TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES

938 Aurora Boulevard, Cubao, Quezon City

RESILIENT HOUSING
HOUSING – AR 533A – AR51FC2

SUBMITTED BY:
NAIG, PETER JOHN
POLENTINOS, JUSTINE NICOLE
VILLAR, JENNIFER

SUBMITTED TO:
AR. ARNOLD AMORATO
PHILIPPINES
Poverty and inequality in the Philippines remains a
challenge. In the past 4 decades, the proportion of
households living below the official poverty line has
declined slowly and unevenly.

Economic growth has gone through boom and bust

cycles, and recent episodes of moderate economic
expansion have had limited impact on the poor. Great
inequality across income brackets, regions, and sectors,
as well as unmanaged population growth, are considered
some of the key factors constraining poverty reduction
efforts.

CAUSES OF POVERTY

The main causes of poverty in the country include the following:

• Low to moderate economic growth for

the past 40 years;
• Low growth elasticity of poverty
reduction;
• Weakness in employment generation
and the quality of jobs generated;
• Failure to fully develop the agriculture
sector;
• High inflation during crisis periods;
• High levels of population growth;
• High and persistent levels of inequality
(incomes and assets), which dampen the
positive impacts of economic expansion;
and
• Recurrent shocks and exposure to risks
such as economic crisis, conflicts, natural
disasters and "environmental poverty."

FINDINGS

 Economic growth did not translate into poverty reduction in recent years;
 Poverty levels vary greatly by regions;
 Poverty remains a mainly rural phenomenon though urban poverty is on the rise;
 Poverty levels are strongly linked to educational attainment;
 The poor have large families, with six or more members;
 Many Filipino households remain vulnerable to shocks and risks;
 Governance and institutional constraints remain in the poverty response;
 There is weak local government capacity for implementing poverty reduction programs;
 Deficient targeting in various poverty programs;
 There are serious resource gaps for poverty reduction and the attainment of the MDGs by 2015;
 Multidimensional responses to poverty reduction are needed; and
HOUSING CONDITIONS IN PHILIPPINES
Metro Manila has more than 3 Million Informal Settlers
However, behind a robust property canvass, it
is time to paint a different picture. In a 2010
report, Metro Manila was already home to 2.8
million informal settlers…that’s 556,526
families living in improvised housing
communities commonly referred to as shanty
towns and often lacks property sanitation, safe
water supply, electricity and other basic human
necessities.
With very limited opportunity for livelihood,
heightened military conflict and unabated
poverty continue to wreak havoc in the countryside, it is estimated that around 200,000 annually troop to
the National Capital Region hoping for a better life and preferring to be tag as informal settlers rather than
risked being impoverished in their hometowns.
The National Urban Development and Housing Framework (NUDHF) 2009- 2016 finds the housing
problem to be serious and is a largely urban phenomenon. The magnitude of housing need, defined as
the housing backlog plus new households, is enormous and is estimated to reach about 5.8 million
housing units. That is the official figure. The unofficial estimate having been actively monitoring the sector
for close to 29 years is roughly hovering between 7 to 8 Million backlogs.
And the gap is widening. Annually it is estimated that close to 500,000 new homes are needed to address
the current housing need. Homebuilders can only supply anywhere from 20% to 22% of the unmet need.
The Philippine Housing problem has become a social malaise, a clear injustice to those who have
less in life. Without a roof over one’s head, it strips a person naked and robs him of his dignity to
a decent life.
If we continue to ignore this boiling point, Metro Manila will have “shadow” cities comprising millions of
informal settlers soon. It is now a race against time.

FACTORS THAT AFFECT HOUSING NEEDS:

1. CLIMATE can vary from warm to cold, and from dry to humid.
2. LOCATION the specific placement of home.
3. COST is a crucial factor in housing needs for almost everyone.
4. TASTE this is the sense of what is fitting, harmonious or beautiful.
5. LIFESTYLES When selecting a home, one needs to consider the lifestyles of all family

HOUSING PROBLEMS:
1. Migration of people from rural areas to urban areas
2. Robust population growth
3. Poverty due unemployment
4. Industrialization
5. Minimum wage of Filipinos
GOVERNMENT’S HELP TO SOLVE HOUSING PROBLEMS:
Government funded housing was established after the need for safe and affordable housing presented
itself. Once created, low-income families were provided with a roof over their head that they could afford.
Government funded housing is not just reserved for apartments, but single family homes.
HUDCC (Housing and Urban Development Coordinating Council) - created thru Executive Order No.
90, is the highest policy making and coordinating office on shelter. It is an umbrella organization which
consists of heads of four housing agencies.
1. NHA (National Housing Authority) - is a government-owned and controlled corporation
operating under the policy and administrative supervision of the HUDCC. The NHA is the sole
government agency to engage in shelter production, focusing its efforts to provide to
homeless, low-income Filipino families.

