ASSESSMENT OF HEALTH OF

STRUCTURE – ASSESSMENT
BY NDT EQUIPMENTS
HANEENA T
ROLL NO 8
M TECH SE
2 OVERVIEW

 INTRODUCTION
 STRUCTURAL HEALTH ASSESSMENT
 IMPORTANCE OF STRUCTURAL HEALTH ASSESSMENT
 METHODS FOR STRUCTURAL HEALTH ASSESSMENT
 ASSESSMENT BY NDT EQUIPMENTS
 CONCLUSIONS
3 INTRODUCTION

 Structural health assessment is a ongoing process that requires

regular monitoring and maintenance to ensure structures remain safe
and perform as intended throughout their service life.
 Strategies for life extension, upgrade, and replacement must be
developed.
 Non-Destructive Testing (NDT) techniques can be used effectively
for investigation and assessing the actual condition of the structures.
4 STRUCTURAL HEALTH ASSESSMENT (SHA)

 Aims to assess the behaviour of structures, evaluate the performance

of materials during the life cycle and give a diagnosis.
 It refers to the process of implementing a damage detection and
characterization strategy for various engineering structures.
 Widely applied all over the world, to various forms of
infrastructures such as bridges, dams, skyscraper buildings.
 Non-Destructive Testing (NDT) techniques can be used effectively
for investigation and assessment.
5
IMPORTANCE OF STRUCTURAL HEALTH
ASSESSMENT

 Meet the requirements of much longer service life.

 Extension of Service life and reduce operational risk.
 Acts an early warning system.
 Cost-effective and reliable solutions - eliminating the hidden costs
of any damages.
 Areas prone to natural disasters.
 Assess improvement of the structure after retrofitting.
6 METHODS FOR SHA

 The methods used for SHA should include the different parts of the
structure and full assembly of the structure as a whole.
 Responses are important aspects, which can be commonly measured
and be divided in as: Mechanical, Physical, Chemical.
 NDT included Schmidt's hammer test, ultrasonic test, radiographic
test, eddy current test, magnetic particle test, thermal infrared test.
 Most of these methods are non-model based and demand the
inspector to be experienced and skilled.
7 ASSESSMENT BY NDT EQUIPMENTS

NON DESTRUCTIVE TESTING

 Refers to the use of testing techniques that do not alter any of the
properties of the tested product.
 Properties - strength, integrity, corrosion resistance etc.
 Non-destructive analysis, non-destructive examination and non-
destructive inspection.
8 ASSESSMENT BY NDT EQUIPMENTS

 Commonly used NDT techniques for structural health monitoring

are:

1. Visual Inspection 6. Magnetic Particle Test

2. Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity Test 7. Radiography Test
3. Eddy Current Testing 8. Rebound Hammer Test
4. Acoustic Emission Test 9. Dye Penetration Test
5. Thermal Infrared Test
9 1. VISUAL INSPECTION

 Defects are found on the finished

product by the naked human eye or
little magnifying lens.
 Surface defects and the dimensional
accuracy, penetration can be visually
inspected.
10

 Most popular NDT method across all industries.

 Quick and feasible method of tracking product quality at every stage
of the manufacturing process.
 We can detect corrosion, cracks, welding defects, deformation, etc.
- by simple instruments such as rulers, gauges or a camera.
 When inspectors are not able to reach - drones can often be the
solution.
11

Advantages Disadvantages
 Safe , portable  Only for surface defects
 Inexpensive  Possible misinterpretation
 Easy to train of flaws

 Minimal or no downtime  Cannot detect minute

defects without additional
 Minimum or no part optical instrument
preparation needed
12 2 . ULTRASONIC PULSE VELOCITY
TEST(UPV)

 It measures the time of travel of an

ultrasonic pulse passing through the
concrete.
 The high UPV test and lower time of
travel - good quality of concrete.
 Cracks or voids inside - the strength of
pulse velocity is reduced and it passes
around discontinuity.
13 PRINCIPLE

 The ultrasonic pulse is generated by an electro-acoustical

transducer. When the pulse is induced into the concrete - multiple
reflections at the boundaries.
 The transducer placed on another side detects faster longitudinal
waves.
 The velocity of ultrasonic pulse - shape, size, and geometry of
concrete material and elastic properties.
14 HOW IT WORKS…

 The transducer is held in contact with one surface of concrete and

it traverse a known path length in the concrete.
 Then an electrical signal is passed in the second transducer and
the transit time (T) of the pulse to be measured.
 The pulse velocity (V) is given by V = L/T
 Pulse velocity propagated by transducer detected by receiving
transducer.
15
16

 Couplants - petroleum jelly, grease, liquid soap, kaolin etc.

