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SFRA Training
SFRA Training
Mechanical Strength
Knowledge Is Power SM
Apparatus Maintenance and Power Management
for Energy Delivery
Obvious Problem
Knowledge Is Power SM
Apparatus Maintenance and Power Management
for Energy Delivery
Questionable Damage
Knowledge Is Power SM
Apparatus Maintenance and Power Management
for Energy Delivery
Good or Bad
Knowledge Is Power SM
Apparatus Maintenance and Power Management
for Energy Delivery
Current Techniques
Knowledge Is Power SM
Apparatus Maintenance and Power Management
for Energy Delivery
Diagnostic Tests
DIELECTRIC THERMAL MECHANICAL
DGA DGA SFRA
Oil Screen Oil Screen Leakage Reactance
Power Factor Thermal Imaging Capacitance
Capacitance DC Winding Resistance Exciting Current
Exciting Current DC Winding Resistance
TTR
Partial Discharge
Dielectric Spectroscopy
AC Hipot
DC Hipot
Insulation Resistance
Knowledge Is Power SM
Apparatus Maintenance and Power Management
for Energy Delivery
Purpose
Knowledge Is Power SM
Apparatus Maintenance and Power Management
for Energy Delivery
Purpose
Knowledge Is Power SM
Apparatus Maintenance and Power Management
for Energy Delivery
FRA History
Knowledge Is Power SM
Apparatus Maintenance and Power Management
for Energy Delivery
FRA History Cont.
Knowledge Is Power SM
Apparatus Maintenance and Power Management
for Energy Delivery
FRA Methods
Sweep Frequency (SFRA)
Apply a 10 volt peak to peak sinusoidal signal from a
network analyzer (M5100) to a winding and measure the
signal input/output from other end of same winding, or
from another winding as function of frequency
Knowledge Is Power SM
Apparatus Maintenance and Power Management
for Energy Delivery
Sweep Frequency Method
Vin
H (dB) 20 log10
Vout Frequency Range
1 Vin
10 Hz - 10 Mz
H ( ) tan
Vout
Knowledge Is Power SM
Apparatus Maintenance and Power Management
for Energy Delivery
Sweep Method Test Diagram
Knowledge Is Power SM
Apparatus Maintenance and Power Management
for Energy Delivery
Impulse Method
Knowledge Is Power SM
Apparatus Maintenance and Power Management
for Energy Delivery
SFRA Fundamentals and Concepts
RLC Circuits
(Series, Parallel, S/P, Lumped, Distributive)
Frequency Domain
(Fourier(jw), Laplace(s), DFT, FFT)
Two Port Networks
(input/output admittance, transfer
admittance)
Transfer Function
(Magnitude, Phase, Bode Plot)
Vmeasure(jw) = H(jw)*Vsource(jw)
-20*log10(Vsource/Vmeasure), dB
Knowledge Is Power SM
Apparatus Maintenance and Power Management
for Energy Delivery
Transfer Function Principle
•Leakage Reactance
Knowledge Is Power SM
Apparatus Maintenance and Power Management
for Energy Delivery
Test Results (Exciting Currents)
•50 Hz or 60 Hz
•Influenced by core
Knowledge Is Power SM
Apparatus Maintenance and Power Management
for Energy Delivery
Test Results (Leakage Reactance)
•50 Hz or 60 Hz
•Winding Movement
Knowledge Is Power SM
Apparatus Maintenance and Power Management
for Energy Delivery
SFRA
Knowledge Is Power SM
Apparatus Maintenance and Power Management
for Energy Delivery
SFRA
•Can be applied in the same way
as exciting currents and leakage
reactance.
