U RS1 = R S1 ⋅ I C3 = k ⋅ f

k
U RS2 = 2 (7)
f

)LJ&DUDFWHULVWLFDYDULD LHLWHQVLXQLLIXQF LHGHIUHFYHQ 

'DF f1 > f N ⇒ U RS1 > U RS2 ⇒ FXUHQWXOODLHúLUHDDPSOLILFDWRUXOXLPDJQHWLFHVWHSR]LWLY

'DF f 2 〈f N ⇒ U RS1 〈 U RS2 .
'LQDQDOL]DIXQF LRQULLEORFXOXLGHPVXUDDIUHFYHQ HORUVHREVHUYFDvQIXQF LHGHVHQVXO
GLIHUHQ HLGHIUHFYHQ  ∆f = f − f N VHPRGLILFVHQVXOFXUHQ LORUFDUHVHDSOLFvQIúXUULORUGH
FRPDQG DOH FHORU GRX DPSOLILFDWRDUH PDJQHWLFH úL vQ DFHVW PRG VH PRGLILF úL FXUHQWXO GH
LHúLUH
$PSOLILFDWRUXO PDJQHWLF HVWH vQ FRQWUDWLPS FX LHúLUHD vQ FF úL HVWH IRUPDW GLQ GRX
amplificatoare magnetice PRQRFRQWDFWFXSODWHGXSRVFKHPvQSXQWH
ÌQ UDPXULOH RSXVH DOH SXQ LL VXQW PRQWDWH vQIúXUULOH GH VDUFLQD VDX GH OXFUX úL GLRGHOH
UHGUHVRDUHDOHFHORUGRXDPSOLILFDWRDUHmonotact.
'LQDFHVWHPRWLYHvQIúXUULOHGHVDUFLQVXQWUHDOL]DWHGLQGRXSU L
ÌQ OLSVD VHPQDOXOXL GLQ vQIúXUDUHD GH FRPDQG FX DMXWRUXO FXUHQ LORU GLQ vQIúXUDUHD GH
UHDF LHVHVWDELOHúWHSXQFWXOGHIXQF LRQDUHLDUFXUHQWXOGHLHúLUHHVWHQXO
3ULQDSDUL LDVHPQDOXOXLvQvQIúXUDUHDGHFRPDQGDSDUHXQFkPSPDJQHWLFFDUHVHFRPSXQH
DGL LRQDOFXFkPSXOPDJQHWLFDOvQIúXUULLGHUHDF LHSHQWUXXQDPSOLILFDWRUúLGLIHUHQ LDOSHQWUX
celalalt amplificator.
În acest fel curentul I1vQvQIúXUDUHDGHVDUFLQDSULPXOXLDPSOLILFDWRUFUHúWHLDU,2 scade.
'LIHUHQ D FHORU GRL FXUHQ L WUHFH SULQ LPSHGDQ D GH VDUFLQ GH OD LHúLUHD FHORU GRX
amplificatoare.
ÌQFRQFOX]LHFXUHQWXOvQvQIúXUDUHDGHLHúLUHYDDYHDRDQXPLWSRODULWDWH

Fig.7. Caracteristica de transfer a blocului

GHPVXUúLDPSOLILFDUH

191
 )LJ6FKHPDILOWUXOXLGHIUHFYHQ úLDVFKLPEWRUXOXL
GHIUHFYHQ 

)LOWUXOGHIUHFYHQ HVWHIRUPDWGLQERELQHOHGHUHDFWDQ  L1 , L1′ , L 2 úLFRQGHQVDWRDUHOH&1úL

C1′ .
π
(OHVWHDVWIHODFRUGDWvQFkWODIUHFYHQ DQRPLQDOWHQVLXQHDODLHúLUHVILHGHID]DWFX ID 
2
de tensiunea de alimentare.
&RQVLGHUkQGF81 este egal cu U2úLGHDVHPHQHDWHQVLXQHDODLHúLUHDGLQILOWUXYDILHJDOFX
DFHDVWYDORDUH

Fig.9. Diagramele fazoriale

a. f = f N
b. f < FN = 90 $
c. f > FN = 90 $
$FHVW ILOWUX VH QXPHúWH WLS ILOWUX GH EDQG GHRDUHFH OXFUHD] SH R EDQG GH IUHFYHQ D
f1<f 2 <f3; f 2 −f1=10 Hz .
7HQVLXQHDODLHúLUHDEORFXOXL ∆U = U 4 − U 3 .
Calculul lui U3úL84vOHIHFWXPGLQGLDJUDPHOHfazoriale.
U 3 = U12 + U f2 − 2 U1 U f cos(π − ϕ) (8)

U 4 = U 22 + U f2 − 2 U1 U f cos ϕ (9)
'DF U1 = U 2 = U f :
 (π − ϕ)
U 3 = 2 U 2 (1 + cos ϕ) = 2 U sin   (10)
 2 

192
 ϕ
U A = 2U sin  (11)
2
Deci:
 γ  (π − ϕ ) 
U = U 4 − U 3 = 2 U sin   − sin   (12)
 2  2 
2GDWFXPRGLILFDUHDOXL ϕ vQWUHúL π , ∆U ∈ [− 2 U,2 U ].
$FHVWEORFDUHXQUDQGDPHQWPDLPDUHúLRLQHU LHPDLPLF
%DQGDGHIUHFYHQ GHWHUPLQ]RQDGHUHJODUHLDUYDORULOHLQGXFWDQ HORU/úLFDSDFLW LORU&VH
SRWGHGXFHIUFDOFXOH

75$'8&725'(387(5($&7,9$/,0(17$7'(/$&(/(75(,)$=(
ALE GENERATORULUI.

)LJ±6FKHPDHOHFWULF

Alimentarea transformatorului m1ODFHOHWUHLID]H567DOHJHQHUDWRUXOXLVHUHDOL]HD]SULQ

LQWHUPHGLXOXQRUUH]LVWHQ HDGL LRQDOHRa care au scopul de a crea un nul artificial diferit de cel
real.
Transformatorul m4 are rol de adaptare a curentului debitat de generator.
ÌQIúXUULOHVHFXQGDUHDOHOXLP1DXDFHODúLQXPUGHVSLUH'LQDFHVWPRWLYWHQVLXQLOH81, U2,
sunt egale.
ÌQIúXUULOH SULPDUH DOH OXL P3, m2 VXQW HJDOH FD QXPU GH VSLUH GHFL WHQVLXQLOH GLQ
vQIúXUULOHORUGHLHúLUHVXQWHJDOHODIHOFDúLWHQVLXQLOHUHGUHVDWHLDU U ies = 0 .
'DFIDFWRUXOGHSXWHUHHVWHXQLWDUDGLFVDUFLQDHVWHSXUDFWLYFGHUHDGHWHQVLXQH83 este în
faza cu U2úLvQRSR]L LHGHID]FX81.
Deci:
U ′2 = U 2 + U 3 úL U1′ = U1 - U 3 de unde U ies ≠ 0 (13)
'DFVDUFLQDHVWHSXUUHDFWLY U ies = 0 .

193
 AMPLIFICATOR MAGNETIC

)LJ6FKHPDHOHFWULF

$PSOLILFDUHDVHPQDOHORUGHODEORFXOGHPVXUHVWHQHFHVDUSHQWUXFRPDQGDVHUYRPRWRUXOXL
regulatorului de tensiune.
$FHVWDPSOLILFDWRUHVWHXQDPSOLILFDWRUPDJQHWLFUHDOL]DWGLQGRXHWDMHGHDPSOLILFDUH
Primul etaj este realizat din AM1úL$02, iar al doilea din AM3úL$04FDUHQXDXvQIúXUUL
GHFRPDQGFRQHFWDWHvQFDVFDG
Amplificatoarele AM1úL$02VHDOLPHQWHD]GLQvQIúXUDUHDVHFXQGDUDWUDQVIRUPDWRUXOXLP
úLWHQVLXQHDGHODLHúLUHDORUVHDSOLFUH]LVWHQ HORU51, R2ÌQIúXUULOHGHFRPDQGDOHFHORUGRX
amplificatoare WC1, WC2 úL WC′ 1 , WC′ 2  VXQW FRQHFWDWH vQ VHULH GLIHUHQ LDO ÌQ OLSVD VHPQDOXOXL
SHQWUX DFHVWH vQIúXUUL WHQVLXQLOH HOHFWURPRWRDUH FDUH DSDU vQ vQIúXUULOH GH SRODUL]DUH
Wp′ 1 , Wp′ 2  FRQHFWDWH vQ DFHODúL VHQV YRU GHWHUPLQD vQFKLGHUHD VHPQDOXOXL SH DPEHOH UDPXUL DOH
amplificatorului magnetic.
ÌQPRPHQWXODSDUL LHLXQXLVHPQDOGHRDQXPLWSRODULWDWHODvQIúXUDUHDGHFRPDQG
vQWURUDPXUDUHORFRvQVXPDUHDIOX[XULORUSURGXVHGHWHQVLXQHDHOHFWURPRWRDUHLDUvQFHDODOW
UDPXUDUHORFRDVHPHQHDVFGHUH
Pe R1DSDUHRWHQVLXQHFDUHPDJQHWL]HD]vQIúXUDUHDGHVDUFLQ D$03úLPLFúRUHD]EUXVF
UHDFWDQ D;L a ramurii.
$VWIHOWRDWWHQVLXQHDGHDOLPHQWDUHGLQWURID]DP1VHDSOLFVHUYRPRWRUXOXL

194
 5(*/$5($$8720$7$)5(&9(1(,ù,5(3$57,,$387(5,,
REACTIVE ÎNTRE GRUPURILE DIESEL – GENERATOR CUPLATE ÎN
PARALEL

)LJ6FKHPDHOHFWULF

&DJHQHUDWRUGHFRPDQGVHXWLOL]HD]SULPXOJHQFDUHPHQ LQHIUHFYHQ DvQVLVWHPFRQVWDQW

'XSFXPVHREVHUYWUDGXFWRDUHOHGHSXWHUHDFWLYVXQWFRQHFWDWHODILHFDUHJHQHUDWRU
ÌQIúXUDUHD GH FRPDQG D DPSOLILFDWRDUHORU $02 respectiv AM3 VXQW FRQHFWDWH OD LHúLUHD
WUDGXFWRUXOXLGHSXWHUHDFWLY
3ULQWUXQVLVWHPDGHFYDWGHFRQWDFWHODLHúLUHVHREVHUYFVHPQDOXOGHFRPDQGGHOD$02úL
AM3HVWHIRUPDWGLQGLIHUHQ DVHPQDOHORUGHOD73$2, TPA3úL73$1.
3ULQ DFHDVW VFKHP VH DF LRQHD] DVXSUD VHUYRPRWRUXOXL SDQ FkQG VHPQDOHOH GH LHúLUH DOH
73$VXQWHJDOHGHFLSXWHUHDDFWLYHVWHUHSDUWL]DWXQLIRUP

)LJ6FKHPDHFKLYDOHQW

În schema din fig.13 s-a notat:

iA1, …, iAk±FXUHQ LGLQvQIúXUDUHDGHFRPDQGDDPSOLILFDWRUXOXL
rA1, …, rAk±UH]LVWHQ HOHvQIúXUULORUGHFRPDQG
UT1, …, UTk±WHQVLXQLOHODLHúLUHD73$
n
∑ U Ti Yi
U12 = i =1 (14)
n
∑ Yi
i =1
'DF 8T1 = UT2 = … = UTK = U12  DWXQFL FXUHQ LL GLQ vQIúXUDUHD GH FRPDQG D
DPSOLILFDWRDUHORUPDJQHWLFHVXQWQXOLúLVHUYRPRWRUXOQXVHURWHúWH
La TPA cu tensiuni sub U12 va apare un curent care va determina rotirea servomotorului.

195
 'DF rA1 = ... = rAK ⇒ Y1 = ... = Yn ⇒
n
∑ U Ti
U12 = i =1 (15)
n
'DF U1K ≠ U12 în Amk apare:
 n 
 ∑ U I1 
1  i =1 
I Ak = (16)
rAk n − U I k 

 
 
 
'LQDFHDVWIRUPXOUH]XOWFRULGHFkWHRULQXHVWHUHDOL]DWUHSDUWL]DUHDXQLIRUPDSXWHULL
DFWLYH vQWUH JHQHUDWRDUHOH VLQFURQH FXSODWH vQ SDUDOHO YD DSDUH R WHQVLXQH HJDO FX GLIHUHQ D
GLQWUHWHQVLXQHDHFKLYDOHQW812úLWHQVLXQHDWUDGXFWRUXOXLUHVSHFWLYUTk.
$FHDVW GLIHUHQ  GH WHQVLXQH YH GHWHUPLQD DSDUL LD vQ vQIúXUDUHD GH FRPDQG D
amplificatorului, a unui curent iAk..
$FHVW FXUHQW YD GHWHUPLQD DSDUL LD XQXL VHPQDO GH R DQXPLW SRODULWDWH OD LHúLUHD
DPSOLILFDWRUXOXL PDJQHWLF FDUH YD DF LRQD DVXSUD VHUYRPRWRUXOXL UHJXODWRUXOXL GH WXUD LH SDQ
FkQGSXWHUHDDFHVWXLJHQHUDWRUYDILHJDOFXDFHORUODOWH

Fig.14. Caracteristicile externe.

/DFXSODUHDXQHLDQXPLWHVDUFLQLGHRDUHFHFDUDFWHULVWLFLOHVWDWLFHVXQWGLIHULWHúLSXWHUHDQXVH
UHSDUWL]HD]vQPRGXQLIRUPHYLGHQWFODLHúLUHD73$YRPDYHDWHQVLXQLGLIHULWH
&RQVLGHUkQGFQXVHPRGLILFVWDWLVPXOFDUDFWHULVWLFLLQRXOSXQFWGHLQWHUVHF LHYDILE
3HQWUXDVHUHDOL]DPDLXúRUXQLIRUPL]DUHDUHSDUWL LHLOD$0GHOD*1VHGHVIDFHOHJWXUDGHOD
SM.
$VWIHO FDUDFWHULVWLFD VWDWLF *1 HVWH ORFXO JHRPHWULF DO SXQFWHORU GH LQWHUVHF LH DO
caracteristicilor.

)LJ&DUDFWHULVWLFLOHYDULD LHLSXWHULLIXQF LHGHIUHFYHQ 

ÌQDFHVWFD]GDFYUHPVPHQ LQHPIUHFYHQ DFRQVWDQWHVWHQHFHVDUVH[LVWHSHQWUX'LHVHO±

generatorul 1 un grad de VWDWLVPPXOWPDLPLFID GHFHOHODOWH'LHVHO±JHQHUDWRDUH

196
 'DFGRULPVPHQ LQHPIUHFYHQ DFRQVWDQWvQVLVWHPODFXSODUHDXQHLDOWHVDUFLQLUHDOL]kQG
úLXQLIRUPL]DUHDUHSDUWL LHLSXWHULLDFWLYHDWXQFLSULPXODPSOLILFDWRUHVWHFRQHFWDWODXQWUDGXFWRU
GHIUHFYHQ DFDUHUHDOL]HD]XQLIRUPL]DUHDSXWHULLDFWLYHtranslatând curbele paralel cu ele însele
DVWIHOvQFkWSXQFWXOGHLQWHUVHF LHVVHJVHDVFODDFHHDúLIUHFYHQ 

)LJ8QLIRUPL]DUHDUHSDUWL LHLSXWHULLDFWLYH
IXQF LHGHIUHFYHQ 

3HQWUX LQWUDUHD DXWRPDW vQ IXQF LXQH D GLVSR]LWLYXOXL FLUFXLWXOXL ILHFUXL 7$' HVWH înseriat
SULQFRQWDFWHOHXQXLvQWUHUXSWRUDXWRPDWGXSFXSODUHDXQXLJHQHUDWRUODEDUHOH73'
7UDGXFWRUXO GH IUHFYHQ  DO JHQHUDWRUXOXL GH FRPDQG GHSODVHD] FDUDFWHULVWLFLOH WXWXURU
FHORUODOWHJHQHUDWRDUHDVWIHOvQFkWIUHFYHQ DVDVUPkQFRQVWDQW
ÌQ FD]XO vQ FDUH QH HVWH QHFHVDU PHQ LQHUHD ULJXURV FRQVWDQW D IUHFYHQ HL VH YD GHFRQHFWD
WUDGXFWRUXOGHIUHFYHQ 
'DUvQDFHVWFD]WHQVLXQLLGHLHúLUHDWUDGXFWRUXOXLGHSXWHUHDFWLYLVH DSOLFvQIúXUDUHDGH
FRPDQGDSULPXOXLDPSOLILFDWRUPDJQHWLF
'LVSR]LWLYXO SUH]HQWDW PHQ LQH vQ UHJLP VWDELOL]DW R IUHFYHQ  FX ± 15%  úL UHDOL]HD] R
UHSDUWL LH D SXWHULL DFWLYH FX R SUHFL]LH GH  GLQ VDUFLQD WRWDO GH OD  GLQ 31 OD
cos ϕ = (0,6 ÷ 1) .

$&,21$5($6(592027258/8,'(&85(17&217,188

)LJ±6FKHPDHOHFWULF

6HUYRPRWRUXO  UHJXODWRUXOXL  HVWH  XQ  PRWRU  GH  FXUHQW  FRQWLQXX  FX  GRX  vQIúXUUL
statorice C1-C1¶úL&2-C2’ .
$OLPHQWDUHDVHUYRPRWRUXOXLVHUHDOL]HD]FXWHQVLXQHFRQWLQXUHGUHVDWGLQvQIúXUDUHD
VHFXQGDUDWUDQVIRUPDWRUXOXLPSULQtiristoarele n1 , n2 .

197
 Diodele n3 , n4VXQWSHQWUXSURWHF LDWLULVWRDUHORUGDWRULWVXSUDWHQVLXQLORUFDUH DSDUvQ
PRPHQWXOHIHFWXULLFRPXWULLvQWUHWLULVWRDUHvQIúXUDUHDVWDWRULFDYkQGFDUDFWHULQGXFWLY
'DFODLHúLUHDDPSOLILFDWRUXOXLFDUHSULPHúWHLQIRUPD LLGHOD7$'H[LVWGRXUDPXUL
GH  LHúLUH 8i1 , Ui2  vQ  IXQF LH  GH  GLIHUHQ D  GLQWUH  IUHFYHQ D  WHQVLXQLL  JHQHUDWRUXOXL  úL
IUHFYHQ DQRPLQDODWXQFL FkQGVHWUDQVPLWH VHPQDOXO  GH  FRPDQG  OD  LQWUDUHD  8i1 prin
deschiderea lui n1, motorul va fi alimentat prin C1-C1¶úLVHYDURWLvQWUXQVHQVLDUFkQG
apare semnalul la Ui2VHYDURWLvQFHOODOWVHQV
'LVSR]LWLYXO  DUH  R  DF LXQH  UDSLG IU  LQHU LH FX  R  SUHFL]LH  VXE    LDU  IUHFYHQ D
LPSXOVXULORUFDUHVHDSOLFODLQWUULOH±SRDWHILGH ÷ 1 ) Hz .

5(*8/$7258/$8720$7'(785$,(:22':$5'

Fig. 18 – Schema bloc

6LVWHPXO:22':$5'HVWHXQVLVWHPDXWRPDW FX  GRX  EXFOH  GH  UHDF LH 8QD  GLQ

EXFOHVHXWLOL]HD]SHQWUXUHJODUHDWXUD LHLLDUFHDGHDGRXDSHQWUXUHSDUWL]DUHDXQLIRUP
a sarcinii active între generatoare.
Dispozitivul HOHFWURKLGUDXOLF '(+  vPSUHXQ  FX  EORFXO  GH  FRPDQG  HOHFWURQLF
%&(IRUPHD]UHJXODWRUXO:22':$5'
$FHVW  UHJXODWRU  SRDWH  DVLJXUD  UHJODUHD  VWDWLF  úL  DVWDWLF  D  WXUD LHL  úL  UHSDUWL]DUHD
XQLIRUPDSXWHULLDFWLYH
Dispozitivul HOHFWURKLGUDXOLFDUHXUPWRDUHOHIXQF LXQL
1.reglarea statismului;
OLPLWDUHDYDORULLPD[LPHDWXUD LHL
UHJODUHDWXUD LHLGHPHUVvQJRO
$FHVWGLVSR]LWLYHVWHDOFWXLWGLQ
1.bloc electric;
2.bloc centrifugal;
3.amplificator hidraulic.

198
 I. AMPLIFICATORUL HIDRAULIC

)LJ±6FKHPDFLQHPDWLF

Amplificatorul KLGUDXOLFHVWHDOFWXLWGLQWURVXUVGHXOHLVXESUHVLXQH FRQVWDQWúL

VHUYRSLVWRQXOFDUHDF LRQHD]SULQLQWHUPHGLXOXQRUVLVWHPHGHSkUJKLHDVXSUDDGPLVLHLGH
combustibil.
3UHVLXQHDGHXOHL HVWHSURGXVGHRSRPSFX UR LGLQ DWHUHYHUVLELODQWUHQDWGH
motorul Diesel.
,QGLIHUHQW  GH  VHQVXO  GH  URWD LH HD  DVLJXU  SUHVLXQHD  GH  XOHL  OD  UHIXODUH  GDWRULW
H[LVWHQ HLDSDWUXELOHVXSDS
0HQ LQHUHDFRQVWDQWDSUHVLXQLLGHXOHLVHUHDOL]HD]FXDMXWRUXOXQXLDFXPXODWRUFX
piston.

