6,67(0('($872(;&,7$,(

'DF VH XWLOL]HD] FD HOHPHQWH GH FRPSHQVDUH ERELQH GH UHDFWDQ DSDU GLILFXOWL
OHJDWH GH DFLXQHD GHPDJQHWL]DQW D FXUHQWXOXL GLQ vQIúXUDUHD WUDQVIRUPDWRUXOXL GH
WHQVLXQH3ULQXWLOL]DUHDFRQGHQVDWRDUHORUFRQGLLLOHGH DXWRH[FLWDLHVXQWPXOWPDLEXQH
GHRDUHFHVHUHDOL]HD]RSUHPDJQHWL]DUHFXUHQWXOGHID]ILLQGGHID]DWvQDLQWHDWHQVLXQLL
8WLOL]DUHD XQRU HOHPHQWH GH FRPSHQVDUH VDX PRGLILFDUHD FRQVWUXFLHL vQ YHGHUHD
FUHúWHULLWHQVLXQLLHOHFWURPRWRDUHUHPDQHQWHGHELWDWHGHJHQHUDWRUSUHFXPúLLQWURGXFHUHD
XQRU HOHPHQWH GH DPSOLILFDUH vQ VFKHPHOH GH DXWRH[FLWDLH FRQVWLWXLH GRX GLQ PHWRGHOH
GHUHDOL]DUHDDXWRH[FLWDLHLGDUDXGH]DYDQWDMXOFPLFúRUHD]PXOWILDELOLWDWHDVLVWHPXOXL
SUHFXPúLIDSWXOFUHDOL]HD]RFRPSOLFDUHDDFHVWXLD
&HO PDL IUHFYHQW VH XWLOL]HD] XQ FLUFXLW UH]RQDQW SHQWUX D GHWHUPLQD FRQGLLLOH GH
DXWRH[FLWDLH

Fig.47. Caracteristica de mers în gol

( )
U G = f I E 0 úLFDUDFWHULVWLFD9$
U CE = f (I E )
0
UHSUH]HQWDWH vQ XQLWL
relative.
U I
U *G = G ; I *EO = Eo
U I

35,1&,3,8/'()81&,21$5($6,67(08/8,
'(5(*/$5($8720$7$7(16,81,,

Fig.48. Schema bloc a unui

sistem automat.

)LJ 6FKHPD HOHFWULF D

regulatorului automat de tensiune
FXFRORDQGHFUEXQH

)XQFLRQDUHDUHJXODWRUXOXLHVWHDVHPQWRDUHDFHOHLGHODJHQHUDWRDUHORUGHc.c.
3ULQPRGLILFDUHDYDORULLWHQVLXQLLGHLHúLUHDJHQHUDWRDUHORUVHPRGLILFIRUDGHDWUDFLH
D HOHFWURPDJQHWXOXL úL LPSOLFLW SUHVLXQHD FH VH H[HUFLW DVXSUD FRORDQHL GH JUDILW GHFL úL
YDORDUHDFXUHQWXOXLGHH[FLWDLH

44
 ÌQFD]XOJHQHUDWRDUHORUVLQFURQHODWXUDLHQRPLQDOúLODXQDQXPLWFXUHQWGHVDUFLQ
corespund mai multe valori ale tensiunii debitate de acesta, conform caracteristicii externe
din fig.50.

)LJ &DUDFWHULVWLFD H[WHUQ D

generatorului sincron U G = f I g la ( )
WXUDLHFRQVWDQWQ±FRQVWDQW

Fig.51. Caracteristica de reglaj

( )
Ie = f Ig .

&RQIRUPFDUDFWHULVWLFLLGHUHJODMXQXLDQXPLWFXUHQWGHVDUFLQvLFRUHVSXQGPDLPXOWH
YDORULDOHFXUHQWXOXLGHUHJODMvQXQLWLUHODWLYH
2 DOW SDUWLFXODULWDWH FRQVWUXFWLY FRQVW vQ IDSWXO F GDWRULW WUDQVIRUPDWRDUHORU úL
UH]LVWHQHL FLUFXLWXOXL GH H[FLWDLH UH]LVWHQD WRWDO D DFHVWXL FLUFXLW HVWH PDL PDUH GHFkW
UH]LVWHQDH[FLWDLHL'LQDFHVWHPRWLYHVHXWLOL]HD]GLVSR]LWLYHVSHFLDOHSHQWUXDPRUVDUHD
generatoarelor.
'DWRULWvQIúXUULLGHVDUFLQFkWúLDFDUDFWHULVWLFLLDFHVWHLDDVXSUDWHQVLXQLLJHQHUDWH
au fost concepute sisteme de reglare cu compensare.

6,67(0('(5(*/$5($8720$7$7(16,81,,'83
35,1&,3,8/$%$7(5,,ù,$/&203(165,,'83&85(17
6&+(0$%/2&6&+(0$(/(&75,&

/D DQWUHQDUHD JHQHUDWRUXOXL OD WXUDLD QRPLQDO GDF QX VH DPRUVHD] VH YD vQFKLGH
FRQWDFWXODúLDVWIHOVHYDUHDOL]DRpremagnetizare.
3ULQ HIHFWXO DXWRH[FLWDLHL vQ DYDODQú WHQVLXQHD GLQ vQIúXUDUHD VHFXQGDU D
transformatorului f1HVWHUHGUHVDWúLVHPUHúWHFXUHQWXOGHH[FLWDLH
ÌQPRPHQWXOvQFDUHWHQVLXQHDODLHúLUHGHSúHúWHYDORDUHD(DWHQVLXQLLVXUVHLGHc.c.,
GLRGD'HVWHSRODUL]DWLQYHUVGHFLDOLPHQWDUHDODEDWHULHVHvQWUHUXSH

)LJ 6LVWHP GH UHJODUH DXWRPDW D

WHQVLXQLLFXFRPSHQVDUHGXSFXUHQW
a – schema bloc
E±VFKHPDHOHFWULF

45
 &XSOkQGvQVDUFLQJHQHUDWRUXOVLQFURQvQIXQFLHGHYDORDUHDFXUHQWXOXLGHVDUFLQD,S,
OD LHúLUHD SXQLL UHGUHVRDUH Q2 VH RELQH XQ FXUHQW GH H[FLWDLH VXSOLPHQWDU GHFL VLVWHPXO
IXQFLRQHD] SULQ FRPSHQVDUHD HIHFWXOXL FXUHQWXOXL OD IXQFLRQDUHD vQ VDUFLQ D
generatorului.

6,67(0'(5(*/$5($8720$7$7(16,81,,&8
&203281'$5('83)$=

)LJ6LVWHPXOGHUHJODUHDXWRPDW
DWHQVLXQLLFXFRPSRXQGDUHGXS
ID]
a – schema bloc
E±VFKHPDHOHFWULFGHSULQFLSLX

Din diagrama ID]RULDO VH REVHUY F PULPHD fazorului er depinde de modificarea
unghiului ϕGHFDODMXOvQWUHWHQVLXQHúLFXUHQW(ODUHYDORDUHDPD[LPFkQGVDUFLQDHVWH
SXUFDSDFLWLY

6,67(0'(5(*/$5($8720$7$7(16,81,,&8
&203281'$5('83&85(17ù,&8&25(&725'(7(16,81(

Fig.54. Sistem de reglare

DXWRPDWDWHQVLXQLLFX
FRPSRXQGDUHGXSFXUHQWúL
corector de tensiune:
a – schema bloc
E±VFKHPDHOHFWULF

/D DQWUHQDUHD JHQHUDWRUXOXL OD WXUDLL QRPLQDOH SHQWUX DPRUVDUHD LQLLDO SULQ
vQFKLGHUHDvQWUHUXSWRUXOXLDXWRPDWVHDSOLFRWHQVLXQHGHODEDWHULDGHDFXPXODWRULvQ
vQIúXUDUHD GH H[FLWDLH D JHQHUDWRUXOXL úL vQ DFHODúL WLPS OD vQIúXUDUHD GH FRPDQG D
DPSOLILFDWRUXOXLPDJQHWLFPLFúRUkQGUHDFWDQDvQIúXUULLOXLGHVDUFLQ
7HQVLXQHD UHPDQHQW GH OLQLH GLQ vQIúXUDUHD VHFXQGDU D WUDQVIRUPDWRUXOXL I1, prin
vQIúXUULOHGHVDUFLQDOHDPSOLILFDWRUXOXLPDJQHWLF$0UHGUHVDWSULQSXQWHDUHGUHVRDUH
PRQRID]DWQ1VHDSOLFODvQIúXUDUHDGHH[FLWDLHDJHQHUDWRUXOXLUHDOL]kQGDPRUVDUHDvQ
DYDODQúDDFHVWXLD
&kQG JHQHUDWRUXO HVWH FXSODW vQ VDUFLQ SURSRULRQDO FX DFHVWD GLQ vQIúXUDUHD
VHFXQGDU D WUDQVIRUPDWRUXOXL I2, prin puntea n2, se aplica un curent suplimentar de
H[FLWDLH

46
 Caracteristica de tensiune are un caracter QHOLQLDU vQ MXUXO SXQFWXOXL GH IXQFLRQDUH
QRPLQDODOUHJXODWRUXOXL/DRDEDWHUHDWHQVLXQLLODRYDORDUHFkWGHPLFGHODYDORDUHD
QRPLQDO HO PRGLILF YDORDUHD FXUHQWXOXL GH H[FLWDLH vQ vQIúXUDUHD GH FRPDQG D
DPSOLILFDWRUXOXLPDJQHWLFUHDOL]kQGLQGLUHFWSULQLQGXFWDQDYDULDELODvQIúXUULLVDOHGH
VDUFLQPRGLILFDUHDWHQVLXQLLODLHúLUHDI1úLLPSOLFLWDWHQVLXQLLGHH[FLWDLHFHVHRELQHGH
la puntea redresoare n1.
8Q DVHPHQHD VLVWHP DVLJXU OD R YDULDLH EUXVF D VDUFLQLL FX DSUR[LPDWLY  OD
IDFWRUGHSXWHUHQRPLQDORFGHUHGHWHQVLXQHGHúLXQWLPSGHVWDELOL]DUHGHV

',675,%8,$6$5&,1,,5($&7,9(Ì175(
*(1(5$72$5(/(6,1&521(&()81&,21($=Ì13$5$/(/

Spre deosebire de generatoarele de c.c., la generatoarele sincrone cuplate în paralel, atât

VDUFLQD DFWLY FkW úL FHD UHDFWLY WUHEXLH V VH UHSDUWL]H]H SURSRULRQDO FX SXWHUHD ORU
QRPLQDO ÌQ FD]XO JHQHUDWRDUHORU VLQFURQH GHRDUHFH UHDFWDQD vQIúXUULL statorice este
PXOWPDLPDUHGHFkWUH]LVWHQDHLvQFD]XOXQHLGLIHUHQHvQWUHWHQVLXQHDHOHFWURPRWRDUHD
FHORU GRX JHQHUDWRDUH FXSODWH vQ SDUDOHO vQWUH vQIúXUULOH ORU VHFXQGDUH YD DSDUH XQ
curent de egalizare defazat cu 90°IDGHfazorul ∆(±GLIHUHQDGLQWUHFHOHGRXWHQVLXQL
electromotoare.
6HFRQVLGHUGRXJHQHUDWRDUHFXSODWHvQSDUDOHODYkQGWHQVLXQLOHHOHFWURPRWRDUH(1úL(2,
FXUHQLL,1úL,2WHQVLXQLOHILLQGDFHOHDúL81=U2=U, unghiurile de defazaj între tensiunile δ1
úLδ2UHDFWDQHOHVLQFURQH;d1úL;d2úLXQJKLXULOHGHGHID]DMvQWUHFXUHQLϕ1úLϕ2.

