1.

,167$/$,,(/(&752(1(5*(7,&(1$9$/(

&21',,,'()81&,21$5($/((&+,3$0(178/8,
ELECTROENERGETIC DE LA BORDUL NAVELOR

&RQGLLLOH GH H[SORDWDUH DOH XWLODMXOXL HOHFWULF QDYDO VH FDUDFWHUL]HD] SULQ DFLXQHD
XUPWRULORUIDFWRUL
- UXOLXOúLWDQJDMXOFDUHVHGHWHUPLQIXQFLHGHVWDUHDPULL
- YLEUDLLOHFRUSXOXLQDYHLDFURUYDORDUHHVWHGHWHUPLQDWGHQXPUXOGHSDOHúLIUHFYHQD
GHURWDLHDHOLFHL
- WUHSLGDLLGLQDPLFHFUHDWHGHORYLWXULOHYDOXULORUúLJKHLL
- FRQVWDQWHOH GH DVLHW vQFOLQDUHD WUDQVYHUVDO úL ORQJLWXGLQDO  D FURU YDORDUH HVWH
GHWHUPLQDW GH JUDGXO GH vQFUFDUH DO QDYHL XPSOHUHD FLVWHUQHORU úL LQXQGDUHD
compartimentelor;
- XPLGLWDWHD UHODWLY úL WHPSHUDWXULOH vQDOWH DOH DHUXOXL vQ XQHOH FRPSDUWLPHQWH DOH QDYHL
&0EXFWDULFOGUL
- vapori de produse petroliere;
- VWURSLUHDFXDSDFRSHULUHDFXJKHDUDGLDLLVRODUH
&RQIRUPFHULQHOH515WRDWHLQVWDODLLOHúLVLVWHPHOHFDUHFRPSXQXWLODMXOHOHFWULFQDYDOVH
FDOFXOHD]SHQWUXRIXQFLRQDUHQRUPDOFXXPLGLWDWHDUHODWLYDDHUXOXLGHúLWHPSHUDWXUD
45°& RUL  úL °& VDX  úL °& vQFOLQDUHD WUDQVYHUVDOD D QDYHL SkQ OD ° úL
ORQJLWXGLQDODSkQOD°VDXUXOLXSkQOD°WDQJDMSkQOD°IDGHYHUWLFDOYLEUDLLFX
IUHFYHQGHODOD+]FXDPSOLWXGLQHDGHPPODIUHFYHQHOHGH+]úLFXDFFHOHUDLD
5 m/s2ODIUHFYHQHOHGHOD+]ORYLWXULGLQDPLFHFXDFFHOHUDLDGHPV2úLIUHFYHQDGH
40-80 lovituri pe minut.
&HQWUDODHOHFWULFQDYDOHVWHGHVWLQDWSHQWUXRELQHUHDFRQYHUWLUHDúLGLVWULEXLUHDHQHUJLHL
electrice.
&(1 WUHEXLH V IXQFLRQH]H QHvQWUHUXSW úL V DVLJXUH SURGXFHUHD úL GLVWULEXLUHD HQHUJLHL
electrice.
3HQWUXPULUHDILDELOLWLL&(1VHSUHYHGH
- IXQFLRQDUHD LQGHSHQGHQW úL vQ SDUDOHO D VXUVHORU GH HQHUJLH HOHFWULF FH LQWU vQ
FRPSRQHQDXQHL&(1
- posibilitatea transferului energiei electrice de la o CEN la alta;
- SRVLELOLWDWHDORFDOL]ULLUDSLGHDGHIHFWHORUHOHPHQWHORUSULQFRPXWDUHDVFKHPHORU
- GHSUWDUHDPLQLPvQWUH73'úLVXUVHOHGHHQHUJLHDOH&(1
- LPSRVLELOLWDWHDLQFHQGLHULLVLPXOWDQHDGRX&(1
- PRQWDUHD 7' úL DúH]DUHD WUDVHHORU GH FDEODM vQ ORFXUL SURWHMDWH vPSRWULYD DFLXQLORU
perturbatoare;
- DOLPHQWDUHDFRQVXPDWRULORUHVHQLDOLFXHQHUJLHHOHFWULFGHODGLIHULWH&(1VDXVXUVHGH
energie.
&RQVXPDWRULL HVHQLDOL ± VXQW FRQVXPDWRULL FDUH DVLJXU GHSODVDUHD QDYHL VLJXUDQD
SHUVRQDOXOXL LQWHJULWDWHD vQFUFWXULL úL vQGHSOLQLUHD PLVLXQLORU SULQFLSDOH SHQWUX FDUH D IRVW
FRQVWUXLWQDYD
Consumatorii QHHVHQLDOL ± VXQW FRQVXPDWRULL FDUH DVLJXU PLMORDFHOH GH WUDL úL GH
JRVSRGULUH
Alegerea felului curentului:
([LVWGRXIHOXULGHFXUHQWFFúLc.a.
Sistemele HOHFWURHQHUJHWLFHSURGXFúLGLVWULEXLHODFRQVXPDWRULFDWULID]DWúLPRQRID]DWFX
IUHFYHQDGH+]

7
 ÌQ LQVWDODLLOH XQGH HVWH QHFHVDU c.c. se face redresarea c.a.. Comparând diferitele elemente
componente ale CEN de FFúLFDWULID]DWúLPRQRID]DWVHSRDWHREVHUYDFDILDELOLWDWHDPDVD
JDEDULWHOH FRVWXO úL DOL LQGLFDWRUL DL GLHVHOJHQHUDWRDUHORU úL WXUERJHQHUDWRDUHORU VXQW
aproximativ la fel.
7DEORXULOH GH GLVWULEXLH GH FD ID GH FHOH GH c.c. au masa ceva mai mare, la fel
GLPHQVLXQLOHúLFRVWXODYkQGvQYHGHUHFDvQSULPXOFD]WDEORXULOHVXQWWULSRODUHúLvQDOGRLOHD
bipolare.
0DVDWRWDOFRVWXOúLYROXPXORFXSDWGHOLQLLOHGHc.a. sunt ceva mai mari decât indicatorii
similari ai c.c.
'DF SHQWUX FRQVXPDWRULL GH HQHUJLH HVWH SUHIHUHQLDO c.c. atunci S.E.E.N. trebuie realizat
pentru c.c.
ÌQDFLRQULOHHOHFWULFHDOHPHFDQLVPHORUúLLQVWDODLLORUFHOHPDLUVSkQGLWHVXQWPRWRDUHOH
asincrone cu rotor în scurtcircuit, mai rar motoarele asincrone cu rotorul bobinat sau cele
sincrone.
$YkQGRFRQVWUXFLHPDLVLPSOPRWRDUHOHDVLQFURQHFXURWRUvQVFXUWFLUFXLWDXRPDVPDL
PLFGLPHQVLXQLúLFRVWXULPDLPLFLGHFkWPRWRDUHOHGHc.c.
6LVWHPXOGHFRPDQGDOPRWRUXOXLDVLQFURQHVWHGHUHJXOPXOWPDLVLPSOXIDGHVLVWHPXO
GHFRPDQGDOPRWRUXOXLGHc.c.
Se alege o CEN în c.a. deoarece avem posibilitatea:
- WUDQVIRUPULLWHQVLXQLLFXDMXWRUXOWUDQVIRUPDWRDUHORU
- divizarea sistemului HOHFWURHQHUJHWLF FX DMXWRUXO WUDQVIRUPDWRDUHORU vQ SRULXQL VHSDUDWH
QHOHJDWHHOHFWULFGHIRUúLLOXPLQDW
- IRORVLUHDWHQVLXQLORUvQDOWHIUDvQUXWLILDELOLWDWHDúLVLJXUDQDvQH[SORDWDUH
$OHJHUHDIUHFYHQHLQRPLQDOH
6XUVHOHGHHQHUJLHHOHFWULFGHODQDYHvQFDFDúLFHOHGHODPDOSURGXFHQHUJLHHOHFWULFvQ
IUHFYHQ QRPLQDO GH  +] $FHDVWD FRUHVSXQGH FHULQHORU PDMRULWLL FRQVXPDWRULORU GH
HQHUJLHGHSHQDY
3H QDY H[LVWD FRQVXPDWRUL FDUH IRORVHVF  IUHFYHQH QRPLQDOH GH  +] ± VWDLLOH GH
UDGLRORFDLHDSDUDWXUDGHQDYLJDLHGHFXWDUHHWF$OLPHQWDUHDDFHVWRUFRQVXPDWRULVHIDFHGH
ODUHHDXDGH+]SULQconvertizorii respectivi.
/DIUHFYHQDGH+]JUHXWDWHDWRWDOúLGLPHQVLXQLOHDJUHJDWHORUVHPLFúRUHD]GHRUL
GDUFUHHD]XQQLYHOGH]JRPRWPDLULGLFDWSHUWXUEDLLUDGLRPDULDXFRVWPDUHúLILDELOLWDWHD
PDLVF]XWGLVLSDUHGLILFLODFOGXULLGDWRULWSLHUGHULORU
Alegerea tensiunii nominale:
3HQWUXXWLODMXOHOHFWULFDOQDYHORU515SHUPLWHIRORVLUHDXUPWRDUHORUWHQVLXQLQRPLQDOH
− pentru c.c. 12V; 24V; 110V; 220V
− pentru c.a. 12V; 24V; 36V; 127V; 220V; 380V
*UHXWLOHGLPHQVLXQLOHúLFRVWXO&(1DHOHPHQWHORUFRPSRQHQWHGHSLQGvQPRGHVHQLDOGH
WHQVLXQHFXUHQWúLSXWHUH
P=UI în c.c. Ps=S= 3UI în c.a.
Alegerea valRULLWHQVLXQLLQRPLQDOHD&(1VHIDFHPHUHXGXSGHWHUPLQDUHDSXWHULLVXUVHORU
GHHQHUJLHHOHFWULF
7HQGLQDGHDSVWUDJUHXWDWHDúLWHQVLXQLOHFkWúLFRVWXULOHvQOLPLWHUH]RQDELOHSHPVXUDFH
FUHúWHSXWHUHD&(1HVWHvQVRLWGHFUHúWHUHDWHQVLXQLLQRPLQDOH
Astfel:
− IRORVLUHDWHQVLXQLORUSkQODFkLYDYROL9HVWHLQGLFDWSHQWUXSXWHUHD&(1HJDOFX
FkLYD.:
− tensiunile de 110-220V sunt pentru CEN de la 100-300KW
− tensiunea de 380 sunt pentru CEN>300KW

8
 &UHúWHUHD WHQVLXQLL HVWH OHJDW GH FUHúWHUHD SUREDELOLWLL HOHFWURFXWULL SHUVRQDOXOXL GH
deservire.
ÌQXQLWLOHGHLOXPLQDWVHIRORVHVFWHQVLXQLOHGH9
ÌQ IRORVLUHD XQHL &(1 FX WHQVLXQHD GH  UHHDXD GH LOXPLQDW VH YD DOLPHQWD SULQ
WUDQVIRUPDWRDUHFRERUkWRDUHHOLPLQkQGXVHDVWIHOOHJWXUDGLQWUHUHHDXDGHLOXPLQDWúLUHHDXD
GHIRUDVLVWHPXOXLFUHVFkQGDVWIHOILDELOLWDWHD
Transportul energiei electrice este legat întotdeauna de pierderile de tensiune, deoarece:
OLQLLOHGHWUDQVSRUWDXRRDUHFDUHUH]LVWHQDFWLYúLUHDFWLYYDORDUHDFUHLDHVWHSURSRULRQDO
cu lungimea liniei.
5HJLVWUXO1DYDOSHUPLWHSLHUGHULGHWHQVLXQH SH OLQLL vQ OLPLWHOH GH  ID GH YDORDUHD
QRPLQDOGHDLFLUH]XOWFSHQWUXPLFúRUDUHDSLHUGHULORUGHWHQVLXQHvQUHHDVDXvQVLVWHPHVWH
LQGLFDWFUHúWHUHDWHQVLXQLLQRPLQDOH
&(1SRWIL±UHXQLWHFXLQVWDODLLGHSURSXOVLH
DXWRQRPHFXUHFXSHUDUHDHQHUJLHLGLQLQVWDODLDGHSURSXOVLH

1.2. SISTEMUL ELECTROENERGETIC AL NAVEI

• 6((1 FXSULQGH WRWDOLWDWHD VXUVHORU GH HQHUJLH HOHFWULF FRQYHUWRDUHORU GH HQHUJLH
HOHFWULF7' UHHOHORU HOHFWULFH úL FRQVXPDWRULORU GH HQHUJLH HOHFWULF UHXQLWH vQ SURFHVXO
GHSURGXFHUHWUDQVSRUWGLVWULEXLHúLFRQVXPGHHQHUJLHHOHFWULFODERUGXOQDYHL
• &(1 ± DQVDPEOXO VXUVHORU GH HQHUJLH HOHFWULF vPSUHXQ FX 73' IRUPHD] FHQWUDOD
HOHFWULFDQDYHL
• &D VXUVH GH HQHUJLH HOHFWULF OD QDYH VH IRORVHVF JHQHUDWRDUH GH FF úL FD DFLRQDWH GH
turbine sau motoare diesel, baterii de acumulatoare.
• 7'±VXQWGLVSR]LWLYHGHVWLQDWHFRQHFWULLOLQLLORUGHGLVWULEXLHDHQHUJLHLHOHFWULFH
• 'UHSW FRQYHUWRDUH GH HQHUJLH HOHFWULF VH IRORVHVF WUDQVIRUPDWRDUH UHGUHVRDUH
invertoare, etc.
• 73'±7'ODFDUHVHFRQHFWHD]VXUVHOHGHHQHUJLHHOHFWULFúLUHHDXDGHIRUDQDYHL
• 5HHDXDHOHFWULFDQDYHL±DQVDPEOXOOLQLLORUGHWUDQVSRUWDHQHUJLHLHOHFWULFHúL7'
,QVWDODLLOHHOHFWURHQHUJHWLFHQDYDOHVHFODVLILFvQSULQFLSDOGXSLQWHUGHSHQGHQDGLQWUHHOH
úLLQVWDODLLOHGHSURSXOVLH
S.E.E.N. sunt: - autonome;
FXUHFXSHUDUHDHQHUJLHLGLQLQVWDODLLGHSURSXOVLH
- UHXQLWHFXLQVWDODLDGHSURSXOVLH

S.E.E.N. autonome

Consumatori:
T/D – turbina sau motor diesel
G – generator
73'±WDEORXSUGHGLVWULEXLH
R – redresor
TR - transformator

)LJ6FKHPDEORFD6((1FXRVLQJXU&(1

9
 7/0±WDEORXOHJWXU
cu malul.

Fig. 2. Schema bloc a SEEN autonome cu 2 C.E.N.

Consumatori de avarie

Fig. 3. Schema bloc a unui SEEN cu o CEN

SULQFLSDOúLXQDGHDYDULH

6((1FX&(1DUHRILDELOLWDWHPDLEXQGHRDUHFHODLHúLUHDGLQIXQFLXQHDXQHL&(1
DOLPHQWDUHDFXHQHUJLHHOHFWULFHVWHDVLJXUDWFXFHDGHDGRXDFHQWUDO
3HQWUXPLFúRUDUHDFXUHQLORUGHVFXUWFLUFXLWHVWHQHFHVDUVVHSUHYDG&(1VDXPDLPXOWH
vQFD]XOvQFDUHDYHPPDLPXOWHJHQHUDWRDUHODRSXWHUHD&(1GH.:úLRWHQVLXQHGH
9FRPSRQHQWHGHúRFDOHFXUHQLORUGHVFXUWFLUFXLWSRWDWLQJH.$YDORULFDUHVH
JVHVFODOLPLWDVWDELOLWLLGLQDPLFHDvQWUHUXSWRDUHORUDXWRPDWHXWLOL]DWH&HOH&(1SRWDYHD
XQDVDXGRXOLQLLGHOHJWXU
'DF6((1DUHQXPDL'*DWXQFLVHFRQVLGHUSHGHSOLQDXWRQRP
'DF 6((1 DUH WXUERJHQHUDWRDUH DWXQFL GH UHJXO VH PDL PRQWHD]  JUXSXUL '* GH
UH]HUY GHRDUHFH SURGXFHUHD DEXUXOXL QHFHVLW XQ WLPS GH SRUQLUH PDL  PDUH GLQ VWDUH UHFH
decât la motoarele diesel.
6H SRDWH LQVWDOD úL R &(1 GH DYDULH FDUH DUH R OLQLH GH OHJWXU FX XQD GLQ &(1
&RQVXPDWRULLGHDYDULHVXQWDVWIHODOLPHQWDLQHvQWUHUXSW

6((1&85(&83(5$5($(1(5*,(,',1,167$/$,$'(
PROPULSIE

5HFXSHUDUHDHQHUJLHLGLQLQVWDODLDGHSURSXOVLHVHUHDOL]HD]SUDFWLF
- SULQ XWLOL]DUHD JHQHUDWRDUHORU GH D[ DQWUHQDWH SULQWUR WUDQVPLVLH PHFDQLF GH FWUH D[XO
HOLFHLDQWUHQDWODUkQGXOVXGH03±HOLFHDWUHEXLHVDLESDVUHJODELO
- Prin utilizarea turbogeneratoarelor care folosesc aburul generat de caldarina recuperatoare
produce abur pe baza energiei termice a gazelor evacuate.