2. Pag-IBIG Fund (Pagtutulungan sa Kinabukasan:Ikaw, Bangko, Industriya at Gobyerno) -

To provide its members with adequate housing through an effective savings scheme, Pag-IBIG
Fund harnesses these four sectors of Philippine society: financial institutions, the industrial
sector, the government, and the Filipino people. The Fund was created to address two of the
nation’s basic concerns:
(a) The generation of savings and
(b) Providing shelter for Filipino workers.

3. HLURB (Housing and Land Use Regulatory Board) - is a national government agency tasked
as the planning, regulatory and quasi-judicial body for land use development and real estate
and housing regulation. These roles are done via a triad of strategies namely, policy
development, planning and regulation.

4. HGC (Home Guaranty Corporation) - is the government-owned-and-controlled-corporation

(GOCC) mandated by law (Republic Act 8763) to promote sustainable home ownership by
providing risk coverage or Guarantees and tax/fiscal incentives to banks and financial
institutions/investors granting housing development loans / credits, and home financing. As HGC
focuses on promoting home ownership to middle and low-income families.

5. NHMFC (National Home Mortgage Finance Corporation) - mandate of increasing the

availability of affordable housing loans to finance the Filipino homebuyer acquisition of
housing units through the development and operation of a secondary market for home
mortgages.

6. SHFC (Social Housing Finance Corporation) -mandated:

(a) To undertake social housing programs that will cater to the formal and informal
sectors in the low-income bracket; and
(b) To take charge of developing and administering social housing programs, particularly
the Community Mortgage Program (CMP) and the Abot-Kaya Pabahay Fund(AKPF)
Program.
We believed that through the years of being one of undeveloped economy, Philippines now was
considered as one of the developing country. So as a group we conceptualized a housing that should be
resilient that can be able to construct in the Philippines. A lot of considerations involve one of it was the
materials that would fit the climate of the Philippines; can it stand in storm? Landslide? Earthquake?
Flood? And other disasters.

MATERIALS USED:
 Self-healing of concrete
Cracks in concrete are a common
phenomenon due to the relatively low
tensile strength. Durability of concrete
is impaired by these cracks since they
provide an easy path for the
transportation of liquids and gasses
that potentially contain harmful
substances. If micro-cracks grow and reach the reinforcement, not only the concrete itself may be
attacked, but also the reinforcement will be corroded. Therefore, it is important to control the crack width
and to heal the cracks as soon as possible. Since the costs involved for maintenance and repair of
concrete structures are usually high, this research focuses on the development of self-healing concrete.
Self-healing of cracks in concrete would contribute to a longer service life of concrete structures and
would make the material not only more durable but also more sustainable.
Different healing mechanisms are investigated:

(1) Concrete has an autogenous healing capacity as unhydrated cement is present in the matrix. When
water contacts the unhydrated cement, further hydration occurs. Furthermore, dissolved CO2 reacts with
Ca2+ to form CaCO3crystals. These two mechanisms, however, may only heal small cracks.

Autogenous healing

To enhance the healing mechanism, microfibers are added to the

mixture. By mixing microfibers in the concrete, multiple cracking
occurs. So, not one wide crack, but several small cracks are
formed, which close more easily due to autogenous healing.

Multiple cracking
(2) Superabsorbent polymers (SAP), or hydrogels, are able to take up a large amount of fluid (up to
500 times their own weight) and to retain it in their structure without dissolving. When cracks occur, SAP
are exposed to the humid environment and swell. This swelling reaction partly seals the crack from
intruding potentially harmful substances. After swelling, SAP particles desorb and provide the fluid to the
surrounding matrix for internal curing, further hydration and the precipitation of CaCO3. In this way, cracks
may close completely. Due to the fact that the pH in concrete drops from 12.8 to 9-10 when a crack
occurs, it is useful to investigate pH sensitive hydrogels. These will only swell when a crack occurs and
fresh water penetrates.