)LJ 'LDJUDPD ID]RULDO D

WHQVLXQLL úL FXUHQLORU D GRX
generatoare cuplate în paralel.

/DFXSODUHDXQHLVDUFLQLGHRDQXPLWSXWHUHUHDFWLYGDFFDUDFWHULVWLFH[WHUQDFHORU
GRXJHQHUDWRDUHQXDUHDFHODúLJUDGGHVWDWLVPDWXQFLQXH[LVWGLIHUHQHvQWUH(1úL(2.
Fie E1úL(2, E1>E2 úL∆E=E1-E2.
AceastGLIHUHQGHWHUPLQun curent de egalizare între generatoare, care are sensul din
ILJXUSHQWUXSULPXOJHQHUDWRUúLVHQVFRQWUDUSHQWUXFHOGHDOGRLOHD
6H REVHUY FD SULQ PRGLILFDUHD WHQVLXQLL HOHFWURPRWRDUH úL DSDULLD FXUHQWXOXL GH
HJDOL]DUH vQWUH FHOH GRX JHQHUDWRDUH VH PRGLILFD GLVWULEXLD VDUFLQLL UHDFWLYH vQWUH FHOH
GRXJHQHUDWRDUH
'DF vQ FD]XO D GRX JHQHUDWRDUH IXQFLRQkQG vQ SDUDOHO XQXL JHQHUDWRU L VH PUHúWH
YDORDUHD FXUHQWXOXL GH H[FLWDLH DFHVWD VH YD vQFUFD FX VDUFLQ UHDFWLY PHQLQkQG
WHQVLXQHDODERUQHFRQVWDQWLDUFHOODOWJHQHUDWRUVHYDGHVFUFDGHVDUFLQDUHDFWLY
0RGLILFDUHD VDUFLQLL UHDFWLYH VH SRDWH UHDOL]D PDQXDO VDX DXWRPDW SULQ H[FLWDLD
FLUFXLWXOXL GH HJDOL]DUH vQWUH vQIúXUULOH GH H[FLWDLH DOH FHORU GRX JHQHUDWRDUH VDX SULQ
H[LVWHQDFLUFXLWXOXLVDXWUDGXFWRUXOXLGHSXWHUHDFWLY DFHORUGRXUHJXODWRDUH7HRUHWLF
QXVHSRDWHUHDOL]DGLVWULEXLDVDUFLQLLUHDFWLYHvQWUHJHQHUDWRDUHOHFXSODWHvQSDUDOHOúLDOH
FURUFDUDFWHULVWLFLH[WHUQHDXJUDGHOHGHstatism S1, S2, S3.

47
 )LJ 'LVWULEXLD VDUFLQLL
reactive în cazul a trei
generatoare sincrone cuplate în
paralel.

La o tensiune UN  GDF VH FXSOHD] R VDUFLQ UHDFWLY VXSOLPHQWDU Igr, primul
JHQHUDWRUVHYDvQFUFDFX∆Igr1, al doilea cu ∆Igr2úLDOWUHLOHDFX∆Igr3, astfel încât:
∆Ig = ∆Igr1 + ∆Igr2 + ∆Igr3 (85)
Prin cuplarea unui consumator scade tensiunea la valoarea: U1 = UN + ∆U
Astfel ca:
n
tgα1 = ∆U /∆I gr1 = S1 ∆I gr1 = ∆U /S1 ∑ ∆Igri
tgα 2 = ∆U /∆I gr2 = S2 ⇒ ∆Igr2 = ∆U /S2 ⇒ ∆U = i =1 (86)
n
1
tgα 3 = ∆U /∆I gr3 = S3 ∆Igr 3 = ∆U /S3 ∑S
i =1 i
6HREVHUYFVDUFLQDUHDFWLYVHUHSDUWL]HD]LQYHUVSURSRULRQDOFXJUDGXOGHstatism
DOFDUDFWHULVWLFLL3HQWUXFDJHQHUDWRDUHOHVLQFURQHGH DFHHDúLSXWHUHFDUH IXQFLRQHD]vQ
SDUDOHOVVHvQFDUFHFXDFHHDúLVDUFLQUHDFWLYHVWHQHFHVDUFDDFHVWHJHQHUDWRDUHVDLE
caracteristici care se suprapun.
'DFJHQHUDWRDUHOHVXQWGHSXWHULGLIHULWHFDUDFWHULVWLFLOHORUH[WHUQHWUHEXLHVDLEXQ
astfel de grad de VWDWLVPvQFkWVVHvQFDUFHFXRSXWHUHUHDFWLYSURSRULRQDOFXSXWHUHD
ORUQRPLQDOvQOLPLWHOHDGPLVHGH515
RNR impune o repartizare a puterii reactive cu o abatere de sub 10% din puterea
QRPLQDODFHOXLPDLPDUHJHQHUDWRU

6,67(0'(5(*/$5($8720$7$7(16,81,,65$7&8

&203281'$5('83&85(176,)$=

Spre deosebire de compoundarea dupFXUHQWFkQGIex depinde numai de Isarc, în cazul

FRPSRXQGULL GXS FXUHQW úL ID] DSDUH vQ SOXV GHSHQGHQWD OXL Iex de factorul de putere
(+Isarc).
Caracteristicile de reglare ale generatoarelor sincrone la diferite valori ale lui cosϕ,
(fig. 57, 58).

)LJ&DUDFWHULVWLFDGHUHJODUH)LJ&DUDFWHULVWLFDH[WHUQ

48
iU
x
Ie

La un factor de putere mai mic decât cel nominal, tensiunea generatorului se

PLFúRUHD]
/D XQ IDFWRU GH SXWHUH PDL PDUH GHFkW FHO QRPLQDO WHQVLXQHD JHQHUDWRUXOXL FUHúWH OD
FUHúWHUHDFXUHQWXOXLGHVDUFLQ
Concluzie:
ÌQSUDFWLFFRPSRXQGDUHDGXSFXUHQWHVWHLQVXILFLHQWvQSURFHVXOGH5$7
O asemenea compoundare (Iex depinde de Isarc + cosϕ DVLJXURSUHFL]LHVXILFLHQWOD
UHJODUHD WHQVLXQLL FKLDU IU XWLOL]DUHD FRUHFWRUXOXL GH WHQVLXQH HURDUH GH ± 2 ÷ 4% ) sau
SRDWH vPEXQWL IXQFLRQDUHD FRUHFWRUXOXL GH WHQVLXQH SHQWUX R SUHFL]LH PDL EXQ
'HRDUHFHODDFHODúLFXUHQWGHVDUFLQFXUHQWXOGHH[FLWDLHGHSLQGHGHFRVϕHVWHQHFHVDU
vQVXPDUHD JHRPHWULF D PULPLORU HOHFWULFH SURSRULRQDOH FX WHQVLXQHD úL FXUHQWXO /D
DFHODúLIsarcúLDFHHDúLYDORDUH DWHQVLXQLLIex este cu atât mai mare cu cât cos ϕ este mai
PLF&HOHGRXH[WUHPHVXQW
- UHJLPXOGHVDUFLQDFWLYXQJKLXOGLQWUHID]RULVILHGH°);
- UHJLPXOGHVDUFLQLQGXFWLYID]RULLVILHFROLQLDUL
ÌQ VFKHPHOH GH FRPSRXQGDUH GXS FXUHQW úL ID] vQIúXUULOH VHFXQGDUH DOH
transformatoarelor pot fi conectate în serie sau în paralel.

CONEXIUNEA PARALEL ÎN CAZUL

GS MONOFAZAT – fig.59.

)LJ6FKHPDVLPSOLILFDWDFLUFXLWXOXL

unde:
KU - constanta de transformare;
RexUH]LVWHQDvQIúXUULLGHH[FLWDLHDJHQHUDWRUXOXL
XiUHDFWDQDWUDQVIRUPDWRUXOXLGHFXUHQW
XUUHDFWDQDWUDQVIRUPDWRUXOXLGHWHQVLXQH
U, I - tensiunea, curentul de sDUFLQDOHJHQHUDWRUXOXL
'LQVFKHPVHYHGHFODFHOHERUQHDOHGLSROXOXLVHDSOLFWHQVLXQLOH.UU si Ki I.
Conform teoremei VXSHUSR]LLHL
I ex = + (87)

49
 j+
α
β
+ 
β
+
=
α
jiI 1
U
x
e
2
1 I() +
α
jik
U
x
e

unde:
HVWHSURSRULRQDOFXFXUHQWXOGHH[FLWDLHDOJHQHUDWRUXOXL
VHRELQHFRQVLGHUkQG.iI=0 , XU=∞.
ÌQDFHVWFD]VHRELQGRXHFXDLL
KUU = Zk . I1 + Rex . IexU (88)
(89)

GHXQGHUH]XOW
(90)

ZkLPSHGDQDGHFRPSRXQGDUH
$FHDVW FRPSRQHQW D FXUHQWXOXL GH H[FLWDLH VH SRDWH UHSUH]HQWD H[SRQHQLDO VXE
forma:

(91)

(92)
(93)

(94)

&RPSRQHQDIex1VHRELQHFRQVLGHUkQG;u GLQHFXDLD
K1 I(1/Rex+1/jXI+1/Zk)=IexIRex (95)
de unde:

(96)

unde:
2= U- + k- = 1- + k (97)
α α k =ϕ arctg
ϕ (Xβ k /αrk) ϕ ϕ (98)
ϕ = U- I (99)
ϕ α α
Considerând ID]RUXOWHQVLXQLLFDUHIHULQ/u VHRELQH

(100)
'LQH[SUHVLDGHPDLVXVUH]XOWFIexHVWHVXPDDGRXFRPSRQHQWH
XQDFDUHGHSLQGHGHFXUHQWXOGHVDUFLQ
− una care depinde de tensiune.
−ÎnsumarHDJHRPHWULFDFHORUGRXFRPSRQHQWHGHSLQGHGHZk:
1) Zk  FXUHQWXOGHH[FLWDLHGHSLQGHQXPDLGHWHQVLXQHúLVLVWHPXOQX IXQFLRQHD]
QRUPDO'HRVHELPXUPWRDUHOHH[WUHPH
a) Zk - pur UH]LVWLY FHOH GRX FRPSRQHQWH IRUPHD] XQ XQJKL GH  ;
1 - 2 = - k = -90 ;
°
α α ϕ

50
 b) Zk - pur inductive (reactive), cele doua componente au defazajul egal cu zero;
ambii fazori fiind coliniari; α1 - α2 = 0

Fig.61. DIAGRAMA ID]RULDOFRUHVSXQ]WRDUHFRQH[LXQLLSDUDOHO

DWUDQVIRUPDWRDUHORUGHWHQVLXQHúLFXUHQW

Curentul scade cu
FUHúWHUHDOXL .