10
 8WLOL]DUHD DFHVWRU 6((1 HVWH UDLRQDO OD DFHOH QDYH FDUH vQ WRDW SHULRDGD GH PDUú DX R
YLWH]FRQVWDQWVDXFDUHDXDEDWHULPLFLGHODYDORDUHDSUHFLVFXSULQVvQWUH“JXPWDWHYLWH]”
SkQOD³7RDWYLWH]D”.
(QHUJLDHOHFWULFSURGXVGHJHQHUDWRDUHOHGHD[HVWHPXOWPDLLHIWLQGHRDUHFHUDQGDPHQWXO
WHUPLFDO03HVWHPDLPDUHGHFkWDOPRWRDUHORU'LHVHOGHDQWUHQDUHDJHQHUDWRDUHORUúL03
FRQVXPSFXU
,QVWDODLDFDOGDULQHORUUHFXSHUDWRDUHHVWHUDLRQDOQXPDLODSXWHULPDLPDULGH.:úL
GDFDFHVWHDIXQFLRQHD]PDLPXOWGHFkWMXPWDWHDSHULRDGHLGHPHUV
'H]DYDQWDM ± UHFXSHUDUHD HQHUJLHL GLQ LQVWDODLD GH SURSXOVLH HVWH GHSHQGHQD GH
IXQFLRQDUHD03,(1HGHSHQGHQWGH03úLGHYLWH]DGHPDUú

Fig. 4. 6((1FXUHFXSHUDUHDHQHUJLHLGLQLQVWDODLDGHSURSXOVLH
SULQJHQHUDWRUGHD[úLSULQcaldarina receptoare

6WDELOL]DUHDSDUDPHWULORU 6((1 FDUH FRQLQH JHQHUDWRDUH GH D[ HVWH SRVLELO SULQ XWLOL]DUHD
XQRUFRQYHUWL]RDUHFDUHGDXODLHúLUHRIUHFYHQFRQVWDQWLQGLIHUHQWGHWXUDLDOLQLHLGHD[HVDX
prin utilizarea unei elice cu pas reglabil.
6((1 FDUH UHFXSHUHD] HQHUJLD JD]HORU GH HúDSDPHQW DX R VWDELOLWDWH PDL EXQ GDWRULW
LQHULHL PDUL D FDOGDULQHORU UHFXSHUDWRDUH SUHFXP úL GDWRULW FRQWUROULL UHODWLY FRPRGH D
debitului de abur utilizat.

6((15(81,7(&8,167$/$,$'(35238/6,(

ÌQFD]XOvQFDUHQDYDHVWHSURSXOVDWGHPRWRDUHHOHFWULFHHVWHUHFRPDQGDELOFDLQVWDODLDGH
SURSXOVLH V ILH UHXQLW FX ,(1 PRWRDUHOH GH SURSXOVLH ILLQG DOLPHQWDWH GH 73' $FHDVW
LQVWDODLH HVWH vQWkOQLW OD QDYHOH GH IRUDM UHPRUFKHUH  3RODU  úL  QDYH GH GHPDJQHWL]DUH
macarale plutitoare.
M – motor de propulsie electric
&±FRQYHUWL]RUEORFGHFRPDQG

consumatori

)LJ6FKHPDEORFD6((1UHXQLWFXLQVWDODLDGHSURSXOVLH

11
 6FKHPHOHEORFDOH&(1WUHEXLHVILHFRQFHSXWHDVWIHOvQFkWVDVLJXUH
IXQFLRQDUHDvQSDUDOHODWXWXURUJHQHUDWRDUHORUGLQ&(1
- IXQFLRQDUHDVHSDUDWDWkWDXQXLVLQJXUJHQHUDWRUFkWúLDXQXLJUXSGHJHQHUDWRDUHILHFDUH
FRQHFWkQGXVHODRVHFLHVHSDUDWGLQ73'
- SURWHFLD JHQHUDWRDUHORU úL D FLUFXLWHORU GH OHJWXU GLQWUH JHQHUDWRDUH úL 73' vPSRWULYD
UHJLPXULORUDQRUPDOHGHIXQFLRQDUH
- SRVLELOLWDWHDDOLPHQWULLGHODPDOVDXGHODDOWHQDYH
- RSRVLELOLWDWHVLPSOGHWUHFHUHGHODXQUHJLPGHIXQFLRQDUHODDOWXO
- HIHFWXDUHDXQRUUHYL]LLúLUHSDUDLLSHULRGLFHDOH73'SDULDOneaflat sub tensiune;
- SRVLELOLWDWHDFRQIHFLRQULL73'SHVHFLL
- JDEDULWHúLPDVHPLQLPHSHQWUX73'
ÌQJHQHUDOVHLQVWDOHD]&(1FXXQVLQJXUVLVWHPGHEDUHFXDMXWRUXOVHSDUDWRDUHORUGHEDUH
D vQWUHUXSWRDUHORU DXWRPDWH VDX D SXQLORU GLQWUH EDH VH SRDWH vPSUL vQ PDL PXOWH VHFLL
$FHVWOXFUXSHUPLWHIXQFLRQDUHDVHSDUDWDJHQHUDWRDUHORU&kQGSXWHUHD,(1HVWHPDUHSHQWUX
PLFúRUDUHDFXUHQLORUGHVFXUWFLUFXLWVHFRQVWUXLHVF&(1FXVLVWHPHGHEDUH

Fig. 6. Schema bloc a unei CEN cu 2 sisteme de bare

- S1 … S5±VHFLL
- a1, a3 – separatoare
- a2 – comutator
- G1 … G5 – grupuri de consumatori
- TR1, TR2 –transformatoare 380/220 V
- S1úL62±VHFRQHFWHD]JHQHUDWRDUHOHúLFRQVXPDWRULLHVHQLDOL
- S3±VHFRQHFWHD]FRQVXPDWRULLFHVXQWDOLPHQWDLODVWDLRQDUHDQDYHLúL7/0
- S4úL65 – consumatori la 220 V.
&X DMXWRUXO VHSDUDWRUXOXL D VH GLYL]HD] 61 úL 62 SHUPLkQGXVH UHYL]LD DSDUDWXULL
JHQHUDWRDUHORUVDXFRQVXPDWRULORUGHODILHFDUHGLQDFHVWHVHFLLSHUPLWHIXQFLRQDUHDvQSDUDOHO
a G1-G46HFLD63 poate primi alimentarea de la S1 sau S2 prin comutatorul a2.
Când se face alimentarea de la mal se poate face revizia la S1úL62.
6HSDUDWRUXODSHUPLWHUHYL]LDVHFLLORU64 úL65.
3URWHFLD JHQHUDWRDUHORU úL D FLUFXLWHORU OD VFXUWFLUFXLW úL VXSUDVDUFLQ VH UHDOL]HD] FX
DMXWRUXOvQWUHUXSWRDUHORUDXWRPDWH
6LVWHPXOGHGLVWULEXLHHVWHDQVDPEOXOWXWXURUOLQLLORUSULQFDUHHQHUJLDHOHFWULFVHGLVWULEXLH
FWUHFRQVXPDWRULOHJWXULOHDFHVWRUOLQLLFX73'SUHFXPúLvQWUHHOH
5HHOHOH HOHFWULFH GH GLVWULEXLH FXSULQG DQVDPEOXO FDEOXULORU FRQGXFWRDUHORU úL WDEORXULORU
GH GLVWULEXLH D HQHUJLHL HOHFWULFH FDUH VHUYHVF SHQWUX DOLPHQWDUHD UHFHSWRDUHORU GH FXUHQW
electric montate la bord.

12
 3DUWHD UHHOHL HOHFWULFH FDUH IDFH OHJWXUD vQWUH JHQHUDWRDUHOH GH HQHUJLH HOHFWULF úL 73'
SUHFXPúLOHJWXUDGLQWUHDFHVWHWDEORXULVHQXPHúWHUHHDHOHFWULFSULQFLSDO
3DUWHD UHHOHL HOHFWULFH FDUH IDFH OHJWXUD 73' FX 7$' úL FX WDEORXULOH UHFHSWRDUHORU
SULQFLSDOHVHQXPHúWHUHHDGHGLVWULEXLHVHFXQGDU
5HHDXDGHGLVWULEXLHUHHDXDGHIRU
UHHDXDGHLOXPLQDW
5HHDXD GH IRU VH DOLPHQWHD] GLUHFW GH OD 73' SULQ FLUFXLWH LQGHSHQGHQWH úL GHVHUYHúWH
consumatori ca:
- servomotorul cârmei;
- YLQFLXOGHDQFRU
- YLQFLXULOHGHvQFUFDUH±GHVFUFDUH
- pompele aflate în CM;
- proiectoarele peste 1 KW;
- PDúLQLXQHOWHGLQDWHOLHU
5HHDXDGHLOXPLQDW
- iluminat normal;
- LOXPLQDWGHSR]LLHGHDYDULH
- iluminat portativ.
ÌQFDGUXOUHHOHLGHGLVWULEXLHPDLvQWkOQLP
- UHHDXDGHWHOHFRPXQLFDLHLúLVHPQDOL]DUH
- UHHDXDGHUDGLRILFDUHúLUHHDXDDSDUDWHORUGHQDYLJDLH

Sistemul cu linii magistrale

6SHFLILFFRUSXULORU
de iluminat

Fig. 7.
Avantaje – consum mic de cabluri;
UHGXFHUHDFXUHQLORUGHVFXUWFLUFXLW
QXPUPLFGHFLUFXLWHFHSOHFDGLQ73'
'H]DYDQWDMH±VLJXUDQDVF]XWvQDOLPHQWDUHDFRQVXPDWRULORU
FGHULGHWHQVLXQHPDUL

Sistemul cu linii radiale

Permite alimentarea consumatorilor fie

direct din TPD fie prin tablourile auxiliare

Fig. 8.

13
 $YDQWDMH±VLJXUDQDPDLPDUHvQDOLPHQWDUHDFRQVXPDWRULORU
FGHULGHWHQVLXQLPDLPLFL
'H]DYDQWDMH±FXUHQLGHVFXUWFLUFXLWPDLPDUL
- consum de cabluri mai mare.
6LVWHPXOVHXWLOL]HD]SHQWUXDOLPHQWDUHDFRQVXPDWRULORUHVHQLDOLPRWRDUHHOHFWULFHSHQWUX
DFLRQDUHDFkUPHLSRPSHDSUFLUHHWF

6LVWHPXOPL[WRFRPELQD LHDDYDQWDMHORUFHORUGRXVLVWHPH

ÌQIXQFLHGHQXPUXOGHFLGHFXUHQWUHHOHHOHFWULFHVHvPSDUWvQ
- UHHOHFXGRXFRQGXFWRDUHFDúLc.c. monofazat );
- UHHOHFXWUHLFRQGXFWRDUHc.a. trifazat ).
UtiOL]DUHDFRUSXOXLQDYHLGUHSWFRQGXFWRUGHvQWRDUFHUHHVWHLQWHU]LVODWDQFXULOHSHWUROLHUH
LDUODFHOHODOWHHVWHDGPLVQXPDLSHQWUXWHQVLXQLPDLPLFLGH9LDUSXWHUHDLQVWDODWvQUHHD
VILHVXE.:

1.3. CALCULUL PUTERII GENERATOARELOR SINCRONE NAVALE

3URLHFWDUHD&(1SUHVXSXQHvQSULPDID]FDOFXOXOSXWHULLFHUXWHGHFRQVXPDWRULLGHHnergie
HOHFWULFGHSHQDYvQGLIHULWHUHJLPXULGHIXQFLRQDUH
3XWHUHDFRQVXPDWGLQ&(1GHSLQGHGH
− puterile nominale ale consumatorilor;
− QXPUXOGHFRQVXPDWRULvQIXQFLXQH
− vQFUFDUHDFRQVXPDWRULORU
− UHJLPXOGHIXQFLRQDUH
− UHJLPGHPDUú
− UHJLPGHPDQHYU
− UHJLPGHVWDLRQDUHIURSHUDLLGHvQFUFDUHGHVFUFDUH
− UHJLPGHVWDLRQDUHFXRSHUDLLGHvQFUFDUHGHVFUFDUH
− regim de avarie: - incendiu;
- inundare C.M. sau magazii.
Valorile sarcinii de calcul:
, Kgs∑ Pg
P = 105 (1)
(2)
, Kgs∑ Qg
Q = 105
(3)
S = P2 + Q2
P (4)
cosϕ =
2 2
P +Q
unde: Kgs - coeficient general de simultaneitate;
3JSXWHUHDDFWLY
3SXWHUHDDFWLYFHUXW
cosϕ - factorul de putere general
2ELQXWH OD vQWRFPLUHD ELODQXOXL HQHUJHWLF GDX SRVLELOLWDWHD V VH WUHDF OD DOHJHUHD
QXPUXOXL VL SXWHULL QRPLQDOH D JHQHUDWRDUHORU SULQFLSDOH úL GH UH]HUY 'DF YDORDUHD
factorului de putere total este mai mare decât 0,8, atunci pentru alegerea generatoarelor este
QHFHVDUVVH IRORVHDVFYDORULOHOXL3'DFYDORDUHDIDFWRUXOXLGHSXWHUHWRWDOHVWHPDL PLF

