Investigation of Small Dam in Barangay Malaya Banga, South Cotabato

Title Page

DARWIN N. PAN

SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

SULTAN KUDARAT STATE UNIVERSITY
IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE
REQUIREMENTS FOR THE
DEGREE OF

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN CIVIL ENGINEERIN

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 Chapter I
CHA
INTRODUCTION
PTE
R 1
INT
RO
Background of the Study DUC
TIO
Water provides goods and services
N in the way of agriculture, industry and

households. Dams play an important role in utilizing water sources. Dams have been

constructed in order to prevent floods, to supply drinking and domestic water, to generate

energy and for irrigation purposes. Following industrialization, large dams were built at an

unprecedented rate in acknowledgement of their social and environmental consequences

(WCD 2000), due to rising demand for water irrigation, flood control and low-carbon

energy driving a search for alternatives for large dams. Small dams are often proposed

as best alternative.

Small dams mostly used for agricultural purposes, primarily as storage reservoirs

for livestock use or irrigation during dry periods. Small dams promote economic

development (Bakis and Demirbas,2004), “cost-effective and environmentally benign”

technology for energy production (Paish,2002). However, there is limited understanding

and acknowledgement of the social and environmental impacts of small dams (Kelly-

Richards et al., 2017).

Objectives of the Study

General Objectives

The research entitled “Investigation of two small dams in Barangay Malaya

Banga South Cotabato” aims to investigate and gain information on small dams related

to its importance, situation and purpose.

Specific Objectives

1. To determine the physical condition and management practices on small

dams.

2. To determine the inflow and consumption of water from small dams.

3. To evaluate the importance of small dams to the economy of agriculture

Significance of the Study

The significance of investigating small dams is to provide information or data

related to the current situation of the small dams.

Scope and Limitation

This research focused only on investigating small dams and its area of

serviceability.

Operational Definition of Terms

The following terms are operationally defined as used in this study:

Term 1 - it means that

Term 2 - it means that

Term 3 - it means that

Term 4 - it means that

Term 5 - it means that

 Chapter II
REVIEW OF RELATED
CH LITERATURE
AP
TE
R II
Insert introductory paragraph forRE
the review of related literature here.
VIE
Related Literature W
OF
Dams were built for the single purpose
RE of water supply or irrigation. As civilization
LA
developed, there was a greater need forTE water supply, irrigation, flood control, navigation,
D
water quality, sediment control and energy,
LIT therefore dams are constructed for these
ER
specific purposes. A dam is the cornerstone
AT in the development and management of
UR
water resources development of a river basin.
E The multipurpose dam is a very important

project for developing countries, because the population receives domestic and economic

benefits from a single investment

https://www.icold-cigb.org/GB/dams/role_of_dams.asp

The first known dam to be built is the Jawa Dam located in modern-day Jordan

which originally constructed around 3,000 BCE in what was then Mesopotamia and was

reinforced with rock fill behind the upstream wall in order to protect the wall from water

pressure breach. Most ancient dams were simple gravity dams constructed of gravel and

masonry. Approximately 400 years after the construction of the highly successful Jawa

Dam, Egyptians built the Dam of the Pagans to supply water to the local quarries outside

of Cairo rather than for irrigation, until it failed due to poor design and lack of spillway,

ancient Egyptians were dissuaded from constructing other dams until many years later.

The Romans highly regarded for their advances in hydraulic engineering from which

construction of arch gravity and buttress dam began.