Fig.62. Diagrama ID]RULDODVHPQDOHORU6$57SHQWUXXWLOL]UL

unui condensator ca element de compoundare.
6LVWHPXOSRDWHIXQFLRQDQRUPDOúLvQFD]XOXWLOL]ULLXQXLFRQGHQVDWRUvQORFGHERELQ
vQDFHVWFD]HVWHQHYRLHVVHLQYHUVH]HOHJWXULOHODXQDGLQvQIúXUULOHWUDQVIRUPDWRDUHORU
TT si TC.
6HFRQVWDWFGDFID]DHOHPHQWXOXLGHFRPSRXQGDUHϕkGLIHUHVHQLDOIDGHYDORDUHD
±90°, reglarea automata a tensiunii nu se mai poate realiza corect.
DDFϕk = 0°FXUHQWXOGHH[FLWDLHDOJHQHUDWRUXOXLvQUHJLPGHVDUFLQDFWLYHVWHPDL
PDUHGHFkWvQUHJLPGHVDUFLQUHDFWLY'DFϕ = 45°FXUHQWXOGHH[FLWDLHHVWHDFHODúLúL
pentru ϕ = 0°úLSHQWUXϕ = 90°.
ÌQ FRQGLLLOH XQXL XQJKL UHDO HVWH QHFHVDU F HOHPHQWXO GH FRPSRXQGDUH V DLE úL R
UH]LVWHQPLFvQFRPSDUDLHFXUHDFWDQ
ÌQFRQGLLLUHDOHXWLOL]DUHDXQHLERELQHFDHOHPHQWGHFRPSRXQGDUHIDFHFDvQVXPDUHD
vQFD]XOXQHLVDUFLQLDFWLYHVVHIDFVXEXQXQJKLDVFXLW/DXWLOL]DUHDXQXLFRQGHQVDWRU
acest unghi este obtuz.
ÌQ DPEHOH FD]XUL PULPHD XQJKLXOXL GLQWUH FHOH GRX FRPSRQHQWH HVWH DSURSLDW GH
90° 'LQ DFHDVW FDX] OD XWLOL]DUHD FRQGHQVDWRDUHORU VH REVHUY R FGHUH EUXVF D
FDUDFWHULVWLFLLH[WHUQHDJHQHUDWRUXOXLvQ]RQDVDUFLQLORUDFWLYHPLFL/DFUHúWHUHDFXUHQWXOXL
GHVDUFLQDFWLYFXUHQWXOGHH[FLWDLHDOJHQHUDWRUXOXLVFDGHFDvQILJXUD

51
( )<
θ
−
ϕ
+
=
α $
( β
β )
=
α
ϕ
+
−

CONEXIUNEA SERIE ÎN CAZUL GS MONOFAZAT

Fig.63.
FFkQGDFHOHDúLLSRWH]HFODFRQH[LXQHDSDUDOHOVHRELQH

'DFϕ = 0°FRPSRQHQWHOHIRUPHD]XQXQJKLGH°.
'DFϕ = 90°, fazorii ambelor componente sunt coliniari.
'DF;→∞, componenta HVWHHJDOFX]HUR'HDFHHDWUHEXLHXWLOL]DWXQWUDQVIRUPDWRUGH
curent cu vQWUHILHUVDXWUHEXLHVLVHúXQWH]HvQIúXUDUHDVHFXQGDUFXRLPSHGDQGHFRPSRXQGDUH
&DHOHPHQWGHFRPSRXQGDUHVHSRDWHXWLOL]DRERELQVDXXQFRQGHQVDWRU

)LJ 6FKHPD VLPSOLILFDW D

circuitului.

1.5.18. AVANTAJUL INTRODUCERII REGULATORULUI

AUTOMAT DE TENSIUNE (RAT)

5$7PHQLQHXQJKLXOHOHFWULF FRQVWDQWVDXDSURDSHFRQVWDQWPULQGVHQVLELOLWDWHD
VWDWLFDVLVWHPXOXLÌQIHOXODFHVWDFUHúWHSXWHUHDPD[LPFDUHSRDWHILGHELWDWvQUHJLPVWDWLF
5$7LQWHUYLQHGHRELFHLDVXSUDH[FLWDLHLJHQHUDWRUXOXLIRUkQGXOODVFGHUHDWHQVLXQLL8GDWRULW
DFLXQLL5$7FUHúWHEdvPSLHGLFkQGFUHúWHUHDVXEVWDQLDODXQJKLXOXLHOHFWULF

)LJ9DULDLDXQJKLXOXLHOHFWULFIXQFLHGHSXWHUH

52
ϕ⇒ E
U
d
s
o
c
2
< <
>
≤
θ
I=
U
Q
g
in
s π
=
÷
()θ
X
d

ÌQSXQFWHOH$úL%DYHPPg=Pc
$±SXQFWVWDELOGHIXQFLRQDUH
B – punct instabil de IXQFionare
ÌQIXQFLRQDUHVHLDvQFRQVLGHUDUHQXPDLODWXUDFUHVFWRDUHDFXUEHL'DFSXWHUHDFRQVXPDWRUXOXL
PcFUHúWHGHODPc=k1 la Pc=k2=k1+ Pc, atunci unghiul intern &RQGLLDGHIXQFLRQDUHHVWH
∆
ca .
$FHDVW VWDELOLWDWH VD QXPLW VWDWLF GHRDUHFH QX HVWH OHJDW GH QLFL XQ GHIHFW 5$7 PULQG
H[FLWDLDFkQG8VFDGHIDFHFDDFHDVWFXUE VVHULGLFHvPEXQWLQGPXOWVWDELOLWDWHD
VWDWLF
6HREVHUYFSULQIRUDUHDH[FLWDLHLFUHúWHúLSXWHUHDPD[LPFHSRDWHILGHELWDWvQUHJLPGH
IXQFLRQDUHVWDWLFÌQSOXVSULQLQWURGXFHUHD5$7
- VHPUHúWHVWDELOLWDWHDGLQDPLF
- VHPUHúWHVHQVLELOLWDWHDSURWHFLHL
- FUHúWHFDOLWDWHDHQHUJLHLHOHFWULFH
- GHYLQHSRVLELOSRUQLUHDGLUHFWDPRWRDUHORUDVLQFURQHFXURWRUvQVFXUWFLUFXLW
5HJODUHD DXWRPDW D JHQHUDWRDUHORU HOHFWULFH WUHEXLH V DVLJXUH vQGHSOLQLUHD
XUPWRDUHORUIXQFLL
UHSDUWLLDSXWHULLUHDFWLYHvQWUH*6IXQFLRQkQGvQSDUDOHO
−
− PHQLQHUHDFRQVWDQWDWHQVLXQLLODIXQFLRQDUHDQRUPDO
− DGDSWDUHDFXUHQWXOXLGHH[FLWDLHGXSVDUFLQDDFWLYVLUHDFWLY
− PULUHDVWDELOLWLLGHIXQFLRQDUHvQSDUDOHOD*6vQFD]GHVFXUWFLUFXLW

0HWRGHGHUHJODUHDXWRPDWDWHQVLXQLL
'LQUHODLD

(101)

VHGHGXFHXUPWRDUHDH[SUHVLH
Xd Ig sinϕ = Ed cosθ−U (102)
Ed = (U+Xd Ig sinϕ)/cosθ (103)
'LQDFHDVWUHODLHUH]XOWWUHLSRVLELOLWLGHUHJODUHDt.e.m. Ed a generatorului:
− UHJODUHDIXQFLHGHDEDWHUHDPULPLLUHJODWH8
− UHJODUHDIXQFLHGHSHUWXUEDLDIg;
− UHJODUHDPL[WGXSDEDWHUHDPULPLLUHJODWHúLGXSSHUWXUEDLH

Schema bloc a sistemului de reglare autRPDWILJ

Fig.66.

(104)

53
∆

unde: S - statismul sau panta caracteristicii de reglare, fig.67.

Fig.67.

3HQWUX D vQHOHJH DYDQWDMXO LQWURGXFHULL 5$7 FRQVLGHUP F SkQ OD XQ PRPHQW W0
WHQVLXQHDHVWH FRQVWDQWGHYDORDUH 80$SRLVHSURGXFHRYDULDLH EUXVF GH VDUFLQ VH
SXQH  vQ IXQFLXQH SRPSD GH LQFHQGLX  7HQVLXQHD YD VFGHD EUXVF GLQ SXQFWXO $ vQ
punctul B.

)LJ,QIOXHQD5$7DVXSUD
YDULDLHLWHQVLXQLL

ÌQ FRQGLLLOH H[LVWHQHL 5$7 GLQ SXQFWXO %′, la momentul t1 GXS ,
WHQVLXQHDHVWHUHDGXVGXSSDUFXUJHUHDXQXLUHJLPWUDQ]LWRULXODYDORDUHDLQLLDO'DF
5$7QXH[LVWWHQVLXQHDVFDGHODRYDORDUHIRDUWHPLFGXSFXUED%&'
65$  PRGLILF H[FLWDLD *6 SULQ LQWHUPHGLXO YDULDLHL XQHL UH]LVWHQH GLQ FLUFXLWXO GH
H[FLWDLHDOH[FLWDWRDUHLFXFRORDQGHFUEXQH

Fig.69. Schema unui circuit cu SRA în care modificarea

H[FLWDLH&16VHUHDOL]HD]FX5&&
ir – curentul regulatorului;
Rcc±UH]LVWHQDFRORDQHLGHFUEXQH
IEEx±vQIúXUDUHDGHH[FLWDLHDH[FLWDWRUXOXL
,(*6±vQIúXUDUHDGHH[FLWDLHD*6
RC – reostat de câmp;
TU – transformator de tensiune.