14
decât 0,8 se folosesc valorile lui S. La majoritatea navelor valoarea factorului de putere este
PDL PDUH GHFkW  úL GH DFHHD vQ SURLHFWDUHD SHQWUX VLPSOLILFDUHD WDEHOXOXL GLQ ELODQXO
energetic cos ϕúLϕ nu se iau în calcul.
În cazul când cos ϕ< HO WUHEXLH PULW SULQ LQVWDODUHD vQ &(1 D XQRU GLVSR]LWLYH GH
compensare (condensatoare, compensatoare sincrone ).
$OHJHUHDSUHOLPLQDUDJHQHUDWRDUHORUVHIDFHIXQFLHGHVDUFLQIUOXDUHDvQFDOFXOXOD
FRQVXPDWRULORUGHVFXUWGXUDWHSLVRGLFLGDU JHQHUDWRDUHOHWUHEXLH V VXSRUWH IXQFLRQDUHD
DFHVWRU FRQVXPDWRUL SH VHDPD UH]HUYHL GH SXWHUH úL vQ FRQWXO VXSUDVDUFLQLL DGPLVH SULQ
FRQVWUXFLH
Generatoarele permit suprasarcini de:
- 10% timp de 2h.
- 25% timp de 30 min.
- 50 % timp de 5 min.
Motoarele Diesel permit suprasarcini de 10% timp de 1h.
Turbinele permit suprasarcini de:
- 10% timp de 2h
- 25% timp de 30min
- 50% timp de 5min
/DRVDUFLQHSLVRGLFVHFXSOHD]SHQWUXVFXUWWLPSXQJHQHUDWRUGHUH]HUY
3XWHUHD WRWDO D JHQHUDWRDUHORU  VH DOHJH vQ IXQFLH GH UHJLPXO FX FHD PDL PDUH VDUFLQD GH
FDOFXOUHJLPXOGHPDUú
ÌQVWDGLXOGHSURLHFWDUHD&(1HVWHQHFHVDUVVHSUHYDGRUH]HUYGHSXWHUHGH
&RQIRUP FHULQHORU 515 vQ FD]XO LHúLULL GLQ IXQFLXQH DO RULFUXL JHQHUDWRU SULQFLSDO VH
SUHYGXQXOVDXPDLPXOWHJHQHUDWRDUHGHUH]HUY*5
*HQHUDWRDUHOHGHD[VHIRORVHVFQXPDLFDVXUVHSULQFLSDOHGHHQHUJLHHOHFWULF
/D QDYHOH FX DEXUL FD VXUVH GH HQHUJLH HOHFWULF SULQFLSDOH úL GH UH]HUY SRW IL IRORVLWH
WXUERJHQHUDWRDUHOHFkWúLJHQHUDWRDUHOHHOHFWULFH
/D QDYHOH FX PRWRDUH 'LHVHO FD VXUVH SULQFLSDOH úL GH UH]HUY VH IRORVHVF 'LHVHO
generatoarele.
&kQG&(1VXQWFRPSXVHQXPDLGLQ'LHVHOJHQHUDWRDUHHVWHUHFRPDQGDELOFDDFHVWHDVILH
GHSXWHULHJDOHDWkWFHOHSULQFLSDOHFkWúLFHOHGHUH]HUY
ÌQ FD]XO vQ FDUH vQ &(1 VH IRORVHVF WXUERJHQHUDWRDUH FD UH]HUY VH IRORVHVF 'LHVHO
JHQHUDWRDUHOH FDUH DX R SXWHUH PDL PLF 1XPUXO úL SXWHULOH QRPLQDOH DOH JHQHUDWRDUHORU
WUHEXLHVILHDVWIHODOHVHvQFkWvQFUFDUHDORUSHWLPSXOIXQFLRQULLvQUHJLPXULGHH[SORDWDUHGH
OXQJGXUDWVQXILHVXEGLQFHDQRPLQDO
ÌQ UHJLPXULOH GH VFXUW GXUDW OD SOHFDUHD GH OD FKHX VDX GH OD DQFRU vQ UHJLP GH DYDULH
vQFUFDUHD SRDWH IL PLFúRUDW SkQ OD  SHQWUX WXUERJHQHUDWRDUH SkQ OD  LDU D
JHQHUDWRDUHORUGHD[SkQODRULFHYDORDUH
([SHULHQDDUDWFLQVWDODUHDXQXLJHQHUDWRUVSHFLDOSHQWUXVWDLRQDUHGHSXWHUHPDLPLFQX
HLQGLFDWGHRDUHFHvQUHJLPGHPDUúQXVHSRDWHIRORVLLDUODGHIHFWDUHVDXODH[HFXWDUHDXQRU
OXFUULGHUHSDUDLLVHvQORFXLHVFFXXQ'LHVHOJHQHUDWRUGHSXWHUHPDLPDUHFXRvQFUFDUHPDL
UHGXVÌQJHQHUDOVHIRORVHVF'LHVHOJHQHUDWRUvQSDUDOHOúLXQXOGHUH]HUYvQXQHOHFD]XUL
VXQW'LHVHOJHQHUDWRUúLXQXOSHQWUXUHYL]LLúLUHSDUDLL
ÌQIXQFLHGHQDYVHDOHJHQXPUXO'LHVHOJHQHUDWRDUHORU
De exemplu:
a). 2 Diesel-generatoare de 150 KW
b). 3 Diesel-generatoare de 100 KW
c). 4 Diesel-generatoare de 75 KW

DXQ'LHVHOJHQHUDWRUOXFUHD]úLXQXOGHUH]HUY

15
 Dezavantaje:
- vQFUFDUHDUHGXVDJHQHUDWRUXOXLvQUHJLPGHVWDLRQDUH±
- SRVLELOLWDWHDH[HFXWULLOXFUULORUGHUHYL]LHQXPDLvQUHJLPGHVWDLRQDUH

E'LHVHOJHQHUDWRDUHOXFUHD]FDJHQHUDWRDUHSULQFLSDOHúLXQXOGHUH]HUYÌQFUFDUHD
în toate regimurile este de 60-70%.

F  'LHVHOJHQHUDWRDUH OXFUHD] vQ UHJLPXO GH PDUú vQFUFDUHD HVWH GH 
UHSDUDLLOHVHIDFvQPDUúúLVWDLRQDUHvQVWDLRQDUHOXFUHD]XQVLQJXU'LHVHOJHQHUDWRU
1XPUXOSXWHUHDúLGLVSXQHUHD'LHVHOJHQHUDWRDUHORUSHQDYDVHIDFHvQIXQFLHGH
- GHVWLQDLDúLPULPHDQDYHL
- GXUDWDGHPDUú
- QHFHVLWDWHDIXQFLRQULLFRQWLQXHDQDYHL
- H[HFXWDUHDGHUHYL]LLúLUHSDUDLLvQPDUú
6WDELOLQGQXPUXOúLSXWHULOHQRPLQDOHDOH'LHVHOJHQHUDWRDUHORUSULQFLSDOHúLGHUH]HUYHVWH
QHFHVDU V VH HYDOXH]H SRVLELOLWDWHD SRUQLULL FHORU PDL PDUL PRWRDUH DVLQFURQH FX URWRUXO vQ
VFXUWFLUFXLWGHODRULFHJHQHUDWRUúLvQRULFHUHJLPGHIXQFLRQDUHDOQDYHL3RUQLUHDGLUHFWHVWH
SRVLELOFXFRQGLLDFDSXWHUHDPRWRUXOXLVUHSUH]LQWHGLQSXWHUHDJHQHUDWRUXOXL
(YDOXDUHDYDORULORUSUREDELOHDOHFXUHQLORUGHVFXUWFLUFXLWvQ6((1vQFDUHOXFUHD]QXPUXO
PDVHORUGHJHQHUDWRDUHvQSDUDOHOGXFHODVWDELOLUHDWLSXULORUGHvQWUHUXSWRDUHDXWRQRPHFHVH
PRQWHD]vQ73'
Pentru o CEN, ca sistem de avarie, se folosesc Diesel-generatoare sau baterii de
DFXPXODWRDUH 3XWHUHD 'LHVHOJHQHUDWRUXOXL GH DYDULH VH GHWHUPLQ IXQFLH GH SXWHUHD WRWDO
DEVRUELWGHFRQVXPDWRULLFXSODLODWDEORXOGHDYDULHFRQIRUP515
/D'LHVHOJHQHUDWRUXOGHDYDULHVHFXSOHD]
- iluminatul de avarie;
- PHFDQLVPXOGHDFLRQDUHDOFkUPHLGHDYDULH
- DFLRQDUHDGHDYDULHDSRPSHLGHLQFHQGLX
- OHJWXUDUDGLRúLDSDUDWXUDGHQDYLJDLH
- PLMORDFHOHGHOHJWXULQWHULRDUH
- OXPLQLOHGHGUXPúLGHSR]LLH
- DFLRQDUHDHOHFWULFDJUXLHORUSHQWUXEUFL
$OHJHUHDGHILQLWLYDJHQHUDWRDUHORUGLQFRPSXQHUHD&(1VHIDFH
- comparând indicatorii tehnico-economici ai diferitelor variante;
- cheltuielile capitale;
- consumul de exploatare;
- WLPSLLGHDIODUHvQIXQFLXQH
- SRVLELOLWDWHDGLVSXQHULLSHQDYHWF

CALCULUL PUTERII GENERATOARELOR SINCRONE NAVALE

Metode de calcul:
A. &XDMXWRUXOWDEHOHORUGHVDUFLQELODQXOHQHUJHWLF
B. 3ULQPHWRGDVWDWLVWLF
C. Cu ajutorul formulelor determinate experimental.

16
 1.3.1. CALCULUL PUTERII CERUTE CU AJUTORUL
7$%(/(/25'(6$5&,1

&RORDQD±WRLFRQVXPDWRULLGHHQHUJLHHOHFWULFDLQDYHLUHXQLLSHJUXSHGHFRQVXPDWRUL
DFHHDúLGHVWLQDLHúLDFHHDúLSXWHUH
&RORDQD  ± QXPUXO FRQVXPDWRULORU Q FDUH IDF SDUWH GLQ DFHHDúL JUXS LQFOXVLY FHL GH
UH]HUY
&RORDQD±SXWHUHDXWLODILHFUXLFRQVXPDWRUGLQJUXSPu).
&RORDQD±SXWHUHDLQVWDODWPu<Pinst).
Coloana 5 – randamentul.
Coloana 6 – factorul de putere al consumatorului. Abaterile valorilor din coloanele 5 si 6 de
ODYDORULOHQRPLQDOHGDWRULWVXEvQFUFULLFRQVXPDWRUXOXLVHQHJOLMHD]
&RORDQD  ± SXWHUHD XQLWDU FHUXW GH ILHFDUH FRQVXPDWRU vQ SDUWH HVWH PDL PDUH GHFkW
SXWHUHD LQVWDODW FX SLHUGHULOH vQ FRQVXPDWRUXO UHVSHFWLY (VWLPDUHD SLHUGHULORU VH IDFH FX
DMXWRUXOUDQGDPHQWXOXLLQkQGXVHFRQWGHSLHUGHULOHGLQFRQVXPDWRU
P
Pcu = inst (5)
η
η - randamentul nominal
&RORDQD±SXWHUHDFHUXWWRWDOPct = nPcu).
Coloana 9 – coeficientul de simultaneitate - este raportul dinWUHQXPUXOGHFRQVXPDWRULFDUH
IXQFLRQHD] vQ PRG QRUPDO vQ UHJLPXO GDW VL QXPUXO WRWDO GH FRQVXPDWRUL HVWH GDW GH
SURLHFWDQWSHED]DH[SHULHQHLúLVWDWLVWLFLORU
&RORDQD±FRHILFLHQWXOGHvQFUFDUHLQHFRQWGHIDSWXOFFRQVXPDWRULLQXIXQFLRQHD]
ODSXWHUHDQRPLQDOFLODRSXWHUHPDLPLF
Coloana 11 – cos ϕIDFWRUXOGHSXWHUHDOJUXSHLGHFRQVXPDWRULUHGXVGDWRULWOXLKinc.
&RORDQD±SXWHUHDDFWLYPg FHUXWGHILHFDUHJUXSGHFRQVXPDWRUL
Pg = Ksim . Kinc . Pct (6)
&RORDQD±SXWHUHDUHDFWLYFHUXWGHILHFDUHJUXSGHFRQVXPDWRULQg):
Qg = Pg tgϕ (7)

1− cos2 ϕ
tgϕ = (8)
cosϕ
'XSFDOFXOXOOXLPgúLQg,VHvQVXPHD]SHQWUXDFHODúLUHJLPSXWHULOHDFWLYHúLFHOHUHDFWLYH
DOH JUXSXULORU GH FRQVXPDWRUL úL VH WUHF vQ OLQLD ³3XWHUHD WRWDO FHUXW GH JUXSHOH GH
consumatori”.
1HVLPXOWDQHLWDWHD IXQFLRQULL GLIHULWHORU JUXSXUL GH FRQVXPDWRUL GHFDODMHOH YkUIXULORU GH
VDUFLQGLQWUH JUXSH úL GLQ LQWHULRUXO DFHVWRUD VH LDX vQ FRQVLGHUDLH FX DMXWRUXO FRHILFLHQWXOXL
general de simultaneitate: Kgs = 0,6 - 0,9 ; deci PgHVWHGHYDORDUHPDLPLF
Kgs∑Pg >∑Pconst (9)
VXPDSLHUGHULORUFRQVXPDWRULORUFXVDUFLQFRQVWDQW
3XWHUHDDFWLYFHUXW
P=1,05Kgs∑Pg (10)
/DWUDQVSRUWXOHQHUJLHLHOHFWULFHGHOD&(1VXQWSLHUGHULvQUHHOH
Q=1,05Kgs∑Qg (11)
3XWHUHDDSDUHQWWRWDOFHUXW
S = P2 + Q2 (12)
Factorul de putere general:

17
 P P
cosϕ = = (13)
P +Q 2 2 S
&kQG H[LVW XQ QXPU PLF GH FRQVXPDWRUL FDUH IXQFLRQHD] vQ UHJLP GH VFXUW GXUDW
SXWHUHDFHUXWGHDFHúWLDVHWUHFHvQWDEHOvQSDUDQWH]HLDUODvQVXPDUHQXVH LDXvQFRQVLGHUDLH
$FHúWLFRQVXPDWRULWUHEXLHVIXQFLRQH]HSHED]DUH]HUYHLGHSXWHUHDJHQHUDWRDUHORUVDXGDF
&(1HSUHY]XWFXFRPDQGDXWRPDWSULQGHFRQHFWDUHDFRQVXPDWRULORUQHHVHQLDOL
ÌQ WDEHOHOH GH VDUFLQ VH SRW FDOFXOD VHSDUDW SXWHUHD FHUXW GH FRQVXPDWRULL FX VDUFLQ
FRQVWDQW Kgs     úL VHSDUDW SHQWUX FRQVXPDWRULL FH IXQFLRQHD] LQWHUPLWHQW
K=0,3-0,5.
3XWHULOH RELQXWH VHSDUDW VH DGXQ úL DSRL VH DGDXJ SXWHUHD FHOXL PDL PDUH FRQVXPDWRU FH
IXQFLRQHD]vQUHJLPGHVFXUWGXUDWúLSLHUGHULOHvQUHHD
0HWRGD WDEHOHORU GH VDUFLQ VH XWLOL]HD] úL SHQWUX FDOFXOXO SXWHULL FHQWUDOHL HOHFWULFH GH
DYDULHDWUDQVIRUPDWRDUHORUGHVDUFLQúLDFRQYHUWL]RDUHORU
'H]DYDQWDMXO PHWRGHL HURDUHD SH FDUH R LQWURGXFH SULQ DSUR[LPDUHD FRHILFLHQLORU GH
vQFUFDUHúLVLPXOWDQHLWDWH

1.3.2. CALCULUL PUTERII CERUTE PRIN

0(72'$67$7,67,&

'DWRULW FDUDFWHUXOXL DOHDWRULX DO SXWHULL FHUXWH GH FRQVXPDWRUL SHQWUX FDOFXOXO DFHVWHLD VH
folosesc parametrii statistici:
− VSHUDQDPDWHPDWLFPHGLDSXWHULLFHUXWH
− GLVSHUVLDGLVWULEXLDúLDEDWHUHDPHGLHSWUDWLF
3XWHULOHFRQVXPDWRULORUVXQWPULPLFDUHQXVHFRUHOHD]LDUSXWHUHDWRWDOFHUXWPct , este o
PULPHDOHDWRULHFDUHDUHGHQVLWDWHDGHGLVWULEXLHpctGDWGHROHJHGHIRUPD

−
( P− M) 2
1 2σ 2
pct = e (14)
σ 2π
unde: σ - dispersia
0PHGLDVWDWLVWLFPHGLDSXWHULLFHUXWHWRWDOH
3SXWHUHDDFWLYFHUXW
/D QDYHOH FX FODV GH DXWRPDWL]DUH FRQVXPDWRULL LQWHUPLWHQL VXQW PXOL úL XQ VLVWHP
DXWRPDW DO &(1 DVLJXU XQLIRUPL]DUHD VDUFLQLL SULQ YDULDQWH GHFRQHFWDUHD WHPSRUDU D
consumatorilor QHHVHQLDOL
/DQDYHOHIUFODVGHDXWRPDWL]DUHRSHUDWRULLDVLJXUFXSODUHDGXSYRLQDORUúLvQIXQFLH
GHQHFHVLWL
Consumatorii sunt: FXVDUFLQFRQVWDQW
FXVDUFLQYDULDELO
ÌQIXQFLHGHGLDJUDPHOHGHVDUFLQFRQVXPDWRULLVHvPSDUWvQ
− FRQVXPDWRULFXIXQFLRQDUHFRQWLQX
− FRQVXPDWRULFXIXQFLRQDUHLQWHUPLWHQW
− FRQVXPDWRULFXIXQFLRQDUHvQUHJLPGHVFXUWGXUDW
'LQ SXQFW GH YHGHUH SUREDELOLVWLF R DVWIHO GH VDUFLQ VH SRDWH FDUDFWHUL]D FRPSOHW SULQ
IXQFLD GH GLVWULEXLH  FDUH VWDELOHúWH OHJWXUD GLQWUH YDORULOH SRVLELOH DOH SXWHULL FHUXWH
FRQVLGHUDWFDPULPHDOHDWRDUHúLSUREDELOLWDWHDIXQFLRQULLFRQVXPDWRUXOXLODDFHDVWSXWHUH

