Fig.124.

9DULD LDFRPSRQHQWHLSHULRGLFHHVWHGHWHUPLQDW DWkWGHYDULD LDWHQVLXQLLHOHFWURPRWRDUHD

JHQHUDWRUXOXL FkW úL GH YDULD LD UHDFWDQ HL DFHVWXLD 'XS DPRUWL]DUHD FXUHQ LORU OLEHUL GLQ
vQIúXUULOH JHQHUDWRUXOXL FXUHQWXO SHULRGLF VH VWDELOL]HD] OD R DQXPLW YDORDUH FXUHQWXO GH
scurtcircuit stabilizat, I∞ PDL PLF GHFkW YDORDUHD LQL LDO FX FkW VFXUWFLUFXLWXO HVWH PDL
DSURSLDWGHVXUV
'DF vQ SOXV JHQHUDWRUXO HVWH HFKLSDW FX UHJXODWRU DXWRPDW GH WHQVLXQH 5$7 DFHDVWD
VHVL]HD] PLFúRUDUHD WHQVLXQLL OD ERUQH úL FRPDQG ULGLFDUHD QLYHOXOXL GH H[FLWD LH GHFL D
WHQVLXQLLHOHFWURPRWRDUH'HRDUHFHLQWHUYHQ LDUHJXODWRUXOXLVHIDFHFXRDQXPLWvQWkU]LHUHID 
GH PRPHQWXO SURGXFHULL VFXUWFLUFXLWXOXL LQIOXHQ D VD VH YD PDQLIHVWD vQ PRG GHRVHELW DVXSUD
FXUHQWXOXL VWDELOL]DW GXFkQG OD FUHúWHUHD DPSOLWXGLQLL VDOH ÌQ ILJ VH SUH]LQW YDULD LD vQ
timp a componentei periodice pentru un generator echipat cu RAT (cazul general al centralelor
electrice).

)LJ9DULD LDvQWLPSDFRPSRQHQWHLSHULRGLFH
pentru un generator echipat cu RAT.
'HWHUPLQDUHDH[SUHVLHLFXUHQWXOXLGHVFXUWFLUFXLWvQFD]XODOLPHQWULLGHODRVXUVGHSXWHUH
ILQLWQHFHVLWVWXGLHUHDFRPSRUWULLJHQHUDWRUXOXLVLQFURQvQUHJLPWUDQ]LWRULX

7(16,81($(/(&7520272$5(75$1=,725,(ù,
SUPRATRANZITORIE

În decursul procesului tranzitoriu de scurtcircuit tensiunea electromotoare a generatorului se

PRGLILF GDWRULW VFKLPEULL IOX[XOXL GLYHUVHORU vQIúXUUL 3HQWUX GHWHUPLQDUHD H[SUHVLLORU
WHQVLXQLORUHOHFWURPRWRDUHHVWHQHFHVDUVFRQVLGHUPúLvQDFHVWFD]VHSDUDWJHQHUDWRUXOIUúL
FXvQIúXUULGHDPRUWL]DUH

121
 /D GHWHUPLQDUHD WHQVLXQLL HOHFWURPRWRDUH YRP LQH VHDPD úL GH IDSWXO F vQ FLUFXLWH
LQGXFWLYHFXUHQWXOQXSRDWHDYHDGLVFRQWLQXLW LVDOWXULEUXúWH

*(1(5$7258/)5Ì1)ù855,'($0257,=$5(
T.E.M. TRANZITORIE.

&RQVLGHUPFLUFXLWHOHPDJQHWLFHQHVWXUDWHGLDJUDPDIOX[XULORUGXSD[DORQJLWXGLQDOvQ
UHJLP QRUPDO HVWH UHSUH]HQWDW vQ ILJD &XUHQWXO GLQ vQIúXUDUHD GH H[FLWD LH GHWHUPLQ
fluxul φ f care se descompune în fluxul util φ d úLFHOGHGLVSHUVLH φ σ f /DUkQGXOVXIOX[XO
util φ d  SRDWH IL FRQVLGHUDW FD GLIHUHQ  ID]RULDO GLQWUH IOX[XO vQ întrefier φ δd úL IOX[XO GH
UHDF LH ORQJLWXGLQDO D VWDWRUXOXL φ af  $WXQFL IOX[XO GH vQOQ XLUH D vQIúXUULL GH H[FLWD LH
φ Σf se compune din fluxul de dispersie φ σ f úLIOX[XOvQîntrefier φ δd .
Fig.126.

ÌQWUXFkWIOX[XOGHvQOQ XLUHDOvQIúXUULLGHH[FLWD LHWUHEXLHVUPkQFRQVWDQWvQDFHDVWD

YD DSDUH XQ FXUHQW FDUH G QDúWHUH XQXL IOX[ VXSOLPHQWDU ∆φ f  FH DQXOHD] FUHúWHUHD UHDF LHL
statorice:
∆Φ f + ∆φ ad = 0 (316)
([SULPkQGPULPLOHvQXQLW LUHODWLYHQRPLQDOHúLvQSOXVUDSRUWkQGPULPLOHrotorice la
VWDWRUUHOD LDDQWHULRDUGHYLQH
∆ I d x ad + ∆ I f x f = 0 (317)
6HPRGLILFIOX[XOvQIúXUULOHGHH[FLWD LHGHOD φ f la φ f + ∆φ f VHPRGLILFúLIOX[XOGH
GLVSHUVLHDODFHVWHLvQIúXUULGHFLúLIOX[XOvQvQWUHILHUUPkQkQGFRQVWDQWIOX[XOGHvQOQ XLUH
φ Σf  ILJE &D XUPDUH D PRGLILFULL IOX[XOXL vQ vQWUHILHU VH VFKLPE úL WHQVLXQHD
HOHFWURPRWRDUH D PDúLQLL 3HQWUX D GHWHUPLQD QRXD YDORDUH D WHQVLXQLL HOHFWURPRWRDUH
H[SULPPSDUWHDGLQIOX[XOGHvQOQ XLUHDH[FLWD LHLFDUHHVWHFXSODWFXVWDWRUXO
φ′d = (1 − σ f )φ Σf (318)
unde:
φ Σf x σf
σf = = (319)
φf x σf + x ad
FRHILFLHQWXOGHGLVSHUVLHDOvQIúXUULLGHH[FLWD LH
φ σf UHDFWDQ DGHVFSULDvQIúXUULLGHH[FLWD LH