)LJ±6FKHPDFLQHPDWLFDDFXPXODWRUXOXLFXSLVWRQ

'DFSUHVLXQHDGHXOHLHVWHPDLPDUHDWXQFLSULQULGLFDUHDSLVWRDQHORUVHGHVFKLGHXQ
orificiu de refulare a uleiului.
Când presiunea de ulei scade, orificiul este obturat, asigurându-se continuu o presiune
FRQVWDQW
3kUJKLD  GH  FRPEXVWLELO  D  PRWRUXOXL  'LHVHO  HVWH  DF LRQDW  GH  D[XO  GH  LHúLUH  GLQ
regulator.
Acest ax este antrenat de un piston, deplasat de un servopiston.
ÌQWUHFHOHGRXSLVWRDQHH[LVWRUHDF LHLQYHUVDVLJXUDWSULQLQWHUPHGLXOXQHLSkUJKLL
FX  UROXO  FD  GXS  ILHFDUH  DF LRQDUH  D  SLVWRQXOXL  VHUYRSLVWRQXO  V  REWXUH]H RULILFLLOH  GH
SWUXQGHUHDXOHLXOXLvQFLOLQGUX
Deplasarea VHUYRSLVWRQXOXLVHUHDOL]HD]SULQLQWHUPHGLXOXQHLSkUJKLLDF LRQDWDWkWGH
EORFXOHOHFWULFFkWúLGHEORFXOFHQWULIXJDO

II. BLOCUL ELECTRIC

%ORFXOHOHFWULFSUHVFULHYDORDUHDWXUD LHLSULQVHPQDOXOHOHFWULF
7HQVLXQHD  GH  FRPDQG  SURSRU LRQDO  FX  DEDWHUHD  WXUD LHL  GH  OD  WXUD LD  SUHVFULV  VH
DSOLFODERELQDXQXLHOHFWURPDJQHW

199
 3ULQ  GHSODVDUHD  DUPWXULL  DFHVWXL  HOHFWURPDJQHW  VH  GHSODVHD]  úL  servopistonul care
SHUPLWHSWUXQGHUHDXOHLXOXLvQFLOLQGUX
$FHVWD  DF LRQHD]  SkUJKLD  GH  SUHVFULHUH LDU  DFHDVW  SkUJKLH  SULQ  VHUWDUXO  GLVWULEXLWRU
DF LRQHD]  DVXSUD  SLVWRQXOXL  GLQ  DFXPXODWRU PLúFDUHD  WUDQVPL kQGXVH  FUHPDOLHUHL  GH
DGPLVLHDFRPEXVWLELOXOXLODSRPSDGHLQMHF LH
&kQG  WXUD LD  GHYLQH  HJDO  FX  WXUD LD  SUHVFULV WHQVLXQHD  FDUH  VH  DSOLF
HOHFWURPDJQHWXOXL  HVWH  QXO GHFL  EORFXO  HOHFWULF  QX  DF LRQHD]  DVXSUD  DGPLVLHL  GH
combustibil.
3HQWUXVFXUWDUHDUHJLPXOXLWUDQ]LWRULXvQFD]XOvQFDUHGHODWUDGXFWRUXOGHIUHFYHQ 
VHPQDOXODF LRQHD]vQWUHSWHVHUHDOL]HD]RUHDF LHLQYHUV
$FHDVWDFRQVWvQXUPULUHDvQPRPHQWXOLQL LDOSULQWUXQSLVWRQFXUHVRUWDDGPLVLHL
GHFRPEXVWLELOGXSXQWLPSGDW

III. BLOCUL CENTRIFUGAL

%ORFXOFHQWULIXJDODUHDFHHDúLIXQF LHFXDEORFXOXLHOHFWULF
ÌQSOXVHOSUH]LQWRUHDF LHORFDOGXSWXUD LHFXSRVLELOLWDWHDUHJOULLORFDOHúLGHOD
GLVWDQ DWXUD LHLGHPHUVvQJROúLDstatismului caracteristicii.
7XUD LDHVWHSUHVFULVGHODGLVWDQ FXDMXWRUXOXQXLVHUYRPRWRULDUORFDOFXDMXWRUXO
XQXL  EXWRQ DPEHOH  DF LRQkQG  DVXSUD  XQHL  SkUJKLL FDUH  DF LRQHD]  OD  UkQGXO  HL  DVXSUD
admisiei de combustibil.
5HDF LDLQYHUVGXSWXUD LHDEORFXOXLFHQWULIXJDOHVWHUHDOL]DWSULQLQWHUPHGLXOXQRU
UR LGLQ DWHDQWUHQDWHGHXQD[URWLWGHPRWRUXO'LHVHO
$FHVWD[DQWUHQHD]QLúWHFRQWUDJUHXW LFDUHGHWHUPLQDSDUL LDXQHLIRU HFHQWULIXJH
SURSRU LRQDOFXWXUD LDUHDO
)RU DFHQWULIXJVHRSXQHSULQLQWHUPHGLXOXQXLVLVWHPGHSkUJKLLIRU HLHODVWLFHD
unui resort.
6WDWLVPXOFDUDFWHULVWLFLLVHPRGLILFSULQWUXQEXWRQ

,9)81&,21$5($6,67(08/8,:22':$5'

Fig. 21 – Schema bloc a sistemului WOODWARD

cu blocul electronic în detaliu

DEH - dispozitiv electrohidraulic

MD - motor Diesel
GS - generator sincron
6VDUFLQ
BPP - bloc punere în paralel
BRS - bloc reglare statism

200
 %06EORFPVXUVDUFLQ
BA - bloc amplificare
%5EORFUHDF LHúLVWDELOL]DUH
C - comparator
%07EORFPVXUWXUD LH
%37EORFSUHVFULHUHWXUD LH
EFRPXWDWRUFXGRXSR]L LL
E  FRQWDFW  DX[LOLDU  DO  vQWUHUXSWRUXOXL  DXWRPDW  DO  JHQHUDWRUXOXL  FDUH  XUPHD]  D  IL
cuplat.

5HJODUHDWXUD LHL

%ORFXOHOHFWURQLFSULPHúWHGLQH[WHULRULQIRUPD LLDVXSUDIUHFYHQ HLWHQVLXQLLGHELWDWHGH

JHQHUDWRU  SULQ  LQWHUPHGLXO  %07 OD  LHúLUHD  FUXLD  VH  RE LQH  R WHQVLXQH FRQWLQX
SURSRU LRQDOFXYDORDUHDWXUD LHLUHDOHDJUXSXOXL'LHVHO±JHQHUDWRU
'LQSRWHQ LRPHWUXOGHSUHVFULHUHSULQLQWHUPHGLXOXQXLEORFGHDGDSWDUHVHRE LQHR
DOWWHQVLXQHFRQWLQX
$FHVWH  VHPQDOH LQWU  vQWUXQ  FRPSDUDWRU OD  LHúLUHD  FUXLD  VH  RE LQH  XQ  VHPQDO
SURSRU LRQDOFX
∆n = np – n (17)
$FHVWVHPQDODPSOLILFDWVHDSOLFEORFXOXL  HOHFWURQLF GLQ  GLVSR]LWLYXO  electrohidraulic,
FDUHYDPRGLILFDvQPRGFRUHVSXQ]WRUWXUD LDJHQHUDWRUXOXLSkQFkQGH[LVWRHJDOLWDWH
vQWUHYDORDUHDSUHVFULVDWXUD LHLúLYDORDUHDHLUHDO
∆n = np – n = 0 (18)

'LVWULEX LDVDUFLQLLDFWLYH

$FHVW  VLVWHP  SHUPLWH  SULQ  LQWHUPHGLXO  OXL  E UHSDUWL LD  VDUFLQLL  DFWLYH VLVWHPXO
IXQF LRQkQGastatic (b1 – s) sau static (b1 – d).
$FHDVWSR]L LHFRUHVSXQGHIXQF LRQULLvQSDUDOHODJHQHUDWRUXOXLFXDOWHJUXSXULVDX
FXRVXUVGHSXWHUHLQILQLW
Circuitul de punere în paralel cu alte grupuri se închide prin b2.

)XQF LRQDUHDDVWDWLFDXQXLJUXS'LHVHO±JHQHUDWRU

Când b1HVWHSHVVHPQDOXORE LQXWODLHúLUHDEORFXOXLGHPVXUDVDUFLQLLSULQ%33

VHDSOLFGLUHFWOXLFUHDOL]kQGDVWIHODQXODUHDGLIHUHQ HLGHWXUD LH
3ULQ  DFHDVWD DXWRPDW JUXSXO  'LHVHO ± JHQHUDWRU  SUHLD  LQWHJUDO  VDUFLQD  úL PHQ LQH  úL
IUHFYHQ DFRQVWDQW

)XQF LRQDUHDDVWDWLFvQSDUDOHOFXDOWHJHQHUDWRDUH

În acest caz se închide b2.

'HRDUHFHLHúLULOH%06VXQWSXVHvQSDUDOHOODLQWUDUHDvQ&YRPDYHDDFHOHDúLVHPQDO
FDUHYDGHWHUPLQDDQXODUHDGLIHUHQ HLGHWXUD LHLSHQWUXWRDWHJUXSXULOHFDUHIXQF LRQHD]
în paralel.
Astfel puterile active sunt repartizate uniform.

201
 )XQF LRQDUHDVWDWLFDJUXSXULORUvQSDUDOHO

$FHDVW  IXQF LRQDUH  VH  UHDOL]HD]  FkQG  FRPXWDWRUXO  E1  HVWH vQ  SR]L LD  G úL vQ  DFHVW
PRGUHSDUWL LDVDUFLQLLvQWUHJUXSXULOHFDUHIXQF LRQHD]vQSDUDOHOVHUHDOL]HD]vQPRG
natural prin modificarea gradelor de statism ale caracteristicilor externe ale generatoarelor.

75$'8&725'(387(5($&7,9&86(0,&21'8&72$5(

)LJ±6FKHPDHOHFWULF

$FHVWGLVSR]LWLYSUH]LQWDYDQWDMXOXQHLILDELOLW LPDLULGLFDWHúLDOXQHLSUHFL]LLPDL
mari.
(VWHIRUPDWGLQWURSXQWHGHUH]LVWHQ H53, R4, R5, R6, diodele n1, n2úLFRQGHQVDWRUXOF
5H]LVWHQ HOH51, R2 sunt utilizate pentru a crea un nul artificial, atunci când traductorul
este alimentat de cele trei faze.
&kQGJHQHUDWRUXOQXHVWHvQFUFDWSXQWHD  HVWH  HFKLOLEUDW  úL  WHQVLXQHD  GH  LHúLUH  HVWH
QXO
ÌQPRPHQWXOvQFDUHH[LVWFXUHQWGHVDUFLQGHSRWHQ LRPHWUXO57 al transformatorului
m1 DSDUH  R  FGHUH  GH  WHQVLXQH  SURSRU LRQDO  FX  YDORDUHD  FXUHQWXOXL  GH  VDUFLQ  FDUH
GH]HFKLOLEUHD]SXQWHD
'HFLWHQVLXQHDGHLHúLUHHVWHSURSRU LRQDOFXWHQVLXQHDGHELWDWGHJHQHUDWRU

AMPLIFICATORUL DE PUTERE

Amplificatorul de putere are în compunere un multivibrator, un formator de impulsuri

úLXQDPSOLILFDWRUGHLPSXOVXUL
$OLPHQWDUHD  FX  WHQVLXQH  D  DFHVWXL  EORF  GH  DPSOLILFDUH  VH  UHDOL]HD]  FX  GRX
transformatoare m1, m2SULQLQWHUPHGLXODúDVHSXQ LUHGUHVRDUHIRUPDWHGLQGLRGHOHQ1-
n24.

A. MULTIVIBRATORUL

Este format din tranzistoarele T7úL78UH]LVWHQ HOH525 – R30, condensatoarele C7, C8úL
DUHUROXOGHDJHQHUDODLHúLUHLPSXOVXULGUHSWXQJKLXODUH
6FKHPDHVWHDVWIHOFRQFHSXWvQFkWODDOLPHQWDUHDFXWHQVLXQHXQWUDQ]LVWRUFRQGXFHLDU
FHOODOWHVWHEORFDWGXSFDUHSHULRGLFIXQF LHGHFRQVWDQWDGHWLPSVHUHSHWSURFHVXO
'DFSUHVXSXQHPFWUDQ]LVWRUXO77 este blocat, atunci condensatorul C7VHvQFDUFGH
ODDOGRLOHDUHGUHVRUSULQUH]LVWHQ D525úLMRQF LXQHDHPLWRU±ED]DWUDQ]LVWRUXOXL78.
ÌQDFHODúLWLPSFRQGHQVDWRUXO&8VHvQFDUFSULQUH]LVWHQ D528.
202
 În acest mod tranzistorul T7VHYDGHVFKLGHúLGXSvQFUFDUHDOXL&7, T8VHEORFKHD]
$FHVWSURFHVVHUHSHWDVWIHOvQFkWSULQDFHDVWVFKHPvQFLUFXLWXOGHFROHFWRUDOFHORU
GRXWUDQ]LVWRDUHDSDULPSXOVXULGUHSWXQJKLXODUH
'DFQRWPFX8AWHQVLXQHDGHDOLPHQWDUHWHQVLXQHDODLHúLUHDXQXLPXOWLYLEUDWRUHVWH
Uies = UA + 2UAB (19)
([LVWXQPRPHQWvQFDUHDPEHOHWUDQ]LVWRDUHVXQWEORFDWHW 7úLUies = Ustab
În acest caz:
t1 = δ1 ln [ 2 UA / ( UA + Ustab ) ] ≅ 0,7 R27 C7 (20)
t2 = δ2 ln [ 2 UA / ( UA + Ustab ) ] ≅ 0,7 R28 C8
3HULRDGDSHQWUXILHFDUHUDPXUHVWH
T = t1 + t2 = 1,4 R27 ⋅C7GDF527 = R28úL&27 = C28. (21)
3HQWUXDRE LQHLPSXOVXULFkWPDLVWDELOHFXXQIURQWDQWHULRUFkWPDLPDUHODLHúLULOH
FHORUGRXWUDQ]LVWRDUHVXQWFRQHFWDWHFRQGHQVDWRDUHOH&5, C6úLGLRGHOHZenner DZ3, DZ4.
ÌQFRQFOX]LHODLHúLUHDPXOWLYLEUDWRUXOXLVHRE LQWUHQXULGHLPSXOVXULGUHSWXQJKLXODUH
pe ambele laturi ale sale.

B. FORMATORUL DE IMPULSURI

(VWH  IRUPDW  GLQ  GRX  SU L  LGHQWLFH SULPD  tranzistoarele T1, T3, T5 úL  D  GRXD  -
tranzistoarele T2, T4, T6.
Atât la intrarea lui T1FkWúLODLQWUDUHDOXL73VHDSOLFDWkWWHQVLXQHFRQWLQXFkWúL
impulsuri .
Starea WUDQ]LVWRDUHORU  GLQ  FLUFXLW  HVWH  GDW  GH  WHQVLXQHD  QHJDWLY  GH  SRODUL]DUH  GLQ
FLUFXLWXOGHED]SULQLQWHUPHGLXOGLVSR]LWLYHORUIRUPDWHGLQ53 , R4 , R5 , R6 .
'DFQXH[LVWVHPQDOGHLQWUDUHWHQVLXQLOHGHODLHúLULOHtranzistoarelor T3 , T4 sunt
mai mici decât tensiunile de prag ale diodelor DZ1 , DZ2úLVWDUHDtranzistoarelor T5úL
T6UPkQHQHVFKLPEDW
ÌQDFHVWPRGWHQVLXQHDODLHúLUHDIRUPDWRUXOXLGHLPSXOVXUL518 – R19HVWHQXO
0RGLILFDUHDVWULORUtranzistoarelor T5 , T6 se face alternativ, fiecare parte intrând în
IXQF LXQHvQIXQF LHGHSRODULWDWHDVHPQDOXOXLGHLQWUDUHDFHVWOXFUXRE LQkQGXVH SULQ
intermediul diodelor n25 , n26 .
6HPQDOXO  SR]LWLY  GH  LQWUDUH  PRGLILF  VWDUHD  tranzistoarelor T1, T3  FDUH  LQWU  vQ
FRQGXF LHWHQVLXQHDGHLHúLUHFUHúWHúLWUDQ]LVWRUXO75 se deschide.
&kQGWHQVLXQHDVFDGHVXERDQXPLWYDORDUHWUDQ]LVWRUXO75VHEORFKHD]LDUIUHFYHQ D
LPSXOVXOXLGHXUPULUHHVWHGDWGHIUHFYHQ DVHPQDOXOXLGHODPXOWLYLEUDWRU

203
 5(*8/$725$8720$7'(785$,('(7,3&(175,)8*$/

Fig. 23 – Schema de principiu

±FRQWUDJUHXW L
2 – ax
3 – resort
4 – cuplaj
±HOHPHQWGHWUDQVPLVLHDWXUD LHL
6 – servomotor
7 – pârghie regulatoare admisie combustibil
8 – amplificator hidraulic
9 – cilindru de amortizare
10 – orificiu de reglare
11 – resort

$FHVWUHJXODWRUDUHRFDUDFWHULVWLFDVWDWLFúLRUHDF LHLQYHUVHODVWLFIRUPDWGLQ
10, AB.
ÌQDPEHOHSU LDOHFLOLQGUXOXLDPRUWL]RUSUHVLXQHDGHXOHLHVWHPHQ LQXWFRQVWDQWHO
JVLQGXVHvQWURSR]L LHGHPLMORFRULILFLXOILLQGREWXUDW
ÌQ  SURFHVXO  GH  UHJODUH  D  WXUD LHL GDF  PRWRUXO  'LHVHO  HVWH  vQFUFDW  FX  R  VDUFLQ
VXSOLPHQWDUDWXQFLH[LVWRGLIHUHQ vQWUHIRU DFHQWULIXJ D  FRQWUDJUHXW LORU  úL  IRU D
HODVWLFDUHVRUWXOXLFr.
$FHDVW  GLIHUHQ   YD  GHWHUPLQD  GHSODVDUHD  FXSODMXOXL    FX  R  DQXPLW  GLVWDQ   \  úL
GHRDUHFHvQSULPXOPRPHQWDWkWvQDPSOLILFDWRUSUHVLXQLOHvQSDUWHDGHVXVúLvQSDUWHD
GH  MRV  VXQW  HJDOH RULILFLLOH  ILLQG  REWXUDWH FkW  úL  GDWRULW  IDSWXOXL  F  FLOLQGUXO  GH
DPRUWL]DUHVHJVHúWHvQSR]L LHFHQWUDOFDSWXO$YDUPkQHDSUR[LPDWLYIL[FDSWXO%
deplasându-se cu Z.
ÌQDFHODúLWLPSFDSWXO$YDDYHDRPLúFDUHUHODWLYvQVXVyocHDILLQGGHWHUPLQDW
GHGHSODVDUHDSLVWRQXOXLvQFLOLQGUXOvQPRPHQWXOLPHGLDWXUPWRU
3ULQGHSODVDUHDGLVWULEXLWRUXOXLVHUYRPRWRUXOXLvQMRVúLGHVFKLGHUHDRULILFLXOXLaúL
b, presiunea de ulei se transmite prin avQSDUWHDVXSHULRDUDSLVWRQXOXLúLHVWHUHIXODW

204
SULQSDUWHDLQIHULRDUDVWIHOvQFkWHOVHGHSODVHD]vQMRVFXxULGLFkQGFDSWXOSkUJKLHL
úLPULQGDGPLVLDGHFRPEXVWLELO

Schema bloc a sistemului

Fig. 24 – Schema bloc

(FXD LDJUXSXOXL'LHVHO±JHQHUDWRU

ÌQ  UHJLP  GLQDPLF UHOD LD  vQWUH  PRPHQWXO  UH]LVWHQW PRPHQWXO  PRWRU  úL  PRPHQWXO
dinamic este :
dω
= MD − MG (22)
dt
Prin liniarizare:
M D = f ( x , ω)
af af
MD = ⋅x + ⋅ω (23)
ax aω
M D = k1x − k 2ω
&RQVLGHUP  FXSOXO  UH]LVWHQW  DO  JHQHUDWRUXOXL  SURSRU LRQDO  FX  SXWHUHD  FX  FDUH  HVWH
vQFUFDWJHQHUDWRUXO
MG = α ⋅ λ
Deci:
dω
= k1x − k 2 ω − αλ
dt
dω (24)
+ k 2 ω = k1x − αλ
dt
1RWP-N2 = T1 constanta de timp a motorului Diesel. Avem:
k1 α
T1 ⋅ p ⋅ ω + ω = x− λ (25)
k2 k2
'HFLIXQF LDGHWUDQVIHUDPRWRUXOXL'LHVHOHVWH
ω(T1p + 1) = α1x − α 2 λ (26)
unde:
k1 α
α1 = ,α2 = (27)
k2 k2

(FXD LDWUDGXFWRUXOXLFHQWULIXJDO

$FHDVWHFXD LHRGHGXFHPGLQHFKLOLEUXOIRU HORU

Fc = m ⋅ ω2 (28)
unde ω HVWHGLVWDQ DGHODD[XOODFRQWUDJUHXW L
2

205
 Fr = c ⋅ y (29)
)RU DH[HUFLWDWGHFLOLQGUXODPRUWL]RUSULQEUD XO$%HVWH
dy
Fa = D ⋅ (30)
dt
XQGH'HVWHFRQVWDQWGHDPRUWL]DUH
Deci:
Fc = Fr + Fa (31)
$GLF
af af dy
Fc = ω + y = Cy + D (32)
aω ay dt
k 3ω + k 4 y = C y + D ⋅ p ⋅ y
D ⋅ p ⋅ y + C y − k 4 y = k 3ω
y( p ⋅ D + c − k 4 ) = k 3 ω
D k3
⋅p⋅y+ y = ⋅ω
C − k4 C − k4
1RWP
D
T2 =
C − k4
k3 (33)
α3 =
C − k4
'HFLIXQF LDGHWUDQVIHUDWUDGXFWRUXOXLFHQWULIXJDOGHWXUD LHHVWH
y( T2 p + 1 ) = α3 ω (34)

(FXD LDVHUYRPRWRUXOXLhidraulic

3ULQFUHúWHUHDVDUFLQLLFDUHVHDSOLFJHQHUDWRUXOXLSULQVFGHUHDYLWH]HLXQJKLXODUHGH
URWLUH  D  PRWRUXOXL  'LHVHO VFDGH  IRU D  FHQWULIXJ  D  UHJXODWRUXOXL LDU  FXSODMXO    DO
UHJXODWRUXOXLFHQWULIXJDOSULQDF LXQHDIRU HLHODVWLFHDUHVRUWXOXLVHYDGHSODVDvQMRVFX
PULPHD\
'HRDUHFHvQSULPXOPRPHQWSXWHPFRQVLGHUDFDSWXO$DOSkUJKLHL$%IL[SUHVLXQHD
DWkW  vQ  FLOLQGUXO    FkW  úL  vQ  FLOLQGUXO   HVWH HJDO   GDWRULW  LQHU LHL VH PHQ LQ  DFHVWH
SLVWRDQHIL[HÌQDFHVWPRGFDSWXO%VHYDGHSODVDvQMRVFXPULPHD=1.
3ULQGHSODVDUHDSLVWRQXOXLVHUYRPRWRUXOXLúLGHVFKLGHUHDRULILFLLORUaúLb, deoarece în
SDUWHDVXSHULRDUDFLOLQGUXOXLSWUXQGHXOHLHOVHYDGHSODVDvQMRVSHGLUHF LDx .
În DFHOD LWLPSGDWRULWUHDF LHLLQYHUVHHODVWLFHSXQFWXO$VHYDGHSODVDvQVXVFXyoc ,
iar punctul B tot în sus cu Z2 .
(FXD LDGHWUDQVIHUHVWH
Z = y – yoc (35)

