COMMERCIAL BUILDING ENERGY

CONSERVATION
Objective and Need of Energy Audit

The fundamental goal of energy management is to produce goods and provide services with the
least cost and least environmental effect. The term energy management means many things to
many people. One definition of energy management is: "The judicious and effective use of
energy to maximize profits (minimize costs) and enhance competitive positions". The objective
of Energy Management is to achieve and maintain optimum energy procurement and utilization,
throughout the organization and to

To minimize energy costs / waste without affecting production & quality.

To minimize environmental effects.

Energy Audit is the key to a systematic approach for decision-making in the area of energy
management. It attempts to balance the total energy inputs with its use, and serves to identify all
the energy streams in a facility. It quantifies energy usage according to its discrete functions.
Industrial energy audit is an effective tool in defining and pursuing comprehensive energy
management programmed.

As per the Energy Conservation Act-2001, Energy Audit is defined as "the verification,
monitoring and analysis of use of energy including submission of technical report containing
recommendations for improving energy efficiency with cost benefit analysis and an action plan
to reduce energy consumption".

Need of Energy Audit:

Energy Audit will help to understand more about the ways energy and fuel are used in any
industry, and help in identifying the areas where waste can occur and where scope for
improvement exists. The Energy Audit would give a positive orientation to the energy cost
reduction, preventive maintenance and quality control programmers which are vital for
production and utility activities. Such an audit programmed will help to keep focus on variations
which occur in the energy costs, availability and reliability of supply of energy, decide on
appropriate energy mix, identify energy conservation technologies, retrofit for energy
conservation equipment etc. In general, Energy Audit is the translation of conservation ideas into
realities, by lending technically feasible solutions with economic and other organizational
considerations within a specified time frame. The primary objective of Energy Audit is to
determine ways to reduce energy consumption per unit of product output or to lower operating
costs. Energy Audit provides a “bench-mark" (Reference point) for managing energy in the
organization and also provides the basis for planning a more effective use of energy throughout
the organization.

Methodology Adopted:

Energy Audit is conducted as per the guidelines of Bauru of Energy Efficiency (BEE)
 Relevant Data collection like inventory list of lighting fixtures, pumps, Air Conditioner
and other equipment’s.
 Measurement of main supply Voltage, Current, p.f., kW, kVAR, kVA and Voltage &
Current Harmonics are done at the LT side of the Transformer and trend is recorder.
 Measurement of power consumption load centers at distribution panels.
Analysis of the past data for understanding the consumption pattern. Recommendation of
energy improvement projects and methods to reduce the energy cost.

ENERGY CONSUMPTION PATTERN

Electricity Bills:-

The Electricity Bill of a utility consist of

 MAXIMUM DEMAND
 LOAD FACTOR
 PF INCENTIVE
 TOD TARIFFs
Maximum Demand:

Maximum demand is the highest average kVA recorded during any one-demand interval within
the month. The demand interval is normally 30 minutes, but may vary from utility to utility from
15 minutes to 60 minutes. The demand is measured using a tri-vector meter / digital energy
meter.

Load Factor:

Load factor is the ratio of average load to maximum billed load. It is an indicating parameter to
show if maximum demand can be reduced. The monthly load factor is calculated as follows:

Load Factor= Actual units consumed \Maximum demand X No of hours per month X Average
P.F.

PF INCENTIVES:

PF is the ratio of ACTIVE POWER to APPARENT POWER.

Thus PF = KW/KVA.

Hence PF can be maintained by controlling the Maximum Demand.PF can alsobe improved by
installing a capacitor bank at the connected load as per the requirement the rating of the capacitor
bank directly depends upon the desired and the existing PF which is given by the relation: kVAr
Rating = kW [tan φ1 – tan φ2]

Where,
KVAr rating= No. of capacitors required. Tan φ1=Existing Power Factor. tan φ2=Improved
Power Factor.

As per the MSEDCL tariff, whenever average power factor in a month, is more than 0.95,
following incentives are offered:

For every 0.01 improvement of average PF above 0.95, an incentive of 1% of the amount of
monthly energy bill, (excluding RLC, Demand Charges, FOCA, Electricity Duty) is offered.
For PF of 0.99 the effective incentive will amount to 5% of the energy charges, and for unity PF
the effective incentive will amount to 7% of the energy charges.

PF INCENTIVES

For all HT consumers the Time of Day (TOD) tariff is applicable in Maharashtra. For this
purpose the day has been divided into 4 different time zones as given in table.

Analysis of Harmonic Plot:

 SELECTION OF ENERGY EFFICIENT EQUIPMENT
Illumination:-

It has been observed that the load on the college facility is not constant as well as time of
consumption also varies significantly. The contribution of motors, pumps, lightning load, fan
load, Computers & printers are found to be dominant. So there is a wide area to reduce energy
consumption by replacing the conventional appliances by new highly efficient appliances. This
could find the major & economically viable solution to reduce energy consumption & ultimately
leads to reduction in electricity bill. For calculating the power consumption it is required to have
the diversity factor, as the facility working period is considered the diversity factor is assumed to
be 0.4 (i.e,40%) it signifies that the 40% load consumption out of 100% total connected load.
The working days for the college premises are 240 days while working hours are 6 hrs this will
give the exact energy consumption. The commercial rate according to tariff scheme is 7.29
Rs/unit. The required data will also include the various ratings of conventional as well as
efficient appliances.

Let us analyze the energy consumption in electrical building

Required data for calculation is as follows:-

Total number of tubes: 324

Total number of fans: 216

Total number of PC: 180

Total number of printers: 11

Total number of water coolers: 1

Now we will find the energy consumption with the conventional (old) appliances.
Respective wattage of the appliances is as:

Tube light (T8 connection) - 58W(40W+18W) + 28W

Fans - 70W

PC‟s - 20W

Printer - 120W
Water Cooler - 600W

Total power consumption = {(∑ number of appliances*wattage) *(Diversity Factor)}

At the installation of this building the tubes & PC’s were replaced by the efficient devices,

Respective wattage is as follows:

Tube light (LED Tube light) : 18W

Fans : 28W

PC‟s : 80W

Printer : 120W

Water Cooler : 600W

Rooftop solar photovoltaic System Recommendation:
Note:
 There should be separate earthing for High Voltage Lab (Building C) to
avoid electrical shock and accident.
 An electrician (full time) shall be appointed for the preventive & routine
maintenance work.
 Electrical wiring at the meter is not laid properly and some of the wire has
damaged insulation which may lead to any accident, same shall be corrected.
 Load balancing should be done by monthly to avoid voltage imbalance.
 As power quality issues like voltage sag, swell, and transients were found,
hence Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR) is to be installed on campus.
 Switching off the computers during idle use. Instruction to be given to
faculty members and students.