Sau:

122
 ( ) 
φ′d = (1 − σ f ) φ f + φ ad = 1 −
x σf
 x σf + x ad

( )
 I f x f + I d x ad =

(320)
2
=
x ad
x σf + x ad
[ ]
I f (x σf + x d ) + I d x ad = I f x ad + I d
x ad
x σf + x ad
Acestui flux îi corespunde tensiunea electromotoare:
2 2
x ad x ad
E ′q = E q − jI d = U q + jI d x d − jI d = U q + jI d x ′d (321)
x σf + x ad x σf + x ad
7HQVLXQHD HOHFWURPRWRDUH GHWHUPLQDW FX UHOD LD GH PDL VXV UHSUH]LQW WHP WUDQ]LWRULH úL
FDUDFWHUL]HD] JHQHUDWRUXO VLQFURQ IU vQIúXUUL GH DPRUWL]DUH vQ PRPHQWXO SURGXFHULL
scurtcircuitului.

*(1(5$7258/)5Ì1)ù855,'($0257,=$5(
T.E.M. SUPRATRANZITORIE

5HSUH]HQWkQGUD LRQDPHQWHOHGLQSDUDJUDIXODQWHULRUúL LQkQGVHDPDGHSUH]HQ DvQIúXUULL

GHDPRUWL]DUHORQJLWXGLQDOVHGHWHUPLQH[SUHVLDt.e.m. VXSUDWUDQ]LWRULLWUDQVYHUVDOHVLPLODU
expresiei anterioare:
E ′q′ = U q + Ji d x ′d′ (322)
3UH]HQ D vQIúXUULL GH DPRUWL]DUH WUDQVYHUVDO GHWHUPLQ vQ DFHVW FD] úL DSDUL LD XQHL
componente longitudinale a tensiunii electromotoare supratranzitorii:
E ′d′ = U d + Ji q x ′q′ (323)

1.6.7. REGIMUL PERMANENT DE SCURTCIRCUIT

9DORDUHD FXUHQWXOXL GH VFXUWFLUFXLW VWDELOL]DW GXS DPRUWL]DUHD FXUHQ LORU OLEHUL HVWH
GHWHUPLQDW GH R VHULH GH IDFWRUL DWkW LQWHUQL GHSHQGHQ L GH PDúLQ VLPHWULD VDX nesimetria
URWRUXOXL SUH]HQ D UHJODMXOXL DXWRPDW GH WHQVLXQH FkW úL H[WHUQL LQIOXHQ D FRQVXPDWRULORU
SUH]HQ D DOWRU VXUVH HWF 1H SURSXQHP V DQDOL]P LQIOXHQ D DFHVWRU IDFWRUL úL PRGXO ORU GH
considerare la determinarea curentului de scurtcircuit.

,1)/8(1$527258/8,&832/,$3$5(1,

În momentul producerii scurtcircuitului, curentul VWDWRULF FUHúWH FHHD FH DUH HIHFW PULUHD
IOX[XOXLGHUHDF LHORQJLWXGLQDOFX ∆φ ad fig.(9).
ÌQDFHVWFD]WHQVLXQHDHOHFWURPRWRDUHHVWHGDWGHUHOD LD
E = Uq + Id x d (324)

Dar, întrucât U q = I d x ext + I q rext , x ext  úL rext  ILLQG UHDFWDQ D UHVSHFWLY UH]LVWHQ D
FLUFXLWXOXLH[WHULRUUHOD LDGHYLQH
E = Ix + Ir + Ix (325)

123
 Dar, conform figurii, putem scrie:
I d rext
I q = I d ctgψ = (326)
x q + x ext

Fig.127.

'LQUHOD LLOHDQWHULRDUHVHRE LQHFXUHQWXOORQJLWXGLQDO

(
E q x q + x ext )
Id = (327)
(
(x d + x ext ) x q + x ext + rext
2
)
úLFXUHQWXOWUDQVYHUVDO
E q rext
Id = (328)
(
(x d + x ext ) x q + x ext + rext
2
)
Atunci, curentul de scurtcircuit total, în cazul generatorului cu SROLDSDUHQ LDUHH[SUHVLD
Eq (x q + x ext )2 + rext
2
I pa = rd2 + rq2 = (329)
(x d + x ext )(x q + x ext )+ rext
2

3HQWUX D SXWHD GHWHUPLQD LQIOXHQ D QHVLPHWULHL URWRUXOXL V FRPSDUP DFHVW FXUHQW FX FHO
( )
rezultat în cazul unui generator cu SROL vQHFD L x d = x q ; în acest caz expresia curentului
devine:
Eq
I pî = (330)
(x d + x ext ) 2 2
+ rext
PDLLQWURGXFHPQRWD LLOH
x q = αx d ; rext = β x d (331)
,QIOXHQ DFHDPDLPDUHDnesimetriei URWRULFHVHYDUHVLP LvQFD]XOFLUFXLWXOXLH[WHULRUSXU
rezistiv (xext $WXQFLUHOD LLOHFXQRWD LLOHDQWHULRDUHGHYLQ
α 2 x d2 + β 2 x d2 α 2 + β2
I pa = Eq =
( )
Eq (332)
αx 2
xd d + β 2 x d2 xd α +β
1
I pî = Eq = Eq (333)
x d2 + β 2 x d2 x d 1+ β2

124
 5DSRUWXOFHORUGRLFXUHQ LFDSWH[SUHVLD

λ=
I pa
=
α 2 + β2
= 1+ 
 2
α + β 2
(
1 + β 2
)(

− 1 = 1 + 
)
 β(1 − α )

2
(334)
I pî α + β2 
 α+β 2 2
( 
 ) 
 α + β 2


'LQ H[SUHVLD GH PDL VXV VH FRQVWDW LPHGLDW F UDSRUWXO FXUHQ LORU HVWH VXSUDXQLWDU GHFL
curentul de scurtcircuit în cazul generatorului cu SROL DSDUHQ L HVWH PDL PDUH &RQVLGHUkQG
DFHVWUDSRUWFDRIXQF LHGHUDSRUWXO β = rext / x d VJVLPFRQGL LDGHPD[LPSHQWUXDFHDVWD
DQXOPGHULYDWDVDvQUDSRUWFXβ:
∂λ
=
1
⋅2⋅ ⋅
( )
β(1 − α ) (1 − α ) α + β 2 − 2β 2 (1 − α )
=0 (335)
∂β
 β(1 − α )
2 1+ 
2 α + β2 (
α +β 2 2
)

