CORE: UNIT 3

GLOBAL RESOURCE CONSUMPTION & SECURITY

 CORE: UNIT 3.1 – GLOBAL TRENDS IN CONSUMPTION
GEOGRAPHIC INQUIRY NUMBER OF LESSONS:
How global development processes affect resource availability and consumption 10 (Approx)

KNOWLEDGE & UNDERSTANDING

a) Global and regional/continental progress towards poverty reduction, including the growth of the
“new global middle class”

KNOWLEDGE & UNDERSTANDING

b) Measuring trends in resource consumption, including individual, national and global ecological
footprints

KNOWLEDGE & UNDERSTANDING

c) An overview of global patterns and trends in the availability and consumption of:
• water, including embedded water in food and manufactured goods
• land/food, including changing diets in middle-income countries
• energy, including the relative and changing importance of hydrocarbons,
nuclear power, renewables, new sources of modern energy

SYNTHESIS, EVALUATION AND SKILLS

d) How different patterns and trends are interrelated and involve spatial interactions between
different places
 LESSON 1 – PROGRESS TOWARDS POVERTY REDUCTION
KEY VOCABULARY:
1) Distance Decay

LESSON OBJECTIVES
By the end of the lesson, you will:
a) Understand the progress made towards poverty
reduction.
b) Understand the reasons for the growth of the global
middle class.
LEARNING THE MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS 2000-2015

WAS THE MILLENIUM DEVELOPMENTS SUCCESFUL?

 Successes and Failures of MDGS
• A set of 8 goals set by UN launched in 2000 and aimed to be achieved by 2015.
• Successes of the millennium development goals:
a)Increased primary education from 80-90%.
b) Promotes gender equality and female empowerment.
c) Improved maternal health and reduced child mortality.
d) Eradicated extreme poverty and hunger.
• Failures of the Millennium development goals:
a) The efforts to increase effectiveness of the goals were not uniform especially in
terms of pioverty which increased in Africa.
b) As more aid went into the LICS corruption increased making the rich richer.
c) As there is no uniform measure of measuring such a large set of factors aims
such as these could have been unsuccessful.
LEARNING THE MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS 2000-2015
An evaluation of the MDGs
• The proportion of people in LICs
living in extreme poverty fell
from nearly 50% to 14%, a drop
of over 50%. The actual target
was reached 5 years ahead of
schedule.

• The actual number of people in

extreme poverty fell from 1.9
billion to 836 million.

• The number of people with

access to over US$4 per day has
gone from 18% to 50%: the
growth of the new 'global middle
class’.

• 800 million people continue to

live in extreme poverty.

• Gender inequality persists in

spite of more representation of
women in parliament and more
girls going to school.
TASK 1 RESEARCH TASK - SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS

1. 2. WHAT WERE THE

INTRODUCTION GOALS?
TO THE 3. WHAT ARE THE
SUSTAINABLE SUCCESSES OF THE
DEVELOPMENT SDGs? GIVE
GOALS EXAMPLES
4. WHERE ARE THE SDGs LIKELY TO
FALL SHORT? GIVE EXAMPLES
 Sustainable Development Goals
• Sustainable development goals were an Criticisms of the SDGS:
initiative by the UN launched in 2015 to a) The goals ignore underlying global
bring an end to global poverty, protect inequalities in the international
system as they favour a rich
the plant and ensure the by 2030 all
minority.
people live in global peace and poverty. b) The goals are top-down and
• The goals are a group of 17 aims some bureaucratic ignoring local context.
of which are no poverty, zero hunger, c) Lack of data: the data present to
global health and well-being etc. look at development is not uniform
• Successes of the sustainable or can be absent causing a failure to
understand improvements.
development goals:
a) More than one billion people have
been lifted from poverty.
b) Child Mortality has dropped by more
than half.
c) The number of out of school children
has dropped by half.
d) HIV/aid’s infection decreased by 40%.
LEARNING THE NEW GLOBAL MIDDLE CLASS EFFECT
According to the 2021 Credit Suisse Global Wealth
Report, the global middle-class, defined as adults
whose assets amount to between $10,000 to
$100,000, more than tripled to 1.7 billion in mid-2020
from just 507m in 2000.

These increasing numbers of middle-class people are

the result of the increase in average incomes and the
fall in the number of people living in absolute
poverty, some of the credit can go towards the
MDGs.

In 2009, there were around 1.8 billion middle-class

people, mainly in Europe (664 million), Asia (525
million) and North America (338 million). However,
there was a small but increasing proportion of middle
class in all other regions, too. The increasing middle-
class sector is an important economic feature, since it
helps to increase sales of goods such as electrical
goods, mobile phones and cars. For example, sales of
cars and motorbikes have increased by over 800 per
cent since 2009. However, continued growth is not
always guaranteed.
LEARNING THE NEW GLOBAL MIDDLE CLASS EFFECT
LEARNING CASE STUDY: VIETNAM’S MIDDLE CLASS
LEARNING CASE STUDY: VIETNAM’S MIDDLE CLASS
On A3/A4 paper, produce a HAND-WRITTEN revision resource that outlines economic growth
in Vietnam. You should as always, make it clear, concise, bold and interesting.
Vietnam and its economic success
 Problems with Vietnams economy
• When the North and South were divided politically in 1954, they also adopted different economic
ideologies: communist in the North and capitalist in the South. Destruction caused by the 1954-1975
Vietnam War seriously strained Vietnam's economy. Across Vietnam, the situation was worsened by the
country's 3 million military and civilian deaths and its later exodus of 2 million refugees, including tens of
thousands of professionals, intellectuals, technicians, and skilled workers.
• Between 1976 and 1986, for annual growth rates for industry, agriculture, and national income and aimed
to integrate the North and the South, the plan's aims were not achieved: the economy remained
dominated by small-scale production, low labour productivity, unemployment, material and technological
shortfalls, and insufficient food and consumer goods. The more modest goals of the Third Five-Year Plan
(1981–1985) were a compromise between ideological and pragmatic factions; they emphasized the
development of agriculture and industry. Efforts were also made to decentralize planning and improve the
managerial skills of government officials.[In 1986 Vietnam launched a political and economic renewal
campaign (Doi Moi) that introduced reforms intended to facilitate the transition from a centrally planned
economy to form of market socialism officially termed “Socialist oriented economy." Doi Moi
combined economic planningwith free-market incentives and encouraged the establishment of private
businesses in the production of consumer goods and foreign investment, including foreign-owned
enterprises. By the late 1990s, the success of the business and agricultural reforms ushered in under Doi
Moi was evident. More than 30,000 private businesses had been created, and the economy was growing at
an annual rate of more than 7 percent, and poverty was nearly halved.
 IMF intervention successes
• Firstly, IMF devalued the currency of Vietnam bring inflation from 300-
400%annually to just 8% by 1993.
• Private ownership was encouraged in Vietnam after the drop of inflation
starting with commercializing cooperative farms and giving rightsof
ownership to people.
• Finally, then Vietnam was open to the foreign market causing large FDI
leading to formation of many jobs. Companies like Samsung had invested
large amounts at about $17.5 billion and also had employed by 160000
people in Vietnam.
• By the early 21st century most of the market of Vietnam was dominated by
business in the tertiary sector and most of these businesses we
Vietnamese owned.