 If concrete quality is good - higher velocity in concrete.
 If the concrete quality is poor - velocity obtained is lower.
 Very rough concrete surface - essential to smoothen.
17

METHODS OF UPV

1. Direct Method
2. Semi – Direct Method
3. Indirect Method
18 3 . EDDY CURRENT TESTING

 The principle is depend on the

interaction between a magnetic field
source and the test material.
 This interaction induces eddy currents
in the test piece.
 Very fast at automatically inspecting
semi-finished products .
19 HOW IT WORKS…..
 NDT methods for defects inspection of conducting components.
 In an eddy current probe , an alternating current flows through a coil
and generates an oscillating magnetic field.
 Probe is brought near to the specimen , eddy current is induced in it
and generates its own magnetic field.
 Any defects in the specimen would create a disturbance along
the path of eddy currents.
20

Advantages Disadvantages
 Does not require couplant.  Extremely sensitive to
surface variations.
 Instantaneous response.
 Conductor materials only.
 Uncomplicated steps.
 Depth of penetration is
 High scanning speeds.
limited.
 Dimensional analysis of  Instruments, display units
flaws. are costly.
21 4 . ACOUSTIC EMISSION TESTING

 Acoustic emission (AE) - phenomenon in which a material

generates elastic waves when subjected to stress or deformation.
 These signals are registered using a NDT method called the acoustic
emission test.
 Conducted to monitor a member's structural health to assess its
retrofitting and repairing possibilities.
22 PRINCIPLE

 Locates the yield point of the material by representing cracks,

fractures etc.
 The yield point - generation of stress waves that propagate.
 Surface waves are used to stimulate a piezoelectric sensor.
 Converts these stress waves into an electrical signal for further
analysis.
23
24 HOW IT WORKS…

 After setting up the equipment, applying the required load.

 AET system will record any AE above a pre-determined threshold.
 System will record data related to emission count, signal length etc.
 Analysis - measuring the rate of each emission , location of any
defects.
 Interpreting the results - with modern computer systems.
 By measuring the arrival time of an AE signal we can determine the
defect’s location .
25

Advantages Disadvantages

 Easy to carry out.

 Only for surface of concrete.
 Cheap.  Not applicable for voids inside.
 Tool for relative comparison.
26 5 . THERMAL INFRARED TEST

 Non destructive testing imaging technique that allows the

visualization of heat patterns on an object.
 Detection of material variation based on variation of temperature.
27 PRINCIPLE

 Most components in a system show, an increase in temperature due

to variation in temperature difference.
 This temperature differences observed during inspection will be
monitored by an infrared camera.
 Heat flows more slowly through the voids and delamination than
through the solid concrete.
28 HOW IT WORKS…

 Heat source is used to apply a controlled thermal gradient to the

specimen (methods including heat lamps, infrared cameras etc).
 Responds to the thermal gradient, an infrared camera is used to
capture images of the surface temperature.
 Analysis using specialized software that can identify variations in
temperature and create a visual representation of the thermal pattern.
 Areas with lower temperatures - presence of defects or areas with
lower thermal conductivity.
 This allows defects and abnormalities to be detected and located.
29

Advantages Disadvantages
 Fast and efficient method.  Not effective for defects
 Quickly detect changes in below the surface.
temperature.  Not suitable for inspecting
 Testing equipment is thicker materials.
portable.  Affected by environmental
 Ideal for inspecting large factors.
structures.  Requires trained personnel
30 6 . MAGNETIC PARTICLE TESTING

 Used for detection of the surface and sub-surface defects.

 The magnetic particle inspection (MPI) can be considered as a
combination of two nondestructive testing methods.
 Magnetization and small magnetic particles are used to detect
surface cracks.
31 PRINCIPLE

 When the material is magnetized, the

discontinuities will cause a leakage
field.
 If magnetic particles are sprayed over
the material - outline around the
discontinuity and will indicate its
location, size, shape, and extent.
32 HOW IT WORKS…

 Surface cleaning: for better movement of particles.