 α + β 2 
5H]XOW β = α úLYDORDUHDPD[LPDUDSRUWXOXL
1+ α
λ max = (336)
2 α
Pentru valorile curente α ≅ 0,6  UH]XOW λ max ≅ 1,03.  6H FRQVWDW GHFL F vQ FDOFXOXO
FXUHQWXOXL GH VFXUWFLUFXLW SHUPDQHQW VH SRDWH QHJOLMD LQIOXHQ D nesimetriei rotorului, eroarea
LQWURGXVILLQGPLF

,1)/8(1$5(*/$-8/8,$8720$7'(7(16,81(

5HJODMXODXWRPDWGHWHQVLXQHDVHIDFHFXDMXWRUXOUHJXODWRDUHORUúLDUHGUHSWVFRSPHQ LQHUHD
WHQVLXQLL OD ERUQHOH JHQHUDWRUXOXL OD YDORDUHD GRULW ,QGLIHUHQW GH SULQFLSLXO FRQVWUXFWLY
UHJXODWRUXO DXWRPDW GH WHQVLXQH 5$7 DF LRQHD] DVXSUD H[FLWD LHL JHQHUDWRUXOXL SHQWUX
DQXODUHD DEDWHULL WHQVLXQLL GH OD YDORDUHD SUHVFULV 2UL vQ UHJLP GH VFXUWFLUFXLW WHQVLXQHD OD
ERUQHOH JHQHUDWRUXOXLVHPLFúRUHD]PDLPXOWVDXPDLSX LQIXQF LHGHORFXOXQGH VD SURGXV
GHIHFWXOFDXUPDUH5$7VHVL]kQGUHGXFHUHDWHQVLXQLLLQWUvQIXQF LHúLPUHúWHQLYHOXOGH
H[FLWD LH SHQWUX D UHDGXFH WHQVLXQHD OD YDORDUHD SUHVFULV $FHVW OXFUX vQV UHVWDELOLUHD
WHQVLXQLL QX HVWH SRVLELO WRWGHDXQD GHRDUHFH QLYHOXO GH H[FLWD LH QX SRDWH FUHúWH QHOLPLWDW
H[LVWkQG R YDORDUH SODIRQ FUHLD vL FRUHVSXQGH R WHQVLXQH HOHFWURPRWRDUH OLPLW Eqlim 'DF
VFXUWFLUFXLWXOHVWHPDLvQGHSUWDWDWXQFLSULQULGLFDUHDQLYHOXOXLGHH[FLWD LHVHSRDWHUHVWDELOL
WHQVLXQHD QRPLQDO OD ERUQHOH JHQHUDWRUXOXL vQ FD] FRQWUDU GHúL H[FLWD LD HVWH OD YDORDUHD
SODIRQWHQVLXQHDODERUQHOH JHQHUDWRUXOXLHVWHPDLPLFGHFkW FHDQRPLQDO vQ SDUWLFXODU vQ
FD]XO VFXUWFLUFXLWXOXL OD ERUQHOH JHQHUDWRUXOXL 8   9D H[LVWD DWXQFL R DQXPLW YDORDUH D
LPSHGDQ HLGHVFXUWFLUFXLWH[WHULRDUHQXPLWLPSHGDQ FULWLFzcrFDUHGHOLPLWHD]FHOHGRX
VLWXD LL
3HQWUXGHWHUPLQDUHDLPSHGDQ HLFULWLFHIDFHPXUPWRUXOUD LRQDPHQW
 GDF LPSHGDQ D H[WHULRDU SkQ OD ORFXO GHIHFWXOXL HVWH PDL PLF GHFkW FHD FULWLF
JHQHUDWRUXO IXQF LRQHD] FX H[FLWD LD SODIRQ GHFL DUH WHP OLPLW Eqlim úL FXUHQWXO GH
VFXUWFLUFXLWVWDELOL]DWSRDWHILGHWHUPLQDWFXUHOD LD
E q lim
I= (337)
rext + (x d + x ext )
2 2

GDFLPSHGDQ DH[WHULRDUHVWHPDLPDUHGHFkWYDORDUHDFULWLF JHQHUDWRUXO IXQF LRQHD]

FX XQ QLYHO GH H[FLWD LH VXE SODIRQ DYkQG OD ERUQH WHQVLXQHD QRPLQDO DWXQFL FXUHQWXO GH
scurtcircuit stabilizat are expresia:

125
 Un
I= (338)
Z ext
 GDF LPSHGDQ D H[WHULRDU HVWH HJDO FX YDORDUHD FULWLF JHQHUDWRUXO IXQF LRQHD] FX
H[FLWD LD SODIRQ FDUH vL DVLJXU vQF OD ERUQH WHQVLXQHD QRPLQDO &D XUPDUH FXUHQWXO GH
VFXUWFLUFXLW VWDELOL]DW VH SRDWH GHWHUPLQD FX RULFDUH GLQ UHOD LLOH DQWHULRDUH UH]XOWkQG DFHHDúL
valoare:
E q lim U
= n (339)
r + (x + x
2
ext d )2
ext.cr
Z cr

ÌQORFXLQG vQ UHOD LH SH rext.cr = Z cr cos ϕ  úL x ext.cr = Z cr sin ϕ  úL RUGRQkQG GXS Zcr,
RE LQHPHFXD LD
(E q2 lim − U 2n )Z cr2 − 2x d U 2n sin ϕZ cr − x d2 U 2n = 0 (340)
GHXQGHUH]XOWLPSHGDQ DFULWLF
 E2 
 q lim 
sin ϕ + sin ϕ2 +  − 1
 U 2n 
 