Swollen SAP - Partial sealing of cracks by swelling SAP

(3) Cracks can be healed by using calcium carbonate precipitating

micro-organisms. These organisms are embedded in the concrete
matrix after immobilization on diatomaceous earth in microcapsules or in
SAP, and will start the precipitation of CaCO3 once a crack occurs.
Through this process the bacterial cell will be coated with a layer of
calcium carbonate, resulting in crack filling. Bacterial Spores

CaCO3 precipitation by bacteria immobilized on diatomaceous earth – PU foam – silica gel

(4) One of the research programs considers the use of encapsulated polymers in order to obtain self-
healing of concrete cracks. When a crack appears, the capsules break and the content is released. Due
to capillary action, the agent will flow into the crack. After reaction, the crack faces are bonded together
and the crack is thus healed. Depending on the required regain in properties, different healing agents
have been encapsulated. In order to reduce the water permeability of cracked concrete, polyurethane is
provided inside the capsules. When strength regain is a more important issue, methyl methacrylate is
encapsulated. For structures where the aesthetic aspect is important, water repellent agents can be
encapsulated. As encapsulation material brittle glass or ceramic tubes have been used. However, since
capsules have to survive the mixing process in concrete, research is currently focusing on the
development of capsules with suitable properties to survive the mixing process and to release the healing
agent when cracks appear in the hardened matrix.
(5) While fly-ash and blast-furnace slag concrete seem to be inferior with regard to the early age
microstructure and strength development, their self-healing capability can be much higher, precisely
because of the low hydration degree of the slag and fly-ash particles. Upon cracking, the unreacted
particles can be activated again in order to close the crack and to regain water impermeability and
strength. The suitability of different types of alkali-activators (e.g. NaOH, KOH or silicate solution) has
been investigated.

OPC mortar -water BFS mortar - NaOH F-A mortar - Na-silicate

(6) Test procedures for self-healing efficiency
Standard procedures are being developed in order to compare the effectiveness of different self-healing
approaches against one another. The aim of these procedures is to analyse the regain in liquid tightness
and mechanical properties. Another procedure focuses on the durability of self-healing concrete with
respect to carbonation and chloride ingress.

 Pollution Absorbing Bricks

These days air pollution in some cities is a
big problem, and as a result, buildings that
help alleviate that problem are all the rage.
In recent years though, designers have
started to move beyond simply reducing a
building's emissions and started to work
with techniques that actually remove
pollutants from the air, through systems
such as Nemesi's "photocatalytic" facade
for the Italy Pavilion at the 2015 Milan
Expo which captures and reacts with pollution in the presence of light.
However, in most cases these new technologies have been chemical, only affecting the air that physically
comes into contact with them. What if buildings could take a more active role in pulling in pollutants from
the sky? What if they could work a little more like a vacuum cleaner? This was exactly the inspiration
behind the Breathe Brick developed by Carmen Trudell, an assistant professor at Cal Poly San Luis
Obispo's school of architecture and founder of Both Landscape and Architecture.
 The Breathe Brick is designed to form a part of a building's regular
ventilation system, with a double-layered facade of the specialist bricks
on the outside, complemented by a standard internal layer providing
insulation. At the center of the Breathe Brick's function is cyclone
filtration, an idea borrowed from modern vacuum cleaners, which
separates out the heavy pollutant particles from the air and drops
them into a removable hopper at the base of the wall.
The system is composed of two key parts: concrete bricks, and a
recycled plastic coupler, which both helps to align bricks and creates a
route from the outside into the brick's hollow center. The concrete bricks
themselves feature a faceted surface which helps to direct airflow into

The Breathe Brick can function

with both mechanical and
passive ventilation systems, as
the brick simply delivers
filtered air into the wall plenum;
this air can then be delivered to
the building interior through
mechanical equipment or
through trickle vents driven by
passive systems such as stack
ventilation.