54
α−
∆
= ∆
[]=

ÌQFD]XOUHJOULLVLVWHPXOXLGXSRFDUDFWHULVWLFVWDWLFI= ct în sistem, tensiunea este

LQGHSHQGHQWGHYDORDUHDVDUFLQLLneavantajos ) - în acest caz se poate realiza repartizarea
SXWHULLDFWLYHvQWUH*6FDUHIXQFLRQHD]vQSDUDOHO

7,385,'(6,67(0('(5(*/$5($8720$7$7(16,81,,

6LVWHPHOHGHUHJODUHDXWRPDWDWHQVLXQLL*6VXQWGHGRXWLSXUL:
65$ VWDWLFH ± VLVWHPH OD FDUH vQ UHJLP VWDLRQDU OD VIkUúLWXO SURFHVXOXL WUDQ]LWRULX
PULPHDUHJODWFDSWYDORULFDUHGHSLQGGHYDORDUHDPULPLORUSHUWXUEWRDUH
SRA DVWDWLFH ± VLVWHPHOH OD FDUH vQ UHJLP VWDLRQDU OD VIkUúLWXO UHJLPXOXL WUDQ]LWRULX
PULPHDUHJODWHVWHUHDGXVH[DFWODYDORDUHDPULPLLGHFRQVHPQÌQDFHVWHVLVWHPHQX
H[LVWGHSHQGHQHvQWUHPULPHDUHJODWúLPULPHDSHUWXUEDWRDUH

)LJ&DUDFWHULVWLFLOH65$VWDWLFHúLastatice.

8±PULPHDUHJODW
Irg – curentul reactiv al generatorului;
S – gradul de statism.
(105)

Xe0±YDORDUHDPULPLLODPHUVvQJRO
Xst±YDORDUHDPULPLLvQUHJLPGHVWDLRQDUH
Xe±YDORDUHDPULPLLGHLHúLUH
∆Xp±YDORDUHDPULPLLGHLQWUDUH
∆
ÌQFD]XOXQXL65$VWDWLFSR]LWLYSHPVXUFHFXUHQWXOUHDFWLYFUHúWHGHOD]HURSkQ
la valoarea InDJHQHUDWRUXOXLVLVWHPXOPLFúRUHD]WHQVLXQHDJHQHUDWRUXOXLGHODYDORDUHD
tensiunii de mers în gol (Irg=0 SkQ OD WHQVLXQHD QRPLQDO ILHFUHL YDORUL D FXUHQWXOXL
UHDFWLYFRUHVSXQ]kQGXLRDQXPLWYDORDUHDWHQVLXQLLJHQHUDWRUXOXL
*UDGXOGHYDULDLHDWHQVLXQLLvQIXQFLHGHFXUHQWXOUHDFWLYDOJHQHUDWRUXOXLVHGHWHUPLQ
prin gradul de statism al caracteristicii de reglare.
(106)

(107)

U - este abaterea tensiunii de la valoarea de consemn Ugol GXS DSDULLD SHUWXUEDLHL

∆
XQJKLXOGLQWUHFDUDFWHULVWLFúLRUL]RQWDO
α

55
⇒

Când ∆U>0 – VWDWLVPSR]LWLYSHPVXUFHFUHúWHFXUHQWXOUHDFWLYDOJHQHUDWRUXOXLIrg,

WHQVLXQHDVHPLFúRUHD]vQUDSRUWFXWHQVLXQHDGHFRQVHPQ
În general, gradul de VWDWLVPVHH[SULPvQXQLWLUHODWLYHúLHVWHFXSULQVvQWUH
&kQG WHQVLXQHD JHQHUDWRUXOXL VFDGH LQGLIHUHQW GH PRWLY HD SRDWH IL DGXV OD YDORDUHD
QRPLQDOSHVHDPDFUHúWHULLWHPDPDúLQLL±Ed.
(108)
5,VHQHJOLMHD]ILLQGIRDUWHPLF .
Întrucât WHPGHSLQGHGHWXUDLHúLGHIOX[XOGHH[FLWDLHLDUWXUDLDVHUHJOHD]SHQWUX
GLVWULEXLDVDUFLQLLDFWLYHSHQWUXUHJODUHDWHQVLXQLLFkWúLSHQWUXGLVWULEXLDVDUFLQLLUHDFWLYH
VHUHJOHD]FXUHQWXOGHH[FLWDLHDOJHQHUDWRUXOXL
&DX]HOHFDUHSRWGXFHODDEDWHUHDWHQVLXQLLGHODYDORDUHDQRPLQDOVXQW
- YDULDLDFXUHQWXOXLGHVDUFLQ,;
- HIHFWXOGHPDJQHWL]DQWDOFXUHQLORUGHFLUFXODLH
- YDULDLDWXUDLHLPRWRUXOXL'LHVHOGHDQWUHQDUH
3ULQFLSDODSRVLELOLWDWHGHDIDFHFXUHQWXOGHFLUFXODLHUHDFWLYVILHQXOFDúLWUDQVIHUXO
GHSXWHUHUHDFWLYvQWUHJHQHUDWRDUHLDUWHQVLXQLOHJHQHUDWRUXOXLVILHHJDOHúLFRQVWDQWH
vQWLPSHVWHDFHHDGHDUHJODFRUHVSXQ]WRUFXUHQWXOGHH[FLWDLH*6

75$'8&725'(387(5(5($&7,96&+(0$%/2&
3(175881,)250,=$5($5(3$57,,(,387(5,,5($&7,9(

ÌQ FD]XO vQ FDUH VDUFLQD UHDFWLY DUH WHQGLQD GH D FUHúWH OD IXQFLRQDUHD vQ SDUDOHO D
JHQHUDWRDUHORU OD EDUHOH 73' RGDW FX FUHúWHUHD XQJKLXOXL ϕ FUHúWH SURSRULRQDO úL
valoarea tensiunii rezultante UR.
5HJXODWRUXO DXWRPDW GH WHQVLXQH SULQ FUHúWHUHD YDORULL VHPQDOXOXL DSOLFDW OD  LQWUDUH
HPLWH R FRPDQG GH PLFúRUDUH D YDORULL FXUHQWXOXL GH H[FLWDLH vQ VFRSXO PHQLQHULL
FRQVWDQWH D SXWHULL UHDFWLYH FX FDUH HVWH vQFUFDW JHQHUDWRUXO $OWIHO VSXV GLQ SXQFW GH
YHGHUHDOFDUDFWHULVWLFLLGHUHJODUH D JHQHUDWRDUHORUFXSODWHVHPUHúWH JUDGXOGHstatism,
GHFL GLVSR]LWLYXO DQDOL]DW DVLJXU VWDELOL]DUHD SXWHULL UHDFWLYH SULQ FUHúWHUHD JUDGXOXL GH
statism.
'DF vQIúXUDUHD SULPDU D WUDQVIRUPDWRUXOXL I2 HVWH UHDOL]DW GLQ GRX MXPWL
FRQHFWDWHvQRSR]LLHVHFXSOHD]XQvQWUHUXSWRUGHHJDOL]DUHvQWUH5i1úL5i2..
6HSRDWHUHDOL]DRGLVWULEXLHDVDUFLQLLUHDFWLYHvQWUHJHQHUDWRDUHOHFDUHIXQFLRQHD]vQ
SDUDOHOIURPRGLILFDUHDJUDGXOXLGHstatism.

)LJ6FKHPDGHGLVWULEXLHDVDUFLQLL
UHDFWLYHIUPRGLILFDUHDstatismului.

'DF5i1 = Ri2vQDEVHQDFXUHQWXOXLGHHJDOL]DUHvQWUHFHOHGRXJHQHUDWRDUHFXUHQWXO
GLQvQIúXUDUHDVHFXQGDUDWUDQVIRUPDWRUXOXLI1, prin divizorul rezistiv Ri1, R, se împarte
vQ GRX SUL HJDOH 7HP SH FHOH GRX SUL DOH vQIúXUULL SULPDUH DOH FHORU GRX
VHPLvQIúXUULILLQGHJDOHúLGHVHQVFRQWUDUWHQVLXQHDUH]XOWDQWvQvQIúXUDUHDVHFXQGDU
HVWHQXO

56
 'LQ DFHVW SXQFW GH YHGHUH VH REVHUY F YDORDUHD FXUHQWXOXL GHELWDW GH JHQHUDWRU QX
LQIOXHQHD]WHQVLXQHDDFHVWXLDGHFLVHSRDWHRELQHRFDUDFWHULVWLFVWDWLF
ÌQFD]XOUHSDUWLLHLQHXQLIRUPHDSXWHULLUHDFWLYHvQWUH*6FDUHIXQFLRQHD]vQSDUDOHO
GHRDUHFHFGHULOHGHWHQVLXQHSH5i1úL5i2 nu sunt egale, pe acest circuit apare un curent de
HJDOL]DUHFDUHPRGLILFYDORULOHWHPSHFHOHGRXMXPWLDOHvQIúXUULLVHFXQGDUH

Fig.72. Diagrama ID]RULDO vQ FD]XO

UHSDUWLLHL neuniforme de sarcini
reactive.