Z cr = x d (341)
E q2 lim
−1
U 2n
'LQUHOD LDGHPDLVXVVHFRQVWDWFSHQWUXXQDQXPLWDUJXPHQW ϕ LPSHGDQ DFULWLFHVWH
IXQF LHQXPDLGHSDUDPHWULLJHQHUDWRUXOXLxd, Eqlim, Un).
'HFLvQFD]XOJHQHUDWRDUHORUSUHY]XWHFX5$7ODGHWHUPLQDUHDFXUHQWXOXLGHVFXUWFLUFXLW
VWDELOL]DW VH IRORVHúWH ILH WHQVLXQHD HOHFWURPRWRDUH SODIRQ Eqlim ILH WHQVLXQHD QRPLQDO OD
borne, UnGXSFXPLPSHGDQ DH[WHULRDUSkQODORFXOGHIHFWXOXLHVWHPDLPLFUHVSHFWLYPDL
PDUHGHFkWLPSHGDQ DFULWLF
ÌQ FD]XO SDUWLFXODU DO JHQHUDWRDUHORU IU 5$7 FXUHQWXO GH VFXUWFLUFXLW VWDELOL]DW VH
GHWHUPLQ FX SULPD UHOD LH vQ FDUH VH LD WHQVLXQHD HOHFWURPRWRDUH D JHQHUDWRUXOXL H[LVWHQW vQ
momentul producerii defectului, Eq'DF DFHDVWD QX VH FXQRDúWH DWXQFL SRDWH IL GHWHUPLQDW
DSUR[LPDWLYFXUHOD LD
Eq = (U cos ϕ)2 + (U sin ϕ + Ix d )2 (342)

XQGH8,úL ϕ VXQWPULPLOHFRUHVSXQ]WRDUHUHJLPXOXLDQWHULRUSURGXFHULLVFXUWFLUFXLWXOXL

,1)/8(1$6$5&,1,,

,QIOXHQ DVDUFLQLLVHPDQLIHVWVXEGRXDVSHFWH
 GHWHUPLQ QLYHOXO GH H[FLWD LH D JHQHUDWRUXOXL vQ UHJLPXO DQWHULRU GHIHFWXOXL $FHVW QLYHO
HVWH GHVLJXU PDL PDUH GHFkW FHO FRUHVSXQ]WRU IXQF LRQULL vQ JRO úL vQ OLSVD 5$7 VH
PHQ LQHvQWRWWLPSXOGHVIúXUULLSURFHVXOXLGHVFXUWFLUFXLW&DXUPDUHODFDOFXOXOFXUHQWXOXL
GHVFXUWFLUFXLWJHQHUDWRUXOWUHEXLHOXDWvQFRQVLGHUD LHFDDYkQGDFHVWQLYHOGHH[FLWD LH
PRGLILFPULPHDúLGLVWULEX LDFXUHQ LORUGLQVFKHP
6FRQVLGHUPXQH[HPSOXVLPSOXJHQHUDWRUXOFXWHQVLXQHD8úLFXUHQWXO,UDPXUDDYDULDW
Xk, IkúLRUDPXUFRQ LQkQGRVDUFLQFRQFHQWUDWZsarc, Isarc6HFRQVWDWFSUH]HQ DVDUFLQLLvQ

126
SDUDOHO FX UDPXUD DYDULDW GXFH OD PULUHD FXUHQWXOXL GHELWDW OD ERUQHOH JHQHUDWRUXOXL FD
XUPDUHDPLúFULLWHQVLXQLLVHUHGXFHúLFXUHQWXOGHVFXUWFLUFXLWGLQUDPXUDDYDULDW

Fig.128.
3UREOHPD FRQVLGHUULL vQ FDOFXOH D VDUFLQLL HVWH GLILFLO vQWUXFkW HVWH IRUPDW vQ VSHFLDO GLQ
PRWRDUH D FURU UHDFWDQ  HVWH JUHX GH DSUHFLDW ILLQG IXQF LH GH DOXQHFDUH OD PRWRDUHOH
asincrone ce constituie majoritatea), iar aceasta la rândul ei depinde de tensiune. Deoarece
FDOFXOXOSHFDUHOIDFHPHVWH DSUR[LPDWLYXUPULQGGHWHUPLQDUHD YDORULL PD[LPH D FXUHQWXOXL
GH VFXUWFLUFXLW VH SRDWH UHFXUJH OD R UHSUH]HQWDUH VLPSOLILFDW D VDUFLQLL SULQWUR UHDFWDQ 
FRQFHQWUDW QHJOLMkQG UH]LVWHQ D SHQWUX VLPSOLILFDUHD FDOFXOHORU vQ SDUDOHO FX UDPXUD
DYDULDW
'HWHUPLQDUHDUHDFWDQ HLHFKLYDOHQWHDVDUFLQLLJHQHUDOL]DWHVHIDFHSRUQLQGGHODFRQGL LDFD
vQUHJLPQRUPDOSXULQGXFWLYODERUQHOHJHQHUDWRUXOXLVDYHPWHQVLXQHDQRPLQDO
ÌQDFHVWHFRQGL LL
E q = U n + Ix d (343)
7HQVLXQHDODERUQHSRDWHILH[SULPDWúLIXQF LHGHUHDFWDQ DVDUFLQLLVXEIRUPD
U n = Ix sarc (344)
6HRE LQHSHQWUXUHDFWDQ DVDUFLQLLJHQHUDOL]DWHH[SUHVLD
Un
x sarc = x d (345)
Eq − Un

'DF vQ UHOD LD GH PDL VXV VH LQWURGXF PULPLOH vQ XQLW L UHODWLYH QRPLQDOH SHQWUX
turbogeneratoarele tip xd = 1/0,7; Eq = 2,2; Un = 1; iar pentru hidrogeneratoarele tip xd
= 1/1,1; Eq = 1,8; Un VHRE LQHYDORDUHDUHODWLYDUHDFWDQ HLVDUFLQLLJHQHUDOL]DWHxsarc =
 $FHDVW YDORDUH VH FRQVLGHU D IL UDSRUWDW OD vQWUHDJD SXWHUH D VDUFLQLL úL OD WHQVLXQHD
PHGLHQRPLQDODSXQFWXOXLXQGHVHFRQVLGHUFRQHFWDW

)LJ&XUEHOHGHYDULD LDOXL,úL8

ÌQ ILJXUD  VH SUH]LQW R FRPSDUD LH vQWUH FXUEHOH GH YDULD LH D FXUHQWXOXL úL WHQVLXQLL
SHQWUXRVDUFLQUHDOFXOLQLHSOLQúLRVDUFLQHFKLYDOHQWFXOLQLHvQWUHUXSW6HFRQVWDWR