 Magnetization: Application of magnetizing force.
 Checking the strength of magnetic field using field indicators.
 Application of magnetic particles.
 Inspection : Magnetic particles attracted to leakage fields and will
cluster to form an indication over the discontinuity.
 Removing the magnetic field.
33
Advantages
 No stringent pre-cleaning.
 Detection of fine, shallow
cracks.
 Fast and relatively simple.
 Generally inexpensive.
 It is quicker.
 Highly portable method.
Disadvantages
 Strength of magnetic field
is critical.
 Detects surface and near-
to-surface discontinuities
only.
 Large current is required.
 Burning of test part.
34 7 . RADIOGRAPHY TEST

 It determines the location of reinforcing steels, voids in concrete,

and the position etc.
 Based on the ability of rays to pass through materials under
examination.
 When radiation travels, the steel bars, concrete, and voids would
absorb different quantity of x-rays.
35 PRINCIPLE

 It is based on dissimilar
transmission of rays through
different materials and utilized to
create an image of various
contrast.
36 HOW IT WORKS…
 Source of radiation can produce x-rays or gamma-rays.
 Specimen which is to be tested is kept between source and film.
 When radiation passes through this sample - get penetrated through
the sample and photographic film - some impressions.
 If there is some flaw - the rays will penetrate in more concentration.
 As there is different intensities - we can see these particular
impression and easily detect point.
 In this way we can detect the flaw like crack, cavity etc.
37
Advantages
 Large areas at one time.
 Useful on wide varieties.
 Checking internal mis-
assembly.
 No calibration needed.
Disadvantages
 Hazardous to human health.
 Thickness range is limited.
 Certain areas cannot be
radiographed.
 It is more costly.
38 8 . REBOUND HAMMER TEST

 Used to determine the strength and uniformity of concrete.

 A spring-loaded hammer is used.
 The rebound of the hammer - strength of the concrete.
 Widely used in quality control and quality assurance purposes.
 To locate areas of delamination or deteriorated concrete.
39 PRINCIPLE

 Plunger is pressed against the surface, the spring- controlled mass

rebounds and the extent of rebound - surface hardness of concrete.
 The rebound is read off along a graduated scale and is designated as
the rebound number or rebound index.
 The compressive strength can be read directly from the graph.
40
41 HOW IT WORKS…

 Spring-loaded mass impacted against the concrete using a plunger.

 When the hammer impacts the concrete surface, it compresses the
spring, causing the mass to decelerate and rebound back.
 Distance of the rebound is directly proportional to the hardness.
 The amount of rebound is measured by a mechanical gauge.
 Performed on a flat, smooth surface.
 Average value is taken to determine the strength.
42

Advantages Disadvantages
 Apparatus is easy to use.  Smoothness of surface.
 Determines uniformity  Age of specimen.
properties.  Internal moisture condition.
 Inexpensive.  Type of coarse aggregate.
 Type of cement.
 Rehabilitation of old
monuments.
43 9 . DYE PENETRATION TEST

 Also known as liquid penetrant testing (LPT), used to detect

surface-breaking defects.
 Application of a penetrant, which is typically a colored liquid or
fluorescent dye.
 Can be performed on-site with minimal equipment and training.
44 PRINCIPLE

 How liquid interact with the

solid surfaces and
determines the presence of
surface discontinuities.
45 HOW IT WORKS…

 Surface preparation : creating a clean dry place.

 Application of penetrant : dipping , spraying or brushing.
 Dwell penetrant time: penetrant to enter any discontinuity in surface.
 Removal of excess penetrant : retention of penetrant inside.
 Application of developer :draw the penetrant liquid out of defects.
 Examination , Interpretation and Evaluation.
 Post- process cleaning: a corrosion penetrant is applied.
46
Advantages
 Simple, easy to use.
 Inexpensive , portable.
 Also for complex shapes.
 Large areas and volumes.
 Detection in one operation.
Disadvantages
 Only detect flaws open to surface.
 Cannot be used on rough surface.
 Pre-cleaning, post cleaning is
critical.
 Deformed surface or surface
coatings may prevent detection.
47 CONCLUSION

 Non-destructive testing (NDT) techniques provide a valuable tool

for assessing the health without causing damage or destruction.
 NDT equipment can also be used to monitor structural health over
time, detecting changes in material properties or structural integrity
that may indicate the need for maintenance or repair.
 The use of NDT equipment can help to increase safety, reduce
maintenance costs, and extend the lifespan of structures.
48