Knowledge Is Power SM
Apparatus Maintenance and Power Management
for Energy Delivery
Parallel RLC Circuit
Knowledge Is Power SM
Apparatus Maintenance and Power Management
for Energy Delivery
Response of the RLC Circuit
Knowledge Is Power SM
Apparatus Maintenance and Power Management
for Energy Delivery
M5100 SFRA Measures R Circuit
Knowledge Is Power SM
Apparatus Maintenance and Power Management
for Energy Delivery
M5100 SFRA Measures L Circuit
Knowledge Is Power SM
Apparatus Maintenance and Power Management
for Energy Delivery
M5100 SFRA Measures C Circuit
Knowledge Is Power SM
Apparatus Maintenance and Power Management
for Energy Delivery
Capacitor & Inductor
Knowledge Is Power SM
Apparatus Maintenance and Power Management
for Energy Delivery
Transformers are R-L-C Circuits
HV
Winding CH CH CH
CT CT
RH LH RH LH
Inter
CHL CHL CHL Winding
RL LL RL LL
CL CT CL CT CL
LV
Winding
Knowledge Is Power SM
Apparatus Maintenance and Power Management
for Energy Delivery
Frequency Band Sensitivity
Knowledge Is Power SM
Apparatus Maintenance and Power Management
for Energy Delivery
HV Winding Responses
Knowledge Is Power SM
Apparatus Maintenance and Power Management
for Energy Delivery
Testing Preparations
Knowledge Is Power SM
Apparatus Maintenance and Power Management
for Energy Delivery
Typical Test Connections for a Delta-
Wye unit
H1-H3 } HV Winding Tests
H2-H1
H3-H2
X1-X0 } LV Winding Tests
X2-X0
X3-X0
H1-X1 } Cross-Winding Tests
H2-X2
H3-X3
Knowledge Is Power SM
Apparatus Maintenance and Power Management
for Energy Delivery
Typical Test Connections for a Delta-
Wye unit Cont.
H1-H3 } HV Winding Tests with
H2-H1 X1-X2-X3 Shorted
H3-H2
Knowledge Is Power SM
Apparatus Maintenance and Power Management
for Energy Delivery
Typical Test Connections
Auto Transformer w/Tert
H1-X1 } Series Winding Tests
H2-X2
H3-X3
X1-H0X0 } Common Winding Tests
X2-H0X0
X3-H0X0
Y1-Y3 } Tert Winding Tests
Y2-Y1
Y3-Y2
Knowledge Is Power SM
Apparatus Maintenance and Power Management
for Energy Delivery
Auto Transformer w/Tert
Cont.
H1-H0X0 } Short Circuit Tests
H2-H0X0 X1-X2-X3 Shorted
H3-H0X0 H0X0 Floating]
Knowledge Is Power SM
Apparatus Maintenance and Power Management
for Energy Delivery
Auto Transformer w/Tert
Cont.
H1-Y1 } H to Y Inter-Winding Tests
H2-Y2
H3-Y3
Knowledge Is Power SM
Apparatus Maintenance and Power Management
for Energy Delivery
Simple XFMR Model
R R L L R R
DC-1 L-1 1 2 L-2 DC-2
L C
m UST
E1 E2
R
m
Knowledge Is Power SM
Apparatus Maintenance and Power Management
for Energy Delivery
Typical SFRA Response
Knowledge Is Power SM
Apparatus Maintenance and Power Management
for Energy Delivery
Typical SFRA Response
Knowledge Is Power SM
Apparatus Maintenance and Power Management
for Energy Delivery
HV Winding Responses
Knowledge Is Power SM
Apparatus Maintenance and Power Management
for Energy Delivery
Short Circuit Responses
Knowledge Is Power SM
Apparatus Maintenance and Power Management
for Energy Delivery
Phase A All Responses
Knowledge Is Power SM
Apparatus Maintenance and Power Management
for Energy Delivery
Analysis Strategies
Trace Comparison
•Baseline Data
•Sister Unit Data
•Phase
Knowledge Is Power SM
Apparatus Maintenance and Power Management
for Energy Delivery
Trace Comparison
Baseline Data
The comparison of baseline data provides the most effective
method for determining change. SFRA traces for a given
measurement should overlay. Magnetization of the core may
affect the comparison at low frequencies.
Phase Data
Subjective - Is not always effective in some cases.