In windtunnel tests, the system was found to filter

30% of fine particles (such as airborne pollutants)
and 100% of coarse particles such as dust. As the
entire system is relatively inexpensive, the Trudell
posits the Breathe Brick as a way to lower pollution
levels in developing countries, where rapid
expansion of industry and less stringent
environmental regulations often cause problems.
  Concrete made of Plastic or Waste
The Bath-led research—in
partnership with colleagues
from Goa Engineering College,
India – has shown how
replacing 10 per cent of sandin
concrete with waste plastic may
help to reduce the vast amounts
of plastic waste on India's
streets, and deal with a national
sand shortage.
Published in the journal
Construction and Building
Materials, the research demonstrates how the team investigated various different types of plastic to see
if they could be crushed and used as a replacement for sand, which typically accounts for 30 percent of
a concrete mixture.
The University of Bath-led project showed that replacing sand with similarly sized and shaped waste
plastic particles from ground up plastic bottles, resulted in concrete which was almost as strong as
conventional concrete mixtures. By replacing 10 per cent of sand in concrete, it is calculated this approach
could save 820 million tonnes of sand a year, and help reduce levels of plastic waste.
The researchers investigated this approach by testing concrete cubes and cylinders. Five types of plastic
particles, including those from recycled plastic bottles and recycled plastic bags, were trialled in the mixes
in a variety of sizes. Recycled plastic bottles, ground and graded to match the sand being replaced, were
found to perform best.
As one of the world's fastest growing economies, a booming construction sector and a rapidly growing
urban population, the cost and demand for sand in India has sky-rocketed with 280 megatons of cement
manufactured there in 2014 alone.
This has led to unregulated sand extraction
from riverbeds; to the extent that such mining
is now banned in many Indian states. Also,
the high level of sand extraction can lead to
other problems such as coastal erosion and
an unstable fishing industry. The country's
rapid development has also meant waste
plastic has become a significant problem in
India with 15,000 tons of plastic dumped in
the streets everyday due to a lack of suitable
recycling facilities. Previous research has
investigated the potential of partially replacing sand in concrete with crushed car tyres and other similar
materials; this led to Dr. Orr and his team investigating the viability of using plastic waste as a possible
alternative to sand.
This research, which today (Thursday 13 September 2018) has been selected by an international
scientific committee to receive the Atlas Award in recognition of its potential societal impact around the
world, provides the proof of concept for an approach which could significantly address India's waste and
sand shortage problems as well offering a solution for future sustainable construction.
Principal investigator and Cambridge University Lecturer in Concrete Structures, Dr. John Orr – who
completed the research whilst working at the University of Bath – commented:
Typically, when you put an inert, man-made material like plastic into concrete, you lose a bit of strength
because the plastic material doesn't bond to the cement paste in the material in the same way that a
sand particle would.
The key challenge here was to have a limit between a small reduction in strengths, which we achieved,
and using an appropriate amount of plastic to make it worthwhile. It is really a viable material for use in
some areas of construction that might help us to tackle issues of not being able to recycle the plastic and
meeting a demand for sand.
Co-investigator and Reader in the University of Bath's Department of Architecture & Civil Engineering,
Dr. Richard Ball, said:
Characteristics of the waste being added to the concrete, such as the type of plastic and the size and
shape of the particles can all have an influence on the final concrete properties. Even when the reduction
in performance prohibits structural applications lower tech uses such as paving slabs may be viable.
Globally, concrete plays an integral part in
the construction industry accounting for
around nine per cent of a new building's
budget whilst being responsible for nearly
half a building's CO2 emissions. Each year,
4.2 trillion kilograms of cement is
manufactured, resulting in about 1.9 cubic
metres of concrete for every person on the
planet. It is predicted construction will
continue to accelerate with a floor area
equivalent to that of Paris expected to be
built every week until 2040.

 Concrete Absorbing Water (Topmix Permeable)

When water hits Topmix Permeable concrete, it doesn't flow in all directions, slicking up the surface.
It flows in one direction — down. And it vanishes almost instantly. Traditional concrete has to be
permeable enough to let a minimum of 300 millimetres of water an hour through to the ground level. That
allows it to safely handle a major storm event every 100 years. Topmix Permeable, in contrast, lets
through 36,000 millimetres of water an hour, or approximately 880 gallons every minute. The
seemingly magical product comes from Tarmac, a UK building materials and solutions company, which
created Topmix Permeable to divert rainwater during storms. While the company itself is only a few
months old, the technology has been in development for the last six years, says product development
manager Craig Burgess. One of the main issues with permeable pavements is that they require heavy
maintenance due to blockage, Burgess says. As water flows through the concrete, it can mix with the dirt
underneath and harden inside the gaps, reducing the permeability.
Burgess says Tarmac avoided this problem with "paste control," an in-house technique used to mix the
concrete that keeps it porous over time.