127
FRQFRUGDQ VDWLVIFWRDUHvQWUHFXUEHOHFRUHVSXQ]WRDUHvQFHOHGRXFD]XUL&XOLQLHSXQFWV
DXUHSUH]HQWDWDFHOHDúLPULPLvQFD]XOQHFRQVLGHUULLVDUFLQLLZarc VHREVHUYFDFHDVW
LSRWH]LQWURGXFHHURULFRQVLGHUDELOH

,1)/8(1$$/7256856(

ÌQ UHDOLWDWH H[LVW PDL PXOWH JHQHUDWRDUH úL QR LXQHD GH LPSHGDQ  H[WHULRDU vQ UDSRUW FX
ILHFDUH VXUV vúL SLHUGH VHQVXO ÌQ DFHVWH VLWXD LL FRQVLGHUDUHD XQXL JHQHUDWRU ILH FX WHQVLXQHD
HOHFWURPRWRDUHOLPLWILHFXWHQVLXQHDQRPLQDOVHIDFHvQXUPDXQRUDSUR[LPD LLVXFFHVLYH
3HQWUXH[HPSOLILFDUHFRQVLGHUPVFKHPDGLQILJXUD

)LJ6FKHPDHOHFWULFFXFLUFXLWHSXULQGXFWLYH

ÌQWUR SULP HWDS FRQVLGHUP FLUFXLWHOH SXU LQGXFWLYH 'DF UHDFWDQ D GH VFXUWFLUFXLW HVWH
PDL PLF GHFkW UHDFWDQ D FULWLF FRUHVSXQ]WRDUH SULPXOXL JHQHUDWRU xk < xcrt), atunci îl
LQWURGXFHP vQ FDOFXOH SULQ WHQVLXQHD HOHFWURPRWRDUH OLPLW Eqlim úL UHDFWDQ D VLQFURQ
ORQJLWXGLQDO[d,1); în caz contrar, (xk < xcrtvOLQWURGXFHPSULQWHQVLXQHDQRPLQDO 8n,1); la
IHOúLJHQHUDWRDUHOHDIODWHPDLGHSDUWHGHORFXOGHIHFWXOXL
3HQWUXSULPDVLWXD LHxk < xcrtVHSXQHSUREOHPDPRGXOXLGHFRQVLGHUDUHDVXUVHLXUPWRDUH
(G2'DFxk + x1HVWHPXOWPDLPLFGHFkW[cr2LQWURGXFHPúLDFHVWJHQHUDWRUSULQWHQVLXQHD
HOHFWURPRWRDUHOLPLWúLUHDFWDQ DVDVLQFURQDFHDVWSUHVXSXQHUHWUHEXLHvQVYHULILFDWSULQ
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mare decât curentul curentul critic (Icr = Un / Zcr LSRWH]D IFXW HVWH EXQ vQ FD] FRQWUDU
introducem generatorul G2SULQWHQVLXQHDVDQRPLQDO
'DFvQVxk + x1 este apropiat sau mai mare ca xcr2HVWHUHFRPDQGDELOLQWURGXFHUHDOXL*2
SULQWHQVLXQHDQRPLQDORULFXPúLvQDFHVWFD]VHLPSXQHYHULILFDUHDLSRWH]HLSULQFRPSDUDUHD
curentului cu cel critic.
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electromotoare EqDQWHULRDUSURGXFHULLGHIHFWXOXLúLSULQUHDFWDQ DORQJLWXGLQDO
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128
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GENERATORULUI SINCRON

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sincron împotriva defectelor interioare prin stingerea câmpului magnetic. Astfel,
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]RQD  JHQHUDWRUXOXL SkQ OD ORFXO vQWUHUXSWRUXOXL GH vQDOW WHQVLXQH , HVWH
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de la generator.

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3HQWUXOLFKLGDUHDGHIHFWXOXLHVWHQHFHVDUDWXQFLúLdezecitarea generatorului, lucru realizat

de automatul de GH]H[FLWDUHUDSLG$'5

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KLGURJHQHUDWRDUHOH OD FDUH H[FLWDWRDUHD HVWH VHSDUDW DQWUHQDW GH XQ PRWRU GH FXUHQW
alternativ.
([LVWvQSULQFLSDOGRXWLSXULGHexcitaoare rotative:
- FXDXWRH[FLWD LHILJ
- FXH[FLWD LHVHSDUDWDOLPHQWDWGHODRsubexcitatoare (fig.133).

129
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ÌQ FLUFXLWXO GH H[FLWD LH DO H[FLWDWRDUHL VH DIO  XQ UHRVWDW 5 SHQWUX UHJODMXO WHQVLXQLL OD
ERUQHOHH[FLWDWRDUHLúLFRUHVSXQ]WRUDFXUHQWXOXLGHH[FLWD LHDJHQHUDWRUXOXLVLQFURQ*; deci
D WHQVLXQLL DFHVWXLD 3HQWUX IRU DUHD H[FLWD LHL vQ SDUDOHO FX UHRVWDWXO 5 VH DIO XQ FRQWDFW
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úXQWDW $WXQFL WHQVLXQHD H[FLWDWRDUHL ± GHFL FXUHQWXO GH H[FLWD LH D JHQHUDWRUXOXL VLQFURQ ±
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)LJ([FLWDWRDUHURWDWLYFXH[FLWD LHVHSDUDW

([FLWDWRDUHURWDWLYFXautoexcitare
ÌQUHJLPQRUPDOGHOXFUXWHQVLXQHDQRPLQDOODERUQHOH JHQHUDWRUXOXLVLQFURQVH
RE LQH  SHQWUX  R  DQXPLW  YDORDUH  D  WHQVLXQLL  GH  H[FLWD LH Ufn  GHWHUPLQDW  JUDILF  GH
LQWHUVHUF LD  GUHSWHL  FH  UHSUH]LQW  FGHUHD  GH  WHQVLXQH  SH  FLUFXLWXO  GH  H[FLWD LH  DO
excitatoarei [ Uf = Ifl ( rfl + R ) ]FXFDUDFWHULVWLFDvQVDUFLQDH[FLWDWRDUHLSXQFWXO$ILJ
134).