18
 &$/&8/8/352%$%,/,7,,)81&,215,,&21680$725,/25
&86$5&,1$&2167$17
3UREDELOLWDWHD IXQFLRQULL FRQVXPDWRULORU FX VDUFLQ FRQWLQX úL FRQVWDQW FX SXWHUHD
FRQVWDQW Pcc VH FRQVLGHU HJDO FX XQLWDWHD 3XWHUHD FHUXW GH DFHúWL FRQVXPDWRUL VH DGXQ
direct în calculul final al puterii cerute.
3UREDELOLWDWHDIXQFLRQULLFRQVXPDWRULORULQWHUPLWHQLFXVDUFLQDFRQVWDQWPci:
p = tf / Tb (15)
unde: tfGXUDWDIXQFLRQULLFRQVXPDWRUXOXLFXVDUFLQDPci în timpul respectiv;
TbGXUDWDWRWDODUHJLPXOXLWLPSGHED]
&kQGIXQFLRQDUHDFRQVXPDWRULORULQWHUPLWHQLHVWHFLFOLF
p = tf / Tc (16)
unde: tfGXUDWDWRWDODIXQFLRQULLFRQVXPDWRUXOXLvQWLPSXOFLFOXOXL
TcGXUDWDWRWDODFLFOXOXL
'DFFRQVXPDWRUXOIXQFLRQHD]vQUHJLPGHVFXUWGXUDWFXSDX]HúLGXUDWHGHFRQectare
LQHJDOHGDUFXSXWHUHFRQVWDQWPcsdSUREDELOLWDWHDIXQFLRQULLHVWH
l
∑ tfk
p = k=1 (17)
Tb
unde: tfkGXUDWDGHIXQFLRQDUHSHLQWHUYDOXON
OQXPUXOWRWDOGHFRQHFWUL
TbGXUDWDWRWDODUHJLPXOXL

&$/&8/8/352%$%,/,7,,)81&,215,,&21680$725,/25
&86$5&,19$5,$%,/

&kQGSXWHUHDFHUXWYDULD]GXSRGLDJUDPFRPSOH[VHDSUR[LPHD]GLDJUDPDSHFkWHYD
QLYHOH GH VDUFLQ VL DSRL VH FDOFXOHD] SUREDELOLWDWHD DSDULLHL ILHFUHLD GLQWUH HOH 6XSUDIDD
GLQWUHFXUEDGHVDUFLQVLDEVFLVVHPHQLQHFRQVWDQWDFHDVWVXSUDIDILLQGSURSRULRQDOFX
HQHUJLDFRQVXPDWGHFRQVXPDWRUXOUHVSHFWLY
− SHQWUX FRQVXPDWRULL FX IXQFLRQDUH FLFOLF LQWHUPLWHQW SUREDELOLWDWHD IXQFLRQDULL FX
sarcina Pi>Pim este:
1
pim = (18)
l
Tc ∑ tik
k=1
unde: PimSXWHUHDFRQVXPDWRUXOXLLFRUHVSXQ]WRDUHQLYHOXOXLP
tikGXUDWDSHULRDGHLNGHIXQFLRQDUHDFRQVXPDWRUXOXLODRVDUFLQPi>Pim;
OQXPUXOWRWDOGHSHULRDGHGHIXQFLRQDUHFXVDUFLQDPi>Pim;
− SHQWUXFRQVXPDWRULLFXIXQFLRQDUHFRQWLQX
1
pim = (19)
l
Tb ∑ tik
k=1
unde: Tc si TbGXUDWDFLFOLFUHVSHFWLYGXUDWDWRWDODDUHJLPXOXLOXDWvQFRQVLGHUDLH

19
 ÌQ SUDFWLF SHQWUX RUJDQL]DUHD RSHUDLLORU GH FDOFXO HVWH XWLO vQUHJLVWUDUHD GDWHORU
intermediare într-un tabel.
&RQVXPDWRULLLúLLDXVDUFLQDFRQVWDQWLDUL DUH R VDUFLQ YDULDELO vPSULW SH P
QLYHOH )LLQG FXQRVFXWH SXWHULOH FHUXWH vQ UHJLP GXUDWHOH GH IXQFLRQDUH tik, se pot calcula
SUREDELOLWLOHpikúLDSRLVHSRWUHSUH]HQWDJUDILFIXQFLLOHGHGLVWULEXLHDOHSXWHULORUFHUXWHGH
consumatori.

)LJ  'LDJUDPD GH VDUFLQ D FRQVXPDWRULORU FX VDUFLQD FRQVWDQW FX IXQF LRQDUH

D FRQWLQX E LQWHUPLWHQW F vQ UHJLP GH VFXUW GXUDW

Fig. 10. Diagrama de VDUFLQ D consumatorilor cu VDUFLQ YDULDELO FX

IXQF LRQDUH DFLFOLF LQWHUPLWHQW E FRQWLQX
  FDUDFWHULVWLFD UHDO    FDUDFWHULVWLFD DSUR[LPDWLY

)LJ  )XQF LLOH GH
GLVWULEX LH
FRUHVSXQ]WRDUH
GLDJUDPHORU GH VDUFLQ
a consumatorilor cu
VDUFLQ FRQVWDQW GH
IXQF LRQDUH
)LJ  )XQF LLOH GH
GLVWULEX LH SHQWUX
GLDJUDPD GH VDUFLQ D
consumatorilor cu
VDUFLQ YDULDELO GH
IXQF LRQDUH FLFOLF
LQWHUPLWHQW
)LJ  )XQF LLOH GH
GLVWULEX LH SHQWUX
GLDJUDPD GH VDUFLQ
a consumatorilor cu
VDUFLQ YDULDELO FX
IXQF LRQDUH
FRQWLQX

20
 3HQWUXFRQVXPDWRUXOLPHGLDVWDWLVWLFHVWH
mmax
M(Pi ) = ∑ Pim[pim − pi (m+ 1)] (20)
m=1
unde:
pimHVWHSUREDELOLWDWHDFDFRQVXPDWRUXOVIXQFLRQH]HFXVDUFLQDPi>Pim, Pi(mmax+1)=0
Grafic M(PiSULQPVXUDUHDVXSUDIHHLFXSULQVHvQWUHOLQLDIUkQWDIXQFLHLGHGLVWULEXLHVL
DEVFLVVDXSULQUHDOL]DUHDPHGLHULLVXSUDIHHLGLDJUDPHLGHVDUFLQFXFRQGLLDFDGLDJUDPDGH
VDUFLQHFKLYDOHQWúLFHDUHDOVDDLEDFHHDúLVXSUDID
'LVSHUVLDSXWHULLHOHFWULFHDFRQVXPDWRUXOXLVHFDOFXOHD]FXIRUPXOD
mmax
D(Pi ) = ∑ [Pim − M(Pi )] [pim − pi (m+ 1)]
2
(21)
m=1
0HGLD VWDWLVWLF D SXWHULL WRWDOH  VXPD PHGLLORU VWDWLVWLFH DOH SXWHULORU FHUXWH GH ILHFDUH
consumator separat:
n
M(P) = ∑ M(Pi ) (22)
i =1
'LVSHUVLDSXWHULLFHUXWHWRWDOHVXPDGLVSHUVLLORUFRQVXPDWRULORUVHSDUDL
n
D(P) = ∑ D(Pi ) (23)
i =1
Abaterea PHGLHSWUDWLFVHFDOFXOHD]vQIXQFLHGHGLVSHUVLH
σ = D(P) (24)
Concluzii:
− SXWHUHD PHGLH FHUXW GH FRQVXPDWRULL GH HQHUJLH HOHFWULFD HVWH 03 DYkQG DEDWHUHD
PHGLHSWUDWLFσ;
− PHGLDVWDWLVWLFHVWHPDLSUHFLVGHFkWFHDDWDEHOHORUGHVDUFLQGHRDUHFHLQHVHDPDGH
HYROXLDvQWLPSDVDUFLQLL
− SXWHUHDFHUXWGLQ&(1QXHVWHPDLPDUHGHFkW03σ.

1.3.3. CALCULUL PUTERII CERUTE CU AJUTORUL FORMULELOR

DETERMINATE EXPERIMENTAL

'LQH[SHULHQVDXRELQXWIRUPXOHSHQWUXFDOFXOXOSXWHULLFHUXWHGHFRQVXPDWRULLGHHQHUJLD
HOHFWULF DL QDYHL $FHDVW PHWRG HVWH UHFRPDQGDW vQ ID]D GH SURLHFW SUHOLPLQDU 3XWHUHD
HOHFWULFFRQVXPDWYDULD]vQIXQFLHGHUHJLPXOGHH[SORDWDUHDOQDYHL
5HJLPXOGHPDUúGLDJUDPHOHGHVDUFLQVXQWUHODWLYVWDELOHLDUDEDWHULOH]LOQLFHVXE
VXQW DOHDWRDUH )RUPXOHOH GH GHSHQGHQ GLQWUH SXWHUHD FHUXW GH FRQVXPDWRULL GH HQHUJLH DL
QDYHL3úLSXWHUHDPRWRUXOXLSULQFLSDO1RELQXWHSULQPLQLPL]DUHDDEDWHULLPHGLLSWUDWLFH
dau:
− SXWHUHDFHUXWPD[LPYDUD
Pc max=120+0,023 N[KW] (25)
− SXWHUHDFHUXWPLQLPYDUD
Pc min=65+0,0175N+Psupl [KW] (26)
SXWHUHDFHUXWODWURSLFH

21
 Psup l = Ppe + Pvent + Pcond (27)
Ppe ±SXWHUHDWRWDODSOLWHORUHOHFWULFHGLQEXFWULH
Pvent±SXWHUHDWRWDODYHQWLODWRDUHORUVSDLLORUGHORFXLWFXKsim = 0,4 – 0,8
Pvent =0 GDFPcond > 0 (28)
Pcond±SXWHUHDLQVWDODLHLGHFRQGLLRQDUHFXDHUFXKsim = 0,7
5HJLPXOGHVWDLRQDUHIURSHUDLLGHvQFUFDUH±GHVFUFDUHHVWHFDUDFWHUL]DWSULQYDULDLL
EUXúWHDOHSXWHULLFHUXWH3HED]DWHRULHLSUREDELOLWLORUHVWHQHFHVDURSXWHUH
 0,53 + 1,05 
Pmed =  ∑ (0,15G k Vk ) (29)
 n 
unde:
Q±QXPUXOGHPHFDQLVPH
Gk±VDUFLQDQRPLQDODILHFUXLYLQFLVDXPDFDUD
Vk±YLWH]DQRPLQDOGHULGLFDUHDVDUFLQLLWRWDOH
5HJLPXOGHPDQHYU±GLDJUDPDDUHXQFDUDFWHUQHUHJXODW*UXSXOGHUH]HUYVHFXSOHD]
vQ UHJLPXO GH PDQHYU SH OkQJ JHQHUDWRDUHOH FDUH VH XWLOL]HD] OD PDUú SHQWUX R VLJXUDQ
PD[LP3XWHUHDPD[LPFHUXWvQUHJLPXOGHPDQHYUYDUDHVWH
(
Pc max = Pmars + 0,8 Panc + Pcompr ) (30)
Panc±SXWHUHDFHUXWGHYLQFLXOGHDQFRU
Pcompr±SXWHUHDFHUXWGHFRPSUHVRUXODHUXOXLGHODQVDUH
*Regimul de avarie – necesarul suplimentar de energie (indiciul, deversare peste bord a apei
SWUXQVH vQ QDY  VH DVLJXU SH ED]D UH]HUYHL GH SXWHUHD D JHQHUDWRDUHORU úL GHFRQHFWDUHD
consumatorilor QHHVHQLDOL

'(7(50,1$5($&'(5,/25'(7(16,81(Ì15((/(/('(
',675,%8,($(1(5*,(,(/(&75,&(Ì1&&ù,&$

9HULILFDUHDFGHULLGHWHQVLXQHvQUH HOHOHGHc.c.

&GHUHDGHWHQVLXQHvQFDEOXOUHHOHLGHFFFXRVLQJXUVDUFLQODFDSWHVWH

)LJ5HHDGHc.c.

∆U = U1 − U 2 = 2R 1In (31)
R 1 = ρl / S (32)
l – lungimea cablului
6±VHFLXQHD

22
 In – curentul nominal prin conductor
∆U = 2lρI n / S[V ] sau U% = 2lρI n / SU 100% (33)
&GHUHD GH WHQVLXQH vQ FDEOX GH DFHHDúL VHFLXQH GDU GLQ FDUH VH DOLPHQWHD] PDL PXOL
consumatori:
2l1ρI1 2l 2 ρI 2 2l n ρI n 200ρ n
∆ U % =
SU
100 +
SU
+ +
...
SU
100 =
SU l=1
∑ I i I i sau (34)
200 n
U% = ρ∑ L i i i (35)
SU l=1
unde:
ii±FXUHQLLFRQVXPDWRULORU
Ii ±FXUHQLLSHPDJLVWUDOHOHGHFDEOXSHSRULXQL
li±GLVWDQHOHSHPDJLVWUDOHOHGHFDEOXvQWUHFRQVXPDWRULLYHFLQL
Li±GLVWDQHOHSHPDJLVWUDOHOHGHFDEOXSkQODFRQVXPDWRUXOUHVSHFWLY

9HULILFDUHDFGHULLGHWHQVLXQHvQUH HOHOHGHc.a.

)LJ5HHDGHc.a.

$YHPRUHHDGHFDPRQRID]DWFXRVLQJXUDVDUFLQFRQHFWDWODFDSWXOOLQLHL
&RQGXFWRUXOGHOXQJLPHODUHUH]LVWHQDRlúLUHDFWDQDXl.

Fig. 16. Diagrama ID]RULDODunei UHHOHGHFDmanofazate

Ca ID]RU GH UHIHULQ VH DOHJH 82 WHQVLXQHD OD FDSWXO OLQLHL  &XUHQWXO GH VDUFLQ , HVWH
defazat în urma tensiunii cu unghiul ϕ&GHUHDGHWHQVLXQH51,HVWHvQID]FXFXUHQWXO,LDU
FGHUHDGHWHQVLXQH;1,HVWHGHID]DWFX π înaintea curentului.
2
Fazorul 2Zs,HVWHGLIHUHQDJHRPHWULFDWHQVLXQLORU81úL82±HVWHFGHUHDGHWHQVLXQHGHSH
OLQLH3UDFWLFVHFRQVLGHUFSURLHFLDDFHVWXLID]RUSHGLUHFLDOXL82DGLFVHJPHQWXODFHVWH
FGHUHDGHWHQVLXQHGHSHOLQLH(URDUHDHVWHGH
∆U = ac = ab + bc (36)
ab = 2R 1I cos ϕ (37)

23
 bc = 2X1I sin ϕ (38)
100I
U = 2⋅ [%] (39)
U(R 1 cos ϕ + X1 sin ϕ)
5HDFWDQDOLQLHLFUHúWHRGDWFXFUHúWHUHDGLVWDQHLvQWUHFRQGXFWRDUH3HQWUXFDEOXULFDUHDX
VHFLXQHDSkQODPPUHDFWDQDOD ν = 50Hz HVWHPXOWPDLPLFGHFkWUH]LVWHQDúLVHSRDWH
neglija.
2 ⋅ 100I1ρ cos ϕ
∆U% = % (40)
SU
FDvQUHHOHOHGHc.c..
ÌQUHHOHOHWULID]DWHGHFDPULPHDFGHULLGHWHQVLXQHHVWH
3 ⋅ 100Iρ cos ϕ
∆U% = % (41)
SU
&GHUHDGHWHQVLXQHRELQXWSULQFDOFXOVH FRPSDU FX YDORDUHD PD[LP DGPLV GH 515
'DF YDORDUHD FDOFXODW HVWH PDL PDUH GHFkW FHD DGPLV DWXQFL VH LD XUPWRDUHD VHFLXQH GH
cablu.
ÌQJHQHUDOFGHULOHGHWHQVLXQHVXQWPLFLGHRDUHFHUHHOHOHGHSHQDYHVXQWVFXUWH&RQIRUP
regulilor RNR, partea a XI-a:
- FGHUHD GH WHQVLXQH SH FDEOXULOH FH OHDJ JHQHUDWRDUHOH FX 73' VDX 7'$ WDEORXO GH
DYDULHQXWUHEXLHVGHSúHDVF
- FGHUHDGHWHQVLXQHvQWUH73'úLFRQVXPDWRUvQFD]XOXQHLVDUFLQLQRPLQDOHQXWUHEXLH
VGHSúHDVFYDORULOH
a) SHQWUXLOXPLQDWúLVHPQDOL]DUHODWHQVLXQLPDLPDULGH9
b) SHQWUXLOXPLQDWúLVHPQDOL]DUHODWHQVLXQLPDLPLFLGH9
c)  SHQWUX IRU UDGLDWRDUH úL PDúLQL GH vQFO]LW SHQWUX IHOLQDUHOH OXPLQLORU
semnalizare, indiferent de valoarea tensiunii;
d)  SHQWUX LQVWDODLD GH IRU FX UHJLP GH IXQFLRQDUH GH VFXUW GXUDW úL UHJLP
intermitent indiferent de tensiune.
- FGHUHDGHWHQVLXQHSHFDEOXULOHFDUHDOLPHQWHD]WDEORXOVWDLHLUDGLRLQVWDODLLOHUDGLRúL
GH HOHFWURQDYLJDLH SUHFXP úL FDEOXO GHVWLQDW SHQWUX vQFUFDUHD EDWHULLORU GH
DFXPXODWRDUHQXWUHEXLHVGHSúHDVF
- FDEOXULOHSULQFDUHVHDOLPHQWHD] HOHFWURPRWRDUHOHGHFD FX SRUQLUH GLUHFW WUHEXLH V
ILHFDOFXODWHDVWIHOvQFkWFGHUHDGHWHQVLXQHODERUQHOHPRWRUXOXLvQPRPHQWXOSRUQLULL
VQXGHSúHDVFGLQWHQVLXQHDQRPLQDO

3HQWUXVFKHPDSUH]HQWPDLMRVYRPFDOFXODFGHULOHGHWHQVLXQH

Fig. 17. Schema HOHFWULFDunei LQVWDODLLelectrice

&GHUHDGHWHQVLXQHGHOD73'OD

24
 - consumatorul M1 este:
∆U T = ∆U1 + ∆U 3 (42)
- consumatorul M2 este:
∆U T = ∆U 2 + ∆U 3 (43)
- consumatorul M3 este: ∆U 4
- transformator este: ∆U 5
'HSúLUHDYDORULORULQGLFDWHPDLVXVQXHVWHSHUPLVGHRDUHFHVHPRGLILFSDUDPHWULLILQDOL
H[HPSOX ± OPSLOH FX ILODPHQW OD PLFúRUDUHD WHQVLXQLL GH DOLPHQWDUH vúL PLFúRUHD] IOX[XO
luminos, iar la motoarele electrice de FDVHUHGXFHFXSOXGHURWDLH
'DFGLQFDOFXOFGHUHDGHWHQVLXQHvQWURSRULXQHRDUHFDUHDUHHOHLYDILPDLPDUHGHFkW
FHD DGPLV HVWH QHFHVDU V VH PUHDVF VHFLXQLOH FDEOXULORU VDX XQGH HVWH SRVLELO V VH
PUHDVFWHQVLXQHD
6SUHVXSXQHPFFRQVXPDWRUXO&GHFFVHJVHúWHODGLVWDQDOGHVXUVDGHHQHUJLH

)LJ5HHDXDGHc.c.