Rather than use sand-based concrete, Tarmac uses something called no-fines concrete. It's made up of
tiny pieces of crushed granite packed together. While Burgess says the mixture is extremely dry, the
pieces are packed loosely enough to allow water to pass through.
The system can accommodate three designs: full infiltration, partial infiltration, and full attenuation.
 Full infiltration refers to a system where all water goes through Topmix to flow into the soil
underneath. It's particularly useful in wet areas that don't need to collect the rainwater.
 Partial infiltration involves a semi-permeable barrier beneath Topmix that acts as a drainage
system into nearby sewers or waterways — useful when the layer beneath Topmix can't pass
the water through on its own.
 Full attenuation uses a capture system to store all the water that flows through Topmix. This
option is most useful in areas with unclean water and high recycling rates, since the captured
water can be reused later.
Cities can choose between the three systems depending on their needs, Tarmac says.
Topmix Permeable fares well in all climates except extreme cold, according to the company. In tests, it
performed best in driving conditions where the speed limit was 30 miles per hour or less, and traffic was
moderate to light.
Topmix is currently limited to sales in the UK. In its brief life span, it's been installed on a car park and a
golf course.
Though the one-time cost of replacing infrastructural systems may be high — given that existing roads
would need to be totally gutted — over time the reduced maintenance costs could make Topmix a
worthwhile investment in countries prone to flooding.
Or those that simply want to be more like sponges.
 Carbon Fiber Strands

Japan-based Komatsu Seiten Fabric Laboratory has

created a new thermoplastic carbon fiber composite
called CABKOMA Strand Rod. The Strand Rod is a
carbon fiber composite which is covered in both
synthetic and inorganic fibers and finished with a
thermoplastic resin. The material has been used on
the exterior of Komatsu Seiten’s head office.
The carbon fiber strands have many advantageous
features. Not only is it aesthetically pleasing, but it also
is the lightest seismic reinforcement in the world. It has
high tensile strength with a “delicate but strong
structural body.”
World renowned architect, Kengo Kuma was the first to
use this reinforcement material with his design
of Komatsu Seiren’s head office. The use of textiles,
along with the carbon fiber composites was also
considered, including the “’greenbiz’ ultrafine porous
spongy ceramic base, which is an eco-friendly building
material.” The completed building is not known as the
“fa-bo” fabric laboratory.
A 160 meter-long roll of CABKOMA Strand Rod weighs
only 12kg, and is easily transportable. For comparison,
metal wire of the same strength is approximately five
times heavier.
REFERENCES

 Poverty in the Philippines: Causes, Constraints and Opportunities (2009)

Retrieved from: https://www.adb.org/publications/poverty-philippines-causes-constraints-and-
opportunities
 The Philippine Housing Plan Is an Epic Failure (2017)
Retrieved from: https://www.asianjournal.com/business/consumer-columnists/the-philippine-
housing-plan-is-an-epic-failure/
 Housing in the Philippines (2013)
Retrieved from: https://www.slideshare.net/joems_angel2000/housing-in-the-philippines
 Self-healing of concrete (2014)
Retrieved from: https://www.ugent.be/ea/structural-
engineering/en/research/magnel/research/research3/selfhealing
 This Innovative Brick Sucks Pollution from the Air Like a Vacuum Cleaner (2015)
Retrieved from: https://www.archdaily.com/771767/this-innovative-brick-sucks-pollution-from-
the-air-like-a-vacuum-cleaner
 Waste plastic in concrete could support sustainable construction in India (2018)
Retrieved from: https://phys.org/news/2018-09-plastic-concrete-sustainable-india.html
 This 'thirsty' concrete absorbs 880 gallons of water a minute (2016)
Retrieved from: https://www.businessinsider.com/how-magical-concrete-absorbs-water-2015-9
 Kengo Kuma Uses Carbon Fiber Strands to Protect Building from Earthquakes (2016)

Retrieved from: https://www.archdaily.com/785175/komatsu-seiren-fabric-laboratory-creates-

cabkoma-strand-rod-to-protect-building-from-earthquakes