(FXD LDDPSOLILFDWRUXOXLhidraulic

Deplasarea pistonului amplificatorului KLGUDXOLF  HVWH  GDW  GH  GHSODVDUHD  SLVWRQXOXL

elementului 5.
Viteza de deplasare este:
V = β ⋅ vmax (36)
unde : β = Z / Zmax , iar Zmax FXUVDPD[LPDSLVWRQXOXL

206
 vmax = Xmax / t unde Xmax FXUVDPD[LPDSkUJKLHLSULQFDUHVHUHDOL]HD]DGPLVLDGH
combustibil.
Deci :
d (X, X max ) dx Z
v= = X max = ⋅ v max (37)
dt dt Z max
Avem:
X max dv Z
⋅ = (38)
v max dt Z max
)XQF LDGHWUDQVIHUHVWH
X ⋅ p ⋅ Ts = α4 ⋅ Z
Unde:
Ts = Xmax / vmax (39)
α4 = 1 / Zmax

(FXD LDHOHPHQWXOXLGHUHDF LHHODVWLF

$VXSUDSLVWRQXOXLHOHPHQWXOXLDF LRQHD]IRU DHODVWLFDUHVRUWXOXL

F1 = C ⋅ yoc (40)
úLIRU DGHDPRUWL]DUH
Fa = S ( p2 – p1 ) (41)
unde:
6±VXSUDID DHIHFWLYDSLVWRQXOXL
( p2- p1GLIHUHQ DGHSUHVLXQHvQWUHFDPHUHOHFLOLQGUXOXL
)RU DGHDPRUWL]DUHHVWH
Fa = Re ⋅ µ ⋅ S ⋅ ( v2 – v1 ) / d (42)
unde:
ReQXPUXOReynolds;
µ - 9kVFR]LWDWHDGLQDPLF
d - diametrul orificiului de egalizare a presiunilor;
v1 = dx / dt - viteza de deplasare a punctului C;
v2 = dyoc / dt - viteza de deplasare a punctului A .
'HRDUHFHDFHVWHIRU HVHDQXOHD]UHFLSURFDYHP
Fa + F1 = 0 (43)
DGLF
R e µS  dy oc dy 
 −  = C ⋅ y oc (44)
d  dt dt 
(FXD LDGHWUDQVIHUHVWH
( p ⋅ T4 + 1 ) ⋅ yoc = p ⋅ T4 ⋅ X (45)
unde:
T4 = Re ⋅ µ ⋅ S / d ⋅ c
ÌQILQDOSHQWUXHOLPLQDUHDQHFXQRVFXWHORUUH]XOWRUHOD LHvQµúLλ :
[ T1 T2 T3 T4 ⋅ p4 + ( T1 T3 T4 + T4 T2 T3 + T2 T3 T4 + α4 T1 T2 T4 ) p3 +
+ ( T1 T3 + T3 T4 + T2 T3 + α4 T2 T4 ) p2 + ( T3 + α T4 - α1 α3 α4 T4 ) p +
α1 α3 α4 ) ] ⋅ω = - [ T2 T3 T4 p3 + ( T3 T4 + T2 T3 + α4 T1 T4 ) p2 + (46)
+ ( T3 + α4 T4 ) p ] α2 λ .
'DFFRQVLGHUPλ YRPDYHDHFXD LLOHRVFLOD LLORUOLEHUH
a4 p4 + a3 p3 + a2 p2 + a1 p + a0 = 0

unde :

207
a4 = T1 T2 T3 T4
a3 = T1 T3 T4 + T1 T2 T3 + T2 T3 T4 + α4 T1 T2 T4
a2 = T1 T3 + T3 T4 + T2 T3 + α4 T1 T4 + α4 T2 T4
a1 = T3 + α T4 - α1 α3 α4 T4 (47)
3HQWUX  DQDOL]D  VWDELOLW LL  VLVWHPXOXL  VH  XWLOL]HD]  FULWHULXO  HURWITZ sau metoda
UVSXQVXOXLvQIUHFYHQ VDXFULWHULXOMIHAILOV.

$1$/,=$67$%,/,7,,6,67(08/8,'(5(*/$5(
$8720$7$785$,(,&8'28
%8&/('(5($&,(

Fig. 25 – Schema sistemului automat cu

GRXEXFOHGHUHDF LH

(FXD LD'LHVHO±JHQHUDWRUXOXL
( T1 p + 1 ) ω = α1 X - α2 λ (48)
(FXD LDDPSOLILFDWRUXOXLhidraulic:
T3 p X = α4 Z (49)
(FXD LDWUDGXFWRUXOXLGHWXUD LH
( T2 p + 1 ) y = α3 ω (50)
(FXD LDUHDF LHLHODVWLFH
( T4 p + 1 ) yoc = T4 p X (51)
Avem ca:
U TPA = α5 ia
Prin OLQLDUL]DUH FRQVLGHUkQG  R  YDULD LH  PLF  D  WHQVLXQLL  GH  LHúLUH  vQ  UHJLP  GLQDPLF
avem:
∆UTPA = α5 ⋅ ∆ia (52)
'HFLHFXD LDWUDGXFWRUXOXLGHSXWHUHDFWLYHVWH
µi = α5 ⋅ a (53)
unde:
µi = ∆ UTPA ; λ = ∆ ia
Pentru amplificatorul magnetic:
( TAM p + 1 ) µ2 = α6 µI (54)
Pentru servomotor:
( T5 p + 1 ) µ2 = α2 µ3 (55)
)XQF LDGHWUDQVIHUODLHúLUHDGLQHOHPHQWXOGHFRPSDUD LHHVWH
Z = y – yoc – k1 µ3 (56)
&RQVLGHUkQGHFXD LLOHSHQWUXILHFDUHHOHPHQWúLFRQVLGHUkQGVLVWHPXORE LQXWFXDFHVWH
HFXD LLGLQFDUHHOLPLQP[\yoc, z, µ1, µ2, µ3VHRE LQHRHFXD LHvQλúLω:
[ ( T1 p + 1 ) ( T2 p + 1 ) T3 p ( T4 p + 1 ) ( T2 p + 1 ) (T3 p + 1 ) (T4 p + 1) ( T5 p + 1 ) +
+ α1 α3 α4 ( T4 p + 1 ) ( TAM p + 1 ) ( T5 p + 1 ) ( T5 p + 1 ) ] ω =
= - [ α1 α2 α5 α6 α7 k1 ( T2 p + 1 )( T4 p + 1 ) + α2 α4 ( T2 p + 1 )( TAM p + 1 )
(T5 p + 1 ) + α2 T3 p ( T2 p + 1 ) ( T4 p + 1 ) (T5p + 1) ( TAM p + 1 ) ] λ (57)

208
 'HFLHFXD LDHVWHGHIRUPD
( a6 p6 + a5 p5 + a4 p4 + a3 p3 + a2 p2 + a1 p + a0 ) ω =
= - ( b5 p5 + b4 p4 + b3 p3 + b2 p2 + b1 p + b0 ) λ (58)
'DFS JUDGXOGHstatism este :
- ω / λ = b0 / a0

$SOLFkQG  XQD  GLQ  PHWRGHOH  FXQRVFXWH  VH  SRDWH  DQDOL]D  VWDELOLWDWHD IXQF LRQDUHD  úL
statismul .
Se poate calcula gradul de statism al caracteristicii externe a sistemului .
$YkQGIXQF LLOHGHWUDQVIHUDOHWXWXURUHOHPHQWHORUúLYDORULOHGLIHULWHORUFRQVWDQWHGH
WLPS VFULOH  DGHFYDWH  SHQWUX  IDFWRUXO  GH  DPSOLILFDUH VH  SRDWH  UHDOL]D  R  PRGHODUH  D
procesului prin utilizarea unor elemente analogice .
Cu un astfel de model se poate analiza comportarea în timp a sistemului la intrarea
XQXLVHPQDOWUHDSWXQLWDUVDXUDPS

209
 ',675,%8,5($6$5&,1,,$&7,9(ù,
5(*/$5($)5(&9(1(,

0HQ LQHUHDFRQVWDQWDIUHFYHQ HLXQXL'LHVHO±JHQHUDWRUHVWHVWUkQVOHJDW 

GHUHJODUHDWXUD LHLPRWRUXOXL'LHVHO
p⋅n
f = (1)
60
SQXPUSHUHFKLGHpoli ;
Q±WXUD LD
cum p = ct. = f = v = ct. când n = ct.
5HJODUHDIUHFYHQ HLHVWHVWUkQVOHJDWGHGLVWULEX LDVDUFLQLLDFWLYHSHJHQHUDWRDUHOHFDUH
IXUQL]HD]HQHUJLHHOHFWULFODT.P.D.

',675,%8,$6$5&,1,,$&7,9(/$0(568/Ì1*2/

'DFODEDUHOH73'QXHVWHFXSODWQLFLXQFRQVXPDWRUvQIúXUULOHGHH[FLWD LHDOH
JHQHUDWRDUHORUVXQWVWUEWXWHGHFXUHQ LJHQHUD LGHWHQVLXQHDQRPLQDOGHODEDUH'DF
vQDFHVWFD]QXLQWHUYLQHQLFLRSHUWXUED LHFXUHQ LLGHVDUFLQúLXQJKLXULOHGLQWUHD[HOH
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între WHPDOHJHQHUDWRDUHORU'LIHUHQ DGLQWUHFHOHGRXWHQVLXQLFRQGXFHODDSDUL LDXQXL
curent cu caracter reactiv .
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un cuplu activ la arborele celui de al doilea Diesel – generator .

)LJ6FKHPDHOHFWULFGHFXSODUHDGRXJHQHUDWRDUH

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WXUD LHFDUHIXQF LRQHD]FXXQDQXPLWstatism.
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QR LXQL
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n 01 − n n
S 01 = (2)
n 01
210
 n01±WXUD LDGHPHUVvQJROOD*1
n 02 − n n
S02 = (3)
n 02
nn±WXUD LDQRPLQDOD*1úL*2
6 ± DOXQHFULOH  JHQHUDWRDUHORU  FH  IXQF LRQHD]  vQ  SDUDOHO FX  DFHHDúL  WXUD LH  GH
VLQFURQLVPID GHWXUD LDQRPLQDO
nS − n n
S= (4)
nS
nS±WXUD LDGHVLQFURQLVP
δ - statismul
Statismul primului grup Diesel – generator este raportul dintre:
n 01 − n S1
δ1 = (5)
nn
n − n S2
δ 2 = 02 (6)
nn

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barele 73'  vúL  GLVWULEXLH  DFHDVW  VDUFLQ  vQ  IXQF LH  GH  DPSODVDUHD  FDUDFWHULVWLFLORU
mecanice.
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DFWLYHúLRDEDWHUHDIUHFYHQ HLGHODYDORDUHDGHPHUVvQJRO

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211
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GRX  'LHVHO±JHQHUDWRDUH  DX  WXUD LLOH  GH  PHUV  vQ  JRO  GLIHULWH GHFL  úL  statisme diferite;
SXWHULOHORUVXQWHJDOHúLDXDFHHDúLWXUD LHGHVLQFURQLVP
 n 01 − n S1
δ1 = n
 nom

δ = n 02 − n S 2
(7)
 2 n nom
(FXD LLOHFHORUGRXFDUDFWHULVWLFLYRUIL
n = n 01 − P1 tgα
 (8)
n = n 02 − P2 tgβ
 n 01 − n S1
 tg α =
 Pnom

tgβ = n 02 − n S2
(9)
 Pnom
'LQúLUH]XOW
n 01 − n S1 = Pnom tgα
(10)
n 02 − n S2 = Pnom tgβ
'DFvQORFXLPvQSHRE LQHP
 δ1 n nom
 tgα =
 Pnom

tgβ = δ 2 n nom
(11)
 Pnom
5HOD LLOHGXSH[SOLFLWULOHGHYLQ
 δ 2 ⋅ n nom
 n = n 01 − P1
 Pnom

n = n − P δ 2 ⋅ n nom
(12)
 02 2
Pnom
9RPvQORFXLWXUD LLOHúLSXWHULOHSULQPULPLUHODWLYH
n P
= ν; =p (13)
n nom Pnom
ÌQDFHVWHFRQGL LLGHYLQH
ν = ν 01 − p1δ1
 (14)
ν = ν 02 − p 2 δ 2
'DFYRPFRQVLGHUDF
PVDUFLQ = p1 + p2 (15)

212
  ν 01 − ν
 p =
δ1
1


p = ν 02 − ν
(16)
 2 δ2
5H]XOW
ν 01 − ν ν 02 − ν
p sarcina = + (17)
δ1 δ2
ν 01 ν 02 1 1 
p sarcina = + − ν +  (18)
δ1 δ2  δ1 δ 2 
([SUHVLDIUHFYHQ HLODPHUVvQVDUFLQHVWH
ν 01 ν 02
− p sarcina + +
δ1 δ2
ν= (19)
1 1
+
δ1 δ 2

&XFkWSXWHUHDVROLFLWDWGHFRQVXPDWRUGHOD73'HVWHPDLPDUHFXDWkWIUHFYHQ D
YDILPDLPLFGHRDUHFHstatismele vor fi mai mici .

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ELECTROGENE

∆P = P1 − P2
ν 01 − ν ν 02 − ν ν 01 ν 02 1 1 
∆p = − = − − ν −  (20)
δ1 δ2 δ1 δ2  δ1 δ 2 
Înlocuind pe νFDH[SUHVLHvQIRUPXODGLIHUHQ HLGHSXWHUH
δ 2 − δ1 ν − ν 02
∆p = p sarcina + 2 01 (21)
δ1 + δ 2 δ1 + δ 2
'DF ν 01 = ν 02 ; δ1 = δ 2 , atunci ∆ p = 0 .
'DFGRULPXQDQXPLW∆SYRPPHQ LQHFRQVWDQWHPULPLOHGLQ∆p .
'DFSHQWUXRDQXPLWpsarcina dorim un anumit ν vom calcula pe δ1úLδ2 .

213
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GENERATOARELOR

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úLDGLVWULEX LHLSXWHULLDFWLYH

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SM - servomotorul RAT;
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DFWLY
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cadranul I în cadranul III .
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214
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intrarea amplificatoarelor de forma :

 n

 ∑ I ai U 
U ik = m UI ak − i =1 
 n  (22)
 
 
Uik - semnal aplicat amplificatorului k ;
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úLDOHDPSOLILFDWRDUHORU
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sarcina lui G1'HSODVDUHDDFHDVWDFRQWLQXSkQFkQGFHOHGRX*VXQWvQFUFDWHvQ
mod egal .

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215
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motorului Diesel – generator .
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motor dat de motorul Diesel, în acest fel pierzându-se sincronismul. Pentru a preîntâmpina
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216
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este egal cu zero .
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3E 0
P= sin θ (23)
Xd
P SXWHUHDDFWLYFHGDWvQUH HD
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E0 - WHPLQGXVvQVWDWRUDJHQHUDWRUXOXL
U WHQVLXQHDUH HOHL
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LQWHUQDOPDúLQLL
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PD[LPVWDELOLWvQVSHFLDOGHPULPHD8Xd .
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U ⋅ E0 U 2  1 1 
P= sin θ + − sin 2θ
2  X q X d 
(24)
Xd
P SXWHUHDDFWLYFHGDWvQUH HD
U WHQVLXQHDUH HOHL
E0 - t.e.m. a generatorului;
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θ - unghiul intHUQDOPDúLQLLVLQFURQH

217
 Când Xd = XqVHRE LQHUHOD LDGHIRUPD
E0 ⋅ U
P= sin θ (25)
Xd
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Fig.7.

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(statism ).
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218
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de 0,5 % sau cu statism mai mare de 5 % .
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 PULUHD  OLPLWHL  GH  YDULD LH  D  PULPLL  UHJODWH ± D  IUHFYHQ HL  úL  WHQVLXQLL  OD  EDUHOH
centralei;
YDULD LDVDUFLQLLGHODPHUVvQJROODVDUFLQQRPLQDO
$FHVWOXFUXQXHVWHGHGRULWGLQFDX]DvQUXW LULLLQGLFDWRULORUGHFDOLWDWHDLHQHUJLHL
3HQWUX  DVLJXUDUHD  vQFUFULL  DXWRPDWH  D  *6  FX  SXWHUH  DFWLY GXS  FXSODUHD  ORU  vQ
SDUDOHO SHQWUX  R  PDL  EXQ  GLVWULEX LH  D  VDUFLQLORU  úL  RE LQHUHD  IUHFYHQ HL  FRQVWDQWH  OD
barele centrale, suplimentar la regulatoarele PRQRLPSXOV  GH  WXUD LH  DO  PRWRDUHORU  GH
antrenare, în 73'VHLQVWDOHD]XQGLVSR]LWLYIRORVLQGFDUHIHULQ JHQHUDWRUXOGHED]
Dispozitivul este compus din :
WUDGXFWRDUHGHSXWHUHDFWLY71úL72;
- amplificatoare A1úL$2;
- servomotoare Sm1úL6m2GHSODVHD]FDUDFWHULVWLFLOHSULQWXUD LH
WUDGXFWRUGHIUHFYHQ VWDELOT.F.S.
Servomotorul Sm1 al lui G1 e conectat prin amplificatorul A1 la T.F.S.
Sm2 al lui G2 este conectat la A2 .
G2 este generatorul condus .
&XUHQWXOGHFRPDQGDOOXL$2HSURSRU LRQDOFXGLIHUHQ DFXUHQ LORUGHLHúLUHDLOXL
T1úL72 specifice G1úL*2 .
&DUDFWHULVWLFLOH  VWDWLFH  VXQW  DMXVWDWH   DVWIHO  vQFkW  HOH  VH  LQWHUVHFWHD]  vQWUXQ  SXQFW
comun .

)LJ6FKHPDGLVSR]LWLYXOXLSHQWUXvQFUFDUHDDXWRPDWDG.S.

219
 0(72'('($6,*85$5($5(3$57,,(,387(5,,$&7,9(
ÎNTRE G.S.
&$5()81&,21($=Ì13$5$/(/

I. Metoda caracteristicilor astatice f = ct. (n = ct.)

7HPLQGXVvQvQIúXUDUHDVWDWRUXOXLG.S. este:
E0 = 4,44 Kw ⋅W ⋅ f ⋅ φ0 (26)
unde:
Kw FRHILFLHQWXOJOREDOGHvQIúXUDUH
: QXPUXOWRWDOGHVSLUHDOvQIúXUULLstatorice;
φ0 IOX[GHH[FLWD LH
f IUHFYHQ DGHIXQF LRQDUH
KwGHSLQGHGHUHSDUWL]DUHDFUHVWWXULORU
vQFOLQDUHDFUHVWWXULORU
vQIúXUDUHDGHSDV
Pentru f = FW±FDUDFWHULVWLFDVWDWLF
φ0 = ct. – regim permanent .
5H]XOW(0 = ct
4,44 ⋅ Kw ⋅ W = ct.
3XWHUHDPHFDQLFHVWH
3E
PM = 0 sin θ (27)
Xd
3XWHUHDPHFDQLFGHELWDWHVWH
PM = PC = Kp ⋅ sinθ (28)
()
PM = f θˆ = f (E 0 U ) (29)
PM = kp ⋅ sin θ = kp ⋅ sin (E 0 U ) (30)
kp = ct.
θ XQJKLXOGLQWUHD[DSROXOXL1RUGDOFkPSXOXLPDJQHWLFvQYkUWLWRUDOURWRUXOXLúLD[D
polului Sud al câmpului magnetic rezultant.
- pentru generator θ < 0 ⇒ câmp rezistent.

Fig. 9 – Caracteristicile astatice ale G.S.

Ia1 = I1 cos ϕ1 – componenta DFWLY

220
 Ia2 = I2 cos ϕ2 (31)
Ir1 = I1 sin ϕ1±FRPSRQHQWDUHDFWLY
Ir2 = I2 sin ϕ2 (32)
de θ1GHSLQGHSXWHUHDDFWLYD* 31
de θ2GHSLQGHSXWHUHDDFWLYD* 32
E0 = ct. ⇒ deplasarea lui este un cerc .
'DF  I ≠ ct. ⇒ YDORDUHD  SXWHULL  FX  FDUH  VH  vQFHDUF  JHQHUDWRUXO  ∆P = ∆f / s
FDUDFWHULVWLFDVWDWLF
unde : s = grad de statism al caracteristicii de reglare.
&RQVLGHUPWUHLG.S. în paralel antrenate în trei motoare termice cu grade de statism
diferite ale caracteristicilor de reglare.

Fig. 10 – Caracteristicile statice ale G.S.

- VALOAREA PUTERII ACTIVE PE CARE O IA G.S.

∆P1 = ∆F / TG α1 = ∆F / S1
∆P2 = ∆f / tg α2 = ∆f / s2 (33)
∆P3 = ∆f / tg α3 = ∆f / s3
P1, P2, P3 – puterea *6ODIUHFYHQ DI1
P1’, P2’, P3’ - puterea *6ODIUHFYHQ DI2
∆f = f1 – f2YDORDUHDIUHFYHQ HL→YDORDUHDSXWHULLFDUHVHUHSDUWL]HD]SHFHOHG.S.

GS1 → ∆P1 = P1' − P1


GS2 → ∆P2 = P2 − P2
'
(34)

GS3 → ∆P3 = P3 − P3
'

YDORDUHDWRWDODSXWHULL
∆ P = ∆ P1 + ∆ P2 + ∆ P3 (35)

1 1 1
∆P = ∆f ⋅  + +  (36)
 S1 S 2 S3 

221
 Concluzie : În *6  GH  SXWHUL  GLIHULWH  FH  IXQF LRQHD]  vQ  SDUDOHO RT ( regulatorul de
WXUD LH  FX  FDUH  VXQW  HFKLSDWH  JUXSULOH  UHVSHFWLYH  WUHEXLH  UHJODWH  DVWIHO  vQFkW  SXWHUHD
DFWLYUHDOSHILHFDUHGLQWUHJHQHUDWRDUHVFRUHVSXQGSXWHULLVROLFLWDWHPn .
G.S3QXFRUHVSXQGHDFHVWHLFRQGL LLGHRDUHFH33’ > Pn3UH]XOWFVHGHFODQúHD]SURWHF LD
G.S.3úLWUHEXLHFDDFHDVWSXWHUHVILHSUHOXDWGH*61úL*62GDFVHUHSHWúLOD
celelalte G.S. –uri atunci sistemul energetic cade .
În cazul *6GHSXWHULHJDOHFDUHIXQF LRQHD]vQSDUDOHODXFDUDFWHULVWLFLGHUHJODUH
HJDOHúLGLQSUDFWLFVHUHFRPDQGFDJUDGHOHGHstatism ale generatoarelor centrifugale
VILHGH±
3XWHUHDDFWLYVHUHSDUWL]HD]vQWUH*6FHIXQF LRQHD]vQSDUDOHOvQPRGXQLYRFúL
LQYHUVSURSRU LRQDOFXJUDGHOHGHstatism ale caracteristicilor de reglare .