5H]LVWHQDXQXLFRQGXFWRUHVWHULDUVDUFLQDGHFRQVXPDWRUHVWH,3DUFXUJkQGFRQGXFWRUXO
 FXUHQWXO YD LQGXFH FRQIRUP OHJLL OXL 2KP FGHUHD GH WHQVLXQH I ⋅ r  &GHUHD WRWDO GH
WHQVLXQHvQFRQGXFWRUXOGLUHFWúLLQYHUVYDIL ∆U = 2I ⋅ r. 5H]LVWHQDFRQGXFWRUXOXLVHGHWHUPLQ
l
cu formula: r = 5H]XOW
Sγ
2I1
∆U% = 100[%] (44)
γSU
unde:
I – curentul sarcinii [A];
l – lungimea liniei [m];
γ– conductivitatea Cu [m / r ⋅ mm 2 ] ;
6±VHFLXQHDFRQGXFWRUXOXL [mm 2 ] ;
8WHQVLXQHDQRPLQDODUHHOHL>9@
'DFVDUFLQDFRQVXPDWRUXOXLVHH[SULPSULQSXWHUH, 38DWXQFL
2Pl
∆U = 100% (45)
γSU 2
'DF SRULXQHD UHVSHFWLY HVWH UHDOL]DW GLQ FDEOX GH DFHHDúL VHFLXQH úL DUH FkWHYD VDUFLQL
GLVWULEXLWHSHWRDWOXQJLPHDDGLFHVWHRPDJLVWUDODWXQFLFGHUHDGHWHQVLXQHHVWH
∆U = 2(∆U1− 2 + ∆U 2−3 + ∆U 3−4 )

25
 Fig. 18. Reprezentarea lungimei cablurilor într-o UHHDHOHFWULF

6HREVHUYF
∆U1− 2 = (I1 + I 2 + I 3 )r1 = (I1 + I 2 + I 3 )l1 / γS (46)
∆U 2−3 = (I 2 + I 3 )r 2 = (I 2 + I 3 )l 2 / γS (47)
∆U 3−4 = (I 3 )r3 = I 3 l 3 / γS (48)
l1 = L1 (49)
l1 + l 2 = L 2 (50)
l1 + l 2 + l 3 = L 3 (51)
$SOLFkQGIRUPXODUH]XOW
∆U = 2(I1L1 + I 2 L 2 + I 3 L 3 ) / γS (52)
6HREVHUYFSRULXQHDDUHúLVDUFLQL
n
∆U = 2 / γS∑ I i L i (53)
i =1

&GHUHDGHWHQVLXQHvQSURFHQWH
∆U = 2 ⋅ 100 / γSU ∑ I i L i (53)
Exprimarea sarcinii prin putere este:
∆U = 2 ⋅ 100 / γSU 2 ∑ Pi L i (54)
9RP DQDOL]D VXFFHVLXQHD GH FDOFXO D UHHOHL GH FF FRQVLGHUDW SHQWUX PRWRDUHOH HOHFWULFH
(K=1, η=0,85 – regimul de OXQJGXUDW

)LJ6FKHPDHOHFWULFDXQHLLQVWDODLLHOHFWULFHGHc.c.

26
 1) 'HWHUPLQPFXUHQLLGHVHUYLFLX
- SHQWUXFDEOXGLQWUH*úL73'
- SHQWUXFDEOXOGLQWUH73'úL7$'
- SHQWUXFDEOXOGLQWUH7$'úLPRWRU
2) 'LQWDEHOHVFRDWHPVHFLXQLOHFRQGXFWRDUHORU
ÌQWUHJHQHUDWRUúL73'HVWHQHFHVDUVLQWURGXFHPFDEOXULGXVvQWRUVFXVHFLXQHDGH
PPFDUHSHUPLWHRVDUFLQGHOXQJGXUDWGH$
ÌQWUH 73' úL 7$' SRUQLQG GH OD FXUHQWXO FH WUHFH SULQ DFHDVW SRULXQH VH SRDWH
LQWURGXFHXQFDEOXFXFRQGXFWRDUHGHVHFLXQHPPFHSHUPLWHRVDUFLQGHOXQJGXUDW
de 36A.
ÌQWUH7$'úLILHFDUHPRWRUIXQFLHGHVDUFLQHVWHQHFHVDUXQFDEOXFXFRQGXFWRDUHGH
VHFLXQHPPFHSHUPLWRVDUFLQGHOXQJGXUDWGH$
3) 'HWHUPLQDUHDFGHULORUGHWHQVLXQH
- SHSRULXQHD73'±7$' ∆U1 % = 4,5%
- SHSRULXQHD7$'±PRWRU ∆U 2 % = 3,2%
U tot % = 7,7%
$FHDVW FGHUH GH WHQVLXQH QX HVWH DGPLV (D GHSúHúWH QRUPHOH 515 'H DFHHD HVWH
QHFHVDUVPULPVHFLXQHDFDEOXOXLGHOD7$'ODPRWRUGHODPPODPP&GHUHDWRWDO
de tensiune va fi:
U tot % = 6,5%
9RPFDOFXODFGHUHDGHWHQVLXQHvQUHHOHOHGHFDYRPLQHFRQWGHFGHULOHGHWHQVLXQHSH
UH]LVWHQHOHDFWLYH/XPRSRULXQHGHUHHDGHFDPRQRID]DWFXVDUFLQDODXQFDSW

Fig. 20. Diagrama ID]RULDODunei UHHOHGHFDmonofazate

Concluzii:
&GHUHDGHWHQVLXQHvQUHHOHOHGHFDPRQRID]DWVHFDOFXOHD]IUDLQHFRQWGHUH]LVWHQD
UHDFWLYFDUHVHGHWHUPLQODIHOFDvQUHHOHOHGHc.c.
9RP DQDOL]D VXFFHVLXQHD GH FDOFXO D UHHOHL vQ FD FRQVLGHUkQG F SHQWUX HOHFWURPRWRDUH
K3=1, K0=0,66, Um=220V, PM=3KW, Pg=100KW, Ug=230V, cosϕ=0,8, η=0,85.
1) &DOFXOPFXUHQLLGHVHUYLFLX
Pg PM PM
I1 = ; I2 = K 0 K 3 ; I3 = (56)
3U g cos ϕ 3U M cos ϕη 3U M cos ϕη
2) 6HVFRWGLQWDEHOHVHFLXQLOHFDEOXULORU
ÌQWUHJHQHUDWRUúL73'VHDúHD]XQFDEOXWULILODUFXVHFLXQHDGHPPÌQWUH73'úL7$'
VHSRDWHDúH]DXQFDEOXWULILODUFXVHFLXQHDGHPPÌQWUH7$'úLILHFDUHPRWRUVHDúHD]XQ
FDEOXFXVHFLXQHDGHPP
3) 'HWHUPLQPFGHUHDGHWHQVLXQHGHOD73'ODPRWRDUH
- SRULXQHD73'±7$'
- SRULXQHD7$'PRWRU

27
 &GHUHDWRWDOGHWHQVLXQHHVWH
U% = 5,12%
Comparând rezultatele calculelor în FF úL FD VH REVHUY F OD GDWH LQLLDOH LGHQWLFH
VHFLXQLOHFDEOXULORUvQc.a. sunt mult mai mici.
Factorii de putere în FDVXQWGLIHULLSHQWUXFRQVXPDWRULLFDUHVHDOLPHQWHD]GLQ7$'
ÌQ DFHVW FD] FXUHQWXO vQ FDEOX GLQWUH 73' úL 7$' VH YD GHWHUPLQD FD VXPD JHRPHWULF D
FXUHQLORU GLIHULLORU FRQVXPDWRUL FXUHQL FDUH OD UkQGXO ORU VH SRW GHWHUPLQD SULQ
GHVFRPSXQHUHDDULWPHWLFDFXUHQLORUDFWLYLúLUHDFWLYL$SRLVHGHWHUPLQFXUHQWXOWRWDOúLvQ
ILQDOVHGHWHUPLQVHFLXQHDFDEOXOXLGLQWUH73'úL7$'

'(7(50,1$5($&'(5,/25'(7(16,81(/$3251,5($818,
(/(&75202725$&58,387(5((67(&203$5$%,/&8
CEA A GENERATORULUI CUPLAT LA BARELE TPD

*(1(5$/,7,

2SDUWLFXODULWDWHSHFDUHRSUH]LQWVLVWHPXOHOHFWURHQHUJHWLFQDYDOHVWHH[LVWHQDPRWRDUHORU
DVLQFURQH FX URWRU vQ VFXUWFLUFXLW OD FDUH HVWH QHFHVDU V UHDOL]P R SRUQLUH GLUHFW 'DWRULW
FXUHQLORUPDULGHSRUQLUHvQPRPHQWXOSRUQLULLXQXLDVWIHOGHHOHFWURPRWRUDSDUHRFGHUHGH
WHQVLXQHGHYDORDUHGHVWXOGHPDUHFDUHLQIOXHQHD]QHJDWLYIXQFLRQDUHDLQVWDODLLORU
9DORDUHD HIHFWLY D FXUHQLORU GH SRUQLUH HVWH vQ JHQHUDO OD PRWRUXO DVLQFURQ FX URWRU vQ
VFXUWFLUFXLWFXSULQVvQWUH (5 ÷ 7 ) IN.
'DFSUHVXSXQHPFSXWHUHDPRWRUXOXLHOHFWULFHVWHGLQSXWHUHD JHQHUDWRUXOXLDIODWvQ
IXQFLXQH
I nm = 0,3 I NG (57)
atunci,
I P = (5 ÷ 7 ) − 0,3 I NG = (1,5 ÷ 2,1) I NG (58)
ÌQ FD]XOSURFHVXOXLGHSRUQLUHFXUEHOHGHYDULDLHDOHLPSHGDQHLPRWRUXOXLúLDFXUHQWXOXL
de pornire au forma din fig.21.

)LJ&XUEHOHGHYDULDLHD
LPSHGDQHLPRWRUXOXLúLD
curentului de pornire

'LQ DQDOL]D DFHVWRU FXUEH UH]XOW F vQ DSUR[LPDWLY vQWUHDJD SHULRDG GH SRUQLUH FXUHQWXO
SRDWH IL FRQVLGHUDW FRQVWDQW 6H úWLH F vQ SURFHVXO GH SRUQLUH FXUHQWXO HVWH GHID]DW vQ XUPD
WHQVLXQLL LQGXFWRDUH DYkQG XQ SXWHUQLF FDUDFWHU UHDFWLY úL QXPDL OD VIkUúLWXO SHULRDGHL GH
SRUQLUH FRPSRQHQWD DFWLY DWLQJH R YDORDUH vQVHPQDW ÌQ WLPSXO SURFHVXOXL GH SRUQLUH
IDFWRUXOGHSXWHUHVHPRGLILFvQWUH

28
 3RUQLUHD GLUHFW D PRWRDUHORU DVLQFURQH GH SXWHUH PDUH HVWH vQVRLW GH FUHúWHUHD EUXVF D
FXUHQWXOXL vQ vQIúXUDUHD VWDWRULF D JHQHUDWRUXOXL FHHD FH vQVHDPQ DSDULLD XQRU IHQRPHQH
WUDQ]LWRULLDVHPQWRDUHFXFHOHFDUHDSDUvQFD]XOVFXUWFLUFXLWXOXLEUXVF
&XUHQWXO GH SRUQLUH DO PRWRUXOXL HOHFWULF SDUFXUJkQG vQIúXUDUHD VWDWRULF D JHQHUDWRUXOXL
GHWHUPLQXQIOX[GHUHDFLHORQJLWXGLQDO
ÌQ vQIúXUULOH GH DPRUWL]DUH úL H[FLWDLH D JHQHUDWRUXOXL DSDU FXUHQL DSHULRGLFL FDUH VH
DPRUWL]HD]GXSDQXPLWHFRQVWDQWHGHWLPS
$FHúWLFXUHQLDSHULRGLFLGHWHUPLQDSDULLDXQRUWHQVLXQLHOHFWURPRWRDUHVXSOLPHQWDUH FDUH
WLQGVPHQLQWHQVLXQHDGHELWDWGHJHQHUDWRUDSUR[LPDWLYFRQVWDQW
3H PVXUD DPRUWL]ULL DFHVWRU FXUHQL VFDGH FRUHVSXQ]WRU úL WHQVLXQHD VXSOLPHQWDU GLQ
stator.
'HRDUHFH FRQVWDQWD GH WLPS GH DPRUWL]DUH HVWH GH DSUR[LPDWLY  VHF ILLQG PDL PLF
GHFkWGXUDWDSURFHVXOXLGHSRUQLUHúLGHFkWFRQVWDQWDGHWLPSGHDPRUWL]DUHDFXUHQLORULQGXúL
vQvQIúXUDUHDGHH[FLWDLHVHSRDWHQHJOLMDUHJLPXOsupratranzitoriu.
'LQ DFHVWH PRWLYH vQ FDOFXOH VH YRU FRQVLGHUD QXPDL UHDFWDQHOH WUDQ]LWRULH ORQJLWXGLQDO
x ′d VLQFURQORQJLWXGLQDOxdúLUHVSHFWLYWHQVLXQLOHHOHFWURPRWRDUHDOHJHQHUDWRUXOXLvQUHJLP
tranzitoriu E ′d úLvQUHJLPVWDELOL]DWEd.
3H GXUDWD PRGLILFULL WHQVLXQLL JHQHUDWRUXOXL GDWRUDW SRUQLULL PRWRUXOXL DVLQFURQ WUHEXLH
VLQHPFRQWúLGHSURFHVXOFDUHDUHORFvQvQIúXUDUHDGH H[FLWDLHVXEDFLXQHDUHJXODWRUXOXL
automat de tensiune.
9DULDLD WHQVLXQLL OD ERUQHOH JHQHUDWRUXOXL vQ SURFHVXO GH SRUQLUH DO XQXL HOHFWURPRWRU VH
SRDWH FRQVLGHUD FD R VXSUDSXQHUH D SURFHVHORU GH VFGHUH D WHQVLXQLL JHQHUDWRUXOXL IU
UHJXODWRUúLGHFUHúWHUHDDWHQVLXQLLVXEDFLXQHDUHJXODWRUXOXL

Fig. 22.