)LJ&DUDFWHULVWLFDH[FLWDWRDUHLURWDWLYHFXDXWRH[FLWD LH

130
 &kQGDUHORFIRU DUHDH[FLWD LHL±úXQWDUHDUH]LVWHQ HLGHUHJODUH5±GUHDSWDFGHULLGH
WHQVLXQHvúLPRGLILFSDQWDGHYHQLQGrfl , iflSXQFWXOGHIXQF LRQDUHVHGHSODVHD]vQ%úL
GHWHUPLQWHQVLXQHDGHH[FLWD LHOLPLW8f lim .
Procesul tranzitoriu provocat de úXQWDUHDUH]LVWHQ HLGHUHJODUHHVWHGHVFULVGHHFXD LD
GLIHUHQ LDO
Ifl difl / dt + rfl ifl = Uf (346)
,QWHJUDUHD  DFHVWHL  HFXD LL  SH  FDOH  DQDOLWLF  HVWH  GLILFLO  GLQ  FDX]D  GHSHQGHQ HL
QHOLQLDUHDWHQVLXQLLGHFXUHQW6HSRDWHUHFXUJHODRLQWHJUDUHJUDILFREVHUYkQGF
Fig.134 ):
Ifl difl / dt = ∆Uf = Uf – rfl ifl (347)

Fig. 135. Caracteristica Uf = f ( t )

3HDFHDVWFDOHVHSRDWHWUDVDFDUDFWHULVWLFDifl IWúLIRORVLQGFDUDFWHULVWLFDvQ

VDUFLQDH[FLWDWRDUHLUH]XOWFXUED8f IWÌQILJVDUHSUH]HQWDWFXOLQLHSOLQ
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H[SRQHQ LDOGHIRUPD
( )
U f = U fn + (U f lim . − U fn ) 1 − e − t / Tfl (348)
&RQVWDQWD  GH  WLPS  D  VLVWHPXOXL  GH  H[FLWD LH  Tfl are obijnuit valori cuprinse în
limitele 0,3 – 0,65 sec. , deci este suficient de mare .

(;&,7$72$5(527$7,9&8(;&,7$,(6(3$5$7

)LJ&DUDFWHULVWLFDH[FLWDWRDUHLURWDWLYHFXH[FLWD LHVHSDUDW

&RQVLGHUkQG  VFKHPD  GH  SULQFLSLX  GLQ  )LJ  FDUDFWHULVWLFLOH  GH  IXQF LRQDUH  VXQW
UHSUH]HQWDWHvQILJÌQUHJLPQRUPDOGHIXQF LRQDUHWHQVLXQHDsubexcitatoarei are
expresia :

131
 Ufl = ifl n ( R + rfl ) (349)
úL  SRDWH  IL  FRQVLGHUDW  FD  ILLQG  FRQVWDQW  vQWUXFkW  VXEH[FLWDWRDUHD  HVWH  GLPHQVLRQDW
SXWHUQLF  VDWXUDW /D  úXQWDUHD  UH]LVWHQ HL  GH  UHJODM  5 FXUHQWXO  PD[LP  GH  H[FLWD LH  D
excitatoarei are valoarea :
ifl lim = Ufl / rfl (350)
úLvLFRUHVSXQGHWHQVLXQHDOLPLWDH[FLWDWRDUHL8f lim (Fig.135)
3URFHVXOWUDQ]LWRULXHVWHGHVFULVGHRHFXD LH
Lfl difl / dt + rfl ifl = Ufl (351)
FXGHRVHELUHDFvQDFHVWFD]WHQVLXQHDUflHVWHFRQVWDQW&DXUPDUHLQWHJUDUHD
HFXD LHLVHIDFHXúRUFRQGXFkQGODVROX LD
( )
i fl = i fln + (i fllim. − i fln ) 1 − e − t/Tfll (352)
unde Tfl = Lfl / rfl .
)RORVLQGúLFDUDFWHULVWLFDvQVDUFLQDH[FLWDWRDUHLUH]XOWFXUED8f = f ( t ) care poate
ILDSUR[LPDWúLvQDFHVWFD]FXRH[SRQHQ LDO

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GHRUGLQXO.$QHFHVDULSHQWUXDOLPHQWDUHDFLUFXLWXOXLGHH[FLWD LH
([LVWRPDUHGLYHUVLWDWHGHVFKHPHIXQF LHGHVROX LDDGRSWDWSHQWUXDOLPHQWDUHD
SHSDUWHDGHFLUFXLWDOWHUQDWLYSUHFXPúLIXQF LHGHVLVWHPXOGHUHGUHVDUH
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JHQHUDWRUXO  VLQFURQ  )LJ  ([FLWDUHD  JHQHUDWRUXOXL  DX[LOLDU  VH  DVLJXU  GH  OD  R
excitatoare pilot, EpGHFXUHQWDOWHUQDWLYFXDXWRH[FLWD LHVDXFXPDJQH LSHUPDQHQ L
3ULQGLVSXQHUHDLQGXVXOXLJHQHUDWRUXOXLDX[LOLDUúLDVLVWHPXOXLGHUHGUHVDUHSHURWRUVH
HOLPLQLQHOHOHGHFRQWDFW )LJ IDSWGHRVHELWGH LPSRUWDQW  vQ  FD]XO  FXUHQ LORU
forte mari.

Fig. 137 Fig. 138

&RPSRUWDUHDGLQDPLFDDFHVWXLVLVWHPGHH[FLWD LHHVWHDVHPQWRDUHH[FLWDWRDUHORU
URWDWLYH  GH  FXUHQW  FRQWLQXX  FX  H[FLWD LH  VHSDUDW  $VHPQDUHD  HVWH  GHWHUPLQDW  GH
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semiconductoare este QHLQHU LDO QHLQIOXHQ kQG  FRQVWDQWD  GH  WLPS  D  VLVWHPXOXL  GH
H[FLWD LH
2DOWVROX LHHVWHDFHDDDOLPHQWULLVLVWHPXOXLGHUHGUHVDUHGHSHEDUHOHVHUYLFLLORU
interne de curent alternativ. În acest caz se pot folosi redresoare comandate fie de tip

132
ionic ( fig.139 ), fie cu tiristoare ( fig. 140 ). Prin utilizarea redresoarelor comandate se
HOLPLQUH]LVWHQ DGHUHJODM;YDULD LDWHQVLXQLLGHH[FLWD LHUHDOL]kQGXVHILHSULQFRPDQGD
SHJULODUHGUHVRDUHORULRQLFHILHSULQYDULD LDXQJKLXOXLGHDSULQGHUHDtiristoarelor.