,,0(72'$87,/,=5,,818,*583(/(&752*(1MT- GS )
180,73,/276$8ù()'(25&+(675

Din cele n *6  FH  IXQF LRQHD]  vQ  SDUDOHO Q JUXSXUL  VH  HFKLSHD]  FX  RT
UHJXODWRDUH  GH  WXUD LH  FX  FDUDFWHULVWLFL  GH  UHJODUH  VWDWLFH LDU  JUXSXO  SLORW QU Q  VH
HFKLSHD]FX57FXFDUDFWHULVWLFDGHUHJODUHVWDWLF
LQHPFRQWF
∆f f 0 − f r
S= = ⇒ f r = f 0 − sp (37)
p p
unde : f0IUHFYHQ DGHPHUVvQJRO
frIUHFYHQ DUH HOHL ct.
Deci :
MT – G.S.1 : fr = f01 – S1 P1 (38)

MT + G.S.n-1 : fr = f0,n-1 – Sn-1 Pn-1

MT – G.S.n : fr = f0n
grup - caracteristica DVWDWLFGHSLORWUHJODUH
Pe fiecare din grup MT – G.SiL QVHUHSDUWL]HD]RSXWHUHDFWLYFRQVWDQW
f 0i − f r
= Pi (39)
Si
'LIHUHQ DGHSXWHUHDFWLYFDUHDDSUXWvQT.P.D.:
n −1
∆P = PC − ∑ Pi (40)
i =1
unde PC SXWHUHDWRWDOFHUXWvQT.P.D.
∆3HSUHOXDWGLQMT – G.SnFDUHDUHRFDUDFWHULVWLFGHUHJODUHDVWDWLF

III. METODA STATISMULUI VIRTUAL

&RQVLGHUPQJHQHUDWRDUHHOHFWULFHFXSODWHvQSDUDOHOGRWDWHFXR.A.F. cu caracteristici
de reglare statice .

222
  n
f r = f 01 + a 1 ∑ Pi − S1P1
 i =1

...................................... ⇒
(41)
 n
f = f + a
 r 0n n ∑ Pi − S1P1
 i =1

 n  a1 n 
f r = f 01 + a 1 ∑ Pi − S1P1 = S1  ∑ Pi − P1 
  S1 
i =1  i=1 

............................................................ (42)

f = f + a
n  an n 
n∑ i ∑ i n
P − S P = S  P − P 
 r 0n n n n
S
 i =1  n i =1 
1RWP
∆fi = f0i – fr
YDORDUHDIUHFYHQ HLJHQHUDWRUXOXLL
ai
= βi < 1
Si
- parte a puterii active a generatorului Gi .
5H]XOW
 n

 1 ∆f = S P
1 1 − β 1 ∑ Pi
 i =1

................................. (43)
 n
∆f n = S n Pn − β n ∑ Pi
 i =1
unde :
β1 + β2 + …+ βn = 1
n

∑ P SXWHUHDDFWLYWRWDOFHUXWGHFRQVXPDWRULFRQHFWDWODT.P.D.
i =1
i

P1 , P2 , … Pn – puteri active dezvoltate pe fiecare G .

'LQXOWLPXOVLVWHPUH]XOWFSURFHVXOGHUHJODUHVHWHUPLQFkQGYDORDUHDIUHFYHQ HL
∆fi = 0
5H]XOWFSXWHUHDILHFUXLJHQHUDWRUHVWH
n
Pi = β i ∑ P1 (44)
i =1

223
 Concluzie :
5HJODUHDFXDFHDVWPHWRGHVWHUHDOL]DWILHDVWDWLFID GHIUHFYHQ 6i = 0), fie static
ID GHUHSDUWL LDVDUFLQLLXWLOL]kQGUHJXODWRUGHIUHFYHQ R.A.F.)

)LJ±&DUDFWHULVWLFLOHWXUD LHLODIRORVLUHDR.A.F.

5HJLPXOHVWHLQDFFHSWDELOSHQWUXRIXQF LRQDUHGHGXUDW
1  1’ ; 2  2’
'DFYLWH]HOHGHUVSXQVDOHRT din cadrul *6VXQWLQHJDOHUH]XOWFSRDWHDSDUH
FLUFXOD LDSXWHULLvQWUH*GHODFHOFXYLWH]DGHUVSXQVPDUHODFHOFXYLWH]DGHUVSXQV
PLFSHFDUHvOYDDQWUHQDvQUHJLPGHPRWRU
5$)UHJXODWRUXODXWRPDWGHIUHFYHQ ±FRQVLGHUHQWHOHSULYLQGDSOLFDUHDvQSUDFWLF
a principiilor fundamentale ale R.A.F.:
GXSDEDWHUHDLQVWDQWDQHHDPULPLLUHJODWHQ≡ f ) → 57UHJXODWRUGHWXUD LH
 GXS  DEDWHUHD  PULPLL  UHJODWH  úL  D  SHUWXUED LLORU  Q  úL S → R.G. (regulator
centrifugal ).

SCOPUL R.A.F.

IXQF LRQDUHDG.S. la n max ( P = Pn±IXQF LRQDUHDODPn prin repartizarea puterii active).

UHGXFHUHDFRQVXPXOXLGHFRPEXVWLELOFRQYHQ LRQDO
X = X0 + K1 y k2 (45)
Unde : X - consum total al unui grup electrogen (al motorului );
X0 - consum la mers în gol;
Y - puterea grupului .
K1 ; K2 = FW±FRQVWDQWHvQIXQF LHGHWLSXOFRQVWUXF LDHWFJUXSXOXL
X’ = X – X0 = K1 y k2 →YDORDUHSDUDEROLF (46)
;¶±FRQVXPGHFRPEXVWLELOFRUHVSXQ]WRUVDUFLQLLIUPHUVvQJRO
3HQWUXXQQXPUL QGH*6FDUHIXQF LRQHD]vQSDUDOHOUH]XOWXQFRQVXPWRWDO
n
∑
' k
X total = K 1i y i 2i (47)
i =1

224
 7UHEXLHFDDFHVWFRQVXPFRUHVSXQ]WRUVDWLVIDFHULLSXWHULLFRQVXPDWHVILHPLQLPúL
VVHPHQ LQFRQVWDQWSHQWUX∀ ) yi i = 1,n .
5H]XOW
dX1' dX ii' dX in
= ... = = ... = (48)
dy1 dy i dy n
1RWP
dX' dmc
= =q
dy dp
unde q este consumul specific [Kg combustibil / KW]
X’total este minim ⇔ q1 = q2 = … = qi = … = qn (consumuri specifice egale )
LQkQGFRQWFODRYDULD LHDSXWHULLvQT.P.D. (P ± ∆3DSDUHRYDULD LHGHFRQVXP
specific de forma :
q 1 ± ∆q 1
q ± ∆q
 2 2
 (49)
.............
q n ± ∆q n
∆q1 , … , ∆qnYDULD LDGHFRQVXPVSHFLILFODYDULD LDSXWHULL
/DRUHSDUWL]DUHFRUHFWDSXWHULLDFWLYHvQWUH*6DFHVWHYDULD LLYRUILHJDOH⇒ ∆q1 =
∆q2 = … = ∆qn .

Concluzie
'DFYDULD LDGHSXWHUH∆3VHUHSDUWL]HD]vQWUHWRDWHG.S. cuplate în paralel atunci
YDULD LLOHGHFRQVXPVSHFLILF∆qi ale motoarelor termice sunt egale .

NECESITATEA R.A.F. ÎN S.E.E.N.

'HFHHVWHLPSRUWDQWPHQ LQHUHDFRQVWDQWDIUHFYHQ HL"

$FHDVW  IUHFYHQ   WUHEXLH  V  ILH  FRQVWDQW  GDWRULW  H[LVWHQ HL  vQ  SEEN a curentului
DOWHUQDWLYúLGDWRULWH[LVWHQ HLvQVLVWHPXOGHDF LRQDUHHOHFWULFDPRWRDUHORUDVLQFURQH
60f
n= (50)
p
S QXPUGHSHUHFKLGHpoli .
9LWH]DGHVLQFURQLVPHVWHGLUHFWSURSRU LRQDOFXWXUD LDúLFXIUHFYHQ D
GDFI↑ ⇒ ↑SLHUGHULOHvQILHUFDUHVXQWSURSRU LRQDOHFXIUHFYHQ DODSWUDWSULQ
FXUHQ Lfuco , histerezis ⇒ ↓ consumul specific .
GDFDSDUHFDYLWD LD⇒ ↑ f ⇒ ↑ n .
GDFI↑ ⇒DSDUIHQRPHQHQHJDWLYHvQLQVWDOD LDGHLOXPLQDWSkOSkLUHD
GDFI↓ ⇒ ↓VFDGHSURGXFWLYLWDWHDLQVWDOD LLORUGHDF LRQDUHvQc.a .
'HODPDúLQLOHVLQFURQHúWLPF
3E 0 ⋅ U ⋅ sin θ
Me = (51)
Ω ⋅ Xd
unde:
Me - cuplul electromotor;
E0 - WHPLQGXV
θ XQJKLXOLQWHUQDOPDúLQLL
Ω - viteza unghiului de antrenare a rotorului;
225
 Xd UHDFWDQ DVLQFURQDPDúLQLL
F0HVWHIXQF LHGHYLWH]DGHURWD LHDURWRUXOXL
θHVWHXQJKLXOGHGHID]DMGLQWUHD[DSROXOXL1RUGDOFkPSXOXLPDJQHWLFvQYkUWLWRUúL
axa polului Sud al câmpului magnetic UH]XOWDQWODPDúLQDVLQFURQθ > 0.
PM = Ω ⋅ Me - în regim permanent PM = Pe
unde : PM - puterea motorului de antrenare;
Ω YLWH]DXQJKLXOXLGHURWD LH
MD - cuplul mecanic al motorului Diesel .
'LQHFXD LDGHHFKLOLEUXDSXWHULLGLQJUXSXOM.G.
dΩ
PM = Pe + σ + ∆p (52)
dt
PM SXWHUHDPHFDQLFDPRWRUXOXL
Pe SXWHUHDHOHFWULFD* SXWHUHDWXWXURUFRQVXPDWRULORUODXQPRPHQWGDWFRQHFWD L
la 73'FDUHHVWHYDULDELO
σFRQVWDQWDvQIXQF LHGHPDVHOHvQPLúFDUHGHURWD LHFRQVWDQWDHOHFWURPHFDQLF
dΩ
YDULD LDYLWH]HLXQJKLXOXLvQIXQF LHGHWLPS
dt
∆ S     VXPD  SLHUGHULORU  PHFDQLFH  úL  HOHFWULFH PHFDQLFH ± IUHFUL FXSOUL HOHFWULFH ±
pierderi în Cu )
ÌQUHJLPQRPLQDOSLHUGHULOHVHQHJOLMHD]

)LJ±6FKHPDDXWRPDWDXQXLS.E.E.N.

M – TD - motor termic Diesel;

Z - admisie combustibil;
PM - puterea M – TD .
Parametrii M – TD:
- M.D. - cuplul M – TD
- ΩYLWH]DXQJKLXOXLGHURWD LH
QWXUD LDPRWRUXOXL
G.S. e caracterizat de:
- E0 - WHPLQGXVSHILHFDUHID]
- Pe - SXWHUHDHOHFWULF
IIUHFYHQ D
PSXOVD LDPRWRUXOXL
- U - tensiunea la borne.
Me - cuplul rezistent .
3XWHUHDPHFDQLFQHJOLMkQGSLHUGHULOHvQUHJLPVWD LRQDUHVWHHJDOFXSXWHUHDHOHFWULF
úLGHSLQGHGLUHFWSURSRU LRQDOGHSURGXVXO(0 ⋅ U ⋅ sin θ , unde U = ct.
θHIXQF LHGHVDUFLQ
θ = 30o
1
PMHVWHSURSRU LRQDOFX ; XdUHDFWDQ DORQJLWXGLQDOWUDQVYHUVDOD
Xd

226
 E0 = Ce ⋅ n ⋅ φex
Ce FRQVWDQWDHOHFWURPDJQHWLF
QWXUD LD
φex  IOX[  GH  H[FLWD LH  FDUH  HVWH  IXQF LH  GH  QXPUXO  GH  VSLUH GH  FXUHQWXO  GH
H[FLWD LH
3HQWUXDPHQ LQHPM = ct. este necesar ca E0 = ct. ⇒ n = ct. în regim static .

Concluzie:
5HJODUHDDXWRPDWDIUHFYHQ HLúLGLVWULEX LDSXWHULLDFWLYHD*6VHFRQWUROHD]GRDU
cu caracteristicile mecanice ale M – TD .

35,1&,3,,/('(%$= $/(R.A.F.

GXSDEDWHUHDPULPLLUHJODWHP
GXSDEDWHUHDPULPLLFDUHSHUWXUEHD]SXWHUHFRQVXPDWRU VDUFLQDHOHFWULF
ÌQ  UHJLP  VWD LRQDU  PM = Pe SXWHUHD  PRWRUXOXL HVWH  HJDO  FX  SXWHUHD  JHQHUDWRUXOXL  OD
borne ).
'DFQXPUXO GH  FRQVXPDWRUL  YDULD] ⇒ dezechilibru între PM  D  PRWRUXOXL  úL  3e a
JHQHUDWRUXOXLvQUH HD⇒YDULD]WXUD LD
a) ↑QXPUXOGHFRQVXPDWRUL⇒ ↑ Pe ⇒ Pe > PM ⇒ ↑ PM ⇒ apare un cuplu dinamic de
frânare ⇒ ↓ n ;
b) ↓QXPUXOGHFRQVXPDWRUL⇒ ↓ Pe ⇒ Pe < PM ⇒ ↓ Me ⇒ apare un cuplu dinamic de
accelerare ⇒ ↑ n .
Pentru asigurarea 5$)FRQIRUPSULQFLSLXOXLVHXWLOL]HD]UHJXODWRDUHGHWXUD LHúL
IUHFYHQ 

n = f ( PM )
C2 > C1
n2 < n1
P2 > P1

)LJ±&DUDFWHULVWLFDPHFDQLFDMTA (motorul termic auxiliar )

IUUHJXODWRUGHWXUD LH

227
 n = f ( Pe )
C2 < C1
P1 < P2
n1 = ct.

Fig. 14 - Caracteristica consumatorilor (a generatorului )

FXUHJXODWRUGHWXUD LH

3XQFWXOVWDWLFGHIXQF LRQDUHvQJUXSXO*0VHLQVWDOHD]FkQGPM = Pe = ∑ Pc (Pc

– puterea consumatorilor ).
D 1HFHVDUXO  GH  GLIHUHQ   GH  SXWHUH  QX SRDWH  IL  DVLJXUDW  DXWRPDW  IU  UHJXODWRU  GH
WXUD LH GDU  VH  SRDWH  UHDOL]D  PDQXDO  SULQ  FUHúWHUHD  DGPLVLHL  UHDOL]kQGXVH  DFRSHULUHD
GLIHUHQ HLGHSXWHUHúLPRWRUXOUHYLQHvQ01 .
E5HJXODWRUXODXWRPDWGHWXUD LHUHDOL]HD]FUHúWHUHDDGPLVLHL]2 > z1 ⇒ n1 = ct.

Concluzie :
5$)SULQXWLOL]DUHDUHJXODWRUXOXLGH WXUD LH FDUH  DUH  FD  VFRS  SULQFLSDO  PHQ LQHUHD
echilibrului, PM = Pe  SXWHUHD  GHELWDW  GH  PRWRU   SXWHUHD  GHELWDW  GH  JHQHUDWRU 'DF
cuplul electrodinamic Me ↓EUXVFFDXUPDUHDDF LRQULLSURLHF LLORUUH]XOWFYLWH]DGH
URWD LHDVLVWHPXOXL↑EUXVFúLDYHPRWXUD LHGHDFFHOHUDUH'XSDFHDVWDPEDODUHGH
PRPHQWUHJXODWRUXOGHWXUD LH↓]úLVLVWHPXOUHYLQHODXQQRX HFKLOLEUXvQFDUHPM
DFRSHUSLHUGHULOHPHFDQLFHDOHVLVWHPXOXL5HJXODWRUXOGHIUHFYHQ DF LRQHD]vQVHQVXO
PHQ LQHULLFRQVWDQWHDIUHFYHQ HLSULQPRGLILFDUHDSDUDPHWULORUHOHFWULFLDLG.S. Regulatorul
GHWXUD LHDF LRQHD]DVXSUDPRWRUXOXL

4.7. SINCRONIZAREA G.S. NAVALE

&RQGL LLOHFHWUHEXLHvQGHSOLQLWHSHQWUXFXSODUHDvQSDUDOHODGRXG.S. sunt :

WHQVLXQLOHVILHHJDOH
- IUHFYHQ HOHVILHHJDOH
- WHQVLXQLOHVILHvQRSR]L LHGHID]
VXFFHVLXQHDID]HORUVILHDFHHDúL
Metode de sincronizare :
1. 6LQFURQL]DUHDSUHFLV
2. 6LQFURQL]DUHDJURVLHU
3. Autosincronizarea sau pornirea în asincron;
4. 6LQFURQL]DUHDDXWRPDW
ÌQ  FD]XO  vQ  FDUH  VXFFHVLXQHD  ID]HORU HVWH  DFHHDúL H[FHS LH  VLQFURQL]DUHD  JURVLHU  vQ
WRDWHPHWRGHOHDSDUDWXUDvQGHSOLQHúWHGRXIXQF LLSULQFLSDOH
PVRDUXQJKLXOGLQWUHID]RULLWHQVLXQLORU*FXHPLWHUHDXQXLVHPQDOGHFRPDQGD
FRQHFWULLvQWUHUXSWRUXOXLDXWRPDW

228
  FRQWUROHD]  GLIHUHQ HOH  GH  IUHFYHQ   úL  GH  WHQVLXQH  D  FHORU  GRX  JHQHUDWRDUH úL
LQWHU]LFHFXSODUHDGDFGLIHUHQ DGHSúHúWHOLPLWHOHDGPLVH
0VXUDUHDXQJKLXOXLGLQWUHID]RULLFHORUGRXWHQVLXQLVHIDFHSULQLQWHUPHGLXOWHQVLXQLL
GHEWDLH HVWHGLIHUHQ DWHQVLXQLORUFHORUGRXJHQHUDWRDUHub )
u1 – tensiunea generatorului cuplat ;
u2±WHQVLXQHDJHQHUDWRUXOXLFDUHXUPHD]DILFRQWDFWDW
u1 = U1 sin ( m1 t + ϕ1 )
u2 = U2 sin ( m2 t + ϕ2 ) (53)
U – amplitudinea tensiunii;
PSXOVD LH
ϕ - faza tensiunii.
7HQVLXQHDGHEWLub în valoare instantanee este ub = u1 – u2úLYDULD]vQWUH8úL
zero când U1 = U2 = U .
'DF81 = U2 = U atunci :
  m − m2 ϕ − ϕ 2   m1 + m 2 ϕ + ϕ2 
u b = 2U sin 1 t+ 1  cos t+ 1  (54)
  2 2   2 2 
7HQVLXQHD  GH  EWL  HVWH  R  IXQF LH  DUPRQLF  FDUH  YDULD]  SURSRU LRQDO  FX  VLQXVXO
VHPLGLIHUHQ HLúLFRVLQXVXOVHPLVXPHLSXOVD LLORUP1úLP2 .
IUHFYHQ DGHEWL
m1 − m 2 m b
f b = f1 − f 2 = = (55)
2π 2π

)LJ)RUPXOHOHGHXQGDOHWHQVLXQLORUGHVLQFURQL]DUH

229
 )LJ±)RUPDGHXQGDWHQVLXQLLGHEWL

ÌQIúXUDUHD  WHQVLXQLL  GH  EWL  WUHFH  SHULRGLF  SULQ  ]HUR  7UHFHUHD SULQ ]HUR UHSUH]LQW
momentul optim pentru conectarea generatorului la barele T.P.D.
3HQWUXFDJHQHUDWRUXOVLQFURQVVHFXSOH]HvQSXQFWXO2HVWHQHFHVDUFDHPLWHUHD
FRPHQ]LLGHvQFKLGHUHDvQWUHUXSWRUXOXLDXWRPDWVVHIDFPDLGHYUHPHvQSXQFWXO&
devansat cu timpul tia care este timpul de DQFODQúDUHDvQWUHUXSWRUXOXLDXWRPDW
Punctului C îi corespunde timpul de avans tavúLXQJKLXOGHDYDQVδav .