'LQ DQDOL]D DFHVWRU FXUEH VH REVHUY FD vQ PRPHQWXO LQLLDO DO FXSOULL HOHFWURPRWRUXOXL
tensiunea scade brusc cu valoarea:
VD = I pm − x ′d (59)
GXS FDUH GDF QX H[LVW UHJXODWRU DXWRPDW GH WHQVLXQH GDWRULW IHQRPHQXOXL GH UHDFLH D
LQGXVXOXLHDVFDGHH[SRQHQLDOúLVHVWDELOL]HD]GXSRDQXPLWSHULRDGODYDORDUHD8
Deoarece OD VFGHUHD WHQVLXQLL LQWU vQ IXQFLXQH VL UHJXODWRUXO FDUH GHWHUPLQ FUHúWHUHD
WHQVLXQLLGHH[FLWDLHH[SRQHQLDOFRUHVSXQ]WRUILJXULLWRWDúDvQFHSHVFUHDVFúLWHQVLXQHD
HOHFWURPRWRDUHVXSOLPHQWDU
3ULQ FRPSXQHUHD JUDILF D FXUEHORU  VL  VH RELQH FXUED  vQ FDUH GXS XQ DQXPLW
interval de timp, tmin WHQVLXQHD DMXQJH OD YDORDUHD PLQLP Umin, GXS FDUH vQFHSH V FUHDVF
VSUHYDORDUHDQRPLQDO8N.

29
 6H REVHUY F OD WLPSXO tmin DYHP FGHUHD GH WHQVLXQH ∆Umax SH FDUH WUHEXLH V R
GHWHUPLQP
'HRDUHFHFUHúWHUHDWHQVLXQLLGHH[FLWDLHUeHVWHH[SRQHQLDOGXSDSUR[LPDWLYVHFXQGH
HDDWLQJHYDORDUHDPD[LPSXWHPDSUR[LPDJUDILFXOGLQILJXU FX R GUHDSW VFULLQG H[SUHVLD
tensiunii de forma: Ue = k.t = t.tgα XQGH N QH DUDW GH FkWH RUL FUHúWH WHQVLXQHD vQ FLUFD 
secunde.
3HQWUX JHQHUDWRDUH DVLQFURQH FX H[FLWDLH LQGHSHQGHQW LQ FXUHQW FRQWLQXX YDORDUHD OXL
k=4÷6, iar pentru cele autoexcitate k=15.

'(7(50,1$5($&'(5,,,1,,$/('(7(16,81(
Conform teoremei a doua a lui .LUFKKRII WHQVLXQHD HOHFWURPRWRDUH LQGXV vQWUR
vQIúXUDUHVWDWRULFHVWHHJDOFXVXPDGLQWUHWHQVLXQHDOD ERUQHOH JHQHUDWRUXOXL úL FGHUHD GH
WHQVLXQHSHDFHDVWvQIúXUDUH
În regim tranzitoriu:
E’d = U0 + Ipm. x’d (60)
În regim permanent:
Ed = UST + Ipm. xd (61)
unde: E’d si EdWHQVLXQHDHOHFWURPRWRDUHLQGXVvQvQIúXUDUHVWDWRULF
U0WHQVLXQHDvQPRPHQWXOLQLLDOGXSFXSODUHDVDUFLQLL
UST - valoarea tensiunii stabilizate, permanente;
x’d si xd±UHDFWDQHOHWUDQ]LWRULHúLVLQFURQORQJLWXGLQDO
9DORDUHDFXUHQWXOXLvQUHJLPWUDQ]LWRULXVWDLRQDUHVWH
I’pm=E’d(xm + x’d); Ipm=Ed(xm + xd) (62)
De unde:
U0=E’d[1-x’d / (xm+x’d)]=k1E’d (63)
UST=Ed[1-xd / (xm+xd)]=k2Ed (64)
'DF VH OXFUHD] vQ XQLWL UHODWLYH úL VH FRQVLGHU (¶d=Ed  VH REVHUY F 80 , UST se
GHWHUPLQSULQWUXQUDSRUWDOUHDFWDQHORU
2
SNG  UNm Ip
xm =   ; λp = = 5÷ 7 (65)
λ p ⋅ SNm  UNG  IN
'DFFRQVLGHUPFYDULDLDWHQVLXQLLFXUEHLvQFHSkQGGHODYDORDUHD80SkQODUST ,se
UHDOL]HD]H[SRQHQLDOSXWHPFRQVLGHUDFH[SUHVLDHLDUHIRUPD
U1 = U ST + (U 0 − U ST )[-t \ τd ]
′
(66)
unde:
τ ′d = τ d 0 (x m + x ′d ) / (x m + x d ) (67)
cu τ′d0FRQVWDQWDGHWLPSGHDPRUWL]DUHDvQIúXUULLGHH[FLWDLHFkQGvQIúXUDUHDVWDWRULF
este în gol.
'HRDUHFH vQIúXUDUHD VWDWRULF HVWH úXQWDW SULQ UHDFWDQD HOHFWURPRWRUXOXL xm ,în expresie
apare raportul (xm+x’d) / (xm+xd).
3HQWUX D VFULH H[SUHVLD WHQVLXQLL GDWRUDWH UHJXODWRUXOXL DXWRPDW GH WXUDLH WUHEXLH V VH
DQDOL]H]HSURFHVXOWUDQ]LWRULXFDUHDUHORFvQvQIúXUDUHDGHH[FLWDLH
([SUHVLDWHQVLXQLLGHH[FLWDLHHVWH
Ue = reia + Ledie / dt (68)
de unde:
Ue/re = ie + (Le/Re)(die/dt) (69)

30
 'DF VH OXFUHD] vQ XQLWL UHODWLYH UDSRUWDWH OD UeN úL Ien , atunci re=1 úL GDF SH
FDUDFWHULVWLF GH PHUV vQ JRO D JHQHUDWRUXOXL Ed IL FRQVLGHUP F QH JVLP SH SRULXQHD
OLQLDUDWXQFLvQXQLWLUHODWLYHie=Ed5H]XOW
dE d dE d 1 kt
kt = E d + τ ′d 0 ⇒ + Ed = (70)
dt dt τ ′d 0 τ ′d 0
RELQHPF
  t −t 
− 1 
  
E d = k  t − τ ′d 1 − e τd  (71)
  
  
Dar:
U2 = k2Ed (72)
Deci:
′  1− e ( 1) d  
 − t− t /τ ′ 
U2 = k ⋅ k2 t − τ d (73)
  
Iar:
U3 = U1 + U2 (74)
ÌQ DFHDVW H[SUHVLH GkQG GLYHUVH YDORUL OXL W1 UH]XOW SHQWUX 83 GLYHUVH YDORUL úL VH SRDWH
WUDVD JUDILFXO GH YDULDLH DO WHQVLXQLL OD ERUQHOH JHQHUDWRUXOXL vQ FD]XO SRUQLULL XQXL PRWRU FX
SXWHUHFRPSDUDELOFXFHDDJHQHUDWRUXOXL
'DUDFHDVWPHWRGDQHFHVLWXQYROXPPDUHGHFDOFXOúLQXHVWHLQGLFDW ÌQSUDFWLFDYHP
nevoie de valoarea timpului ts, la care tensiunea generatorului ajunge la UNúLGH∆Umax.
3XQkQGFRQGLLD83 = UNRELQHPYDORULOHOXLts.
Pentru determinarea lui tmin la care U3DUHYDORDUHPLQLPHFXDLDOXL83VHGHULYvQUDSRUW
FXWLPSXOúLVHRELQH
 U − U ST 
t min = ′dI N  0 + e − tl/2′d  (75)
 k 2 k ′d 
[ (
Umin = UST + (U0 - UST)e -t min / τ′d + k 2 k (t min − t l ) − τ ′d 1 − e − t min − t1 / τ′d )] (76)

∆U max = (1 − U min )100 [%]

3H ED]D DFHVWRU IRUPXOH VH SRDWH VWDELOL FGHUHD GH WHQVLXQH OD ERUQHOH JHQHUDWRUXOXL OD
SRUQLUHDXQXLHOHFWURPRWRUFXURWRUXO vQ VFXUWFLUFXLW DFHDVW FGHUH GH WHQVLXQH GHSLQ]kQG GH
xd, tl, τd, λp.
&XFkWDFHVWHPULPLVXQWPDLPDULFXDWkWFGHUHDGHWHQVLXQHFUHúWH
ÌQ FD]XO SRUQLULL vQ VDUFLQ D XQXL PRWRU DVLQFURQ FX URWRU vQ VFXUW FLUFXLW FGHUHD GH
WHQVLXQH HVWH PXOW PDL PDUH GHFkW vQ FD]XO SRUQLULL vQ JRO GHRDUHFH úL WLPSXO GH SRUQLUH HVWH
mai mare în primul caz.
&UHúWHUHDIDFWRUXOXLGHSXWHUHvQWLPSXOSURFHVXOXLGHSRUQLUHvQWUH 0 ÷ 0,5 QXDUHLQIOXHQ
SUHDPDUHDVXSUDFGHULLGHWHQVLXQH/DFRVϕ >YDORDUHDFGHULLGHWHQVLXQHVFDGHEUXVF
9DORDUHDPD[LPDFGHULLGHWHQVLXQHDXQXLJHQHUDWRUVLQFURQIXQFLRQkQGvQVDUFLQHVWH
cu 2 – 3 %PDLPLFIDGHIXQFLRQDUHDvQJROGHRDUHFHJHQHUDWRUXOvQVDUFLQHVWHSUHJWLWV
SUHLDRVXSUDVDUFLQVXSOLPHQWDU
'DFJHQHUDWRUXOHVWHvQFUFDWvQSUHDODELOFXVDUFLQLQGXFWLYODFGHULGHWHQVLXQHPDULHO
DVLJXURVWDELOL]DUHDWHQVLXQLLGHRDUHFHPRWRUXOVLQFURQFDUHFRQVWLWXLHVDUFLQDSHQWUXIRDUWH
VFXUWWLPSVHWUDQVIRUPvQJHQHUDWRU
ÌQFD]XOJHQHUDWRDUHORUFXDXWRH[FLWDLHW1=0 se vQORFXLHúWHvQIRUPXOHOHGHPDLVXV

31
 'HWHUPLQDUHDFGHULORUGHWHQVLXQHVHIDFHvQFRQGLLLOHFHOHPDLIDYRUDELOHSHQWUXFHQWUDO:
QXPUPLQLPGHJHQHUDWRDUHvQIXQFLXQHGHSXWHUHDFHDPDLPLFvQFD]XOFXSOULLPRWRUXOXL
asincron de puterea cea mai mare.

5(*/$5($$8720$7$7(16,81,,ù,387(5,,5($&7,9($
S.E.E.N.

1.5.1. NORME RNR PRIVIND REGLAREA TENSIUNII ÎN SISTEMELE

DE &&ù,C.A.

a) )LHFDUHJHQHUDWRUVLQFURQYDILSUHY]XWFXXQVLVWHPLQGHSHQGHQWGHUHJODUHDXWRPDWD
tensiunii;
b) /D YDULDLD VDUFLQLL GH OD PHUV vQ JRO OD VDUFLQ QRPLQDO OD IDFWRU GH SXWHUH QRPLQDO
tensiunea se va modifica numai între UN ± 2,5%;
c) 3HQWUXJHQHUDWRDUHOHVLQFURQHGHDYDULHVHDGPLWHRYDULDLHDWHQVLXQLLGH± 3,5%, pentru
UN=Ul≅400V;
d) 3HQWUX JHQHUDWRDUHOH VLQFURQH SULQFLSDOH VH DGPLWH R YDULDLH D WHQVLXQLL GH  GDF
cos ϕ = 0,6 ÷ 0,9 diferit de cel nominal;
e) 9DULDLDEUXVFDVDUFLQLLODWXUDLHQRPLQDOODXQIDFWRUGHSXWHUHGDWQXYDGXFHODR
VFGHUHDWHQVLXQLLVXEVDXODRFUHúWHUHDDFHVWXLDSHVWH'XSFHDDYXWORF
YDULDLDEUXVFDVDUFLQLLWHQVLXQHDVHYDUHVWDELOLvQPD[LPVHFvQLQWHUYDOXO8N ±
3,5%. Pentru agregatele de avarie acest interval este de 5 sec. în limitele UN ± 4%.
Atunci când lipsesc datele nominale privind valorile maxime ale sarcinii instantanee care
VH FRQHFWHD] OD VDUFLQD GDW VH YD DOHJH R VDUFLQ GH  OD XQ IDFWRU GH SXWHUH GH
cosϕ≤0,4;
1. *HQHUDWRDUHOH GH FXUHQW FRQWLQXX FX H[FLWDLH SDUDOHO YRU IL SUHY]XWH FX UHJXODWRDUH
automate de tensiune.
2. *HQHUDWRDUHOHGHFXUHQWFRQWLQXXFXH[FLWDLHPL[WSUHY]XWHFXUHJXODWRDUHDXWRPDWH
GH WHQVLXQH YRU DVLJXUD R WHQVLXQH FRQVWDQW FX R SUHFL]LH GH ±1% pentru puteri sub
NZúLFXRSUHFL]LHGH±0,5% pentru puteri peste 100kw.
3. 3UHFL]LDWUHEXLHDVLJXUDWODRULFHVDUFLQDWkWvQVWDUHUHFHFkWúLvQVWDUHFDOG
4. Regulatorul automat de tensiune al generatorului de curent continuu va asigura, în stare
UHFHSRVLELOLWDWHDPLFúRUULLWHQVLXQLLGHPHUVvQ JROFXPLQLP8NLQkQGFRQWGH
FUHúWHUHDWXUDLHLGHPHUVvQJRODPRWRUXOXLGHDQWUHQDUH
5. /D UHJODUHD PDQXDO VHQVXO GH URWDLH DO RUJDQHORU GH FRPDQG YD IL LQYHUV úL YD
GHWHUPLQDFUHúWHUHDWHQVLXQLL
6. $WkW OD JHQHUDWRDUHOH GH FXUHQW FRQWLQXX FkW úL OD FHOH GH FXUHQW DOWHUQDWLY WHQVLXQHD
GHELWDWGHDFHVWHDGHSLQGHGHPULPHDVDUFLQLLconfom caracteristicii externe.
7. /D JHQHUDWRDUHOH GH FXUHQW FRQWLQXX úL OD FHOH VLQFURQH FDUDFWHULVWLFLOH H[WHUQH DX XQ
FDUDFWHUF]WRUGHFLWHQVLXQHDVFDGHGHODYDORDUHDGHPHUVvQJRO8N<UNO.
7HQVLXQHD JHQHUDWRDUHORU GH FXUHQW FRQWLQXX FX H[FLWDLH LQGHSHQGHQW OD VXSUDVDUFLQ
VFDGH GDWRULW FGHULL GH WHQVLXQH SH UH]LVWHQD VWDWRULF úL PRGLILFULL IOX[XOXL SULQ UHDFLD
LQGXVXOXL 8QHRUL úL OD JHQHUDWRDUHOH IU vQIúXUDUH GH FRPSHQVDUH YDULDLD WHQVLXQLL HVWH VXE
10%.
/D JHQHUDWRDUHOH VLQFURQH LQIOXHQD UH]LVWHQHORU statorice la modificarea tensiunii este
QHVHPQLILFDWLY $EDWHUHD WHQVLXQLL GH OD YDORDUHD QRPLQDO HVWH GHWHUPLQDW GH UHDFLD
LQGXVXOXLúLGHFGHUHDGHWHQVLXQHLQGXFWLY

32
 $FLXQHDGHPDJQHWL]DQWDUHDFLHLLQGXVXOXLFUHúWHFkQGVDUFLQDDUHFDUDFWHULQGXFWLYDGLF
Φd opus lui Φ0.
'HDFHHDODJHQHUDWRDUHOHVLQFURQHFDUHPHUJvQVDUFLQIUUHJXODWRUDXWRPDWGHWHQVLXQH
DFHDVWDSRDWHVVFDGSkQOD8N.
În sistemele electroenergetice navale de curent alternativ, majoritatea motoarelor asincrone
FX URWRU vQ VFXUWFLUFXLW VXQW FXSODWH GLUHFW GHFL DSDU FXUHQL PDUL OD IDFWRUL GH SXWHUH PLFL
'HRDUHFHDFHVWHVLVWHPHVXQWGHSXWHULILQLWHDSDUFGHULGHWHQVLXQHGHYDORULPDUL
/DSRUQLUHDGLUHFWDXQXLPRWRUDVLQFURQFXURWRUvQVFXUWFLUFXLWGHSXWHUHFRPSDUDELOFX
FHDDJHQHUDWRUXOXLFXUHQWXOGHSRUQLUHDODFHVWXLDSRDWHGHWHUPLQDRFGHUHGHWHQVLXQHFDUHV
vQWUHUXS IXQFLRQDUHD DOWRU FRQVXPDWRUL VDX PLFúRUDUHD IUHFYHQHL 3URFHVXO GH SRUQLUH OD
VFGHUHDWHQVLXQLLDUHORFJUHXGHRDUHFHFXSOXOGHSRUQLUHGHSLQGHGHSWUDWXOWHQVLXQLL
'DFvQDFHODúLWLPSFXFXSODUHDWHQVLXQLLXQXLFRQVXPDWRUGHSXWHUHPDUHFkQGGXUDWDGH
SRUQLUH HVWH PDL PDUH VH FXSOHD] XQ DOW FRQVXPDWRU SRW DSUHD FGHUL GH WHQVLXQH FDUH V
determine decuplarea generatorului de la TPD.