Fig. 139 Fig. 140

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SULQLQWHUPHGLXOWUDQVIRUPDWRDUHORUGHFXUHQWúLWHQVLXQH
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RGHRVHELWLPSRUWDQ vQVSHFLDOFkQGFHQWUDODDOLPHQWHD]FRQVXPDWRULGHSXWHUHFX
YDULD LLGHVDUFLQSURQXQ DWHH[HPSOXJUXLHOHGHvQFUFDUH±GHVFUFDUH

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SINCRON

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- VHQHJOLMHD]VDWXUD LDFLUFXLWHORUPDJQHWLFH
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rotorului ;
- FDOFXOHOHVHIDFvQXQLW LUHODWLYHUDSRUWDWHODVWDWRU
ÌQDFHVWHFRQGL LLYRPFRQVLGHUDGRXVLWXD LL
- circuitele statorice deschise;
- circuitele VWDWRULFHvQFKLVHSHRUHDFWDQ H[WHULRDUxext. .

CIRCUITELE STATORICE DESCHISE

9DULD LD  FXUHQWXOXL  GH  H[FLWD LH  OD  FUHúWHUHD  WHQVLXQLL  GH  H[FLWD LH  SULQ  VDOW  HVWH
GHVFULVGHHFXD LDGLIHUHQ LDO
xf dif / dt + rf if = Uf (353)
DFUHLVROX LHHVWHGHIRUPD
U
(
i f = f 1 − e − t/Tf0
rf
) (354)

unde Tf 0 = xf / rfHVWHFRQVWDQWDGHWLPSDvQIúXUULLGHH[FLWD LHFXVWDWRUXOvQJRO

133
 'LQ  UHOD LD  VH FRQVWDW  F  FXUHQWXO  GH  H[FLWD LH DUH R FUHúWHUH H[SRQHQ LDO
stabilizându-se în final la valoarea de regim permanent Uf / rf .

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(;7(5,2$5

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VHQHJOLMHD]UH]LVWHQ HOHVWDWRULFHúLGHVDUFLQFXUHQWXOVWDWRULFHVWHLQGXFWLYúLGR
UHDF LH  SXU  ORQJLWXGLQDO 3URFHVHOH  WUDQ]LWRULL  VXQW  GHVFULVH  GH  XUPWRUXO  VLVWHP  GH
HFXD LLGLIHUHQ LDOH
 x f di f x ad di d
 dt + dt + rf i f = U f

 x ad di f x d di d
 + = −U q (355)
 dt dt
 x ext . di d
U q = dt

5H]ROYkQG  VLVWHPXO  vQ  UDSRUW  FX  FXUHQWXO  GH  H[FLWD LH GLQ  XOWLPLOH  GRX  HFXD LL
UH]XOW
di d x ad di
=− ⋅ f (356)
dt x d + x ext . dt
Atunci, înlocuind pe did / GWvQSULPDHFXD LHRE LQHP
 2
x ad  di f
 x f −  + rf i f = U f (357)
 x d + x ext .  dt
DFUHLVROX LHHVWH
(U
)
I f = f 1 − e − t / Tf
rf
(358)

unde :
1 2
x ad 
Tf' =  x f −  (359)
rf  x d + x ext . 
UHSUH]LQW  FRQVWDQWD  GH  WLPS  D  vQIúXUULL  GH  H[FLWD LH  FX  VWDWRUXO  vQFKLV  SH  R
UHDFWDQ H[WHULRDU
ùLvQDFHVWFD]YDULD LDFXUHQWXOXLGHH[FLWD LHHVWHH[SRQHQ LDOGDUFRQVWDQWDGH
WLPSHVWHPDLPLFGHFkWvQFD]XOVWDWRUXOXLvQJRO

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Uf3HQWUXVLPSOLILFDUHFRQVLGHUPvQIúXUULOHstatorice deschise (generatorul în
JRO6FKHPDVLPSOLILFDWGXSD[DORQJLWXGLQDOHVWHUHSUH]HQWDWvQILJ

134
 Fig. 141
(FXD LLOHGLIHUHQ LDOHFDUHGHVFULXSURFHVXOWUDQ]LWRULXvQvQIúXUULOHGHH[FLWD LHúLGH
DPRUWL]DUHORQJLWXGLQDODXIRUPDPULPLOHVXQWvQXQLW LUHODWLYHUDSRUWDWHODVWDWRU

 x f di f x ad di1d
 dt + dt + rf i f = U f
 (360)
 x ad di f + x 1d di1d + r i = 0
 dt
1d 1d
dt
6XEIRUPRSHUD LRQDOVLVWHPXOGHYLQH
 Uf
px f i f (p) + px ad i1d (p) + rf i f (p) =
 p (361)
px i (p) + px i (p) + r i (p) = 0
 ad f 1d 1d 1d 1d

6ROX LRQkQGVLVWHPXOvQUDSRUWFXFXUHQ LLifSúLL1dSRE LQHP

px 1d + r1d U
i f ( p) = ⋅ f (362)
(px f + rf )(px 1d + r1d ) − p x ad p
2 2

− x ad
i1d (p) = U (363)
(px f + rf )(px 1d + r1d ) − p 2 x ad2 f
,QWURGXFkQGQR LXQHDGHFRHILFLHQWGHGLVSHUVLHDOFHORUGRXFLUFXLWH
2
x ad
σ0 = 1 − (364)
x f x 1d
UHOD LLOHúLGHYLQ
px 1d + r1d U
i f ( p) = 2 ⋅ f (365)
p σ 0 x 1 x 1d + p(x 1d rf + x f r1d ) + rf r1d p
− x ad
i1d (p) = 2 ⋅ Uf (366)
p σ 0 x 1 x 1d + p(x 1d rf + x f r1d ) + rf r1d
ÌQVIkUúLWGDFVHVFRDWHFDIDFWRUIRU DWSURGXVXOrf r1dGHODQXPLWRULLFHORUGRX
UHOD LLúLUH]LVWHQ DU1dGHODQXPUWRUXOUHOD LHLúLVH LQHVHDPDF
xf / rf = Tf0 FRQVWDQWDGHWLPSDvQIúXUULLGHH[FLWD LH
x1d / r1d = T1d0FRQVWDQWDGHWLPSDvQIúXUULLGHDPRUWL]DUHRE LQHP
pT1d 0 + 1 U
i f ( p) = ⋅ f (367)
p[p σ 0 Tf 0 T1d 0 + p(Tf 0 + T1d 0 ) + 1] rf
2