6LQFURQL]DUHDSUHFLV
'LIHUHQ HOHIUHFYHQ HORUúLDOHWHQVLXQLORUVHYHULILFFXDMXWRUXOIUHFYHQ PHWUHORUúLD
voltmetrelor conectate în circuitul generatoarelor .
 GDF  IUHFYHQ HOH  QX  FRLQFLG VH  UHJOHD]  FRUHVSXQ]WRU  WXUD LD  PRWRUXOXL  'LHVHO  GH
DQWUHQDUHDJHQHUDWRUXOXLFDUHXUPHD]VVHFRQHFWH]H
GDFWHQVLXQLOHQXVXQWHJDOHVHQHJOLMHD]Iiese al *6FDUHXUPHD]VVHFRQHFWH]H
prin intermediul regulatorului de tensiune.
VXFFHVLXQHDID]HORUVHFRQVLGHUDFHHDúLGHRDUHFHHVWHVWDELOLWGHILQLWLYODSXQHUHDvQ
IXQF LXQHDLQVWDOD LHL
WHQVLXQLOHVILHGHID]WHQVLXQHDGHEWLVILHQXO±VHYHULILFFXDMXWRUXO
XQRU  OPSL  FRQHFWDWH  SH  ID]H  vQWUH  EDUH  úL  ERUQHOH  GH  LHúLUH  D  JHQHUDWRUXOXL ILH  FX
ajutorul sincronoscopului .
)LHFUHLID]HvLFRUHVSXQGHRWHQVLXQHGHEWLFDUHDOLPHQWHD]RODPS&kQGFHOH
WUHLOPSLVXQWVWLQVHWHQVLXQHDGHEWLHVWHQXOúL*SRDWHILFXSODWODEDUH
6LQFURQRVFRSXOHVWHDOFWXLWGLQWUXQVHOVLQFDUHDUHRvQIúXUDUHWULID]DWSHVWDWRUúL
XQDPRQRID]DWSHURWRU6WDWRUXOVHFRQHFWHD]OD*FDUHYDILFXSODWODEDUH5RWRUXO
vQIúXUDUHDVHDOLPHQWHD]vQWUHGRXID]HDOHUH HOHL'HURWRUXOVHOVLQXOXLVHIL[HD]
PHFDQLFRVJHDWLQGLFDWRDUHFDUHVHURWHúWHFXRWXUD LHSURSRU LRQDOFX∆m = m1 – m2 .
8QJKLXO  GLQWUH  VJHDW  úL  SR]L LD  GH  ]HUR  HVWH  SURSRU LRQDO  FX  GLIHUHQ D  ID]HORU
∆ = ∆1 − ∆ 2 6HQVXOGHURWD LHDOVJH LLHVWHGDWGHVHQVXOPULPLL∆P'DFWXUD LD*
XOXLHVWHPDLPDUHGHFkWFHDQHFHVDUVJHDWDVHURWHúWHvQVHQVXO
³UHSHGH³GDFWXUD LD*XOXLHPDLPLFVJHDWDVHURWHúWHvQVHQVXO³vQFHW
3HQWUXFRQHFWDUHDWXUD LHLPRWRUXOXL'LHVHOVHDF LRQHD]DVXSUDUHJXODWRUXOXLGHWXUD LH
úLDWXQFLFkQGVJHDWDGHURWHúWHIRDUWHvQFHWvQVHQVXOUHSHGH´FXSX LQWLPSvQDLQWHGH
DWUHFHSULQ]HURVHDSDVSHEXWRQXOGHFXSODUHDOvQWUHUXSWRUXOXLDXWRPDW

230
 7RDWHRSHUD LLOHHIHFWXDWHvQYHGHUHDVLQFURQL]ULLVXQWHIHFWXDWHPDQXDO
$OLPHQWDUHDVLQFURQRVFRSXOXLVHIDFHSULQUH]LVWHQ HDGL LRQDOHFDUHOLPLWHD]FXUHQWXO
prin circuitul statorului sincronoscopului .

)LJ±6FKHPHOHFWULFFXIRORVLUHDXQXLVLQFURQRVFRS

4.7.2. 6,1&521,=$5($*526,(5

6HvQ HOHJHFXSODUHD*6ODEDUHIUUHVSHFWDUHDFRQGL LLORUGHVLQFURQL]DUHSUHFLV

IUHFYHQ DSRDWHVGLIHUHFX±GLQIUHFYHQ D*FXSODW
vQWUHPULPLOHID]HORUSRDWHILRULFHGLIHUHQ 
- tensiunile sunt aproximativ egale;
VXFFHVLXQHDID]HORUWUHEXLHVILHDFHHDúL
&RQHFWDUHDHVWHvQVR LWGHúRFXULPDULGH FXUHQWúLGH FGHULEUXúWHGHWHQVLXQH
3HQWUXDPLFúRUDDFHVWHHIHFWHFRQHFWDUHDVHIDFHSULQWURERELQGHUHDFWDQ FDUHVH
úXQWHD]VDXVHGHFRQHFWHD]GXSVLQFURQL]DUH
Avantajul metodei este simplitatea ei .

4.7.3. AUTOSINCRONIZAREA ( PORNIREA ÎN ASINCRON )

(VWHPHWRGDGHVLQFURQL]DUHFHDPDLVLPSOGLQSXQFWGHYHGHUHDODSDUDWDMXOXLúLDO
RSHUD LLORUSUHJWLWRDUH
G.S. QHH[FLWDWVHDFFHOHUHD]GHFWUHPRWRUXOSULPDUSkQODRWXUD LHFDUHGLIHUFX
 ±    ID   GH  FHD  VLQFURQ  ÌQ  DFHVW  PRPHQW  VWDWRUXO  VH  FXSOHD]  OD  UH HD  LDU
vQIúXUDUHDGHH[FLWD LHODRVXUVGHWHQVLXQHFRQWLQXFRUHVSXQ]WRDUH
ÌQDLQWHGHDILDOLPHQWDWvQFFvQIúXUDUHDGHH[FLWD LHVHvQFKLGHSHRUH]LVWHQ 
FDUHOLPLWHD]HYHQWXDOHOHVXSUDWHQVLXQLFDUHVDULQGXFHvQDFHDVWvQIúXUDUH
*6LQWUvQDVLQFURQVXEDF LXQHDFXSOXULORUFDUHLDXQDúWHUH
- un cuplu sincron;
- un cuplu asincron .
Când G.S. QHH[FLWDWVHFXSOHD]ODUH HDHOVHFRPSRUWFDRPDúLQDVLQFURQFX
DOXQHFDUHDPLFúRUDWúLDQWUHQHD]URWRUXOSkQODRWXUD LHDSURSLDWGHFHDQRPLQDO
'DFWXUD LDJHQHUDWRUXOXLFDUHVHVLQFURQL]HD]HVWHPDLPDUHGHFkWDJHQHUDWRUXOXLGHMD
FXSODWDWXQFLVH  FRPSRUW  FD  XQ JHQHUDWRU  DVLQFURQ  úL  SURGXFH  XQ  FXSOX  UH]LVWHQW FDUH
231
IUkQHD]  PRWRUXO  SULPDU GH  DQWUHQDUH  SkQ  OD  WXUD LD   GH  VLQFURQLVP  D  JHQHUDWRUXOXL
PLFúRUHD]WXUD LD
3HPVXUFHVFDGHDOXQHFDUHDODVLQFURQLVPHVWHHJDOFX]HURFXSOXODVLQFURQVH
PLFúRUHD]DVWIHOvQFkWODYDORULPLFLDOHDOXQHFULLHOGHYLQHQHJOLMDELOÌQDFHVWPRPHQW
VHFXSOHD]H[FLWD LDJHQHUDWRUXOXLFXSOHD]DOLPHQWDUHDvQFFH[FLWD LHLJHQHUDWRUXOXL
FDUHIDFHVDSDUXQFXSOXVLQFURQ$FHVWFXSOXIDFHFDJHQHUDWRUXOVLQWUHDXWRPDWvQ
VLQFURQLVPÌQXQHOHFD]XULSHURWRUVHSXQHRvQIúXUDUHvQVFXUWFLUFXLWSHQWUXDPUL
FXSOXODVLQFURQQHFHVDUVLQFURQL]ULL

4.7.4. 6,1&521,=$5($$8720$7

$EVFLVDSXQFWXOXL&DYDQVXOSRDWHILVWDELOLWDWkWvQXQLW LGHXQJKL FkW  úL  vQ

XQLW LGHWLPS

6,1&521,=$5($$8720$7&88181*+,&2167$17'($9$16
- DFHDVW  PHWRG  SRDWH  IL  DSOLFDW  vQ  SUDFWLF  XWLOL]kQG  ILH  UHOHH ILH  VFKHPH
electronice.

a)

b)

232
 c)

)LJ±6FKHPHHOHFWULFHGHVLQFURQL]DUHDXWRPDW
úLIRUPHOHGHXQGDOHWHQVLXQLORU
sincronizare cu unghi constant de avans

7HQVLXQHDGHEWLHVWHRE LQXWvQVHFXQGDUXOWUDQVIRUPDWRUXOXL71
- Releele d1úLG2VXQWDOLPHQWDWHODWHQVLXQHDGHEWL
- d3úLG4 - relee intermediare;
- d5 - releu de timp;
- bobina de anclansare a întreruptorului automat a2 .
'DFWHQVLXQHDGHEWLHVWHPDLPDUHGHFkW81max, atunci releele d1úLG2 sunt anclansate, d5
QXDF LRQHD]
'DFWHQVLXQHDGHEWL HVWH  PDL  PDUH  GHFkW  82max  GHFODQúHD]  G1 , iar d2  UPkQH
anclansat.
'DFWHQVLXQHDGHEWLVFDGHVXE82maxGHFODQúHD]úLG2 .
6FKHPDDOFWXLWGLQG3, d4, d5DUHXUPWRDUHDIXQF LHFkQGWHQVLXQHDGHEWLWUHFH
prin punctele a’, a’’, a’’’, releul d5vQFHSHVWHPSRUL]H]HLDUFkQGWHQVLXQHDGHEWLWUHFH
prin punctele b’, b’’, b’’’, bobina releului d3 iese de sub tensiune .
'DFWLPSXOGHSDUFXUJHUHDSRU LXQLLDEHVWHPDLPDUHGHFkWWLPSXOGDWGHG5, atunci
releul d4  DUH  WLPS  V  DQFODQúH]H IFkQG V DOLPHQWH]H  ERELQD  GH  DQFODQúDUH  D
vQWUHUXSWRUXOXLDXWRPDWvQSXQFWXOE$FHDVWERELQLHVHGHVXEWHQVLXQHODDQFODQúDUHD
GHILQLWLYDîntreruptorului automat (contactul normal închis a2 deschizându-se ).
'LQ  GLDJUDP  VH  REVHUY   F  FRQGL LLOH  GH  VLQFURQL]DUH  VH  vQGHSOLQHVF  QXPDL  SH
SXOVD LDD,,,DFkQGWHQVLXQHDGHEWLHVWHQXOFkQGvQWUHUXSWRUXODXWRPDWVHFXSOHD]
ÌQFD]XOFHORUODOWHGRXSXOVD LLWHQVLXQHDGHEWLQXHVWHQXOúLSRWDSDUHFXUHQ LGH
FLUFXOD LHGHYDORULPDUL

Schema cu circuite integrate .

7HQVLXQHDGHEWLHVWHRE LQXWvQVHFXQGDUHOHWUDQVIRUPDWRDUHORU71úL72 .
7HQVLXQHDGHEWLHVWHUHGUHVDWGHUHGUHVRUXO51úLDSRLILOWUDWGHILOWUXODOFWXLW
GHUH]LVWHQ HOH56 , R11 , R5úLGHFRQGHQVDWRUXO&2 .
- Dioda D1OLPLWHD]DPSOLWXGLQHDWHQVLXQLLGHEWL
- Tranzistoarele t1úLW2FRPSHQVHD]LQIOXHQ DWHPSHUDWXULL
6HPQDOXO  DVWIHO  RE LQXW  VH  DSOLF  VLPXOWDQ  OD  LQWUULOH  D  GRX  DPSOLILFDWRDUH
RSHUD LRQDOH31úL32FDUHMRDFUROXOUHOHHORUG1úLG2 .

233
 7HPSRUL]DUHD HVWHGDWGHvQFUFDUHD  FRQGHQVDWRUXOXL  &9 iar tranzistorul t3  GHVFDUF
DFHVWFRQGHQVDWRUODWUHFHUHDSULQSXQFWHOHE'DF&9 , FDUHvQFHSHVVHGHVFDUFHvQ
SXQFWHOHDDUHWLPSVVHvQFDUFHVXILFLHQWDWXQFLvQXOWLPLQVWDQ WUDQ]LVWRUXOW5 este
GHVFKLVIFkQGFDERELQDGHDQFODQúDUH Dîntreruptorului automat a2  V  ILH  DOLPHQWDW
pentru scurt timp .

6,1&521,=$5($$8720$7&87,03&2167$17'($9$16

Comanda de închidere a întreruptorului automat (,$VHGPHUHXFXXQDQXPLWWLPS

vQDLQWHFDWHQVLXQHDGHEWLVWUHDFSULQ]HUR$FHVWWLPSGHDYDQVHVWHFRQVWDQWúL
GDF  HVWH  HJDO  FX  WLPSXO  GH  DQFODQúDUH  DO  ,$  DWXQFL  DFHVWD  vúL  vQFKLGH  GHILQLWLY
FRQWDFWHOH  FKLDU  vQ  PRPHQWXO  vQ  FDUH  WHQVLXQHD  GH  EWL  WUHFH  SULQ  ]HUR $OHJHUHD
PRPHQWXOXLvQFDUHVHFRPDQGDQFODQúDUHD,$VHIDFHQXGXSWHQVLXQHDGHEWLFL
GXSRWHQVLXQHGDWGHUHOD LD

Ub
U 'b = U b + k (56)
dt
N ± FRHILFLHQW  FDUH  VH  DFRUGHD]  FX  WLPSXO  GH  DQFODQúDUH  DO  I.A.. Comanda de
DQFODQúDUHVHGvQPRPHQWXOvQFDUHUb’ trece prin zero – punctul C.
$FHDVWPHWRGGHVLQFURQL]DUHHPDLSUHFLVGDUVFKHPDHPDLFRPSOLFDW

)LJ±6LQFURQL]DUHDDXWRPDWFXWLPS
constant de avans

)LJ6FKHPDHOHFWULFGHVLQFURQL]DUHDXWRPDWFX
timp constant de avans

234
 CUPLAREA ÎN PARALEL A GENERATOARELOR PRIN
0(72'$6,1&521,=5,,35(&,6(

3HQWUXFDXQ JHQHUDWRUV  SRDW  IL  FXSODW  OD  R  EDU  FDUH  VH  JVHúWH  VXE  WHQVLXQH
WUHEXLHVILHvQGHSOLQLWHXUPWRDUHOHFRQGL LL
7HQVLXQLOHJHQHUDWRUXOXLúLDEDUHLVDLEYDORULHJDOH VH DGPLWH  R  GLIHUHQ  GH
PD[LPvQUHJLPQRPLQDOúLSkQODvQUHJLPGHDYDULH
&HOHGRXIUHFYHQ HVILHHJDOHVHDGPLWHRDEDWHUHGHPD[LP+]
ÌQPRPHQWXOvQFKLGHULLvQWUHUXSWRUXOXLJHQHUDWRUXOXLFHOHGRXWHQVLXQLWUHEXLHV
ILHvQID]VHDGPLWHRDEDWHUHGHXQJKLGHPD[LPo );
 6XFFHVLXQHD  ID]HORU  FHORU  GRX  VXUVH  WUHEXLH  V  ILH  DFHHDúL $FHDVW  FRQGL LH  VH
UHDOL]HD]ODPRQWDUHDFLUFXLWXOXLJHQHUDWRUXOXL
9HULILFDUHDDFHVWRUFRQGL LLODSXQHUHDvQSDUDOHODJHQHUDWRUXOXLVHIDFHIRORVLQGXVH
XUPWRDUHOHDSDUDWH
D SHQWUX  YHULILFDUHD HJDOLW LL WHQVLXQLORU VH  IRORVHVF  GRX  YROWPHWUH  VDX  XQ  YROWPHWUX
dublu;
E SHQWUX  YHULILFDUHD  HJDOLW LL  IUHFYHQ HORU  VH  IRORVHVF  GRX  IUHFYHQ LRPHWUH  VDX  XQ
IUHFYHQ LRPHWUXGXEOX
FPRPHQWXOFkQGFHOHGRXWHQVLXQLVXQWvQID]YHULILFDUHDFRQGL LHLGHID]VH
HYLGHQ LD]ODGLIHUHQ HPLFLDOHIUHFYHQ HORUFXDMXWRUXOIHQRPHQXOXLGHEWL
'DFXQYROWPHWUX FX  VFDU  FRUHVSXQ]WRDUH  VDX  OPSLOH  GHQXPLWH ³GH  sincronizare“
VXQWDVWIHOOHJDWHvQFkWVDLEODERUQHVXPDFHORUGRXWHQVLXQLDFURUH[SUHVLLVXQW
u 1 = U 1 2 cos m1 t
(57)
u 2 = U 2 2 cos m 2 t
úLGDFX1 = u2 = u atunci ele vor indica tensiunea:
u Σ = u 1 + u 2 = U 2 (cos m1 t + cos m 2 t ) =
m1 t + m 2 t m t − m2t (58)
= U 2 ⋅ 2 cos ⋅ cos 1
2 2
DFUXLDPSOLWXGLQHYDULD]GHOD³]HUR³ODYDORDUHD 2U 2 FXRIUHFYHQ HJDOFX
GLIHUHQ DIUHFYHQ HORUFHORUWHQVLXQLúLDFUHLIUHFYHQ HVWHHJDOFXVXPDIUHFYHQ HORU
celor 2 tensiuni.
6H  SRDWH  HYLGHQ LD  DVWIHO  PRPHQWXO  FkQG  WUHEXLH  vQFKLVH  FRQWDFWHOH  vQWUHUXSWRUXOXL
PRPHQW  FDUH  WUHEXLH  DQWLFLSDW  FX  WLPSLL  SURSULL  DL  GLVSR]LWLYXOXL  GH  DF LRQDUH  úL  D
vQWUHUXSWRUXOXL
8QDSDUDWFRPSOHWFDUHSXQHvQHYLGHQ úLGLIHUHQ DIUHFYHQ HORUvQPRPHQWXOFXSOULL
în paralel este:

Sincronoscopul cu câmp învârtitor

HVWHXQPRWRUVLQFURQFXGRXvQIúXUULVWDWRULFHLGHQWLFHDOLPHQWDWHODFHOHGRX
tensiuni.
3R]L LDúL  OHJDUHD  FHORU GRX  vQIúXUUL  VXQW  DVWIHO  DOHVH  vQFkW  OD  VLQFURQLVP  SHUIHFW
câmpul magnetic UH]XOWDQWvQPRWRUVILHQXO
'DFIUHFYHQ DJHQHUDWRUXOXLHVWHPDLPLFURWRUXOFDUHHVWHXQPDJQHWSHUPDQHQWVH
URWHúWH  vQ  XQXO  GLQ  VHQVXUL  LDU  GDF  IUHFYHQ D  JHQHUDWRUXOXL  HVWH  PDL  PDUH URWRUXO  VH
URWHúWHvQVHQVFRQWUDU

235
 'DFDFXOFHLQGLFSR]L LDURWRUXOXLHVWHLOXPLQDWGHRODPSDVWIHODOLPHQWDWFDV
OXPLQH]HPD[LPFkQGDFXOVHJVHúWHvQSR]L LDGHVLQFURQLVPSHUIHFWVLQFURQRVFRSXOFX
câmp învârtitor devine foarte eficace.

4.7.5. EFECTELE ERORILOR LA PUNEREA ÎN PARALEL A

*(1(5$72$5(/2535,10(72'$6,1&521,=5,,35(&,6(

Erorile la punerea în paralel a generatoarelor pot avea efecte foarte grave asupra
generatoarelor sau a motoarelor de antrenare.
Erorile posibile sunt QHUHVSHFWDUHD  XQHLD  VDX  D  PDL  PXOWRU  FRQGL LL  GH  FXSODUH  vQ
paralel.

A. 1(5(63(&7$5($&21',,(,'(7(16,81(
f1 = f2
v1 ≠ v2 (59)
'DF  VH  UHVSHFW  FRQGL LD  GH  ID] DGLF  SH  FLUFXLWXO  FHORU GRX VXPH  WHQVLXQLOH
HOHFWURPRWRDUHVXQWvQRSR]L LHGHID]

)LJ±&DUDFWHULVWLFLOHWHQVLXQLORUIXQF LHGH
curentul de egalizare

DWXQFLYRPDYHDFD]XOFkQGvQWUXQ FLUFXLWLQGXFWLYVHQHJOLMHD]UH]LVWHQ DvQIúXUULORU

JHQHUDWRUXOXLúLFHORUODOWHVXUVHGHSHEDUHDYHPRWHQVLXQHHJDOFX
∆ U = U1 – U2 sau ∆u = u1 – u2 (60)
$FHDVWWHQVLXQHYDSURGXFHRFLUFXOD LHGHFXUHQWvQWUHFHOHGRXJHQHUDWRDUH
∆u
I egalizare = (61)
3 (X1 + X 2 )
unde : X1 UHDFWDQ DVXUVHL
X2 UHDFWDQ DJHQHUDWRUXOXL
∆u = u1 – u2úLSRDWHDYHDYDORDUHDPD[LPX1 (u2 = 0).
Curentul de egalizare este inductiv (deci demagnetizant ) pentru generatorul de tensiune
PDLPDUHúLFDSDFLWLYPDJQHWL]DQWSHQWUXJHQHUDWRUXOGHWHQVLXQHPDLPLF
)L]LFFXUHQWXOGHHJDOL]DUHSURGXFHRFUHúWHUHGHWHQVLXQHODERUQHOHJHQHUDWRUXOXLFX
WHQVLXQHPDLPLFúLRVFGHUHDWHQVLXQLLJHQHUDWRUXOXLGHWHQVLXQHPDLPDUH7HQVLXQHD
SHEDUHYDOXDRYDORDUHLQWHUPHGLDUvQWUHFHOHGRXWHQVLXQLILLQGPDLDSURSLDWGH
WHQVLXQHDJHQHUDWRUXOXLFXUHDFWDQ PDLPLFGHSXWHUHPDLPDUH
&XUHQWXO  GH  HJDOL]DUH  YD  FLUFXOD  vQWUH  FHOH  GRX  VXUVH  SkQ  FH  SULQ  DF LRQDUHD
H[FLWD LLORUJHQHUDWRDUHORUVHDQXOHD]

236
 B. 1(5(63(&7$5($&21',,(,'()$=

f1 = f2
u1 = u2 (62)
ÌQPRPHQWXOFXSOULLvQWUHUXSWRUXOXLID]RULLFHORUGRXWHQVLXQLDXXUPWRDUHDSR]L LH

)LJ±&DUDFWHULVWLFLOHWHQVLXQLORUIXQF LHGH
curentul de egalizare

5H]XOWGLQILJXUFvQDFHVWFD]YDDSDUHRWHQVLXQH∆u care poate avea valoarea

PD[LP8
u = u1 = u2
FDUHSURGXFHRFLUFXOD LHGHFXUHQWIegalizarevQWUHFHOHGRXJHQHUDWRDUH
&XUHQWXO  GH  HJDOL]DUH  SRDWH  IL  GHVFRPSXV  SH  GLUHF LLOH  FHORU GRX  WHQVLXQL  FX
XUPWRDUHOHHIHFWHDVXSUDFRPSRQHQWHORU
1. Componenta Ie2 produce o accelerare a sursei 2.
2. Componenta Ie1 produce o accelerare a masei 1.
6HRE LQHDVWIHORDGXFHUHvQVLQFURQLVPDFHORUGRXVXUVHFkQGFXUHQWXOGHHJDOL]DUH
devine nul.
5H]XOW  F  vQ  DFHVW  FD]  FXUHQWXO  GH  HJDOL]DUH  DUH  XQ  FDUDFWHU  GH  úRF  úL  SURGXFH
HIRUWXULPHFDQLFHvQDUERUHOHJHQHUDWRUXOXLúLDOPRWRUXOXLSULPDU
(IRUWXULOHPHFDQLFHSRWILIRDUWHPLFLGHRDUHFHúLFXUHQWXOGHHJDOL]DUHSRDWHOXDR
YDORDUHPD[LPHJDOFX
2U 2
Ie =
(
3 X1" + X "2 ) (63)

unde : X”1 UHDFWDQ Dsupratranzitorie a sursei

X”2 UHDFWDQ DVXSUDWUDQ]LWRULHDJHQHUDWRUXOXLYDORDUHGHRUGLQXOFXUHQ LORUGH
scurtcircuit.