1.5.2 &/$6,),&$5($6,67(0(/25'(5(*/$5($8720$7$
785$,(,6&+(0(%/2&,'(17,),&$5($(/(0(17(/25
SCHEMEI.
2ULFHVLVWHPDXWRPDWHVWHIRUPDWGLQWUXQGLVSR]LWLYGHDXWRPDWL]DUHúLXQRELHFWFRPDQGDW
Fig.23. Schema bloc a unui sistem automat

3ULQ RELHFW FRPDQGDW VH vQHOHJH WRWDOLWDWHD GLVSR]LWLYHORU FDUH UHDOL]HD] SURFHVXO
WHKQRORJLFPHFDQLFVDXIL]LFúLFDUHVHGHVIúRDUGXSXQDQXPLWDOJRULWP
'LVSR]LWLYXOGHDXWRPDWL]DUHDFLRQHD]DVXSUDRELHFWXOXLFRPDQGDWvQVFRSXOUHDOL]ULLXQXL
DQXPLWDOJRULWPGHFRPDQG
$OJRULWPXO GH FRPDQG UHSUH]LQW WRWDOLWDWHD FRPHQ]LORU FDUH GHWHUPLQ FDUDFWHUXO DFLXQLL
DVXSUDRELHFWXOXLFRPDQGDWvQVFRSXOUHDOL]ULLDOJRULWPXOXLIXQFLRQDODOSURFHVXOXL
'LVSR]LWLYXO GH FRPDQG VDX GH DXWRPDWL]DUH HVWH FRPSXV GLQ GLIHULWH HOHPHQWH FRQHFWDWH
vQWUHHOHFDUHFDOLWDWLYúLFDQWLWDWLYPRGLILFDFLXQHDSULPLWGHODXQ HOHPHQWODDOWXO$FHVW
GLVSR]LWLYUHDOL]HD]GLIHULWHIXQFLL
3ULQFLSDOHOHPULPLDOHXQXLVLVWHPDXWRPDWVXQW
xi±PULPHDGHLQWUDUH
xm±PULPHDGHH[HFXLH
xe ±PULPHDGHLHúLUH
]±PULPHDSHUWXUEDWRDUH
Sistemele automate pot fi de trei categorii:
a. VLVWHP GH VWDELOL]DUH ± VLVWHP DO FUXL DOJRULWP IXQFLRQDO FRQLQH LQVWUXFLXQL GH
PHQLQHUHFRQVWDQWDPULPLLGHLHúLUH
b. 6LVWHP GH XUPULUH ± VLVWHP DO FUXL DOJRULWP IXQFLRQDO FRQLQH LQVWUXFLXQL GH
PRGLILFDUH D PULPLORU GH LHúLUH vQ IXQFLH GH R PULPH GH LQLLHUH YDULDELO úL
QHFXQRVFXW

33
 c. 6LVWHP SURJUDPDELO ± VLVWHP DO FUXL DOJRULWP IXQFLRQDO FRQLQH LQVWUXFLXQL GH
PRGLILFDUHDPULPLLGHLHúLUHFRUHVSXQ]WRUXQHLYDULDLLFXQRVFXWHDPULPLLGHLQWUDUH
'LQSXQFWGHYHGHUHFRQVWUXFWLYVLVWHPHOHDXWRPDWHVHFODVLILFvQ
D6LVWHPHDXWRPDWHGHVFKLVH±VLVWHPHODFDUHGLVSR]LWLYXOGHFRPDQGSHOkQJPULPHD
GHLQWUDUHSULPHúWHúLPULPHSHUWXUEDWRDUH

Fig.24. Schema bloc a unui sistem automat deschis

/DDFHVWHVLVWHPHPULPHDGHH[HFXLHxmVHUHDOL]HD]IXQFLHGHXQDVDXPDLPXOWHPULPL
SHUWXUEDWRDUH 'LVSR]LWLYXO GH FRPDQG SRDWH V HPLW R PULPH GH H[HFXLH FDUH V
FRPSHQVH]HLQIOXHQDSHUWXUEDLHLDVXSUDPULPLLGHLHúLUH$FHVWDHVWHSULQFLSLXOFRPSHQVULL
ÌQ FD]XO PDúLQLORU HOHFWULFH FLUFXLWXO GH FRPSHQVDUH QX HVWH R UHDFLH (OHJWXUD) LQYHUV
GHRDUHFHSULQHOVHUHDOL]HD]IOX[XOPDJQHWLFLQLLDOGLQvQIúXUDUHDGHH[FLWDLH
&UHúWHUHD VXSOLPHQWDU D IOX[XOXL GH H[FLWDLH D JHQHUDWRUXOXL VDX H[FLWDWULFHL VH UHDOL]HD]
SULQvQIúXUDUHDGHFRPSHQVDUHVXSOLPHQWDUSULQFDUHWUHFHXQFXUHQWSURSRULRQDOFXYDORDUHD
curentului statoric.
Deci sistemele de compensare sunt sisteme deschise. Un alt sistem deschis este sistemul de
FRPDQG SURJUDPDELO XQGH GH UHJXO OLSVHúWH FLUFXLWXO GH FRPSHQVDUH D PULPLL
SHUWXUEDWRDUHHODYkQGQXPDLRPULPHGHLQWUDUH
E6LVWHPHDXWRPDWHvQFKLVH±VLVWHPHODFDUHGLVSR]LWLYXOGHFRPDQGSHOkQJPULPLOHGH
LQWUDUHúLSHUWXUEDWRDUHSRWDYHDúLPULPHDGHLHúLUHSULQWUXQWUDGXFWRUGHUHDFLH

Fig.25. Schema bloc a unui

sistem automat închis

$FHVW VLVWHP SRDWH IXQFLRQD QXPDL FX UHDFLH QHJDWLY PULPHD GH H[HFXLH ILLQG
SURSRULRQDOFXGLIHUHQDGLQWUHPULPHDGHLQWUDUHúLFHDGHUHDFLH

34
 1.5.3. REGULATORUL AUTOMAT DE TENSIUNE CU COLOANA DE
&5%81(3(1758*(1(5$72$5('(C.C.

)LJ6FKHPDHOHFWULFDVLVWHPXOXLGHUHJODUHDXWRPDWDWHQVLXQLLJHQHUDWRDUHORUGHc.c.,
FXUHJXODWRUDXWRPDWGHWHQVLXQHFXFRORDQGHFUEXQH

&kQGJHQHUDWRUXOGHELWHD]RWHQVLXQHFRQVWDQWODLHúLUHVHPHQLQHXQHFKLOLEUXvQWUHIRUD
GH DWUDFLH D HOHFWURPDJQHWXOXL (0 úL IRUD HODVWLF D UHVRUWXOXL Rs , rezultând o presiune
FRQVWDQWDVXSUDFRORDQHLGHJUDILW
/D FUHúWHUHD WHQVLXQLL GHELWDWH GH JHQHUDWRU IRUD GH DWUDFLH D HOHFWURPDJQHWXOXL FUHúWH
SUHVLXQHDDVXSUDFRORDQHLGHJUDILWVFDGHUH]LVWHQDDFHVWHLFRORDQHFUHúWHFXUHQWXOGHH[FLWDLH
YDVFDGHGHFLYDVFDGHWHQVLXQHDGHELWDW
$YDQWDMHOH XWLOL]ULL DFHVWHL PHWRGH FRQVWDX :vQWUR SUHFL]LH EXQ GH UHJODUH vQWUXQ DQXPLW
LQWHUYDOVLPSOLWDWHFRVWUHGXVPDVDúLJDEDULWHPLFL
'H]DYDQWDMHOHFRQVWDXvQILDELOLWDWHPHFDQLFPLFDSDULLDXQRUFXUHQLGHHJDOL]DUHPDUL
De acea se folosesc numai la generatoare de puteri mici.

1.5.4. 67$7,&$6,67(0(/25'(5(*/$5($8720$7$7(16,81,,
5(3$57,,$05,0,,3(5785%$72$5(Ì175(6,67(0(
&83/$7(/$,(ù,5(
8QVLVWHPGHUHJODUHDXWRPDWUHDOL]HD]RLQWHUGHSHQGHQvQWUHPULPHDGHLHúLUHúLFHDGH
LQWUDUH LQGLIHUHQW GH PULPHD SHUWXUEDWRDUH ; VXE DFLXQHD FUHLD VH PRGLILF SHUPDQHQW
PULPHD GH LHúLUH ÌQ SUDFWLF VH FRQVWDW F PULPHD GH LHúLUH vQ UHJLP VWDLRQDU GHSLQGH GH
PULPHDSHUWXUEDWRDUH
x e ST = f (x1, x 2,..., xk ,..., xn )
8QVLVWHPGHUHJODUHDXWRPDWHVWHVWDWLFvQUDSRUWFXPULPHDSHUWXUEDWRDUHGDFH[LVWXQ
grad de statism:
∂x ST
Sk = e
∂xk
6WDWLVPXO XQXL VLVWHP GH UHJODUH DXWRPDW UHSUH]LQW SDQWD GUHSWHL FXUEHL GH UHJODUH
(fig. 27.).

Fig.27.a. Schema bloc a unui

sistem automat de reglare

35
 Fig.27.b. Curbele de reglare ale
XQXLVLVWHPGHUHJODUHDXWRPDW
pentru diferite grade de statism

'DFSk=0 sistemul este DVWDWLFFXPULPHDSHUWXUEDWRDUH

8Q VLVWHP GH UHJODUH DXWRPDW SRDWH IL VWDWLF vQ UDSRUW FX XQHOH PULPL SHUWXUEDWRDUH úL
DVLDWLFvQUDSRUWFX DOWHOH /DVLVWHPHOHGHUHJODUHDXWRPDWDWHQVLXQLL PULPHD SHUWXUEDWRDUH
GRPLQDQWHVWHFXUHQWXOGHVDUFLQVDXSXWHUHDUHDFWLY
/D VLVWHPHOH GH UHJODUH DXWRPDW D WXUDLHL PULPHD SHUWXUEDWRDUH GRPLQDQW HVWH SXWHUHD
DFWLY
ÌQHQHUJHWLFOHJHDGHUHJODUHDWHQVLXQLLúLWXUDLHLIXQFLHGHPULPHDSHUWXUEDWRDUHHVWH
OLQLDU
ε st = S ⋅ x ; x e ST = x e 0 − Sx (78)
'DF6>0 – sistemul este static pozitiv;
'DF6 ±VLVWHPXOHVWHastatic;
'DF6±VLVWHPXOVWDWLFQHJDWLY
x ST X X0
x e ST = x e 0 − SX : x e 0 e =1− S ⋅ ⇒ −x e = 1 − S ⋅ X (79)
xe 0 xe 0 X0
unde:
x ST
xe = e (80)
xe 0
X
S = s 0 100% (81)
xe 0
X0±YDORDUHDQRPLQDODSHUWXUEDLHL
&XSOkQGPDLPXOWHVLVWHPHGHUHJODUHDXWRPDWODLHúLUHYDDYHDORFRUHSDUWLLHDPULPLL
perturbatoare.

Fig.28. Schema de legare a mai

multor sisteme de reglare
DXWRPDW  OD LHúLUH

ÌQ FD]XO FXSOULL PDL PXOWRU VLVWHPH GH UHJODUH DXWRPDW OD LHúLUH IXQFLH GH statismul
ILHFUXLDH[LVWPDLPXOWHYDULDQWHGHGLVFXLH9RPH[HPSOLILFDvQFD]XOXQXLQXPUGH
QVLVWHPHGHUHJODUHDXWRPDW
a. 'DFWRDWHVLVWHPHOHVXQWastatice: - (fig.29.)
S1=S2=S3=…=Sn
xi01=xi02=…=xi0n=xe01=xe02=…=xe0n

36
 Fig.29. Curba de reglare
generalD“n” sisteme de
reglare DXWRPDWastatice
cuplate la LHúLUH

ÌQDFHVWFD]QXHVWHSRVLELORUHSDUWLLHELQHGHWHUPLQDWDPULPLLSHUWXUEDWRDUH
b. 'DFVLVWHPHOHVXQWastatice: - (fig.30.)
S1=S2=…=Sn=0
GDUPULPLOHGHLHúLUHGLIHU
x e 01 ≠ x e 02 ≠ ... ≠ x e 0n

Fig.30. Curba de reglare

JHQHUDOD“n” sisteme de
UHJODUHDXWRPDWasistice, care
DXPULPLGHLHúLUHGLIHULWH
FXSODWHODLHúLUH

n
ÌQDFHVWFD]VHSRDWHVSXQHF X = ∑ X k = const. 'HRDUHFHFXUEHOHQXVHLQWHUVHFWHD]QX
k =1
VHYDDVLJXUDRGLVWULEXLHSURSRULRQDODSHUWXUEDLHL
c. 'DFVLVWHPHOHDXDFHODúLJUDGGHstatism, nenul: - (fig.31.)
S1=S2=…=Sn≠0
LDUPULPLOHORUGHLHúLUHGLIHU

)LJ&XUEDGHUHJODUHJHQHUDOD“n” VLVWHPHGHUHJODUHDXWRPDWVWDWLFH
FDUHDXPULPLGHLHúLUHGLIHULWH

3HQWUX UHDOL]DUHD XQHL XQLIRUPL]UL D UHSDUWLLHL PULPLL SHUWXUEDWRDUH YRP SURFHGD OD R
WUDQVODWDUHDFXUEHORUSkQFkQGDFHVWHDVHYRUVXSUDSXQHvQ
X = X1 + X2 = X1’ + X2’ = const
d. 'DFgradul de statismDOHVLVWHPHORUGLIHUúLVXQWnenule:
S1 ≠ S2 ≠….. ≠ S
LDUPULPLOHGHPHUVvQJROVXQWDFHOHDúL

37
 )LJ &XUED GH UHJODUH JHQHUDO D
GRX VLVWHPH GH UHJODUH DXWRPDW FX
grade de VWDWLVP GLIHULWH úL FX PULPL
GH LHúLUH OD PHUV vQ JRO HJDOH

ÌQ DFHVW FD] XQLIRUPL]DUHD UHSDUWLLHL PULPLL SHUWXUEDWRDUH VH UHDOL]HD] SULQ PRGLILFDUHD
gradului de VWDWLVPSkQFkQG:
θ’1 = θ2’ = … = θn’ , X= X1’ + X2’ +…+Xn’ = const.
HÌQSUDFWLFVHvQWkOQHúWHFD]XOvQFDUHDWkWJUDGHOHGHVWDWLVPFkWúLPULPLOHGHLHúLUH
ODPHUVXOvQJROGLIHU

xe 01 ≠ xe 02 ≠ ... ≠ xe 0n
S1 ≠ S 2 ≠ ... ≠ S n

)LJ&XUEHOHGHUHJODUHDXWRPDWDGRXVLVWHPHGH
grade de VWDWLVPúLPULPLGHLHúLUHODPHUVvQJROGLIHULWH

5HSDUWLLDXQLIRUPDPULPLORUSHUWXUEDWRDUHDUHORFSHQWUXXQDQXPLWSXQFW$
'DF DSDUH R VDUFLQ VXSOLPHQWDU ∆X atunci punctul A trece prin A, dar prin intermediul
regulatoarelor va trece apoi în B.

1(&(6,7$7($5(*/5,,7(16,81,,Ì1S.E.E.N.