Knowledge Is Power SM
Apparatus Maintenance and Power Management
for Energy Delivery
Baseline Data (Date and Test System)
-20
-30
-40
dB
-50
-60
-70
-80
4 5
10 10
Frequency - Hz
Knowledge Is Power SM
Apparatus Maintenance and Power Management
for Energy Delivery
Baseline Data (Zoom 50 kHz - 500 kHz)
-20
-30
-40
dB
-50
-60
-70
-80
5
10
Frequency - Hz
Knowledge Is Power SM
Apparatus Maintenance and Power Management
for Energy Delivery
Sister Unit Comparison
-10
-20
-30
-40
dB
-50
-60
-70
-80
-90
-100
2 3 4 5 6
10 10 10 10 10
Frequency - Hz
Knowledge Is Power SM
Apparatus Maintenance and Power Management
for Energy Delivery
Phase Data (Good Comparison)
-10
-20
-30
dB
-40
-50
-60
-70
-80
2 3 4 5 6
10 10 10 10 10
Frequency - Hz
Knowledge Is Power SM
Apparatus Maintenance and Power Management
for Energy Delivery
Phase Data (Fair Comparison)
-20
-30
-40
-50
dB
-60
-70
-80
-90
-100
4 5 6
10 10 10
Frequency - Hz
Knowledge Is Power SM
Apparatus Maintenance and Power Management
for Energy Delivery
Phase Data (Poor Comparison)
-10
-20
-30
-40
dB
-50
-60
-70
-80
-90
-100
4 5 6
10 10 10
Frequency - Hz
Knowledge Is Power SM
Apparatus Maintenance and Power Management
for Energy Delivery
Phase Comparison Determination
Knowledge Is Power SM
Apparatus Maintenance and Power Management
for Energy Delivery
Sister Units and Poor Phase Comparison
-20
-30
-40
dB
-50
-60
-70
-80
5
10
Frequency - Hz
Knowledge Is Power SM
Apparatus Maintenance and Power Management
for Energy Delivery
Sister Units and Poor Phase Comparison
-5
-10
dB
-15
-20
-25
-30
5
10
Frequency - Hz
Knowledge Is Power SM
Apparatus Maintenance and Power Management
for Energy Delivery
Design and Configuration
Knowledge Is Power SM
Apparatus Maintenance and Power Management
for Energy Delivery
Design and Configuration
Delta Wye
Knowledge Is Power SM
Apparatus Maintenance and Power Management
for Energy Delivery
Delta and Wye Characteristics
-10
-20
-30
Wye
-40
dB
-50
-60
-70
-80
Delta
-90
-100
2 3 4 5 6
10 10 10 10 10
Frequency - Hz
Knowledge Is Power SM
Apparatus Maintenance and Power Management
for Energy Delivery
Influence of Testing Error
Open Circuits
• Test Leads (Obvious)
Short Circuits
• Rarely Occurs
Poor Grounding
• Test Leads (Poor or No Connection - Paint)
• Bushing Flange* (Floating)
* Not a testing error
Knowledge Is Power SM
Apparatus Maintenance and Power Management
for Energy Delivery
Open Circuits
Knowledge Is Power SM
Apparatus Maintenance and Power Management
for Energy Delivery
Open Circuit Characteristics
-40
-50
-60
-70
dB
-80
-90
-100
-110
-120
2 3 4 5 6
10 10 10 10 10
Frequency - Hz
Knowledge Is Power SM
Apparatus Maintenance and Power Management
for Energy Delivery
Poor Grounding
Knowledge Is Power SM
Apparatus Maintenance and Power Management
for Energy Delivery
Poor Grounding - Staged
-5
-10
-15
dB
-20
-25
-30
-35
-40
5 6
10 10
Frequency - Hz
Knowledge Is Power SM
Apparatus Maintenance and Power Management
for Energy Delivery
Poor Grounding - Field (4 Cases)
-10
-20
dB
-30
-40
-50
-60
4 5 6
10 10 10
Frequency - Hz
Knowledge Is Power SM
Apparatus Maintenance and Power Management
for Energy Delivery
Conclusion
Knowledge Is Power SM
Apparatus Maintenance and Power Management
for Energy Delivery