C. 1(5(63(&7$5($&21',,(,'()5(&9(1

&D]vQFDUHFHOHWHQVLXQLVXQWHJDOHúLVHUHVSHFWFRQGL LDGHID]vQPRPHQWXO
FXSOULL

237
 'DFFHOHVXUVHVXQWGHSXWHULPDULDVWIHOvQFkWILHFDUHGLQHOHVúLSVWUH]HYDORDUHD
IUHFYHQ HLúLGXSFXSODUHDWXQFLYDORDUHDWHQVLXQLL∆8YDULD]FRQWLQXXGHOD ³´OD
f1 − f 2
³8´FXIUHFYHQ GHEWL SURGXFkQGGHFLRFLUFXOD LHGHFXUHQW
2
/D  FD]XULOH  UHDOH GDF  PDúLQLOH  UPkQ  FXSODWH  vQ  SDUDOHO VH  SURGXFH  R  HJDOL]DUH  D
IUHFYHQ HORUSHED]DXQHLFLUFXOD LLGHSXWHUHDFWLYvQWUHVXUVDGHIUHFYHQ PDLPDUHúL
FHDGHIUHFYHQ PDLPLFXOWLPDGLQHOHGHYHQLQGPRWRU
ùRFXULOHGHFXUHQWSURYRFDWHGHHURULODSXQHUHDvQSDUDOHOVXQWLQYHUVSURSRU LRQDOH
FXUHDFWDQ DGLQWUHFHOHGRXVXUVHYRUILGHFLPDLPLFLvQFD]XOFHQWUDOHORUFXVFKHP
bloc generator-transformator.
$FHVWH  HIHFWH  DOH  HURULORU  OD  FXSODUHD  vQ  SDUDOHO  úL  IDSWXO  F  VLQFURQL]DUHD  SUHFLV
GXUHD]PXOWDXIFXWVVHVWXGLH]HúLDOWHPHWRGHPDLUDSLGHGHFXSODUHvQSDUDOHOD
generatoarelor.
/DVLQFURQL]DUHDSUHFLVRSHUD LXQLOHVHH[HFXWPDQXDO
1. E0 = Ur → cu ajutorul unui voltmetru - la barele T.P.D.
- la bornele G.
VHYDULD]FXUHQWXOGHH[FLWD LHúLODYROWPHWUXVHFLWHúWHWHQVLXQHD
2. f0 = fr → IUHFYHQ LRPHWUH - la barele T.P.D.
- la bornele G.
se face egalizarea cu ajutorul regulatorului de combustibil .
3. ( RST ) 0 = ( RST )fVHDVLJXUSULQFRQVWUXF LH
4. fG = fr ( Ub = 0 )
3XQHUHDvQHYLGHQ DID]HORUFHORUGRXPULPLVHUHDOL]HD]IFkQGUb = 0; aceasta se
SRDWHSXQHvQHYLGHQ vQSDWUXPRGXULFXDMXWRUXODWUHLYROWPHWUH
DVLQFURQRVFRSFXOPSLFXIRFvQYkUWLWRU
EVLQFURQRVFRSFXOPSLODVWLQJHUH
c) sincronoscop cu ac indicator.

$6,1&52126&238/&8/03,&8)2&Ì19Æ57,725$5(
85072$5($6&+(0

Fig. 23.

$WkWDWLPSFkWSXOVD LLOHUH HOHLQXVXQWHJDOHOPSLOHVHYRUVWLQJHúLVHYRUDSULQGH

vQWUXQDQXPLWVHQVvQIXQF LHGHGHULYD LDSXOVD LLORU
> 0; m 2 > m 0
∆m = m r − m 0 
< 0; m 2 < m 0
238
 pentru ∆m = 0 → L1VWLQV/2 , L3DSULQVHDUHORFHJDOLWDWHDvQWUHIUHFYHQ H

E6LQFURQRVFRSXOFXOPSLODVWLQJHUH
VHYRUVWLQJHúLVHYRUDSULQGHSHUPDQHQWOPSLOH
 SHULRDGHOH  GH  DSULQGHUH  VWLQJHUH  VXQW  FX  DWkW  PDL  PLFL  FX  FkW  GLIHUHQ D  GLQWUH
IUHFYHQ HVFDGH
FkQGIUHFYHQ HOHVXQWHJDOHDWXQFLOPSLOHVXQWVWLQVH
- comanda de închidere a vQWUHUXSWRUXOXLDXWRPDWVHSRDWHGDFkQGDYHPRYDULD LH
IRDUWHOHQWDVXFFHVLXQLLDSULQVVWLQVFRPDQGDVHGFkQGOPSLOHVXQWVWLQVH
 LQkQGFRQWFLQWHQVLWDWHDOXPLQLLDXQHLOPSL  QX  SRDWH  IL  SHUFHSXW UH]XOW  F
PHWRGDQXHSUHFLV

c) Sincronoscopul cu ac indicator

Fig. 24

$FHDVW  PHWRG  IXQF LRQHD]  vQ  SULQFLSLX  FD  VLQFURQL]DUHD  OPSLL  FX  IRF  vQYkUWLWRU
QXPDLFIRORVLPXQ6(/6,1
De rotorul SELSINULUI e prins un ac indicator.

d) Metoda voltmetrelor

Fig. 25

239
 7HQVLXQHDvQUHJLVWUDWGHYROWPHWUXHVWHHJDOFXGRXWHQVLXQLGHID]VDXHJDOFX
zero →WHQVLXQLOHVXQWvQID]
&XFkWIUHFYHQ HOHVHYRUHJDOL]DEDODQVDUHDDFHORUYDILPDLOHQW6HXUPUHúWHFD
LQGLFD LLOHYROWPHWUHORUVILH]HURúLDWXQFLVHFXSOHD]întreruptorul automat.

4.7.6. CUPLAREA ÎN PARALEL A GENERATOARELOR

35,10(72'$$8726,1&521,=5,,

&RPSRUWXUPWRDUHOHRSHUD LL
a) Generatorul GH]H[FLWDW  FX  FLUFXLWXO  GH  H[FLWD LH  vQWUHUXSW  VH  DGXFH  OD  R  WXUD LH
DSURSLDWGHFHDVLQFURQDYkQGvQIúXUDUHDURWRULFFXSODWSHRUH]LVWHQ GHVWLQJHUHD
câmpului pentru a limita tensiunile ce pot apare la bordul acesteia.
E 5HRVWDWXO  GH  H[FLWD LH SHQWUX  UHJODMXO  PDQXDO  DO  WHQVLXQLL  WUHEXLH  V  VH  DIOH  vQ
SR]L LD  QRUPDO LDU  FHO  GH  OD  UHJXODWRUXO  GH  WHQVLXQH  vQ  SR]L LH  FRUHVSXQ]WRDUH  XQHL
vQFUFULDJHQHUDWRUXOXLOD÷GLQVDUFLQDQRPLQDO
F'XSFHVHDMXQJHODRWXUD LHFHFRUHVSXQGHODIUHFYHQ DEDUHORUPDLPLFFX
÷VHvQFKLGHvQWUHUXSWRUXOSULQFLSDODOJHQHUDWRUXOXLPDQXDOVDXDXWRPDW
G 'XS  vQFKLGHUHD  vQWUHUXSWRUXOXL  SULQFLSDO DO  JHQHUDWRUXOXL VH  H[FLW  LPHGLDW
JHQHUDWRUXOFDUHvQWLPSIRDUWHVFXUWLQWUvQVLQFURQLVP
$FHVWHRSHUD LLVHSRWDXWRPDWL]DúLGXUDWDHVWHPXOWVFXUWDW
'H]DYDQWDMXOSULQFLSDOFRQVWvQIDSWXOFvQPRPHQWXOFXSOULLODEDUHDJHQHUDWRUXOXL
GH]H[FLWDWVHSURGXFHRFLUFXOD LHGHFXUHQWUHDFWLYvQWUHEDUHúLJHQHUDWRUVXEIRUPGH
úRF $FHVW  FXUHQW  SURGXFH  HIHFWH  WHUPLFH  úL  HOHFWURGLQDPLFH  vQ  vQIúXUDUHD  VWDWRULF  D
JHQHUDWRUXOXLúLSRDWHGXQDIXQF LRQULLVLVWHPXOXLúWLLQGFSXQHULOHvQSDUDOHOUDSLGH
sunt necesare când sistemul este în avarie (deficit de putere) – aceasta face ca
DXWRVLQFURQL]DUHDVVHOLPLWH]HQXPDLODXQHOHFD]XUL
6H  UHFRPDQG  FD  YDORDUHD  úRFXOXL GH FXUHQW FDUH  DUH  H[SUHVLD  GH  PDL  MRV  V  QX
GHSúHDVFIng .
I ng
I soc = (64)
X *ngen + X *nsist + X *nexterior
Ing - curentul nominal al generatorului;
X*ngen UHDFWDQ DJHQHUDWRUXOXL
X*nsist UHDFWDQ DHFKLYDOHQWDEDUHL
X*nexterior UHDFWDQ DGLQWUHJHQHUDWRUúLEDU
5HDFWDQ HOHVHPVRDUvQXQLW LUHODWLYHQRPLQDOHSn = Sn gen.

ÌQFUFDUHDúLGHVFUFDUHDJHQHUDWRDUHORU

/DRFXSODUHFRUHFWvQSDUDOHODJHQHUDWRUXOXLFXEDUDFROHFWRDUHvQWUHDFHVWDúLEDU
FLUFXOD LDGHFXUHQWúLSXWHUHHVWHQXOVDXIRDUWHPLF
ÌQ  LSRWH]D  F  WHQVLXQHD  HVWH  FRQVWDQW DWXQFL  UH]XOW  F  HD  HVWH  HJDO  FX  t.e.m. a
generatorului.
D±SXWHUHDVXUVHORUGHSHEDUHVWHPXOWPDLPDUHGHFkWSXWHUHDJHQHUDWRUXOXL

240
 )LJ±&DUDFWHULVWLFLOH8(IXQF LHGH,

'DFVHYDFUHúWHWHQVLXQHDHOHFWURPRWRDUHDJHQHUDWRUXOXLSULQFUHúWHUHDFXUHQWXOXLGH
H[FLWD LHDJHQHUDWRUXOXLvQFLUFXLWXOJHQHUDWRU±EDUYDDSDUHRWHQVLXQH(±8FDUHYD
SURGXFHRFLUFXOD LHGHFXUHQWIgGHODJHQHUDWRUODEDUDHFKLYDOHQWFXRvQFUFDUHD
generatorului de curent (putere) reactiv (b).
E−U
I gen = (65)
X
E - t.e.m. a generatorului;
U - tensiunea barei;
;UHDFWDQ DFLUFXLWXOXLJHQHUDWRUXOXL

6FGHUHD  FXUHQWXOXL  GH  H[FLWD LH  YD  SURGXFH  R  FLUFXOD LH  GH  FXUHQW  GH  OD  EDU  OD
JHQHUDWRUFHFKLYDOHQWFXRGHVFUFDUHDJHQHUDWRUXOXLGHSXWHUHUHDFWLY
3HQWUXvQFUFDUHDFXSXWHUHUHDFWLYDXQXLJHQHUDWRUFXSODWvQSDUDOHOHVWHQHFHVDUV
FUHúWHP  FXUHQWXO  GH  H[FLWD LH  D  JHQHUDWRUXOXL LDU  SHQWUX  GHVFUFDUHD  GH  SXWHUH  UHDFWLY
WUHEXLHVVFGHPFXUHQWXOGHH[FLWD LH
3ULQ  DF LXQHD  DVXSUD  H[FLWD LLORU  JHQHUDWRDUHORU  VH  SRDWH  WUHFH  VDUFLQD  GH  SH  XQ
generator pe altul.
ÌQFUFDUHD  FX  SXWHUH  DFWLY  VH  YD  UHDOL]D  SULQ  FUHúWHUHD  DGPLVLHL  IOXLGXOXL  PRWRU D
PRWRUXOXLSULPDUDOJHQHUDWRUXOXLLDUGHVFUFDUHDXQXLJHQHUDWRUGHSXWHUHDFWLYVHIDFH
SULQVFGHUHDDGPLVLHLIOXLGXOXLPRWRUDPRWRUXOXLSULPDUDDFHVWXLD
,QIOXHQ DDF LXQLLDVXSUDH[FLWD LHLXQXLJHQHUDWRUvQFUFDWFXSXWHUHDFWLYúLFXSODWOD
R  EDU  GH  SXWHUH  LQILQLW  HVWH  HYLGHQ LDW  vQ  ILJXU 5H]XOW  F  OD  FUHúWHUHD  t.e.m. a
JHQHUDWRUXOXL  DFHVWD  GHELWHD]  SH  EDU  FXUHQWXO  UHDFWLY  Irg LDU  OD  VFGHUHD  WHQVLXQLL
electromotoare acesta absoarbe curent rectiv Ir abs.

241
 Fig. 27 – Caracteristica tensiunilor

7RDWHRSHUD LLOHGHvQFUFDUHGHVFUFDUHúLWUHFHULOHGHVDUFLQLvQWUHJHQHUDWRDUHWUHEXLH
VVHIDFOHQWRULFHúRFILLQGGXQWRUDWkWJHQHUDWRUXOXLFkWúLFHQWUDOHL
5HSDUWL LDSXWHULORUUHDFWLYHVHIDFHGXSFULWHULXOSLHUGHULORUPLQLPHGHSXWHUHDFWLY
vQvQIúXUULOHJHQHUDWRDUHORU
Valoarea acestor pierderi date de curentul reactiv este:
∆P = 3 I2r ⋅ R (66)
unde:
∆3SLHUGHULGHSXWHUHDFWLY
Ir - curentul reactiv;
5UH]LVWHQ DID]HLVWDWRUXOXLJHQHUDWRUXOXL
Considerând:
Q
Ir = (67)
3u
5H]XOW
Q2
∆P = 2 ⋅ R (68)
u
&UHúWHUHDSLHUGHULORUGHSXWHUHDFWLYvQIXQF LHGHvQFUFDUHDUHDFWLYYDIL
d(∆P ) 2Q
= 2 ⋅R (69)
dQ u
ÌQ  FD]XO  D  GRX  JHQHUDWRDUH SLHUGHULOH  GH  SXWHUH  YRU  IL  PLQLPH  GDF  YDORULOH
derivatelor din expresia de mai sus vor fi egale.
Q1 Q
2⋅ ⋅ R1 = 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ R 2 (70)
u1 u2
Q1 R 2
deci = .
Q2 R1
9DORULOHUH]LVWHQ HORUDFWLYHDvQIúXUULORUJHQHUDWRDUHORUSRWILFRQVLGHUDWHFDLQYHUV
SURSRU LRQDOHFXYDORULOHSXWHULORUQRPLQDOHDOHJHQHUDWRDUHORU

242
 R 2 S1
= (71)
R 1 S2
Q1 S1
deci = .
Q 2 S2
)XQF LRQDUHDXQXLJHQHUDWRUHVWHHYLGHQ LDWGHLQGLFD LLOHDSDUDWHORUGHPVXUFDUH
LQGLF
- FXUHQ LLSHID]HOHJHQHUDWRUXOXL
- tensiunea la borne;
- SXWHULOHDFWLYúLUHDFWLYGHELWDWHGHJHQHUDWRU
- curentul rotoric.
*DPDGHYDULD LHDGPLVLELODWHQVLXQLLODERUQHOHJHQHUDWRUXOXLHVWH÷ 1,1 )Un.
Curentul nominal maxim este indicat de fabrica constructoare prin suprasarcinile
admisibile pentru generator.
9DORULOH  SXWHULORU  DFWLY  úL  UHDFWLY  PD[LPH  VXQW  OLPLWDWH  GH  SRVLELOLW LOH  GH
VXSUDVDUFLQDVWDWRUXOXLúLUHVSHFWLYDURWRUXOXLJHQHUDWRUXOXL
/DVXSUDYHJKHUHDIXQF LRQULLJHQHUDWRUXOXLHVWHQHFHVDUVILHXUPULWHúLXUPWRDUHOH
PULPL
- UH]LVWHQ DGHL]ROD LHDFLUFXLWXOXLGHH[FLWD LHúLDODJUHORU
- temperaturile în diferite puncte ale generatorului;
- VWDUHDFLUFXLWHORUGHUFLUHúLGHXQJHUH
- HWDQúULHWF
*HQHUDWRDUHOHSRWIXQF LRQDDWXQFLFkQGVXQWvQFUFDWHDVLPHWULFGDUVDUFLQDDVLPHWULF
DGPLVLELOHVWHGHFXFRQGL LDFSHQLFLXQDGLQID]HFXUHQWXOVQXGHSúHDVF
YDORDUHDQRPLQDO
Regimul nesimetric este QHGRULWSULQHIHFWXOGHvQFO]LUHDURWRUXOXLúLSULQYLEUD LLOH
pe care le poate provoca în generator.
ÌQFO]LUHD  VXSOLPHQWDU  D  URWRUXOXL  SRDWH  IL  FRPSHQVDW  SULQ  FUHúWHUHD  IDFWRUXOXL  GH
SXWHUHUHDODOJHQHUDWRUXOXLGHFLSULQGHVFUFDUHDJHQHUDWRUXOXLGHSXWHUHUHDFWLY
9DORULOHOLPLWDOHvQFUFULLVHGHWHUPLQH[SHULPHQWDOVDXSULQFDOFXOHSRUQLQGGHOD
FRQGL LLOH
- VQXGHSúHDVFWHPSHUDWXUDOLPLWDURWRUXOXLWHPSHUDWXUDLPSXVGHFODVDGH
L]ROD LHDDFHVWXLD
- VQXGHSúHDVFYDORDUHDFXUHQWXOXLQRPLQDOvQQLFLXQDGLQID]H
- VQXGHSúHDVFYDORDUHDPD[LPDYLEUD LLORUDGPLVHvQJHQHUDWRU
'HSúLUHDDFHVWRUOLPLWHSHQWUXRGXUDWPDLPDUHGHPLQXWHLPSXQHGHFRQHFWDUHD
generatorului.
8QHRULJHQHUDWRUXOSRDWHIXQF LRQDvQUHJLPDVLQFURQúLDFHDVWDSRDWHDYHDXQDGLQ
XUPWRDUHOHFDX]H
a) SLHUGHUHDVWDELOLW LLIXQF LRQULLvQSDUDOHODJHQHUDWRUXOXL
b) vQWUHUXSHUHDH[FLWD LHLJHQHUDWRUXOXL
3LHUGHUHD  VWDELOLW LL  VWDWLFH  úL  GLQDPLFH  GDWRULW  IXQF LRQULL  GHIHFWXRDVH  D  SURWHF LHL
SULQ  UHOHH  VDX  D  DXWRPDWL]ULL GLQ  VLVWHP  VH  H[WHULRUL]HD]  SULQ  RVFLOD LD  LQGLFD LLORU
DSDUDWHORUvQFRQFRUGDQ FXIUHFYHQ DGHDOXQHFDUHDUHJLPXOXLDVLQFURQ
ÌQVWDWRUXOJHQHUDWRUXOXLRVFLOD LLOHFXUHQWXOXLGHSúHVF  FX  PXOW  YDORDUHD  QRPLQDO  D
FXUHQWXOXLLDUYROWPHWUHOHúLDSDUDWHOHGHPVXUDSXWHULLRVFLOHD]SHWRDWVFDOD
Curentul URWRULF  RVFLOHD]  vQ  MXUXO  YDORULL  PHGLL JHQHUDWRUXO  SURGXFkQG  XQ  ]JRPRW
caracteristic. Personalul de exploatare poate încerca readucerea generatorului în sincronism
SULQVFGHUHDVDUFLQLLDFWLYHGHSHJHQHUDWRUúLFUHúWHUHDVLPXOWDQDH[FLWD LHLDFHVWXLD
'DF  vQ    PLQXWH  QX  VH  UHXúHúWH  UHDGXFHUHD  JHQHUDWRUXOXL  vQ  VLQFURQLVP DFHVWD  VH
GHFRQHFWHD]GHODEDUH

243
 3LHUGHUHDH[FLWD LHLJHQHUDWRUXOXLHVWHXQUHJLPPDLSX LQSHULFXORVFDUHSRDWHDYHD
PDLPXOWHFDX]H8QHOHFDX]HSRWILvQOWXUDWHIURSULUHDJHQHUDWRUXOXL
'DFSHEDUHH[LVWUH]HUYGHSXWHUHUHDFWLYVXILFLHQWFDUHVPHQ LQWHQVLXQHDOD
YDORDUHDQRPLQDOJHQHUDWRUXOSRDWHVUPkQvQIXQF LXQHIUH[FLWD LHHOGHELWkQGvQ
VLVWHPSXWHUHDFWLYúLDEVRUELQGGLQDFHDVWSXWHUHUHDFWLYQHFHVDUPDJQHWL]ULLVDOHOD
YDORDUHDLPSXVGHYDORDUHDWHQVLXQLLODERUQH
'DFH[FLWD LDQXSRDWHILUHVWDELOLWvQPLQXWHJHQHUDWRUXOVHGHFRQHFWHD]GHOD
bare.
5HPDJQHWL]DUHDH[FLWDWRDUHLHVWHXQIHQRPHQFDUHSRDWHILSURGXVGHDYDULLvQUH HDXD
vQFDUHGHELWHD]JHQHUDWRUXO$FHVWIHQRPHQFRQVWvQLQYHUVDUHDVHQVXOXLGHFLUFXOD LHD
FXUHQWXOXLGHH[FLWD LH
*HQHUDWRUXOIXQF LRQHD]QRUPDOGDUDFHOHDSDUDWHORUGLQFLUFXLWXOGHH[FLWD LH³EDW³
LQYHUV(OSRDWHILPHQ LQXWvQIXQF LXQHVFKLPEkQGOHJWXULOHODDSDUDWHOHGLQFLUFXLWXOGH
H[FLWD LHSkQODSULPDRSULUHDJHQHUDWRUXOXL5HPDJQHWL]DUHDQRUPDODH[FLWDWRDUHLVH
face folosind bateria de acumulatori.
/DJHQHUDWRDUHVHIDFXUPWRDUHOHSUREHSHQWUXHYLGHQ LHUHDVWULLUHDOH
- vQFHUFDUHDERELQDMXOXLODWHQVLXQHPULW
- GHWHUPLQDUHDUH]LVWHQ HORUGHL]ROD LHDURWRUXOXLúLVWDWRUXOXL
- YHULILFDUHDRYDOL]ULLLQHOHORUúLDFROHFWRUXOXL
- YHULILFDUHDUXOPHQ LORUYHULILFDWVXFFHVLXQHDID]HORU
- YHULILFDUHDHWDQúULLFLUFXLWXOXLGHUFLUHXQJHUHúLFRPEXVWLELOL
- HFKLOLEUDUHDURWRUXOXLPVXUDUHDîntrefierului;
- GHWHUPLQDUHDXPLGLW LLL]ROD LHLvQIúXUULORUVWDWRUXOXL

244
 ',632=,7,98/'(&83/$5(Ì13$5$/(/ù,5(3$57,=$5($
PUTERII ACTIVE ÎNTRE GENERATOARELE SINCRONE CARE
)81&,21($=Ì13$5$/(/7,3S.R. – 1 A

'LVSR]LWLYXO DUH  FD  VFRS  DGXFHUHD  vQ  VLQFURQLVP  D JHQHUDWRUXOXL  FDUH  XUPHD]  D  IL
FXSODW FXSODUHD  OXL  vQ  SDUDOHO  úL  HJDOL]DUHD  VDUFLQLL  DFWLYH  D  JHQHUDWRDUHORU  FXSODWH  vQ
paralel.
$SDUDWXOHVWHFRQVWUXLWPRGXODUFXFLUFXLWHLQWHJUDWHúLWUDQ]LVWRDUHFXVLOLFLXXQUHOHX
5(('úLWUHLFRQWDFWRDUHGLQFDUHXQXOSHQWUXLPSXOVXOGHDQFODQúDUHúLGRXSHQWUX
comanda sensului servomotorului motorului Diesel.