Fig.34. Sistem electroenergetic

naval

∆8±FGHUHDGHWHQVLXQHSHXdúLSHFDEOXUL
Ed – tensiunea electromotoare de ID[
Xd±UHDFWDQDVLQFURQORQJLWXGLQDO
Xs±UHDFWDQDHOHPHQWHORUGHOHJWXUvQWUHJHQHUDWRUúLTPD.
U = Ed - ∆U
∆U = lg(Xd + Xs)

38
 Fig.35. Diagrama ID]RULDO D WHQVLXQLORU
unui sistem electroenergetic simplificat

0HQLQHUHD FRQVWDQW D WHQVLXQLL JHQHUDWRUXOXL OD PRGLILFDUHD VDUFLQLL VH IDFH SULQ GRX
metode:
1) PHQLQkQG WHQVLXQHD HOHFWURPRWRDUH GH ID]D Ed FRQVWDQW úL PRGLILFkQG UHDFWDQD
HOHPHQWHORU GH OHJWXU vQWUH  JHQHUDWRU úL TPD, Xs, OD IDFWRU GH SXWHUH FRQVWDQW úL OD
WXUDLHFRQVWDQW

Fig.36. Comportarea grupului

HOHFWURJHQIUUHJXODWRUGH
tensiune

Fig.37. Modificarea puterii active

vQIXQFLHGHXQJKLXOδ

ÌQ UHJLP VWDLRQDU SXWHUHD GHELWDW GH JHQHUDWRU HVWH HJDO FX SXWHUHD DEVRUELW GH
consumator.
'DFVHPDLFXSOHD]XQFRQVXPDWRUSXWHUHDWRWDOFHUXWYDIL
Pc t = Pc 1 +∆Pc
'HFLFXUHQWXOYDFUHúWHGHOD,1 la I2.
Dar Ed = FRQVWIOX[XOGHH[FLWDLHILLQGFRQVWDQW
Calculând ∆U2 úL WUDQVODWkQGXO SkQ FkQG YkUIXO OXL LQWHUVHFWHD] FHUFXO VH REVHUY F 82
<U1.
'HFLvQFD]XOFXSOULLXQXLFRQVXPDWRUFXRVDUFLQGHRDQXPLWYDORDUHXQJKLXOδ va tinde
SkQODYDORDUHDOLPLWGLQSXQFWGHYHGHUHDOVWDELOLWLLVWDWLFHδlim = π⁄2
2) MRGLILFkQG WHQVLXQHD HOHFWURPRWRDUH GH ID] (2 OD UHDFWDQD HOHPHQWHORU GH OHJWXU
vQWUHJHQHUDWRUúLTPD, X s, factor de putere, cosϕúLWXUDLHQFRQVWDQWH

Fig.38. Comportarea
grupului electrogen cu
regulator automat de
WHQVLXQH úL D YDULDLHL
SXWHULLDFWLYHIXQFLHGH
modificarea unghiului
δ.

'LQ ILJXU VH REVHUY F OD PRGLILFDUHD VDUFLQLL FX R YDORDUH ∆Pc ,valoarea curentului va
FUHúWHGHOD,1 la I2, tensiunea va fi U2>U1GHFLSXWHUHDDFWLYYDFUHúWH

39
 $YDQWDMHOHXWLOL]ULLUHJXODWRUXOXLFRQVWDXvQ
a) FUHúWHUHDSXWHULLPD[LPHFDUHSRDWHILGHELWDWvQUHJLPVWDWLFGHIXQFLRQDUH;
b) FUHúWHUHDUH]HUYHLGHVWDELOLWDWH
c) FUHúWHUHDVWDELOLWLLGLQDPLFH
8QVLVWHPGHUHJODUHDXWRPDWDWHQVLXQLLvQGHSOLQHúWHXUPWRDUHOHIXQFLL
a) OLPLWHD]YDORDUHDPD[LPDWHQVLXQLLGHELWDWHGHJHQHUDWRU
b) UHSDUWL]HD]XQLIRUPSXWHULOHUHDFWLYHvQWUHJHQHUDWRDUHOHFXSODWHvQSDUDOHO
c) OLPLWHD]YDORDUHDFXUHQWXOXLGHH[FLWDLHODRVFGHUHDIUHFYHQHLGH
d) DGDSWHD]YDORDUHDFXUHQWXOXLGHH[FLWDLHGXSVDUFLQDDFWLYVDXUHDFWLY
e) FUHúWHVWDELOLWDWHDvQIXQFLRQDUHDJHQHUDWRDUHORUODVFXUWFLUFXLW

1.5.6. )25AREA EXCITA,(,

ÌQ JHQHUDO IRUDUHD H[FLWDLHL  VH UHDOL]HD] FX GLVSR]LWLYH LQGHSHQGHQWH GH UHJXODWRUXO
automat de tensiune, de obicei relee care VFXUWFLUFXLWHD]HOHPHQWHOHGHUHJODMGDUVHSRDWH
UHDOL]DúLSULQLQWHUPHGLXOUHJXODWRUXOXL
&RPSRUWDUHD VLVWHPHORU GH H[FLWDLH vQ UHJLP WUDQ]LWRULX VH DSUHFLD] DWkW SULQ YDORDUHD
PD[LPDWHQVLXQLLFkWúLSULQYLWH]DGHFUHúWHUHDDFHVWHLD

Fig.39. Modificarea
WHQVLXQLLGHH[HFXLHOD
IRUDUHDH[FLWDLHL
∆U e
V= [V / s]
∆

Alegerea punctului B se face astfel încât aria triunghiului $%& V  

ILH HJDO 
FX DULD FXSULQV vQWUH FXUED $& úL

segmentele %& úL $%

/DVLVWHPHOHGHH[FLWDLHUDSLGXQLQWHUYDOGHWLPS ∆t = 0,5 s este mare. La aceste
VLVWHPHSHQWUXDVHVWLQJHGLQWHQVLXQHDGHH[FLWDLHPD[LPYDILQHYRLHGHXQLQWHUYDO
∆t ≤ 0,1 s.

7,385,'((;&,7$,,

6LVWHPHOHGHH[FLWDLHDVLJXUIXQFLLOHGH
1) PRGLILFDUHDFXUHQWXOXLGHH[FLWDLHQRPLQDOODYDORDUHD
I eN = (2 ÷ 2,5)I e0 (84)
unde:
Ie0±FXUHQWXOGHH[FLWDLHODFXUHQWGHVDUFLQDQXO
IeN±FXUHQWXOGHH[FLWDLHQRPLQDOODFXUHQWúLWHQVLXQHQRPLQDO
2) PRGLILFDUHDvQOLPLWHODUJLDFXUHQWXOXLGHH[FLWDLH
3) PULUHD UDSLG D FXUHQWXOXL GH H[FLWDLH SULQ IRUDUHD H[FLWDLHL OD DSDULLD XQXL
scurtcircuit
ÌQ DFHVW VFRS WHQVLXQHD GH H[FLWDLH FUHúWH GH  ÷  RUL WHQVLXQHD GH H[FLWDLH QRPLQDO
9LWH]D GH FUHúWHUH SHQWUX FXUHQWXO GH H[FLWDLH GHSLQGH GH YDORDUHD PD[LP D WHQVLXQLL GH
H[FLWDLHúLGHFDUDFWHULVWLFDVLVWHPXOXL

40
 3HUIRUPDQHOHvQUHJLPGLQDPLFDXLPSRUWDQODIRUDUHDH[FLWDLHLúLODSURFHVHOHWUDQ]LWRULL
GLQvQIúXUDUHDGHH[FLWDLH

6LVWHPHGHH[FLWD LHFXPDúLQLGHC.C.
Sunt întâlnite la generatoarele sincrone de puteri medii. Ca excitatoare se folosesc
generatoarele de C.C. sau amplidine antrenate direct pe axul motorului primar.

)LJ6LVWHPGHH[FLWDLHFXPDúLQLGHc.c.

6LVWHPHGHH[FLWD LHFXPDúLQLGHC.A.

([LVW GRX WLSXUL GH DVHPHQHD VLVWHPH 3ULPXO FX H[FLWDWRDUH FDUH DX vQIúXUDUHD GH
H[FLWDLH SH URWRU LDU FHD GH c.a. pe stator; SXQWHD UHGUHVRDUH ILLQG IL[ vQ VSDLX úL SXWkQG IL
FRPDQGDWVDXQHFRPDQGDW$OLPHQWDUHD HLVHIDFHSULQWUDQVIRUPDWRUXOGHFRPSHQVDUH FXR
WHQVLXQHSURSRULRQDOFXFHDGHELWDWGHJHQHUDWRU

)LJ 6LVWHP GH H[FLWD LH FX


H[FLWDWRDUH FX vQI úXUDUHD GH H[FLWD LH

pe rotor, iar cea de c.c. pe stator.

$OGRLOHDWLSHVWHFHOFDUHDUHvQIúXUDUHDLQGXVDJHQHUDWRUXOXLSHURWRULDUFHDGHH[FLWDLH
pe stator.

)LJ 6LVWHP GH H[FLWD LH FX

LQGXVXO SH URWRU úL vQI úXUDUHD 

GH H[FLWD LH SH VWDWRU

&203257$5($(;&,7$72$5(/25/$)25$5($
(;&,7$,(,

Excitatoare rotative de C.C.

)LJ 6FKHPD GH IRU DUH D

H[FLWD LHL FX H[FLWDWRUXO GH c.c.

41
 )RUDUHD H[FLWDLHL VH UHDOL]HD] SULQ vQFKLGHUHD FRQWDFWXOXL . FRPDQGDW SULQWUXQ DQXPLW
GLVSR]LWLYGHSURWHFLH

)LJ 9DORULOH FXUHQ LORU

GH H[FLWD LH OD IXQF LRQDUHD

QRUPDO  úL OD IRU DUHD H[FLWD LHL

YDULD LD WHQVLXQLL GH H[FLWD LH OD

IRU DUHD H[FLWD LHL

Excitatoare rotative de C.A.

'DFDOLPHQWDUHDvQIúXUULLGHH[FLWDLHDJHQHUDWRDUHORUGHODH[FLWDWRDUHVHUHDOL]HD]SULQ
GLRGH UHJODUHD úL IRUDUHD H[FLWDLHL VH UHDOL]HD] SULQ PRGLILFDUHD FXUHQWXOXL GH H[FLWDLH DO
excitatricei printr-un regulator automat de tensiune.
Aceste sisteme se folosesc la generatoare sincrone de puteri mari, la care se impun
SHUIRUPDQHULGLFDWHLDUSHQWUXDVLJXUDUHDDFHVWRUSHUIRUPDQHVHLPSXQH
- realizarea excitatoarelor în raport de scurtcircuit mare;
- LQWURGXFHUHD XQRU UH]LVWHQH VXSOLPHQWDUH vQ FLUFXLWXO GH H[FLWDLH DO H[FLWDWRDUHORU
(pentru a micúRUDFRQVWDQWDGHWLPS);
- realizarea unei VXSUDH[FLWUL PDUL D H[FLWDWRDUHORU SULQ vQIúXUDUHD GH H[FLWDLH GH ED]
FRPSHQVDW vQ UHJLP QRUPDO GH IXQFLRQDUH GH VROHQDLLOH vQIúXUULORU GH H[FLWDLH
regulatoare.

1.5.9. '(=(;&,7$5($5$3,'
/DVFXUWFLUFXLWHYDORDUHDFXUHQWXOXLGHVFXUWFLUFXLWGLQVWDWRUQXVHDQXOHD]SULQGHFXSODUHD
de la barele 73'$WXQFLHVWHQHFHVDUVVHDQXOH]HRGDWFXGHFXSODUHDúLIOX[XOGHH[FLWDLH
principal. .
'H]H[FLWDUHD UDSLG QX VH SRDWH UHDOL]D SULQ VLPSOD vQWUHUXSHUH D FLUFXLWXOXL GH H[FLWDLH
GHRDUHFH SULQ DXWRLQGXFLH SRW DSDUH FXUHQL PDUL FDUH SHULFOLWHD] UH]LVWHQD GH L]RODLH D
vQIúXUULLGHH[FLWDLH
'H]H[FLWDUHD UDSLG VH FRQFHSH DVWIHO vQFkW V GHFXUJ UDSLG LDU YDORDUHD WHQVLXQLL GH
H[FLWDLHVQXSHULFOLWH]HUH]LVWHQDGHL]RODLHDvQIúXUULLGHH[FLWDLH
ÌQSUDFWLFVHvQWkOQHVFGLIHULWHPHWRGHGHGH]H[FLWDUHUDSLGFHOHPDLXWLOL]DWHILLQG
a) 2PHWRGDFRQVWvQLQWURGXFHUHDXQHLUH]LVWHQHGHGHVFUFDUHRd în paralel cu
vQIúXUDUHDGHH[FLWDLHÌQPRPHQWXOvQFKLGHULLFRQWDFWXOXLWHQVLXQHDODERUQHOH
vQIúXUULLGHH[FLWDLHFUHúWHvQVDOWXULGHNRUL
R
[
k = d În practic se alege R d = (3 ÷ 5)R e
Re
]
/D IXQFLRQDUH DFHDVW GLVLSDLH HVWH QHFHVDU SHQWUX FD DFHVW FRQWDFW  V VH vQFKLG FX R
PLFDQWLFLSDLHIDGHGHVFKLGHUHDFRQWDFWXOXL
b) 2 DOW PHWRG GH GH]H[FLWDUH UDSLG FRQVW vQ XWLOL]DUHD XQRU GLVLSDWRDUH GH UHHD
PRQWDWHvQVHULHVDXvQSDUDOHODYkQGRUHHDGHDUFXULVHULH

42
 Fig.45. 'H]H[FLWDUHD 
UDSLG SULQ


UH]LVWHQ D GH GHVF UFDUH

În fig.46.a , la început se închide contactul, introducând RSA vQ SDUDOHO FX vQIúXUDUHD GH
H[FLWDLHGXSFDUHVHGHVFKLGHFRQWDFWXOLDUvQILQDOVHYDGHVFKLGHúLFRQWDFWXO
Arcul electric care apare la bornele acestui contact divizându-se, în RSA VH UHDOL]HD] R
VWLQJHUHPXOWPDLUDSLGDIOX[XOXLGHH[FLWDLHDOJHQHUDWRUXOXL
În schema din fig.46.b, prin deschiderea lui 3 apare un arc electric, divizat prin RSALDUGXS
XQDQXPLWWLPSSULQVWLQJHUHDDUFXOXLVHvQWUHUXSHDXWRPDWúLH[FLWDLD

Fig.46. 'H]H[FLWDUHDUDSLGSULQGLVLSDWRDUHGHUHHDFXUHHDXDGHDUFXULVHULH
montate în: a) paralel; b) serie.

Timpul de GH]H[FLWDUHODPHUVvQJROHVWHGHVFkQGVHXWLOL]HD]UH]LVWHQDGHGHVFUFDUH
úLGHVFkQGVHXWLOL]HD]GLVLSDWRDUHGHUHHD

1.5.10. '(7(50,1$5($,1)/8(1(,3$5$0(75,/25Ì1352&(68/
'($872(;&,7$,(

3URFHVXO GH DXWRH[FLWDLH DO JHQHUDWRUXOXL VLQFURQ QX VH GHRVHEHúWH GH FHO DO PDúLQLL GH c.c.
'DWRULW H[LVWHQHL PDJQHWLVPXOXL UHPDQHQW SULQ DQWUHQDUHD JHQHUDWRUXOXL VLQFURQ OD PHUV vQ
JRO VH LQWURGXFH vQ vQIúXUDUHD VWDWRULF R WHQVLXQH HOHFWURPRWRDUH GHQXPLW WHQVLXQH
UHPDQHQW(0 (E0R).
$FHDVW WHQVLXQH SULQ LQWHUPHGLXO XQXL WUDQVIRUPDWRU GH FRPSHQVDUH úL D XQXL UHGUHVRU
GHWHUPLQvQFLUFXLWXOGHH[FLWDLHXQIOX[FDUHVHRSXQHDGLLRQDOFXFHOGLQDLQWHGHWHUPLQkQG
SULQDFHDVWDRFUHúWHUHDWHQVLXQLLODERUQHOHvQIúXUULLstatorice a generatorului.
7HQVLXQHDFUHúWHSULQFDUDFWHULVWLFDYROWDPSHUvQFLUFXLWXOGHH[FLWDLHúLFDUDFWHULVWLFDGH
mers în gol a generatorului.
3URFHVXOGHDXWRH[FLWDLHVHUHDOL]HD]DWXQFLFkQGVXQWvQGHSOLQLWHFRQGLLLOH
- generatorul are câmp magnetic remanent;
- FXSODUHD UHGUHVRUXOXL OD vQIúXUDUHD GH H[FLWDLH VH IDFH DVWIHO vQFkW WHQVLXQHD V
determine o remagnetizare sau premagnetizare;
- UH]LVWHQDGLQFLUFXLWXOGHH[FLWDLHHVWHPDLPLFGHFkWRDQXPLWYDORDUHFULWLF

43