for Volumeto SurfaceRatio
Figure5.4.2.3.2-1

In determining the maturity of concrete at initíaf

loading, ~, one day of accelerated curing by steam or
radiant heat may be taken as equal to seven days of
normal curing.
The surface area used in determining the volume to ; , ..
area ratio should include only the area that is exposed to ,,\',

atmosphericdrying. For poorlyventilatedenclosedcells, ,;: ,

only 50 percentof the interior perimetershould be used" """"'"

in calculating the surface area.

5.4.2.3.3 Shrinkage C5.4.2.3.3 -~'00;.:::

:-

For moist cured concretes devoid of shrinkage-prone Shrinkage of concrete can vary over a wide range
aggregates, the strain due to shrinkage, EIh' at time, t, from nearly nil if continually immersed in water to in
may be taken as: excess of 0.0008 for thin sections made with high
shrinkage aggregates and sections that are not properly
E811 =-k.k" ( "3:s:O~
t ) 0.51x 10-3 (5.4.~.3.3-1) cured.
Shrinkageis affectedby:

8 Aggregate characteristics and proportions,

where:
8 Averagehumidityat the bridgesite,
t = dryingtime (Day)
8 Water/cement ratio,
k. = size factor specified in Figure 2
8 Type o, cure,
kn = humidity factor specified in Figure 1 and Table 1
8 Volumeto surfacearea ratioof member,and
If the moist-cured concrete is exposed to drying '"
before five days of curing have elapsed, fue shrinkage as 8 Durabon of drylngpenad.
determined in Equation 1 shourd be increased by 20
percent. Large concrete members may undergo substantially
less shrinkage than that measured by laboratory testing
For steam-cured concrete devoid of shrinkage-prone of small specimens of fue same concrete. The con-
aggregates, straining effects of reinforcement and composite actions ~
'"

5-14
,
 -
Section 5 Concrete Structures (SI>

SPECIFICATIONS COMMENTARY
--- ( t ) with other elements of the bridge tend to reduce the
[sil = -kskh 55:o--:;f 0.56 X 10-3 (5.4.2.3.3-2) dimensionalchangesin somecomponents.

77 80

.;°Ü70
u ~~
HAWAlI~
~ 7S

Figure5.4.2.3.3-1- AnnualAverageAmbientRelative
Humidity in Percent
~..
volume Figure 2 is based on the equation below (PCI1977):
1.4
i ,
~
.. 1.2
o urface aria
25 mm t
[ 1064 - 3.70(V/~)
~ 0..8 --- ::::~~:: k = 26eo.0142(VIS) + t 1 .

5 00. -- --- - t 923

.
:=
u

~ 0.2
0.4--- --- ---
'.. ...75
..100mm
mm
. ...125 mm
."150 mm
I

45 + t
(C5.4.2.3.3-1)
Q
1 2 5 10 drying time
100 (da)'l)
1000 10000 The maxlmum VIS ratlo consldered In the
development 01 Figure 2 and Equation C1 was 150 mm.
The values in Table 1 may be approxímated by the
Figure 5.4.2.3.3-2 - Factor k. for Volume-to-Surface follO"Ningequations:
Ratio
. For H < 80%

k
h
=.1~
70 (C5.4.2.3.3-2)

. ForH;?80%
k = 3(100-H)
h 70 (C5.4.2.3.3-3)

5-15
.
Section 5 - Concrete Structures (SI)

SPECIFICATIONS COMMENTARY

Table 5.4.2.3.3-1- Factor~ for

RelativeHumidity :.. j

. .
AverageAmbient ;~:..::::
RelativeHumidity ~ ... . ~~:
01: '.!;c
/0 .:.
~..~,
;1',.

40 1.43 " ':o~~~.

""

50 1.29
60 1.14
70 1.00
80 0.86
90 0.43
100 0.00

5.4.2.4 MODULUSOF ELASTICITY CS.4.2.4

In the absence of more precise data, the modulus of See commentary for specified strength in Article
elasticity, Ea, for concretes with densities between 1440 5.4.2.1.
and 2500 kg/m3,rnay be taken as: For normal density concrete with Yc= 2320 kgim3,Ec
may be taken as ,,-
Ec = 0.O43y:.5~ (5.4.2.4-1)
Ec = 4800 ¡r:
fc (CS.4.2.4-1) ~.

where: j

Yc = density of concrete (kg/m3)

l' c = specified strength of concrete (MPa)

5.4.2.5 POISSON'S RATIO C5.4.2.5

Unless determined by physical tests, Poisson's ratio
may be assumed as 0.2. For components expectedto
be subject to cracking, the effect of Poisson's ratio may
be neglected.
5.4.2.6 MODULUS OF RUPTURE
Unless determined by physical tests, the modulus of
rupture, fr in MPa, may be taken as:
. For normaldensityconcrete. . . . . . . . 0.63 ~
This is a ratio between the lateral and axial strains of
an axially and/or flexurally loaded structural element.
CS.4.2.6
The given values may be unconservative for tensile
cracking caused by restrained shrinkage. anchor zone
splittíng, and other such tensile forces caused by effects
other than flexure. The direct tensile strength stress
should be used for these cases.

. Forsand-low-density
concrete.
. ..... 0.52¡r: ~

-
5 16 . :"'
~[;~ 1
"
. ,"
, : "";;