Ca rezultat al tensiunilor rezultante Ur1 úL 8r2 diferite, prin intermediul regulatoarelor
FHORU GRX JHQHUDWRDUH VH PRGLILF FRUHVSXQ]WRU FXUHQLL GH H[FLWDLH DVWIHO vQFkW XQ
JHQHUDWRUVHGHVFDUFLDUFHOODOWVHvQFDUFSkQGLVSDUHFXUHQWXOGHHJDOL]DUHGLQFLUFXLW
úLSXWHULOHUHDFWLYHVXQWXQLIRUPUHSDUWL]DWH
'DFRi > 5DWXQFLSHQWUXJHQHUDWRUXOUHVSHFWLYDSDUHGLQPRPHQWXOLQLLDORDQXPLW
FGHUHGHWHQVLXQH8vQvQIúXUDUHDVHFXQGDUFDUHGHWHUPLQXQDQXPLWJUDGGHstatism
al caracteristicii generatorului.
/DIXQFLRQDUHDvQSDUDOHOD*6GHDFHODúLWLSUHSDUWLLDXQLIRUPDSXWHULLUHDFWLYHVH
SRDWHIDFHSULQUHDOL]DUHDXQHLOHJWXULHOHFWULFHFXDMXWRUXOFUHLDVHHJDOL]HD]FXUHQLLGH
H[FLWDLH VDX SULQ OHJDUHD vQ SDUDOHO D vQIúXUULORU GH LHúLUH D WUDQVIRUPDWRDUHORU GH
FRPSHQVDUHvQFD]XOVLVWHPHORUFXDXWRH[FLWDLH
'LVWULEXLD SURSRULRQDO FX SXWHUHD D VDUFLQLL UHDFWLYH OD JHQHUDWRDUHOH GH c.c. se
UHDOL]HD]vQPRGQDWXUDOSULQLQWHUPHGLXFDUDFWHULVWLFLLORUH[WHUQH
3HQWUXFUHúWHUHDH[DFWLWLLUHSDUWLLHLVDUFLQLLUHDFWLYHvQFD]XOJHQHUDWRDUHORUSUHY]XWH
FX5$7HOHSRWDYHDXQFLUFXLWGHHJDOL]DUHDVHPQWRUFXFHODQWHULRUGDUODFDUHOLSVHúWH
transformatorul f2, iar în locul transformatorului f1VHIRORVHúWHúXQWXO
În cazul generatoarelor de FF FX H[FLWDLH PL[W GHRDUHFH GH RELFHL FDUDFWHULVWLFD
H[WHUQ SkQ OD VDUFLQD QRPLQDO DUH JUDG GH VWDWLVP SR]LWLY úL GDWRULW QHXQLIRUPL]ULL
WXUDLHL PRWRUXOXL GH DQWUHQDUH H[LVW SRVLELOLWDWHD GLVWULEXLHL neuniforme a sarcinii
reactive.
3HQWUX D vQOWXUD DFHVWH LQFRQYHQLHQWH vQIúXUULOH GH H[FLWDLH VHULH D FHORU GRX
JHQHUDWRDUHVHFXSOHD]vQSDUDOHOFXDMXWRUXOXQRUEDUHGHHJDOL]DUH
ÌQFD]XOIXQFLRQULLvQSDUDOHODXQXLJHQHUDWRUGHFFúLDXQHLEDWHULLGHDFXPXODWRUL
FDUDFWHULVWLFD H[WHUQ D JHQHUDWRUXOXL VH DOHJH DVWIHO vQFkW V VH LQWHUVHFWH]H FX FHD GH
GHVFUFDUHDDFXPXODWRUXOXLvQWUXQSXQFWvQFDUHWHQVLXQHDHVWHFHDQRPLQDOLDUFXUHQWXO
HVWHHJDOFXFXUHQWXOGHvQFUFDUHDODFXPXODWRUXOXLvQUHJLPGHK
ÌQ ]RQD FXUHQLORU PLFL FDUDFWHULVWLFD JHQHUDWRUXOXL YD IL GHDVXSUD FHOHL D
DFXPXODWRUXOXLUHDOL]kQGvQFUFDUHDDFHVWXLD

)LJ &DUDFWHULVWLFD H[WHUQ D

JHQHUDWRUXOXLúLFDUDFWHULVWLFDGH
GHVFUFDUHDDFXPXODWRUXOXL

$YDQWDMXOFXSOULLvQSDUDOHODXQXLJHQHUDWRUGHFFFXXQDFXPXODWRUFRQVWvQIDSWXO
FvQ]RQDFXUHQLORUPDULDFXPXODWRUXOSURWHMHD]JHQHUDWRUXOSULQSUHOXDUHDXQXLYkUIGH
VDUFLQ

57
 1.5.21. S.R.A. A TENSIUNII LA GENERATOARELE
6,1&521()53(5,,

Grupurile electrogene de tip GEBN de 15-75 N9$FXWXUDLDGHSkQODrot/min

VXQWUHDOL]DWHFX*6IUSHULLSUHY]XWHFX5$7FXFRPXWDLHVWDWLF
*6IUSHULLSHOkQJHOHPHQWHOHFRQVWUXFWLYHDOHXQXL*6GHFRQVWUXFLHQRUPDODUH
vQSOXVúLXQ*6GHFRQVWUXFLHLQYHUVDFUXLvQIúXUDUHLQGXVHVWHSHURWRUFDUHHVWH
DQWUHQDWGHD[XOJHQHUDWRUXOXLSULQFLSDOFXvQIúXUDUHDLQGXFWRDUHVLWXDWSHVWDWRU
/D DOLPHQWDUHD vQIúXUULL GH H[FLWDLH D JHQHUDWRUXOXL SULQ UHGUHVDUHD WULID]DW D
tensiunii indusului H[FLWDWULFHLQXH[LVWSHULLúLLQHOHFROHFWRDUH
ÌQ VFRSXO PHQLQHULL PDJQHWLVPXOXL UHPDQHQW QHFHVDU vQ SURFHVXO GH DXWRH[FLWDLH D
generatorului, între SROLLGHH[FLWDLHDLH[FLWDWULFHLVXQWLQWHUFDODLPDJQHLGLQIHULWGH
GLPHQVLXQLL GHVWXO GH PLFL SULQ LQWHUPHGLXO FURUD VH RELQH R WHQVLXQH UHPDQHQW GH
minim 50 V.

)LJ6LVWHPGHUHJODUHDXWRPDWDWHQVLXQLLOD
JHQHUDWRDUHOHVLQFURQHIUSHULL

TC – transformator de compensare;
GS – generator sincron;
̱vQIúXUDUHDGHH[FLWDLHSULQFLSDO
Ì̱vQIúXUDUHDGHH[FLWDLHGHFRUHFLH
n1, n2±SXQLUHGUHVRDUHWULID]DWH
f – transformator de statism;
P±WUDQVIRUPDWRUGHPVXU
R3 – reostat de reglare a sistemului.
3OHFkQGGHODFHOHGRXvQIúXUULGHH[FLWDLHSXWHPVDQDOL]PVLVWHPXOFDúLFXPDP
DYHDGRXVXUVHXQDSULQFLSDOúLXQDGHFRUHFLH
6XUVDSULQFLSDOGHH[FLWDLHVHDOLPHQWHD]GLQLQGXVXOJHQHUDWRUXOXLSULQERUQHOHDE
F úL VH FRPSXQH: GLQ WUDQVIRUPDWRUXO GH FRPSHQVDUH SXQWHD UHGUHVRDUH WULID]DW Q1 care
DOLPHQWHD]vQIúXUDUHDSULQFLSDOGHH[FLWDLH5ROXODFHVWHLVXUVHHVWHFDODIXQFLRQDUHD
vQJROSULQWHQVLXQHDSUHOXDWGLQLQGXVFkWúLODIXQFLRQDUHDvQVDUFLQSULQVHFXQGDUXO
WUDQVIRUPDWRDUHORU GH FXUHQW V DVLJXUH XQ FXUHQW GH H[FLWDLH PDL PDUH GHFkW FXUHQWXO
QHFHVDUDVLJXUULLWHQVLXQLLQRPLQDOHODERUQHOHJHQHUDWRUXOXL
6XUVDGHH[FLWDLHGHFRUHFLHHVWHIRUPDWGLQWUXQWUDQVIRUPDWRUGHWHQVLXQHPFXXQ
5$7 FDUH DOLPHQWHD] vQIúXUDUHD GH H[FLWDLH GH FRUHFLH vQWUH )5 úL )6. Rolul acestei
VXUVH HVWH DFHOD GH D DVLJXUD SULQ FRUHFLH XQ FXUHQW LQYHUV GHFL R dezexcitare a
H[FLWDWULFHLSkQODQLYHOXOQHFHVDUPHQLQHULLWHQVLXQLLFRQVWDQWHODERUQHOHJHQHUDWRUXOXL

58
( )α
α
∈ +

3ULQ DQWUHQDUHD OD WXUDLD QRPLQDO DXWRH[FLWDLD HVWH DVLJXUDW SULQ PDJQHLL
SHUPDQHQL PRQWDL vQWUH SROLL H[FLWDWRDUHL PDJQHL FH DVLJXUD OD H[FLWDLH R WHQVLXQH
UHPDQHQWGHPLQLP9
3HQWUXDVHUHDOL]DDXWRH[FLWDLDHVWHQHFHVDUFDWHQVLXQHDGHODSXQWHDUHGUHVRDUHQ1V
fie mai mare ca tensiunea de prag, sensul curentului fiind dat de n1, ceea ce va determina
XQ IOX[ FDUH VH FRPSXQH DGLLRQDO FX IOX[XO UHPDQHQW GLQ polii generatorului. Când se
RELQH OD ERUQHOH JHQHUDWRUXOXL WHQVLXQHD QRPLQDO FUHúWHUHD HL VH EORFKHD] SULQ
vQIúXUDUHDGHH[FLWDLHGHFRUHFLH
/D IXQFLRQDUHD vQ VDUFLQ SDUWLFLS úL WHQVLXQHD GLQ VHFXQGDUXO 7& FDUH VH DGXQ
ID]RULDOFXFHDH[LVWHQWFUHVFkQGSURSRULRQDOFXUHQWXOGHH[FLWDLH
6LVWHPXOGHH[FLWDLHDVLJXURYDULDLHDWHQVLXQLLGH 8N pentru orice regim de
IXQFLRQDUHODXQIDFWRUGHSXWHUHGH±ODRYDULDLHDWXUDLHLGH±5 % nN.
ÌQ UHJLPGLQDPLFFGHUHDLQLLDOGHWHQVLXQH GDWRUDW XQHL VDUFLQL QX GHSLQGH GHFkW
GHSURSULHWLOHIL]LFHDOH*6

&XUEHOH GH YDULDLH vQ WLPS D

FXUHQWXOXLGHH[FLWDLHúLWHQVLXQLLGH
H[FLWDLHDJHQHUDWRUXOXLVLQFURQIU
SHULL OD WHQVLXQH GH H[FLWDLH
FRQVWDQW FX WUDQVIRUPDWRUXO GH
compensare.

&GHUHD LQLLDO GH WHQVLXQH QX GHSLQGH GHFkW GH UHDFWDQD supratranzitorie
ORQJLWXGLQDO
/DIRORVLUHDJUXSXOXLHOHFWURJHQFDVXUVGHED]JHQHUDWRUGHDYDULHODVLVWHPHOHFX
VXUVHGHSXWHUHILQLWDSDUHSUREOHPDGHWHUPLQULLFGHULLPD[LPHGHWHQVLXQHODFXSODUHD
XQXLFRQVXPDWRUGHSXWHUHPDUHFDUHVQXGHWHUPLQHRFGHUHGHWHQVLXQHFDUHVGXFOD
VFRDWHUHDGLQIXQFLXQHDFHORUODOLFRQVXPDWRUL
3HQWUX D DVLJXUD IXQFLRQDUHD vQ SDUDOHO D JUXSXULORU HOHFWURJHQH VD LQWURGXV XQ
transformator de VWDWLVPIUH]LVWHQD53SULQFDUHVHDVLJXUWUDQVIRUPDUHDFDUDFWHULVWLFLL
GHUHJODMGLQFDUDFWHULVWLFDVWDWLFvQWUXQDVWDWLF3ULQLQWURGXFHUHDOXL53VHDVLJXUvQ
FLUFXLWXO GH PVXU DO 5$7 R WHQVLXQH FDUH V DVLJXUH vQFUFDUHD HFKLOLEUDW D
JHQHUDWRUXOXLFXVDUFLQUHDFWLY

Fig.75. Diagrama tensiunilor

într-un grup electrogen.

(109)

k – raport de transformare al transformatorului de tensiune 400/30 V.

k – raport de transformare al transformatorului de curent.
- coeficientul care depinde de r3.