4.8.1. CARACTERISTICI TEHNICE

D3XWHUHDPD[LPDEVRUELW
I. din T.P.D. 40 VA
II. GHODJHQHUDWRUXOFDUHXUPHD]DILFXSODW9$
E&XUHQWXOGHUXSHUHGHODFLUFXLWXOGHLHúLUHGLQVLVWHPHVWHGH$Vca sau 0,4
A / 220 Vca.
c. Capacitatea de conectarea 6 A;
d. Impulsurile de aducere în sincronism se pot regla în limitele ( 0,1 ÷ 1 ) sec.
H*HQHUDWRUXOHVWHDGXVODVLQFURQLVPLQGLIHUHQWGDFIUHFYHQ DWHQVLXQLLGLIHUGHFHD
de la bornele T.P.D.;
I$SDUDWXOHPLWHLPSXOVXOGHFXSODUHQXPDLFkQGGLIHUHQ DGHIUHFYHQ HVWHVXEOLPLW
UHJODELOOD÷ 2 Hz;
J$SDUDWXOWUDQVPLWHLPSXOVGHFRPDQGQXPDLFkQGGLIHUHQ DGLQWUHYDORDUHDHIHFWLY
DWHQVLXQLLUH HOHLúLFHDDJHQHUDWRUXOXLvQYDORDUHDEVROXWHVWHVXEOLPLWDUHJODELOOD
1,5 ÷ 15 ) %.
K 0RPHQWXO  HPLWHULL  FRPHQ]LL  GH  FXSODUH  ID   GH  WUHFHUHD  WHQVLXQLL  GH  EWL  HVWH
devansat cu un timp reglabil de ( 40 ÷ 140 ) ms:
i. Precizia de emitere a comenzii de cuplare este de 17 ms;
M /D  IXQF LRQDUHD  vQ  JRO  IUHFYHQ D  WHQVLXQLL  HVWH  GH    +] LDU  OD  IXQF LRQDUHD  vQ
VDUFLQGH+]
k. Gradul de statism este de ( 0 ÷ 4 ) %;
l. Precizia de egalizare a sarcinii ± 5 %.
3HQWUXIXQF LDGHDGXFHUHvQVLQFURQLVPWUHEXLHvQGHSOLQLWHVLPXOWDQFRQGL LLOH
I. Emiterea unei comenzi din exterior;
II. Întreruptorul automat al generatorului decuplat;
III. Tensiunea generatorului peste 850 V.
3HQWUXIXQF LDGHFXSODUHvQSDUDOHOVHYRUvQGHSOLQLVLPXOWDQXUPWRDUHOHFRQGL LL
,&RPDQGDH[WHULRDUGHFXSODUH
II. Întreruptorul automat al generatorului decuplat ;
,,,'LIHUHQ DGLQWUHWHQVLXQHDHIHFWLYODEDUHOHJHQHUDWRUXOXLúLFHDGHODEDUHOH
73'VILHGH÷ 15 ) %;
,9'LIHUHQ DGLQWUHIUHFYHQ DWHQVLXQLLJHQHUDWRUXOXLúLFHDDWHQVLXQLLGHODEDUHOH
73'VILHGH÷ 2 ) Hz.
3HQWUXIXQF LDGHHJDOL]DUHDVDUFLQLLDFWLYHVHYRUvQGHSOLQLFRQGL LLOH
,&RPDQGH[WHULRDU
II. ÌQWUHUXSWRUXODXWRPDWDOJHQHUDWRUXOXLVILHFXSODW
$SDUDWXOIXQF LRQHD]vQPRGQRUPDOODRYDULD LHGHWHQVLXQHGH÷ 6 )% în regim
GHOXQJGXUDWúLGH÷vQUHJLPGHVFXUWGXUDW

245
 Temperatura mediului ambiant (-10 ÷ +55 ) oC.
*UDGXOGHSURWHF LHIPOO.
8PLGLWDWHDUHODWLYDDHUXOXL
95% pentru tma = 25oC
85% pentru tma = 35oC
75% pentru tma = 45oC.
$SDUDWXOSUH]LQWUH]LVWHQ ODDF LXQHDFRUR]LYDFH LLGHQDWXUVDOLQúLUH]LVWHQ OD
YLEUD LLVFXWXUWXULUXOLXWDQJDMFRQIRUPSUHVFULS LLORURNR.

)81&,21$5(

'XSFXPVHREVHUYGLVSR]LWLYXOSULPHúWHLQIRUPD LLDVXSUDWHQVLXQLLJHQHUDWRUXOXLúL
DWHQVLXQLLUH HOHLFkWúLDVXSUDYDORULLDFHVWHLWHQVLXQL
'H  DVHPHQHD  SULPHúWH  LQIRUPD LL  DVXSUD  GLIHUHQ HL  GLQWUH  IUHFYHQ D  WHQVLXQLL
JHQHUDWRUXOXLúLFHDDVLVWHPXOXLSULQLQWHUPHGLXOVHPQDOXOXLWULXQJKLXODUDFUXLEDQG
HVWHSURSRU LRQDOWRFPDLFXDFHDVWGLIHUHQ 

Fig 28 – Schema bloc

ÌQPRPHQWXOvQFDUHH[LVWRGLIHUHQ vQWUHFHOHGRXIUHFYHQ HvQIXQF LHGHVHQVXO

DEDWHULLVHRE LQHXQVHPQDOORJLFODLHúLUHDGLVFULPLQDWRUXOXL
'DFVXQWvQGHSOLQLWHVLPXOWDQFRQGL LLOHGHDXWRUL]DUHDWXQFLXQXOGLQFLUFXLWHOHORJLFH
³úL´FXWUHLLQWUULDUHODLHúLUHXQVHPQDO!!FDUHHVWHDPSOLILFDWúLFDUHDF LRQHD]
releul.
&RQWDFWHOH  DFHVWXL  UHOHX  DF LRQHD]  DVXSUD  VHUYRPRWRUXOXL  UHJXODWRU  GH  WXUD LH  FDUH
PUHúWHVDXPLFúRUHD]WXUD LDPRWRUXOXL'LHVHO
$F LRQDUHDDFHVWRUUHOHHVHUHDOL]HD]SULQLPSXOVXULGHRDQXPLWGXUDWúLRDQXPLW
IUHFYHQ 
&kQGGLIHUHQ DGHIUHFYHQ HVWHPDUHDF LRQDUHDDUHFDUDFWHUSUDFWLFFRQWLQXXLDUSH
PVXUFHDFHDVWDVFDGHDF LRQDUHDVHUHDOL]HD]LQWHUPLWHQWFXRGXUDWDLPSXOVXULORU
GLQFHvQFHPDLPLF

4.8.3. MODUL DE SINCRONIZARE

3HQWUXDGXFHUHDODVLQFURQLVPPRGXOXOSUHLDLQIRUPD LLDVXSUDGLIHUHQ HLGHIUHFYHQ 

FDUHVHDSOLFGLVFULPLQDWRUXOXLIRUPDWvQSULQFLSLXGLQFLUFXLWHOHLQWHJUDWH,&3úL,&4.
ÌQ  FD]XO  vQ  FDUH  IUHFYHQ D  WHQVLXQLL  JHQHUDWRUXOXL  HVWH  PDL  PDUH  GHFkW  IUHFYHQ D
WHQVLXQLLVLVWHPXOXLDGLFIUHFYHQ DWHQVLXQLLODERUQHOH±HVWHVXEIUHFYHQ DWHQVLXQLL
GHODERUQHOH±ODLHúLUHDDFLUFXLWXOXL,&3YRPRE LQHVHPQDOORJLF!!
'DFIUHFYHQ DODERUQHOH±HVWHVXEFHDGHOD±VHPQDOXOORJLF!!VH
RE LQHODERUQDDOXL,&3 .

246
 /DERUQHOH±QXH[LVWWHQVLXQHGDWRULWFXWRUL]ULORUGLQPRGXOXO
/D  ERUQHOH   ±   VH  DSOLF  VHPQDOXO  VXE  IRUP  GUHSWXQJKLXODU  RE LQXW  GH  OD
modulul 5, prin circuitul IC1.
3ULQLQWHJUDUHDDFHVWXLVHPQDOWULXQJKLXODUVHRE LQLPSXOVXULGUHSWXQJKLXODUHSR]LWLYH
VDXQHJDWLYHID GHPDV
$FHVWHLPSXOVXULVHGLIHUHQ LD]SULQFRQGHQVDWRUXO&4, R38, R39VHPQDOXOGHODLHúLUHD
lor comandând deschiderea lui T12 .
Prin deschiderea acestui tranzistor, prin R40VHFRPDQGvQFUFDUHDFRQGHQVDWRUXOXL&3
ID GHWHQVLXQHDGH9
Deoarece comanda lui T12  VH  UHDOL]HD]  SULQ  LPSXOVXUL  vQ  SDX]D  GLQWUH  LPSXOVXUL
FRQGHQVDWRUXOVHGHVFDUFSHSRWHQ LRPHWUXO591DVWIHOvQFkWODLHúLUHDDFHVWXLFLUFXLWVH
RE LQHWRWXQVHPQDOGHIRUPWULXQJKLXODU
Prin valoarea lui RV1VHDOHJHvQILQDOWLPSXOGHDF LRQDUHDVHUYRPRWRUXOXL
ÌQFD]XOvQFDUHH[LVWRGLIHUHQ PDUHGHIUHFYHQ FRQGHQVDWRUXOUPkQHvQFUFDW
SHUPDQHQWúLVHSULPHúWHXQVHPQDOGHFRPDQGDSURDSHFRQWLQXX
Circuitul IC2FRPSDUVHPQDOXOGHSH&3ID GHPDVúLGLQ'4VHRE LQLPSXOVXUL
SR]LWLYHSURSRU LRQDOHFXFRQVWDQWDGHWLPSDFLUFXLWXOXLIRUPDWGLQ591, C3, care, prin R33
úL531FRPDQG75, T10 úLF+ sau T6, T11úL)(-)vQIXQF LHGHVHPQDOXOSULPLWODERUQHOH
úL
0RGXOXOHVWHSUHY]XWFXPDLPXOWHERUQHGHPVXU
%RUQD  ± VH  RE LQ  LPSXOVXUL  GUHSWXQJKLXODUH  D  FURU  GXUDW  HVWH  SURSRU LRQDO  FX
GLIHUHQ DGHIUHFYHQ (OHVHSRWPVXUDFXDYRPHWUXOODGLIHUHQ HGH+]VDXFX
RVFLORVFRSXOODGLIHUHQ HPDLPDUL7HQVLXQHDPVXUDWHVWHGH±9
%RUQHOH±VHRE LQVHPQDOHGUHSWXQJKLXODUHFXDPSOLWXGLQHDGH9SURSRU LRQDOH
FXIUHFYHQ DWHQVLXQLLEDUHORUUHVSHFWLYDJHQHUDWRUXOXL
%RUQHOH±VHPVRDUXQVHPQDOGH÷9UHVSHFWLY9GDFfS>fg, 0 V
respectiv (3,6 ÷GDFfS < fg .
Borna 6 – se introduce comanda prin egalizarea sarcinii de la modulul M2.
%RUQD±VHPVRDUOXQJLPHDLPSXOVXULORUSHQWUXDGXFHUHDvQVLQFURQLVPvQIXQF LH
de reglajul din RV1ODIUHFYHQ HUHODWLYPDULDFHVWVHPQDOHVWHDSUR[LPDWLYFRQWLQXX
V).
%RUQD±VHFRPDQGHJDOL]DUHDVDUFLQLL

4.8.4. DISPOZITIVUL DE EGALIZARE

A PUTERII ACTIVE

Fig. 29 – Schema bloc

247
 6FKHPDSULPHúWHLQIRUPD LLDVXSUDIUHFYHQ HLWHQVLXQLLJHQHUDWRUXOXLFDUHXUPHD]DIL
cuplat prin blocul 7)8VHPQDOFDUHVHFRPSDUFXRYDORDUHGHUHIHULQ GLIHUHQ DORU
aplicându-se la intrarea SUM.
Tot la intrarea 680VHDSOLFXQVHPQDOSURSRU LRQDOFXVDUFLQDFXFDUHHVWHvQFUFDW
generatorul, prin 73$úLXQDOWVHPQDOSULQWUDGXFWRUXOGHSXWHUHPHGLHSURSRU LRQDOFX
GLIHUHQ DvQWUHSXWHULOHPHGLLDOHJHQHUDWRDUHORU
/DLHúLUHDGLQ680VHPQDOXOVHDSOLFXQXLUHJXODWRUWULSR]L LRQDOFDUHvQIXQF LHGH
PULPHDIUHFYHQ HLúLVHQVXOHLHPLWHSULQWUXQFRPXWDWRUHOHFWURQLFVHPQDOHORJLFHSH
LHúLULOH$úL%
ÌQDFHODúLWLPSSHFHOHODOWHGRXERUQHDOHFLUFXLWXOXL6!!VHDSOLF!!GDF
VXQWvQGHSOLQLWHFRQGL LLOHGHDXWRUL]DUHúLGDFJHQHUDWRUXOHVWHFXSODWODEDUHOHT.P.D.
3ULQDPSOLILFDWRDUHVXQWDF LRQDWH)1, F-SULQFDUHVHPRGLILFDGPLVLDGHFRPEXVWLELO
SkQFkQG∆P ≤ ∆Padmis .
3HQWUXSXQHUHDvQIXQF LXQHDGLVSR]LWLYXOXLHVWHQHFHVDUVILHvQFKLVHE1, b2 montate
în exterior.
b1±DXWRUL]HD]LQWUDUHDvQIXQF LXQH
b2±LQL LD]VLQFURQL]DUHúLFXSODUH
3ULQFRPXWDWRDUHOHDFHVWRUvQWUHUXSWRDUHERUQHOHVXQWSXVHODPDV
/DERUQHOHVHSULPHúWHGLQ05LQIRUPD LLDVXSUDWHQVLXQLLJHQHUDWRUXOXLúL
SULQWUXQFRPSDUDWRUVHDXWRUL]HD]IXQF LRQDUHDFLUFXLWXOXLGDF84 > 0,85 UN prin OZ1, al
FUXLVHPQDOVHDSOLFSHED]DOXL7
'HDVHPHQHDODGLVSR]LWLYVHDSOLFXQVHPQDOORJLFGHODXQWHPSRUL]DWRUIRUPDWGLQ
R22, C4, T5FDUHSHUPLWHLQWUDUHDvQIXQF LXQHQXPDLGXS÷ 1) s, timp necesar atingerii
SXQFWHORUGHIXQF LRQDUH
,QWHUEORFULOH  VXQW  UHDOL]DWH  SULQ  FRPXWDWRDUH  HOHFWURQLFH   IRUPDWH  GLQ  FRPELQD LL  GH
GLRGHúLWUDQ]LVWRDUH
3HQWUXFXSODUHúLVLQFURQL]DUHVHDF LRQHD]E1, b2. Prin b1ERUQHOHVXQWSXVHODPDVúL
T2 este blocat. La blocarea T2FRQWULEXLHúLFRQGL LDFDUG> 0,85 UNúL7!V3ULQE2 se
SXQODPDVúLLDU73 este blocat.
'HRDUHFHúLQXVXQWODPDV74 conduce, deci T6 este blocat, iar T7 conduce,
fiind polarizat prin R10, R11, D5.
Cum T7 conduce, prin 30 , 31 se transmit 0V la M1.
6HDSULQGH/('LQGLFkQGVLQFURQL]DUHúLFXSODUH!!SULQ01úL06 ).
Deoarece T6, T23QXFRQGXFODúLDYHPWHQVLXQHGHOD
Deci prin b1, b2VHSHUPLWHLQWUDUHDvQIXQF LXQHD01, M6.
'XSFXSODUHSULQvQFKLGHUHDOXLD1VHSXQODPDV74VHEORFKHD]
'DF72 nu conduce, prin T6VHDQXOHD]VLQFURQL]DUHDúLFRQGXFH78.
Deci 3, 4 vor bloca sincronizarea, iar prin 18, 19, 20, 21 nu apare tensiune.
$VWIHOVXQWODPDV
ERUQDH[LVW÷ 13) V când b2FXSODWúL8G>0,85 UN6HYDPHQ LQHúLGDFE1
FXSODWúLD1 decuplat.
borna 2 - (7 ÷ 10) V când b2 cuplat, a1 deschis.
borna 3 - (12 ÷ 14) V când a1 cuplat, UG > 0,85 UN.
borna 4 - +3,5 V când UG >0,85 UN.
borna 5, 6, 7 - 0V când b1, b2 închise.
- +18 V când b1, b2 deschise.
borna 8 - (24 ÷ 30) V c.c .
borna 9 - masa.

248
 65$Ì1&$=8/87,/,=5,,/$&83/$5($
ÎN PARALEL. REPARTIZARE A PUTERII ACTIVE

Fig. 30

$FHVWGLVSR]LWLYSULPHúWHLQIRUPD LLDVXSUDYDORULLWHQVLXQLLGHODID]HOHR.S. prin e1 , e2

la bornele L1/1 , L1/2 .
Tot de la 56DOJHQHUDWRUXOXLFDUHXUPHD]DILFXSODWVHSULPHVFLQIRUPD LLDVXSUD
tensiunii acestuia prin e3 , e4 la L1/3 , L1/4 .
În exterior sunt cuplate b1 , b2úLD1 .
Dispozitivul transmite în exterior prin L2/7 , L2/8 , L2/9 , L2/11 IUHFYHQ D  GH  UHIHULQ 
celorlalte dispozitive similare cu el ; prin L2/8  úL  /2/10 , L2/11 , L2/12 transmite semnal
SURSRU LRQDOFXSXWHUHDDFWLYODFHOHODOWHGLVSR]LWLYH
Prin L1/7 , L1/8 contactul lui d1 se emite comanda de cuplare a întreruptorului automat .
Prin L1/9, L1/10, L1/11  HVWH  FRQHFWDW  VHUYRPRWRUXO  UHJXODWRUXOXL GH  WXUD LH FDUH SULQ
FRQHFWDUHDDOWHUQDWLYDOXLG2úLG3 interblocate, este eliminat primul servomotor.

',632=,7,98/'(0685$5($387(5,,$&7,9(
75$'8&7258/'()5(&9(1ù,',632=,7,98/'(
5(*/$5($)5(&9(1(,/$0(568/Ì1*2/

$FHVWPRGXOSULPHúWHSULQLQIRUPD LLVXEIRUPGHWHQVLXQHGHODWUDQVIRUPDWRUXO
de curent f1 prin m3 din modului 8 .
&GHUHD  GH  WHQVLXQH  DOWHUQDWLY  GH  SH  51 din M8 constituie semnalul de intrare la
bornele 5 , 6 .
0RGXOXOSULPHúWHODLQIRUPD LLDVXSUDWHQVLXQLLGHOLQLHRS de la barele T.P.D.
'HRDUHFHH[LVWGLIHUHQ vQWUHXQJKLXOFDUHOIDFHWHQVLXQHDGHSHID]D5FXfazorul
IRúLXQJKLXOSHFDUHOIDFHfazorul URS cu Ir , fazorul URS este defazat , astfel încât din
tensiunea de linie URSVHRE LQHfazorul UR prin R16, R17 , C2 , C3 , IC4 , D6 .
IC3  úL  ,&2 , T1 , T2  IRUPHD]  XQ  GHWHFWRU  GH  ID]  ELDOWHUQDWLY  OD  LHúLUHD  FUXLD  VH
RE LQHRWHQVLXQHSURSRU LRQDOFXSURGXVXO,⋅ cos ϕWHQVLXQHFDUHHVWHILOWUDWúLDSOLFDW
amplificatorului de putere format din IC5 , T3 .
/DLHúLUHDFRPSDUDWRUXOXLGXEODDOWHUQDQ ,&4, D6VHRE LQLPSXOVXULGUHSWXQJKLXODUHvQ
ID]FXFHOHFRUHVSXQ]WRDUHFXUHQWXOXLGHODLHúLUHDOXL&1 prin R15 , R16 .
Prin T3 , C3LPSXOVXULOHVHGLIHUHQ LD]
/DLHúLUHDGLQ&5DFHVWHLPSXOVXULVHDSOLFOXL,&6ODLHúLUHDFUXLDVHRE LQHXQ
VHPQDOSURSRU LRQDOFXIUHFYHQ DWHQVLXQLLJHQHUDWRUXOXL
'HFLODLHúLUHDOXL&7YRPRE LQHRWHQVLXQHSURSRU LRQDOFXIUHFYHQ D
)UHFYHQ DGHPHUVvQJROVHUHJOHD]GLQ592 la 50 ÷ 52 Hz .