THANK YOU
 NON-
DESTRUCTIVE
TESTS

PRESENTED BY,
HARI MOHAN
S1 M-Tech
Roll No : 9
 Introduction to Non-Destructive Tests
Used to evaluate the properties of materials, components, or structures without

causing damage to the object being inspected

This type of testing is commonly used in a variety of industries, including

manufacturing, aerospace, automotive, and construction, among others

NDT methods can be used to detect and evaluate a wide range of defects, such as

cracks, corrosion, inclusions, and voids, among others

2
The primary advantage of NDT is that it does not damage the material

being tested, making it a useful tool for quality control and inspection

Non-destructive testing is an essential tool for ensuring the safety and

reliability of materials and components in a variety of industries

3
 Importance of Non destructive tests
Safety: Non-destructive testing can help identify potential flaws or defects in critical

equipment, structures, or materials, which can be addressed before they cause a

catastrophic failure or accident

Cost savings: Non-destructive testing is often less expensive than traditional methods

of testing, such as destructive testing, which can require the replacement of a

component or material after testing

4
Efficiency: Non-destructive testing can be performed quickly and accurately, often

without requiring disassembly or removal of the material or component being tested

Quality control: Non-destructive testing is an important tool for ensuring that materials

and components meet quality standards and specifications

Environmental concerns: Non-destructive testing can be used to evaluate the condition of

materials or components without producing hazardous waste or emissions

5
Types of Non Destructive Tests

 Ultrasonic Testing  Liquid Penetrant Testing

 Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR)  Visual Inspections
 Impact-Echo Testing  Rebound Hammer Testing
 Electrical Resistivity Test  Infrared Thermography
 Magnetic Particle Inspection  Radiography Testing

6
Ultrasonic Testing
• This method uses high-frequency sound waves to measure the thickness and
detect flaws in concrete
• The sound waves are sent into the concrete
structure and the reflections are measured to
determine the location and size of any defects

7
Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR)

This method uses electromagnetic waves to detect objects and voids within the concrete structure.

GPR is useful for detecting rebar and post-tension cables, as well as voids and other defects.

8
Impact-Echo Testing

This method involves striking the surface of the concrete with a special hammer

and measuring the resulting acoustic response. The resulting signals can be used

to detect flaws, voids, and delamination within the concrete

9
Electrical Resistivity Test
This method measures the electrical resistivity of the concrete to determine the quality of the concrete and

the presence of any voids or cracks.

10
Rebound Hammer Testing
This method involves striking the surface of the concrete with a hammer and measuring the rebound. The

resulting rebound values can be used to estimate the compressive strength of the concrete.

11
 Magnetic Particle Inspection

 Magnetic particle testing is a process of detecting flaws in a material by observing

disruptions in the flow of the material’s magnetic field.

 To carry out these tests, an inspector first induces a magnetic field in a magnetically

susceptible asset.

 They then sprinkle iron particles over the surface of the material.

12
 These particles will reveal any disruptions, providing a visual indication of where

the imperfections are located.

13
 Liquid Penetrant Testing

 When conducting liquid penetrant testing, an inspector will apply a coating of

liquid with a fluorescent or visible dye to an asset

 They will then remove any excess solution from the surface of the asset

 The remaining solution is left in any breaks or defects in the surface

 These defects will be revealed by the dye, which can then be removed using

ultraviolet light
14
With regular dyes, inspectors will study defects by the contrast between the

developer and penetrant

15
Infrared Thermography
This method uses infrared cameras to detect differences in surface temperatures which can indicate the presence of

defects within the concrete.

16
Radiography Testing
 Radiographic testing (RT) uses X-radiation or gamma radiation to find imperfections in a component or

system.

 An X-ray generator or radioactive isotope is used to send radiation into the material being tested. The

radiations are then caught by a detector.

 The resulting shadowgraph is then used by inspectors to look for potential issues.

17
 Visual Inspections
 Visual testing is a way of checking the condition of a

material by looking at it

 This is the most basic form of testing, and you can do it

just by looking at the material

 For more detailed visual inspections, you can use a

Remote Visual Inspection device to get a closer look

18
 Needs of Non Destructive Tests
• Safety: NDT is critical in ensuring the safety of people and property. It can help
identify defects, cracks, or other potential hazards in critical components or
structures before they fail or cause an accident.

• Quality control: NDT is necessary to ensure that materials and components meet
required standards and specifications. It is used to detect defects or imperfections in
raw materials or finished products before they are put into service.

19
 Cost savings: NDT can save money by detecting defects early, before they
lead to costly repairs or replacements. It can also eliminate the need for
destructive testing, which can be expensive and time-consuming.

 Preventive maintenance: NDT is an essential tool for predictive

maintenance, helping to identify potential issues before they become major
problems. This can help to avoid downtime, reduce repair costs, and extend
the service life of equipment and structures.

.
20
 Environmental concerns: NDT can help reduce waste and emissions by
detecting defects or other issues early, before they cause environmental
damage.