59
 'LQGLDJUDPVHREVHUYFPRGXOXOUmGHSLQGHGHYDORDUHDFXUHQWXOXLJHQHUDWRUXOXLúL
de unghiul de defazaj ϕ $VWIHO VH DVLJXU XQ FXUHQW GH H[FLWDLH VXSOLPHQWDU QHFHVDU
vQFUFULLFXVDUFLQUHDFWLYDJHQHUDWRUXOXL

1.5.22. REGULATORUL AUTOMAT DE TENSIUNE “T.U.R.”

/D IXQFLRQDUHD vQ SDUDOHO D GRX JHQHUDWRDUH ERUQHOH N VH OHDJ vQ vQIúXUDUHD
VHFXQGDUDXQXLWUDQVIRUPDWRUGHFXUHQWGHSHID]D:LDUERUQHOHDESULQQLúWHFRQWDFWH
QRUPDOGHVFKLVHDOHvQWUHUXSWRUXOXLDXWRPDWODJHQHUDWRDUHOHFDUHIXQFLRQHD]vQSDUDOHO
(fig.76 ).

Fig.76. Schema de conectare

în exterior a regulatorului la
IXQFLRQDUHD LQGHSHQGHQW D
unui generator sincron.

Traductorul de tensiune

)LJ6FKHPDHOHFWULFD
traductorului de tensiune
al regulatorului automat
de tensiune “TUR”.

7HQVLXQHDGHELWDWGHJHQHUDWRUXOVLQFURQSUHOXDWGHUHJXODWRUSULQERUQHOH89:VH
WUDQVPLWH SULQ LQWHUPHGLXO WUDQVIRUPDWRUXOXL SROLID]DW  SXQLL UHGUHVRDUH 
SRWHQLRPHWUHORUODSXQWHDGHPVXUD
'LQ JUDILF VH REVHUY F WHQVLXQHD DOWHUQDWLY 8138 – 135 HVWH FRQYHUWLW vQ WHQVLXQH
FRQWLQX8134 – 137.
La mers în gol UNFUHúWHúL80VFDGHLDUODPHUVvQUHJLPGHVXSUDVDUFLQ8NVFDGHúL
U0FUHúWH

60
 Fig.78. Caracteristica de transfer a
SXQLLGHPVXUD
U138 – 135 = f (U134 - 137).

7HQVLXQHD OD LHúLUH GLQ SXQWHD GH PVXU PRGXODW SH UH]LVWHQHOH  GH LQWUDUH vQ
RVFLODWRUXOGLQGLVSR]LWLYXOGHFRPDQGSHJULOHVWHPRGXODWGHWHQVLXQHDDOWHUQDWLYGLQ
vQIúXUDUHDVHFXQGDUDWUDQVIRUPDWRUXOXL75FDUHSULQGURVHUXOHVWHGHID]DWID
GHWHQVLXQHDGHID]FHDOLPHQWHD]SXQWHDUHGUHVRDUHSULQFLSDOUow.

)LJ 7HQVLXQHD GH LHúLUH D

SXQLLGHPVXUPRGXODWSH
UH]LVWHQHOH  GH LQWUDUH vQ
oscilator.

0RGLILFDUHD WHQVLXQLL OD ERUQHOH JHQHUDWRUXOXL GHWHUPLQ PRGLILFDUHD VHPQDOXOXL GH

LHúLUH Ue GLQ SXQWHD GH PVXU úL WUDQVODWDUH SH YHUWLFDO D VHPQDOXOXL VLQXVRLGDO $FHVW
VHPQDO FRQVWLWXLH VHPQDO GH FRPDQG 826 SHQWUX XQ GLVSR]LWLY GH FRPDQG SH JULO úL
U8 – 12 pentru al doilea asemenea dispozitiv.

'LVSR]LWLYXOGHFRPDQGSHJULO

)LJ6FKHPDHOHFWULFD
GLVSR]LWLYXOXLGH FRPDQG
SHJULO

$FHVW GLVSR]LWLY HVWH DOFWXLW GLQ GRX RVFLODWRDUH IRUPDWH GLQ GRX JHQHUDWRDUH
DXWREORFDWH/DGHSúLUHDXQHLDQXPLWHYDORULDWHQVLXQLLGHSUDJVHJHQHUHD]LPSXOVXULGH
aproximativ 1,5 N+]FDUHODLHúLUHDWUDQVIRUPDWRUXOXLGHLPSXOVVHDSOLFODFRPDQGD
tiristoarelor Th1, Th2GLQSXQWHDUHGUHVRDUHSULQFLSDO

61
 )LJ &DUDFWHULVWLFD YDULDLHL
WHQVLXQLL FDUH VH DSOLF LHúLUHD
WUDQVIRUPDWRUXOXL IXQFLH GH
tensiunea de prag.

$OLPHQWDUHD FX WHQVLXQH D RVFLODWRDUHORU VH UHDOL]HD] vQWUH ERUQHOH   úL  GLQ
vQIúXUDUHDVHFXQGDUDOXLFXWHQVLXQHVHPLSHULRGLFGUHSWXQJKLXODU'LRGHOHDXURO
de a limita tensiunea emitor – colector a WUDQ]LVWRDUHORUFkQGGLVSR]LWLYHOHGHFRPDQG
SHJULOVXQWEORFDWHLDUGLRGHOHDXUROGHDFUHDRUHDFLHLQYHUVQHJDWLYUHDFLHFDUH
VQXSHUPLWLQWUDUHD vQ IXQFLXQH D JHQHUDWRDUHORU vQ DEVHQD VHPQDOHORU vQ FLUFXLWXO GH
FRPDQG
3ULQ PRGLILFDUHD WHQVLXQLL OD ERUQHOH JHQHUDWRDUHORU VH PRGLILF PRPHQWXO LQWUULL vQ
FRQGXFLHDFHORUGRXtiristoare.

Fig.82. Modificarea unghiului de

FRPDQGDOtristoarelor.

)LJ2ELQHUHDVHPQDOXOXLGH
alimentare a tiristoarelor
D ± WHQVLXQHD GLQ vQIúXUDUHD
VHFXQGDUDWUDQVIRUPDWRUXOXL
E±WHQVLXQHDUHGUHVDWGHGLRGHOH
13
F±WHQVLXQHDOLPLWDWGHGLRGHOH
Zenner 11.

7UDQVIRUPDWRUXOHVWHDOLPHQWDWFXWHQVLXQHDGHID]:(ODUHRvQIúXUDUHSULPDU
úLPDLPXOWHvQIúXUULVHFXQGDUH%RUQHOHVHFRQHFWHD]SHQWUXIUHFYHQDGH+]
7HQVLXQHD GLQ vQIúXUULOH VHFXQGDUH    UHGUHVDW SULQ GLRGHOH  úL OLPLWDW GH
diodele Zenner 11 constituie semnalul de alimentare al oscilatoarelor.
Alegerea raportului de transformare al transformatorului 15 se face astfel încât
GLVSR]LWLYXOGHFRPDQGSHJULOVLQWUHvQIXQFLXQHFkQGWHQVLXQHDGHID]80wGHSúHúWH
30% UNúLVLDVGLQIXQFLXQHFkQGVHWUHFHSHVWH8N.

62
 5HGUHVRUXOGLQFLUFXLWXOSULQFLSDOGHH[FLWD LH

Este o punte VHPLFRPDQGDWIRUPDWGLQGRXGLRGHúLGRXtiristoare 17.

$OLPHQWDUHDFXWHQVLXQHDSXQLLUHGUHVRDUHVHIDFHGHOD±:SULQdroserul 20, care
DUH URO GH D OLPLWD YLWH]D GH FUHúWHUH D WHQVLXQLL GLQ FLUFXLW úL SURWHFLD OD VFXUWFLUFXLW VH
UHDOL]HD] SULQ VLJXUDQH IX]LELOH XOWUDUDSLGH  LDU SURWHFLD OD VXSUDWHQVLXQHD GH
FRPXWDLH DWkW D GLRGHORU FkW úL D vQWUHJXOXL FLUFXLW VH UHDOL]HD] SULQ FLUFXLWXO UH]RQDQW
IRUPDWGLQUH]LVWHQDFRQGHQVDWRUXOPRQWDWvQSDUDOHOFXDQRGXOúLFDWRGXOILHFUXL
element semiconductor. (vezi fig.84.).

Fig.84. Sistemul (circuitul)

SULQFLSDOGHH[FLWDLH

3ULQDQWUHQDUHDJHQHUDWRUXOXLODWXUDLDQRPLQDOGDWRULWFkPSXOXLPDJQHWLFUHPDQHQW
GLQPLH]XOURWRUXOXLJHQHUDWRUXOXLVHLQGXFHvQvQIúXUDUHDGHVDUFLQRWHQVLXQHUHPDQHQW
GHRDQXPLWYDORDUH'HODERUQHOH:SULQWUXQFRQWDFWDOvQWUHUXSWRUXOXLDFHDVW
WHQVLXQH UHPDQHQW VH DSOLF XQXL FLUFXLW UH]RQDQW VHULH IRUPDW GLQ FRQGHQVDWRUXO  úL
vQIúXUDUHDSULPDUDWUDQVIRUPDWRUXOXL
/DUH]RQDQWHQVLXQHDSHILHFDUHHOHPHQWFUHúWHGHFkWHYD]HFLGHRULIDGHWHQVLXQHD
GLQvQIúXUDUHDVHFXQGDUDWUDQVIRUPDWRUXOXLUHGUHVDWGHGLRGHOHúLVHDSOLFSULQ
ERUQHOHHIODvQIúXUDUHDGHH[FLWDLHDJHQHUDWRUXOXLGHWHUPLQkQGXQIOX[FDUHVH
FRPSXQHDGLLRQDOFXIOX[XOUHPDQHQWDOURWRUXOXL
3ULQ SURFHVXO GH DXWRH[FLWDLH vQ DYDODQú WHQVLXQHD vQ vQIúXUDUHD VHFXQGDU D
JHQHUDWRUXOXLvQFHSHVFUHDVFúLFkQGDWLQJHYDORDUHDGHDSUR[LPDWLY9SULQúXQWDUHD
DQR]LORUFXHOHFWUR]LLGHFRPDQGDLtiristoarelor, prin droserele 60, diodele 59, contactele
UHOHXOXLúLFHOHDOHvQWUHUXSWRUXOXLSXQWHDUHGUHVRDUHSULQFLSDOVHWUDQVIRUPvQWUR
punte QHFRPDQGDW úL UHGUHVRUXO FLUFXLWXOXL SULQFLSDO vúL DGXFH úL HO DSRUWXO OD FUHúWHUHD
YDORULLFXUHQWXOXLGHH[FLWDLH
&kQG WHQVLXQHD GH ED] 8RZ DWLQJH YDORDUHD GH  ±  9 UHOHXO  vúL vQFKLGH XQ
FRQWDFW VXVLQkQG vQIúXUDUHD SULPDU D WUDQVIRUPDWRUXOXL  DQXOkQG DSRUWXO FLUFXLWXOXL
UH]RQDQW OD IHQRPHQXO GH DXWRH[FLWDLH /D WHQVLXQHD  9 FRQWDFWHOH UHOHXOXL  VH
GHVFKLG vQWUHUXSkQG SH  FX HOHFWUR]LL GH FRPDQG DL tiristorului, tensiunea fiind
VXILFLHQWvQDFHDVWODWXUSHQWUX DLQWUDvQIXQFLXQHGLVSR]LWLYXOGHFRPDQGSH JULO
FDUHUPkQHvQIXQFLXQHSkQODWHQVLXQHDQRPLQDO