249
 ERUQDVHPVRDUID GHPDVWHQVLXQHDGDWGHWUDQVIRUPDWRUXOGHFXUHQW
borna 2   VH  RE LQ  LPSXOVXUL  vQ  IXQF LH  GH  IUHFYHQ D  VHPQDOXOXL  GH  LQWUDUH  FX
amplitudini de (-13 ÷ –15) V sau (13 ÷ 15) V.
borna 3 VHREVHUYGHWHF LDGHID]DFXUHQWXOXLvQIXQF LHGHWHQVLXQH'LQ593
VHUHJOHD]VLPHWULDID GHQXO
borna 4 VHPVRDUSXWHUHDJHQHUDWRUXOXL
ERUQDVHPVRDUWHQVLXQHDQHJDWLYYDULDELOFXIUHFYHQ D9OD+]
Din RV2VHUHJOHD]statismul generatorului.

4.8.7. DISPOZITIVUL DE EGALIZARE A SARCINII ACTIVE

ÎNTRE GENERATOARELE SINCRONE CARE
SUNT CUPLATE ÎN PARALEL

0RGXOXO  SULPHúWH  LQIRUPD LL  DVXSUD  IUHFYHQ HL  GH  UHIHULQ   GLQ  VLVWHP DVXSUD  SXWHULL
JHQHUDWRUXOXL  SURSULX úL GLQ  H[WHULRU SH  OLQLD  GH  HJDOL]DUH  D  SXWHULL  DFWLYH SULPHúWH
LQIRUPD LLDVXSUDSXWHULLPHGLLFXFDUHVXQWvQFUFDWHJHQHUDWRDUHOHFHOHODOWH
Fiind regulator WULSR]L LRQDOvQIXQF LHGHVHPQXOGLIHUHQ HL∆3VHRE LQHODLHúLUHXQ
VHPQDOFDUHYDDF LRQDXQUHOHX
/DERUQHOHVHSULPHVFLQIRUPD LLUHIHULWRDUHODIUHFYHQ DGHUHIHULQ 
La bornele 11, 12, prin contactul lui d1 alimentat din M1 , M2  SULPHúWH  LQIRUPD LL
asupra puterii medii din sistem .
Releul d1DF LRQDWGLQ06 emite comanda de cuplare a generatorului .
/DERUQHOHSULPHúWHLQIRUPD LLDVXSUDSXWHULLSURSULXOXLJHQHUDWRU
&HOHGRXVHPQDOHVHFRPSDUSH51úLGLIHUHQ DORUVHDSOLFSH,&1 .
ÌQFD]XOvQFDUHJHQHUDWRUXOOXFUHD]VLQJXUODEDUHODLHúLUHDOXL,&1 avem << 0 >>
logic.
'DFJHQHUDWRUXOIXQF LRQHD]LQGHSHQGHQWODHVWHDFHODúLVHPQDO
În acest caz IC2SULPHúWHLQIRUPD LLQXPDLSULQ55 , R18 .
/D  LHúLUHD  OXL  ,&2 VH  RE LQH  XQ  VHPQDO  GH  HURDUH FDUH  HVWH  LQWURGXV  vQ  UHJXODWRUXO
WULSR]L LRQDOIRUPDWGLQ,&3 , IC5 , IC7 , T1 .
IC3DUHUROXOGHDPSOLILFDWRUSURSRU LRQDOLQWHJUDOFXLHúLUHDFDUHDF LRQHD]vQIXQF LH
de polaritatea erorii, unul din componentele cu histerezis: IC5 , IC7 .
Eroarea este : ∆P = ε = PG - Pmad
Din RV1VHUHJOHD]VHQVLELOLWDWHDSHQWUXHJDOL]DUHDVDUFLQLL
Din RV2VHUHJOHD]statismul caracteristicii grupului Diesel – generator .
Din RV3VHUHJOHD]OXQJLPHDSkQ]HLGLQWUHLPSXOVXUL
Din R24 , R25VHUHJOHD]GXUDWDLPSXOVXOXL

4.8.8. DISPOZITIVUL DE CUPLARE ÎN PARALEL

0  SULPHúWH  LQIRUPD LL  DVXSUD  WHQVLXQLL  GH  OD  EDUHOH  73' ± ±  úL  DVXSUD
tensiunii generatorului (5–6, 11–12 ).
'HRDUHFH  vQIúXUULOH  VHFXQGDUH DOH  WUDQVIRUPDWRDUHORU  GLQ  0  úL  0  FRQHFWDWH  vQ
RSR]L LH SULQ  UHGXFHUH  FX  '1 ÷ D4 VH  DSOLF  OD  LQWUULOH  vQ  ,&1 , IC2 impulsuri
VHPLSHULRGLFHGHID]DWHvQWUH HOHFRQIRUPGLIHUHQ HLGHID]vQWUH  WHQVLXQHD  JHQHUDW   úL
tensiunea sistemului.
/D  LHúLUHD  EORFXOXL  ORJLF    IRUPDW  GLQ  ,&1, IC2, D7, D8 VH  RE LQ  LPSXOVXUL
GUHSWXQJKLXODUHGHDPSOLWXGLQHFRQVWDQWGDUDFURUGXUDWHVWHGLUHFWSURSRU LRQDOFX

250
GLIHUHQ DGHID]DWHQVLXQLORUDGLFvQFD]XOvQFDUHFHLGRLIDFWRULVXQWvQRSR]L LHGH
ID]VHRE LQHVHPQDOGHYDORDUHPD[LPvQFD]FRQWUDUQXVHRE LQHQLFLXQVHPQDO
$FHVW  VHPQDO  GUHSWXQJKLXODU  QX  HVWH  DSOLFDW  FRQVHFXWLY  FHORU  GRX  ILOWUH  FX  FkúWLJ
VF]XWFDUHDXúLUROGHLQWHJUDWRUúLVXQWIRUPDWHGLQ,&3 , IC4FXUHDF LHXQLWDUúL
circuitele integrate de filtrare R10, C7, R12, C8 .
(OHVXQWQXPLWHILOWUHDFWLYHGHRDUHFHODLHúLUHDORUH[LVWXQDPSOLILFDWRURSHUD LRQDO
FXUHDF LHXQLWDUFDUHSUH]LQWDYDQWDMHOHXQHLLPSHGDQ HPDULODLQWUDUHúLPLFLODLHúLUH
úLQXLQYHUVHD]VHPQDOXOODLHúLUH
)UHFYHQ DGHWLHUHDDFHVWRUILOWUHFRQVHFXWLYHHVWH
1 1
ω0 = π R 10 ⋅ C 7 = π R 12 ⋅ C 8 (72)
2 2
ÌQWkU]LHUHDSURGXVGHFHOHGRXILOWUHHVWHGHDSUR[LPDWLYms .
6HPQDOXOWULXQJKLXODUGHODLHúLUHDFHORUGRXILOWUHHVWHDSOLFDWHWDMXOXLUHSHWRU,&5 la
LHúLUHDFUXLDVHRE LQHVHPQDOXODPSOLILFDWvQSXWHUHVDXvQFXUHQWFDUHVHGLVWULEXLHOXL
M1úL06 .
M5  FXSULQGH  úL  FRPSDUDWRUXO  GH  YDORDUH  DEVROXW  D  GLIHUHQ HL  GH  WHQVLXQH  úL
comparatorul GXEOXDOWHUQDQ ,&7 , D9 ÷ D12 , R17 , R18 ).
(OSULPHúWHLQIRUPD LLDVXSUDWHQVLXQLLJHQHUDWRUXOXLúLDEDUHORUT.P.D. din M7 (30, 31)
úL0%'1, C9).
3ULQUHGUHVDUHDDOWHUQDQ HORUSR]LWLYHDOHDFHVWRUVHPQDOHúLILOWUDUHDORUSULQ513, R12, C2
úL514, R16, C3 SRODULW LOHSR]LWLYHVHDSOLFSH591 unde de fapt se scad.
'LIHUHQ DGHYDORDUH DEVROXWHVWH DPSOLILFDW  SULQ  ,&6  úL  FRPSDUDW  FX  R  DQXPLW
WHQVLXQHFRQWLQXFXOHDVGHSH592 .
&kQG  GLIHUHQ D  HVWH  PDL  PLF  GHFkW  FGHUHD  GH  WHQVLXQH  SH  '9, D10 OD  LHúLUHD
FRPSDUDWRUXOXLGXEO±DOWHUQDQ VHRE LQ9
/DLHúLUHDHWDMXOXLGHDPSOLILFDUHIRUPDWGLQ,&6WHQVLXQHDVHDSOLFFRPSDUDWRUXOXL
GXEODOWHUQDQ FDUHGHWHUPLQGHVFKLGHUHDOXL'10 sau D11úLVHDSOLFOXL,&7 .
M6 cuprinde o parte din dispozitivele de cuplare în paralel :
UDPXUDFDUHJHQHUHD]WUHQXULGHLPSXOVXULGHGXUDWUHJODELODOFURUIURQWDQWHULRU
DQWLFLSHD]FXXQWLPSFRQVWDQWDWLQJHUHDGHFWUHVHPQDOXOGUHSWXQJKLXODUDYkUIXULORU
negative.
UDPXUDSULQFDUHVHUHDOL]HD]FRPSDUDUHDGLIHUHQ HLGHIUHFYHQ 
- blocul logic care emite comanda de cuplare.
3ULQ0GLQ0VHDSOLFVHPQDOHWULXQJKLXODUH
3ULQGHULYDUHVDXGLIHUHQ LHUHSULQFLUFXLWXO&11R11VHRE LQHXQVHPQDOWUDSH]RLGDOFDUH
WUHFHSULQ2ODYkUIXULOHSR]LWLYHúLQHJDWLYHFDUHHVWHSR]LWLYVDXQHJDWLYIXQF LHGH
panta impulsului dreptunghiular .
3DQWDDFHVWRUVHPQDOHGHSLQGHGHGLIHUHQ DGHIUHFYHQ 
O parte din acest semnal este preluat prin 59)úLHVWHDSOLFDWXQXLDPSOLILFDWRU,&4 .
$FHVW  VHPQDO  vPSUHXQ  FX  FHO  GUHSWXQJKLXODU  VXQW  DPSOLILFDWH úL DSOLFDWH VXPDWRUXOXL
format din R2 , R3 , R28 .
6HPQDOXOGHLHúLUHGLQVXPDWRUHVWHDSOLFDWFRPSDUDWRUXOXL±LQWHJUDWRU,&2 .
&XPVHPQDOXOGHODLHúLUHDOXL,&4HVWHIRDUWHVFXUWHOVHDSOLFHWDMXOXLIRUPDWGLQ
T2 , D6 , D11 , R35GDWRULWFUXLDHOYDDYHDRGXUDWPLQLPQHFHVDUHPLWHULLVHPQDOXOXL
de cuplare a generatorului .
/DERUQHOHVHGHWHUPLQXQVHPQDOGH÷ 140 ) PVDOFUXLIURQWDQWLFLSHD]
trecerea prin vârfuri negative a tensiunii triunghiulare de la intrare .
$FHVWWUHQGHLPSXOVXULVHDSOLFúLvQH[WHULRUOD0
Când semnalul triunghiular trece prin vârful negativ, T1 conduce ( prin D3 ) LED 9 se
DSULQGHúLVHVWLQJHFXRIUHFYHQ HJDOFXLPSXOVXOWULXQJKLXODU
6HPQDOXOWULXQJKLXODUVHDSOLFXQXLHWDMGHGLIHUHQ LHUH&3 , R26 , D2 .
/DLHúLUHDOXL'2VHRE LQLPSXOVXULsemiperiodice trapezoidale .
251
 Prin filtrarea lor în R27 , R29  VH  RE LQH  R  WHQVLXQH  QHJDWLY  GH  YDORDUH  GLUHFW
SURSRU LRQDOFXGLIHUHQ DGHIUHFYHQ 
În IC3VHDSOLFSULQ596RWHQVLXQHQHJDWLYSURSRU LRQDOFXGLIHUHQ DGHIUHFYHQ 
DGPLVLELO÷ 2 ) Hz .
'DFSULPDWHQVLXQHHVWHPDLPLFGHFkWDGRXDOD,&3VHRE LQH!!FDUHHVWH
aplicat blocului logic 2, prin bornele ( 17 , 18 ) .
'HOD0VHDSOLFFRQGL LDGHGLIHUHQ GHWHQVLXQHLDUSULQVLQ0VHDSOLF
FRQGL LDODWHPSRUL]DUH
ÌQPRPHQWXOHPLWHULLFRPHQ]LLGHFXSODUHVHDSULQGH/('FDUHLQGLFWUDQVPLWHUHD
impulsului de cuplare a d11 din M4 .
0SULPHúWHLQIRUPD LLDVXSUDWHQVLXQLLGHODEDUHOH73'GLQvQIúXUULOHVHFXQGDUH
ale m1 din M8 .
ÌQWUH±±VHDSOLFDFHDVWWHQVLXQHúLHVWHWUDQVPLVOXL'1 ÷ D5 unde
HVWH  UHGUHVDW  úL  DSRL  ILOWUDW  SULQ  &1  GXS  FDUH  VH  WUDQVPLWH  OD   ±   R  WHQVLXQH
QHVWDELOL]DWGH9OD0±úLvQDFHODúLWLPSOD0G1 ) .
Tensiunea de + 24 V prin D3 , R2HVWHWUDQVPLVOXL,&1 care prin T1, R, R4UHDOL]HD]R
stabilizare de 15 V .
3UH]HQ DDFHVWHLWHQVLXQLHVWHVHPQDOL]DWSULQ'6 .
7HQVLXQHDHVWHWUDQVPLVOD±úLOD0E1 , C1úL0±
Tot din tensiunea de + 24 V , prin R1 , D2VHRE LQHOD±RWHQVLXQHVWDELOL]DWOD
+5V.
Tensiunea din secundarul m1UHGUHVDWSULQ'2 , D4ILOWUDWSULQ&3 , se transmite la
0±úLOD,&2 .
R7 , R8VWDELOL]HD]WHQVLXQHDLDUOD±VHRE LQHWHQVLXQHGH9ID GHPDV
VHPQDOL]DWSULQ'7 .
&RQ LQHWUHLWUDQVIRUPDWRDUHP1, m2 de tensiune, m3 de curent.
0DLFRQ LQHFRQWDFWRUXOG1, prin care se emite comanda de cuplare a întreruptorului
DXWRPDWúLUHOHHOHG2úLG3 prin care se emite comanda la servomotor.
d2, d3 au contacte de LQWHUEORFDUHQRUPDOvQFKLVHSHQWUXDQXFXSODVLPXOWDQúLFkWH
XQFRQWDFWQRUPDOGHVFKLVFXSODWvQSDUDOHOSULQFDUHvQIXQF LHGHUHOHXOFDUHFXSOHD]
se transmite la M4 (18 – 19) o tensiune de ± 15V.

$&,21$5($(/(&75,&$0(&$1,60(/25
NAVALE FREIDZON

CUPLAREA ÎN PARALEL

'LVSR]LWLYXO  SULPHúWH  LQIRUPD LL  DVXSUD  WHQVLXQLL  GH  OLQLH  GH  OD  73'  úL  GH  OD
JHQHUDWRUXOFDUHXUPHD]DILFXSODWvQSDUDOHOSULQP1, m2 din M8.
Tensiunea din secundarul m1VHDSOLFvQ0úLSULQUHGUHVDUHVHRE LQHRWHQVLXQH
QHVWDELOL]DWGH÷9FDUHVHDSOLFvQG1 din M8.
$FHDVWWHQVLXQHGLQ671VHVWDELOL]HD]OD9úLVHDSOLFvQWRDWHPRGXOHOHFX
βA 741.
7HQVLXQHDGHODJHQHUDWRUUHGUHVDWvQ0GHWHUPLQQHVWDELOL]DWDSOLFDWOD0
ODRLQWUDUHvQWUXQVXPDWRUvQFDUHVHFRPSDUSH591FXWHQVLXQHDVWDELOL]DWSHP2
(M8).
La intrarea în SUM (M5 ), pe RV1 tensiunile se scad.
Tot în M7 prin n2úL672VHRE LQ9VWDELOL]D L
'LQ9SULQ3/9VHRE LQ9VWDELOL]D QHFHVDULOD00

252
 ÌQ0VHSULPHVFLQIRUPD LLGLQP2 0FDUHVHUHGUHVHD]úLVHFRPSDUSH591 cu
WHQVLXQHDGHODEDUHFkWúLD%/1.
Prin filtrare în F1, F2úLDPSOLILFDUHvQ5OD±VHRE LQHXQVHPQDOWULXQJKLXODU
DSOLFDWvQ0úL0
ÌQ0H[LVWúLXQFDQDOSULQFDUHVHFRPSDUWHQVLXQLOHúLFkQGGLIHUHQ HOHVXQWVXE
OLPLWDDGPLVODLHúLUHDFRPSDUDWRUXOXLGXEO±DOWHUQDQ &3VHRE LQH!!ORJLFOD±
6 ale M5.
$FHDVWWHQVLXQHVHDSOLFvQ0±OD%/2 (M6 ).
ÌQ0±VHDSOLFVHPQDOXOWULXQJKLXODUGLQ0
3ULQGLIHUHQ LHUHúLDPSOLILFDUHRSDUWHGLQHOHVHDSOLFXQXLVXPDWRUXQGHVHDGXQ
FX  VHPQDOXO  GH  OD  LQWUDUH /D  LHúLUHD  FRPSDUDWRUXOXL  &1  VH  RE LQ  LPSXOVXUL  FDUH
DQWLFLSHD]FXXQXQJKLFRQVWDQW DWLQJHUHDYkUIXOXLQHJDWLYDO LPSXOVXOXL  WULXQJKLXODU 
'HRDUHFHGXUDWDOXLQXHVWHVXILFLHQWHDHVWHPULWSULQ%/1úLVHDSOLFOD%/2.
3ULQGHULYDUHGHWHFWDUHúLILOWUDUHvQ'2 , RDOWSDUWHHVWHWUDQVIRUPDWvQWHQVLXQH
QHJDWLYFRQWLQX(DVHFRPSDUvQ&2FXRDOWWHQVLXQHSURSRU LRQDOFX∆fadmúLGDF
este sub valoarea acesteia, la intrarea lui B12 apare <<1>> logic, B12  PDL  SULPHúWH
LQIRUPD LLSULQ±GHOD0GHODXQWHPSRUL]DWRUGHODFDUHVHRE LQHVHPQDOXO
!!QXPDLGXS÷ 1) sec.
&kQGVXQWvQGHSOLQLWHWRDWHFRQGL LLOHEORFXOXLORJLFHPLWH!!FDUHHVWHWUDQVIRUPDW
în 29vQWUXQDPSOLILFDWRUúLDSOLFDWOXL0%ODG1 care permite cuplarea în paralel a
generatorului.

SINCRONIZAREA

$FHVWOXFUXVHUHDOL]HD]SULQ01 în momentul în care se închid b1, b2 (M2 ) .

,QL LDOL]DUHD FRPHQ]LL GH VLQFURQL]DUH VH UHDOL]HD] vQ PRPHQWXO vQ FDUH UG >0,85 UN,
FRQGL LHFDUHVHRE LQHSULQ0SULQLQWHUPHGLXOXQXLFRPSDUDWRUúLGHDVHPHQHDGXS
FXSODUHD65$ODUH HDúLJHQHUDWRUvQXUPDH[SLUULLWLPSXOXLVWDELOLWGHWHPSRUL]DWRUXO
7GLQ0&kQGDFHVWHFRQGL LLVXQWvQGHSOLQLWH0SUHLDLQIRUPD LLDVXSUDIUHFYHQ HORU
JHQHUDWRUXOXLúLVLVWHPXOXLSULQ03 , M5SULQGLVFULPLQDWRUXOGHIUHFYHQ ,&3úL,&4.
6H  IRUPHD]  OD  LHúLULOH  $ %  VHPQDOH  !!  vQ  IXQF LH  GH  VHQVXO  GLIHUHQ HL  GH
IUHFYHQ 
ÌQFRQWLQXDUHRSHUD LDGHVLQFURQL]DUHVHUHDOL]HD]QXPDLGDFUG > 0,85 UN.
7RWSHQWUXHPLWHUHDLPSXOVXULORUODLHúLUHGLQ0VHWUDQVPLWHOD±XQVHPQDO
SURSRU LRQDOFXVHPQDOXOWULXQJKLXODUGHLQWUDUH$FHVWVHPQDOSULQ,&10IRUPHD]OD
LHúLUH  LPSXOVXUL  GUHSWXQJKLXODUH $FHVWH  LPSXOVXUL  SULQ  712  vQFDUF  XQ  FRQGHQVDWRU  &3.
6HPQDOXOGHYLQHFRQWLQXXODGLIHUHQ HPDULGHIUHFYHQ /DRDQXPLWGLIHUHQ PLQLP
HPLWHUHDLPSXOVXOXLVHRSUHúWH&kQGVXQWvQGHSOLQLWHVLPXOWDQFHOHWUHLFRQGL LLOD$%
DSDUH  !! úL  VHPQDOHOH  VH  DSOLF  OD  0% ± G2, d3  GH  XQGH  VH  UHJOHD]  WXUD LD
VHUYRPRWRUXOXLGHUHJODUHDWXUD LHL
'XSFXSODUHDvQSDUDOHOSULQLQWHUPHGLXOXQXLFRQWDFWQRUPDOGHVFKLVDOE3 (M2) se
RE LQH  XQ  VHPQDO  ORJLF  FDUH  VH  DSOLF  OD  0 ± FDUH  FXSOHD]  G1 (M4) când are
VHPQDOúLGHOD0

253
 Prin contact direct sau, M4 transmite la intrarea în sumatorul acestui modul un semnal
SURSRU LRQDOFXSXWHUHDPHGLHDJHQHUDWRUXOXL/DFHDODOWLQWUDUHDVXPDWRUXOXLVHPDL
DSOLF  XQ  VHPQDO  SURSRU LRQDO  FX  ∆I  úL  XQ  VHPQDO  SURSRU LRQDO  FX  , FRV ϕ. Semnalul
UH]XOWDWVHDSOLFXQXLUHJXODWRUWULSR]L LRQDOÌQIXQF LHGHGLIHUHQ DvQWUHSXWHULOHPHGLL
DSDUHXQVHPQDOORJLFFDUHVHDSOLFOD0ODLQWUULOHDPSOLILFDWRDUHORUGHLHúLUHFDUH
FRPDQG  G2 , d3 (M8). Când ∆p este sub ∆Padm regulatorul WULSR]L LRQDO  QX  PDL  HPLWH
VHPQDOúLDSDUDWXOQXPDLIXQF LRQHD]

Fig. 31 – Schema de conectare a 65$$vQFD]XOXWLOL]ULL

VDOHODFXSODUHDvQSDUDOHOúLUHSDUWL]DUHDSXWHULLDFWLYH

254