 Regulatory compliance: NDT is often required by regulations and standards in

various industries, such as aviation, nuclear, and oil and gas, to ensure the
safety and reliability of critical equipment and structures

21
 Advantages
1.Less Waste.
2.Less Downtime.
3.Accident Prevention..
4.Identify Areas of Concern Before Failure.
5.Comprehensive Testing.
6.Increased Product Reliability.

22
 Disadvantages
• Components needing to be cleaned before and after inspection
• Sensitivity of inspection can sometimes be affected by the finish of a
component.
• Sometimes there might be a lack of depth sizing
• On some non-destructive test methods, only relatively non-porous surfaces can
be inspected
• Some test methods require electricity
• Some can also be affected by variations in magnetic permeability
• Some tests are only effective on materials that are conductive

23
 Testing of concrete and quality control
 Testing of concrete is essential to ensure that it meets the necessary quality
standards and can perform its intended function safely and effectively
 Quality control is also important to maintain consistency in the production
process
 To identify and address any potential issues before they become major
problems
 There are several tests that can be conducted to determine the quality of
concrete, including:
24
•Compressive Strength Test: This test is conducted to determine the compressive strength
of concrete. The test involves applying a load to a concrete sample until it fails, and then
calculating the load-bearing capacity of the concrete. This test is essential to determine the
strength of the concrete and its ability to resist compression.
•Water Absorption Test: This test determines the ability of concrete to absorb water. The
test involves weighing a dry concrete sample, then immersing it in water for a specified
period, and then weighing it again. The difference in weight is used to calculate the water
absorption capacity of the concrete.

25
3. Slump Test: This test determines the workability of concrete, which is its ability to
flow and fill forms. The test involves pouring a concrete sample into a mold and
measuring the slump, or the amount of settling that occurs. This test is essential to
ensure that the concrete can be easily poured and molded to the desired shape.
4. Chloride Ion Penetration Test: This test determines the resistance of concrete to
chloride ion penetration, which can cause corrosion of steel reinforcement in concrete.
The test involves applying a voltage to a concrete sample and measuring the electrical
current flow. This test is essential to ensure that the concrete has adequate protection
against chloride ion penetration.

26
5. Air Content Test: This test determines the amount of air trapped in the concrete.
The test involves mixing a concrete sample with a small amount of foam and
measuring the volume of the resulting mixture. This test is essential to ensure that the
concrete has the required amount of air content to resist cracking and freeze-thaw
cycles.

27
28
 PARTIAL DESTRUCTIVE
TESTs

HUSAIMATH.C.M
Roll No:10
1
SE
 PARTIAL DESTRUCTIVE TEST-
FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLE
Assess the properties and characteristics of a material,
component, or structure by subjecting it to a controlled
level of stress or load that may cause some damage or
deformation, but not enough to completely destroy or
render it unusable.

2
 PROPERTIES&PDTs

COMPRESSIVE Core Windsor Pull-out

STRENGTH testing probe test test

TENSILE Pull off

STRENGTH test

ABRASION Sand blasting

RESISTANCE test

BOND
Pull off
STRENGT
testing
H
3
 EQUIPMENTS

Core testing
4
5
6
Windsor probe test
 Pull-out test
7
 Pull off test
8
9
 VISUAL INSPECTION TEST
non-destructive testing (NDT) method
Used to evaluate the surface condition or appearance of
an object or component.
This method involves a visual examination of the
surface of the object or component, looking for any
signs of defects, such as cracks, corrosion, deformation,
or other irregularities.
It is a relatively simple and low-cost method that can be
used to quickly identify surface defects

10
11
 SCHMIDT’S REBOUND HAMMER
TECHNIQUE

12
How it works..

 Itconsist of a spring control hammer that slides on a

plunger within tubular housing.
When the plunger is pressed against the surface of
the concrete , the mass rebound from the plunger.
It retracts against the force of spring.
The hammer impact against the concrete and the
spring control mass rebounds , taking the rider with it
along the guide scale.

13
 By pushing button , the rider can be held in position to
allow the reading to be taken.
The distance travelled by the mass , is called the rebound
number . It is indicated by the rider moving along a
graduated scale.

14
15
16
Each hammer varies considerably in performance and
needs calibration for use on concrete made with the
aggregates from specific source.
The test can be conducted horizontally , vertically
upwards or downwards or at any intermediate angle.
At each angle the rebound number will be different for
the same concrete and will require separate calibration
or correction chart.

17
LIMITATIONS
The results are affected by:
a) Smoothness of surface under test
b) Age of specimen
c) Surface and internal moisture condition of the
concrete
d)Type of coarse aggregate
e)Type of cement
f) Carbonation of concrete surface

18