/LPLWDUHDFXUHQWXOXLGHH[FLWD LH

5HJXODWRUXO DXWRPDW GH WHQVLXQH UHDOL]HD] OLPLWDUHD FXUHQWXOXL GH H[FLWDLH OD  ,N,
GDFIUHFYHQDWHQVLXQLLVFDGHPDLPXOWGHfN.
7HQVLXQHDGHID]UowSULQFLUFXLWXOUH]RQDWDFRUGDWIRUPDWGLQFRQGHQVDWRDUHOHúL
GURVHUXO  DOLPHQWHD] vQIúXUDUHD SULPDU D WUDQVIRUPDWRUXOXL  7HQVLXQHD GLQ
vQIúXUDUHD VHFXQGDU D DFHVWXL WUDQVIRUPDWRU UHGUHVDW SULQ GLRGHOH  úL ILOWUDW SULQ
FRQGHQVDWRDUHOHVHDSOLFvQFLUFXLWXO/&IRUPDWGLQFRQGHQVDWRUXOúLdroserul 33,

63
HVWHPDLPDUHúLWHQVLXQHDvQWUHERUQHOH±HVWHVXE9úLQXGHVFKLGHWUDQ]LVWRUXO
 /D IUHFYHQD VXE  fN LPSHGDQD FLUFXLWXOXL /& VFDGH PXOW WHQVLXQHD 870-80
GHSúHúWHSUDJXOGHGHVFKLGHUHDOGLRGHLúLSULQGHVFKLGHUHDtranzitorului 23 tensiunea
GLQ vQIúXUDUHD VHFXQGDU D WUDQVIRUPDWRUXOXL  FXOHDV OD ERUQHOH   
UHGUHVDW SULQ GLRGHOH  úL ILOWUDW GH FRQGHQVDWRUXO  VH DSOLF FLUFXLWXOXL IRUPDW GLQ
UH]LVWHQHOHúLSRWHQLRPHWUXO

Fig.85. Circuitul de
limitare a curentului de
H[FLWDLH úL GH UHSDUWL]DUH
XQLIRUPDSXWHULLUHDFWLYH

&GHUHD GH WHQVLXQH SH UH]LVWHQD  VH DSOLF OD LHúLUHD WUDGXFWRUXOXL GH WHQVLXQH
OLPLWkQGDVWIHOXQJKLXOGHFRPDQGDOWLULVWRUXOXLDGLFYDORDUHDFXUHQWXOXLGHH[FLWDLHOD
1,2 IN.

Repartizarea sarcini reactive

&DUDFWHUXO UHSDUWLLHL SXWHULL UHDFWLYH HVWH GDW GH vQIúXUULOH VHFXQGDUH  ± DOH
WUDQVIRUPDWRUXOXLSRWHQLRPHWUXOSXQWHDUHGUHVRDUHúLFLUFXLWXOGHHJDOL]DUHvQWUH
bornele a, b format din GURVHUXOúLUH]LVWHQHOH
&GHUHD GH WHQVLXQH DOWHUQDWLY vQWUH   VH vQVXPHD] ID]RULDO FX FGHUHD GH
WHQVLXQH DOWHUQDWLY 8168-169 FDUH VH RELQH SH SRWHQLRPHWUXO  PRQWDW vQ vQIúXUDUHD
VHFXQGDUDWUDQVIRUPDWRUXOXLGHFXUHQWGHSHID]D:
Suma ID]RULDO D DFHVWRU FGHUL GH WHQVLXQH FDUH GHSLQGH GH FDUDFWHUXO VDUFLQLL VH
DSOLF SXQLL UHGUHVRDUH  úL SULQ UHGUHVDUH vQWUH ERUQHOH D E VH RELQH R WHQVLXQH
FRQWLQXFDUHGHSLQGHGHFDUDFWHUXOVDUFLQLL

Fig. 86. Diagramele fazoriale

ale tensiunilor în circuitul de
UHSDUWL]DUH XQLIRUP D VDUFLQLL
reactive.

/D IXQFLRQDUHD vQ SDUDOHO D GRX JHQHUDWRDUH ERUQHOH D E DOH FHORU GRX UHJXODWRDUH
DXWRPDWH GH WHQVLXQH VH OHDJ vQWUH HOH SULQ FRQWDFWHOH vQWUHUXSWRUXOXL DXWRPDW 'DF
PRPHQWDQ VDUFLQD UHDFWLY QX HVWH XQLIRUP GLVWULEXLW DWXQFL vQ FLUFXLWXO GH HJDOL]DUH
format din GURVHUXOúLUH]LVWHQHOHODFHOHGRXJHQHUDWRDUHDSDUHXQFXUHQWGH
FLUFXODLHFDUHGHWHUPLQSHUH]LVWHQDRFGHUHGHWHQVLXQH$FHDVWFGHUHGHWHQVLXQH
VHDSOLFODLQWUDUHDvQGLVSR]LWLYXOGHFRPDQGSHJULOSHUH]LVWHQPRGLILFkQGXQJKLXO
GH FRPDQG DO WLULVWRDUHORU úL LPSOLFLW FXUHQWXO GH H[FLWDLH DO JHQHUDWRUXOXL SkQ FkQG
SXWHUHDUHDFWLYVHUHSDUWL]HD]XQLIRUPúLGLVSDUHFXUHQWXOGHFLUFXODLHvQWUHERUQHOHDE

64
 Reglarea sistemului de pornire

ÌQ FD]XO GHIHFWULL FRQGHQVDWRUXOXL  úL vQORFXLULL VDOH HVWH QHFHVDU DFRUGDUHD
FLUFXLWXOXLUH]RQDQW/&6HYRUHIHFWXDXUPWRDUHOHRSHUDLXQL
1. VHRSUHúWHJHQHUDWRUXO;
2. VHFRPXWvQWUHUXSWRUXOSHSR]LLD“0”;
3. VHGHFXSOHD]vQIúXUDUHDGHH[FLWDLHGHODERUQHOHMN
4. VHDQWUHQHD]JHQHUDWRUXOODWXUDLDQRPLQDOPVXUkQGFXXQvolmetru, tensiunea
UH]RQDQWGHID]Uow.
'DFDFHDVWWHQVLXQHHVWHVXE9REDWHULHGHDFXPXODWRULFXRWHQVLXQHGH±9
VH FRQHFWHD] OD ERUQHOH vQIúXUULL GH H[FLWDLH; GHFRQHFWDW SkQ FkQG WHQVLXQHD
UHPDQHQW GH ID] DWLQJH  9 'DF HVWH SHVWH 9  DWXQFL VH GHPDJQHWL]HD] SULQ
DSOLFDUHDSRODULWLLLQYHUVHODvQIúXUDUHDGHH[FLWDLH
&kQGDFHDVWWHQVLXQHHVWHGH9VHvQFKLGHvQWUHUXSWRUXO

Blocul de control

7HQVLXQHD DOWHUQDWLY GH SH FHOH WUHL ID]H DOH JHQHUDWRUXOXL HVWH FRQWURODW
VXSUDYHJKHDW SULQ LQWHUPHGLXO WUDQVIRUPDWRUXOXL VSHFLDO  FDUH FRQLQH vQ VHFXQGDU
GRXvQIúXUULWULID]DWHXQDOHJDWvQVWHDLDUFHDODOWvQWULXQJKL
7HQVLXQHDDOWHUQDWLYRELQXWODDFHVWWUDQVIRUPDWRUHVWHUHGUHVDWGHJUXSXOUHGUHVRU
IRUPDWGLQGLRGHUHGUHVRDUHúLDSOLFDWSULQERELQDGHúRFUH]LVWHQDUHJODELO
úLSRWHQLRPHWUXOSXQLLGHPVXUIRUPDWGHGLRGH=HQQHUúLUH]LVWHQH
7HQVLXQHDGHLHúLUHDSXQLLGHPVXUHVWHPRGXODWGHFGHUHDYDULDELOGHWHQVLXQHSH
UH]LVWHQD  $VWIHO DFHDVW WHQVLXQH vQGHSOLQHúWH IXQFLD GH VHPQDO GH FRQWURO SHQWUX
blocul oscilator de aprindere a tiristoarelor, aplicându-i-se acestui bloc la terminalele 2-6
SHQWUX XQ RVFLODWRU úL OD WHUPLQDOHOH  SHQWUX DO GRLOHD RVFLODWRU &kQG WHQVLXQHD GH
FRQWURO DWLQJH R DQXPLW YDORDUH RVFLODWRUXO vQFHSH V IXQFLRQH]H JHQHUkQG LPSXOVXUL
pentru aprinderea WLULVWRDUHORU FX R IUHFYHQ GH +] XQJKLXO GH DSULQGHUH SHQWUX
tiristoare fiind ales între 90-180° electrice. Nivelul tensiunii nominale a generatorului
poate fi ajustat în limitele UN±5% FX DMXWRUXO SRWHQLRPHWUXOXL  PRQWDW SH SDUWHD
IURQWDODUHJXODWRUXOXLQRWDWFX“Umin - Umax”.