 Asian cultures also contributed to dam engineering. As early as 400 BCE, Asians

starts building earthen embankment dams to store water for the cities of Ceylon or Sri

Lanka for today. In 5th century AD, the Sinhalese built several dams to form reservoirs to

catch the monsoon rains for their irrigation system and many of these are still in use today.

https://tataandhoward.com/2016/05/a-history-of-dams-from-ancient-times-to-

today/

During the second half of the 19th century in California, the dams during this time

were primarily private ventures. Small dams were often used to divert water for mining

operations and irrigation for personal properties. In earlier part of this period, most dams

constructed were small by nature of the needs the served, and mainly constructed of

earth and rock until the technology improved, larger concrete dams emerged.

https://watershed.ucdavis.edu/shed/lund/dams/Dam_History_Page/History.htm

According to the International Commission on Large Dams (ICOLD), there are

about 50,000 dams higher than 15 meter and/or storing more than 3 million cubic meters

of water classified as large dams, more than one hundred thousand smaller dams have

storage volumes. The overall storage capacity is close to 7000 cubic kilometer, of which

98 percent is at large dam.

www.hydrocoop.org/the-role-of-dams-in-the-next-xxi-century/

Related Studies

In a research of Ernest N.A et.al.,(2014) entitled “Development of small dams and

their impact on livelihoods: Cases from northern Ghana”. Focuses on issues related to

water use, socio-economic significance, and sustainability of small dams following

substantial state interventions and donor agency investments in the development and
management of small dams in Ghana, states that the small dams offer a reliable source

of water in a semi-arid region of Ghana. The economic returns from irrigation may partially

influence the performance of the small dams, but it remains an important driving tool for

the sustainability and economic livelihood of small dams. Performance of small dams can

be said to be a subject of holistically viewing values and priorities in multiple uses offered

by small dams to beneficiaries. Taking a holistic approach toward understanding the

interaction among stakeholders and local dynamics within broader context of political

economy is essential for the successful performance of small dams.

Usman N. et.al.,(2012) studied the environmental impacts of small dams on

agriculture and groundwater development of Khanpur Dam in pakistan concluded that the

said dam playing an important role to sustain the groundwater aquifer. This reservoir is

maintaining efficient recharging for last forty years. Due to improper water management,

small dams in Pakistan are facing serious issues. Maximum benefits from small dams like

irrigational, hydropower production, communal water distribution, recreational activities

and economic growth can be achieved. Sufficient funds must be available for the annual

repair and maintenance, because consumers are facing serious issues of water shortage

due to excessive seepage.

Kelly M. Kibler ( July 8, 2011) in her study “ Development and Decommissioning

of Small Dams: Analysis of Impact and Context” indicates that some ecological impacts

of small hydropower do exceed those associated with large hydropower, her findings

suggest that current policies allowing inferior standards of impact assessment for the

small hydropower sector should be reevaluated. Because further study is necessary to

optimize decision-making and management of small hydropower facilities. Severe

environmental consequences are observed in rivers reaches dewatered by diversion

hydropower station. Kelly indicate that standards of low-impact hydropower may be more

successful than current definition of small and large hydropower in creating effective

policies encouraging low-impact development of renewable energy sources. With regards

to decommissioning of small dams, the restoration potential of small rivers impounded by

reservoirs filled with coarse sediment may often outweigh the likelihood of detrimental

dam-removal effects.

A research entitled “Socio Economic Impact of Small Dams on Local Vicinity” by

Abdul Wajid et al., 2013 concluded that small dams improve the crop production in the

area. The number of livestock has been increased substantially. The water table also

improved and wells were recharge as before dam construction people were facing acute

shortage of water for domestic use. Only the issue highlighted is the uneven distribution

of water and lack of extension support services and credit facilities.

Conceptual Framework
Figure 1. Conceptual Framework of the Study

Insert introductory paragraph for the conceptual framework.

Chapter III
METHODOLOGY

Insert introductory paragraph for the methodology here

Numbers of small dams worldwide have been estimated at several million (Verstraeten

and Poesen, 2000; Sahagian, 2000). Its definition varies worldwide. However it is based

on the height and the storage capacity of the reservoir (Saunyama,2005). The World

Commission on Reservoirs defines it as having a dam wall of less than 15m. in height

and holding less than one million cubic meters of water.