Blocul de aprindere

%ORFXO GH DSULQGHUH FRQLQH GRX RVFLODWRDUH WUDQ]LVWRUL]DWH FkWH XQXO SHQWUX ILHFDUH
WLULVWRU2VFLODWRUXODFLRQHD]DVXSUDJHQHUDWRUXOXLWUDQVIRUPkQGWHQVLXQHDGHFRQWUROvQ
impulsuri de aprindere pentru WLULVWRDUH )XQFLD VD HVWH DFHHD GH D JHQHUD LPSXOVXUL GH
DSULQGHUH DWXQFL FkQG WHQVLXQHD GH FRQWURO GHSúHúWH R DQXPLW YDORDUH VWDELOLW &kQG
WHQVLXQHDGHFRQWUROQXGHSúHúWHYDORDUHDVWDELORVFLODWRUXOQXIXQFLRQHD]2VFLODWRUXO
este alimentat cu VHPLDOWHUQDQH OLPLWDWH DOH EORFXOXL GH DOLPHQWDUH OD WHUPLQDOHOH 
UHVSHFWLYLDUVHPQDOXOGHFRQWUROHVWHDSOLFDWWHUPLQDOHORUúL,PSXOVXULOHGH
DSULQGHUHFX R IUHFYHQ GH +] VXQW JHQHUDWH vQ VHFXQGDUHOH WUDQVIRUPDWRDUHORU  OD
terminalele 4-5 respectiv 10-11. Pentru limitarea tensiunii aplicate tranzistoarelor 5 în
WLPSXOFkQGVXQWvQVWDUHEORFDWDFHVWHDDXIRVWúXQWDWHFXGLRGHZenner la o tensiune de
aproximativ 30V.
Diodele 4 din circuitul emitorilor WUDQ]LVWRDUHORUVXQWIRORVLWHSHQWUXRELQHUHDUHDFLHL
QHJDWLYHvQWUHUXSkQGIXQFLRQDUHDRVFLODWRUXOXLFkQGQXDYHPVHPQDOGHFRQWURO

65
 'HSLQ]kQGGHYDORDUHDVHPQDOXOXLGHOD SXQWHD GH PVXU FDUH HVWH  SURSRULRQDO FX
YDORDUHD WHQVLXQLL OD ERUQHOH JHQHUDWRUXOXL PRPHQWXO DFLXQLL RVFLODWRUXOXL UHVSHFWLY
unghiul de aprindere al tiristorului va fi astfel ales între 90-180° electrice.
Pentru a respecta valoarea tensiunii nominale a generatorului, unghiul de aprindere este
DVWIHODOHVvQFkWODVDUFLQDQRPLQDOXQJKLXOGHDSULQGHUHVILHUHJODWODYDORDUHDGH°
electrice.

BLOCUL DE ALIMENTARE

%ORFXOGHDOLPHQWDUHFRQLQHWUDQVIRUPDWRUXOPRQRID]DWDOLPHQWDWGHODID]D7:úL
QXODYkQGvQIúXUULVHFXQGDUH
ÌQIúXUULOH DYkQG WHUPLQDOHOH  VXQW SHQWUX IUHFYHQD GH +] LDU FHOH FX
WHUPLQDOHOH DDD SHQWUX IUHFYHQD GH +] 7HQVLXQHD RELQXW HVWH UHGUHVDW GH
GLRGHOHUHGUHVRDUHDSRLVWDELOL]DWOLPLWDWGHGLRGHOH=HQQHUILLQGIRORVLWSHQWUX
alimentarea oscilatoarelor. 2VFLORJUDILLQGIRUPDGHXQGRELQXWODWHUPLQDOHOH
DFHDVWDVHYDSUH]HQWDFDvQILJXU±DQH[D,;ILJ5$7785´
Alimentarea oscilatoarelor numai cu VHPLDOWHUQDQH OLPLWDWH SUH]LQW DYDQWDMXO F
tiristoarele pot fi comandate sigur numai în timpul VHPLDOWHUQDQHORU SR]LWLYH FHHD FH
DVLJXURILDELOLWDWHPDLEXQGLVSR]LWLYXOXLÌQIúXUULOHDYkQGWHUPLQDOHOH±SHQWUX
+]UHVSHFWLY±DSHQWUX+]DOLPHQWHD]FLUFXLWXOIRUPDWGLQERELQDGHúRF
úLUH]LVWHQDFXUHQWXOGLQDFHVWFLUFXLWILLQGGHID]DWFX0HOHFWULFHGDWRULWERELQHL
GH úRF  FGHUHD GH WHQVLXQH GH SH UH]LVWHQD  PRGXOkQG WHQVLXQHD SXQLL GH FRQWURO
5DSRUWXOGHWUDQVIRUPDUHDOWUDQVIRUPDWRUXOXLHVWHDOHVDVWIHOvQFkWRVFLODWRUXOVSRDW
IXQFLRQDODDSUR[LPDWLYGLQWHQVLXQHDQRPLQDODJHQHUDWRUXOXL

5('5(6258/&20$1'$7ù,%/2&8/'(3251,5(

)XQFLD UHGUHVRUXOXL FRPDQGDW HVWH DFHHD GH D DOLPHQWD vQIúXUDUHD GH H[FLWDLH D
JHQHUDWRUXOXLFXRDVWIHOGHWHQVLXQHvQFkWWHQVLXQHDGHELWDWGHJHQHUDWRUVDLEYDORDUHD
QRPLQDOúLVILHFkWPDLFRQVWDQWSHQWUXDQXDYHDYDULDLLGHWHQVLXQHODERUQHOH73'
6LJXUDQHOH IX]LELOH UDSLGH  DVLJXU SURWHFLD tiristoarelor 17 la scurtcircuite, iar
grupurile RC (elementele 57 – 58) sunt folosite pentru amortizarea supratensiunilor
inverse de pe WLULVWRDUHúLGLRGHOH
3RUQLUHD EORFXOXL UHJXODWRUXO DXWRPDW GH WHQVLXQH LQWU DXWRPDW vQ IXQFLH vQ WLPS FH
WXUDLD JHQHUDWRUXOXL FUHúWH GH OD  OD WXUDLD QRPLQDO 9DORDUHD PLQLP D WHQVLXQLL
UHPDQHQWHFDUHDVLJXUautoexcitarea generatorului este de 3,5 V.
7HQVLXQHDUHPDQHQWDOLPHQWHD]VXEDQVDPEOXOIRUPDWGHHOHPHQWHOH±SUHFXPúL
   ±     8Q URO GHRVHELW GH LPSRUWDQW vO DX FRQGHQVDWRUXO  úL
WUDQVIRUPDWRUXO GH úRF  FDUH DFLRQHD] vQ VHQVXO VWDELOLULL LQLLDOH D PDJQHWL]ULL
JHQHUDWRUXOXL &D UH]XOWDW DO XQXL IHQRPHQ GH UH]RQDQ YDORDUHD WHQVLXQLL vQ SULPDUXO
WUDQVIRUPDWRUXOXLGHúRFFUHúWHGHPDLPXOWHRULGHFkWYDORDUHDWHQVLXQLLUHPDQHQWH
ÌQIúXUDUHD VHFXQGDU D WUDQVIRUPDWRUXOXL GH úRF HVWH FRQHFWDW SULQ LQWHUPHGLXO
GLRGHORUGLUHFWODERUQHOHH[FLWDLHLJHQHUDWRUXOXLFHHDFHGXFHODPULUHDFXUHQWXOXLGH
H[FLWDLHúLGHFLDWHQVLXQLLGHELWDWHGHJHQHUDWRU$VWIHOSDUFXUJkQGDFHVWFLUFXLWFXUHQWXO
GHH[FLWDLHGHWHUPLQSURFHVXOGHDXWRH[FLWDLHFDUHVHYDGHVIúXUDvQDYDODQúGXFkQGvQ
final la PDULUHD YDORULL WHQVLXQLL GHELWDWH GH JHQHUDWRU &kQG WHQVLXQHD UHVSHFWLY DWLQJH
YDORDUHD GH 9 DXWRH[FLWDLD HVWH FRQWLQXDW GH WLULVWRDUHOH  3ULOH tiristoarelor sunt
VFXUWFLUFXLWDWHGHDQR]LSULQERELQHOHGHúRFGLRGHOHúLFRQWDFWHOHQRUPDO vQFKLVH
DOH UHOHXOXL GH FXUHQW  úL DOH vQWUHUXSWRUXOXL  FDUH GHWHUPLQ XQ FXUHQW GH SRDUW

66
suficient de mare aprinderii WLULVWRDUHORUFHHDFHDVLJXUFUHúWHUHDXOWHULRDUDWHQVLXQLLGH
H[FLWDLHúLLPSOLFLWDWHQVLXQLLJHQHUDWRUXOXL
/D R WHQVLXQH D JHQHUDWRUXOXL GH  ±  9 DFLRQHD] UHOHHOH  úL  EORFkQG
VLVWHPXO GH DXWRH[FLWDLH SULQ VFXUWFLUFXLWDUHD WUDQVIRUPDWRUXOXL  úL GHVFKLGHUHD
FLUFXLWXOXL GH SRDUW DO WLULVWRUXOXL  5HOHHOH  úL  vúL vQFKLG FRQWDFWHOH GLQ FLUFXLWXO
terminalelor “C”úL“D” IFkQG SRVLELO vQ DFHVW FD] DOLPHQWDUHD ERELQHL GH GHFODQúDUH D
vQWUHUXSWRUXOXLDXWRPDWGHFRQHFWDUHDJHQHUDWRUXOXLODERUQHOH73'
'XSFHVDDMXQVODWHQVLXQHDQRPLQDOODERUQHOHJHQHUDWRUXOXLWHQVLXQHDGHSHID]
7 : HVWH IRORVLW SHQWUX DOLPHQWDUHD H[FLWDLHL JHQHUDWRUXOXL SULQ LQWHUPHGLXO
redresorului comandat.
'LRGHOHúLERELQHOHGHúRFSURWHMHD]SRULOHWLULVWRDUHORUvPSRWULYDGHIHFLXQLORU
vQ WLPS FH GLRGHOH  UH]LVWHQHOH  úL FRQGHQVDWRULL HOHFWUROLWLFL  VH IRORVHVF SHQWUX
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la bobina releului.

LIMITATORUL DE CURENT

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valoarea de 1,2 IwnODRIUHFYHQFXDSUR[LPDWLYPDLPLFGHFkWIUHFYHQDQRPLQDO
/LPLWDUHD VH UHDOL]HD] DVWIHO WHQVLXQHD GH ID] D JHQHUDWRUXOXL 8 DOLPHQWHD]
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GH+]VDX+]IRUPDWGLQERELQDGHúRFúLFRQGHQVDWRUXO&RQGHQVDWRUXO
FRQHFWDW vQ SDUDOHO SH SULPDUXO WUDQVIRUPDWRUXOXL  vPSUHXQ FX FRQGHQVDWRUXO 
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diodei 21.
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67
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montajului.

1.5.23. REGULATORUL AUTOMAT DE TENSIUNE “ESN”

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IDFHSULQDFLRQDUHDXQXLEXWRQGHDPRUVDUHSULQFDUHVHLQWURGXFHGLQH[WHULRURWHQVLXQH
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 /D IXQFLRQDUHD LQGHSHQGHQW D JHQHUDWRDUHORU EXWRQXO GH statism se comuta în
SR]LLD“0”.

Fig.87. Schema de conectare

în exterior a regulatorului
automat de tensiune tip “ESN”

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UHDOL]HD] SULQ DFLRQDUHD EXWRQXOXL E02 GLQ H[WHULRU LDU UHSXQHUHD vQ IXQFLXQH QXPDL
GXSDFLRQDUHDOXLE01.

68