135
 − x ad U
i1d (p) = ⋅ f (368)
p[p σ 0 Tf 0 T1d 0 + p(Tf 0 + T1d 0 ) + 1] rf r1d
2

Aplicând teorema de dezvoltare a lui +HDYLVLGHRE LQHPRULJLQDOHOHFHORUGRLFXUHQ L

U  T − T2 − t / T1 T1d 0 − T2 − t / T2 
i f (p) = f 1 − f 0 e − e  (369)
rf  T1 − T2 T1 − T2 
U f x ad
i1d ( t ) = −
⋅
1
rf r1d T1 − T2
(
e − t / T1 − e − t / T2 ) (370)

XQGHFRQVWDQWHOHGHWLPSVXQWLQYHUVHOHUGFLQLORUHFXD LHLFDUDFWHULVWLFH
P2 σ0 Tf0 T1d 0 + p( Tf0 + T1d 0 ) + 1 = 0 (371)
− (Tf 0 + T1d 0 ) ± (Tf 0 + T1d 0 ) 2
− 4σ 0 Tf 0 T1d 0
p1, 2 = (372)
2σ 0 Tf 0 T1d 0
6ROX LLOHS1,2SRWILSXVHVXERIRUPPDLFRQFHQWUDW
T + T1do
p1, 2 = − f 0 (1 ± α ) (373)
2σ 0 Tf 0 T1d 0
unde :

4σ 0 Tf 0 T1d 0
α = 1− (374)
(Tf 0 + T1d 0 )2
Întrucât ( Tf0 + T1d0 )2 > 4σ0 Tf0 T1d 0UH]XOWFUGFLQLOHHFXD LHLFDUDFWHULVWLFHVXQW
UHDOHQHJDWLYHGHFLFXUHQ LLOLEHULFRUHVSXQ]WRULVXQWDSHULRGLFLDPRUWL]D L
Atunci, constantele de timp T1 , T2 au expresia:
1 2 σ 0 Tf 0 T1d 0
T1 = − = ⋅ (375)
p1 1 − α Tf 0 + T1d 0
1 2 σ 0 Tf 0 T1d 0
T1 = − = ⋅ (376)
p 2 1 + α Tf 0 + T1d 0
VDXvQPXO LQGúLvPSU LQGFXα) respectiv cu (1-αUHOD LLOHUHVSHFWLY
úL LQkQGVHDPDGH
1+ α
T1 = (Tf 0 + T1d 0 ) (377)
2
1− α
T2 = (Tf 0 + T1d 0 ) (378)
2
'LQUHOD LLOHúLVHFRQVWDWF71 > T2GLIHUHQ DGLQWUHHOHPULQGXVH
RGDWFXPLFúRUDUHDFRHILFLHQWXOXLGHGLVSHUVLHODOLPLWFkQGσ0 = 0, T1 = Tf0 + T1d 0úL
T2 = 0.
6YHGHPDFXPFDUHHVWHLQIOXHQ DvQIúXUULLGHH[FLWD LHDVXSUDYDULD LHLFXUHQWXOXL
GHH[FLWD LHSHQWUXDFHDVWDFRQVLGHUPFD]XULOHH[WUHPHFkQGvQIúXUDUHDGHDPRUWL]DUH
DUHUH]LVWHQ DLQILQLWUHVSHFWLYFkQGHVWHVXSUDFRQGXFWRDUHU1d = 0).
Pentru cazul când r1d = ∞FHHDFHFRUHVSXQGHSUDFWLFDEVHQ HLVDOHUH]XOW71 =
Tf0úL72 YH]LUHOD LLOHúL&DXUPDUHFXUHQWXOGLQvQIúXUDUHDGHH[FLWD LH
devine:
U
(
i f = f 1 − e − t / Tf 0
rf
) (379)

6HREVHUYFHVWHLGHQWLFUHOD LHLGLQFD]XOJHQHUDWRUXOXLvQJROIU

vQIúXUULGHDPRUWL]DUH

136
 Pentru cazul r1d UH]XOW71d 0 = ∞, α úLUHVSHFWLY71 = ∞úL72 = σ0 Tf0 . Ca
XUPDUHFXUHQWXOGLQvQIúXUDUHDGHH[FLWD LHGHYLQH
U
(
i f = f 1 − e − t / σ 0Tf 0
rf
) (380)

)LJ9DULD LLOHFXUHQWXOXLGHH[FLWD LH

ÌQILJXUDVDUHSUH]HQWDWFXUHQWXOGHH[FLWD LHSHQWUX FHOHGRX FD]XULH[WUHPH

[UHOD LLOH]úLFD]XOUHDOFkQGU1d ≠SUHFXPúLFXUHQWXOGLQvQIúXUDUHDGH
DPRUWL]DUH6HFRQVWDWFSUH]HQ DvQIúXUULLGHDPRUWL]DUHFRQGXFHODPULUHD
YLWH]HL  GH  FUHúWHUH  D  FXUHQWXOXL  GH  H[FLWD LH ÌQ  FH  SULYHúWH  vQV  IOX[XO  SULQFLSDO  DO
JHQHUDWRUXOXLHOHVWHSURSRU LRQDOFXVXPDFXUHQ LORUrotorici .
&RQVLGHUkQGUHOD LLOHúLúLDSUR[LPkQGUDSRUWXOxad / r1d ≈ T1d 0UH]XOW
U  T + Tfd 0 − T2 − t / T1 T2 
i f + i1d 0 = f 1 − f 0 e + e − t / T2  (381)
rf  T1 − T2 T1 − T2 

'LQUHOD LLOHúLUH]XOW

1+ α
T1 + T2 = (Tf 0 + T1d 0 ) + 1 − α (Tf 0 + T1d 0 ) = Tf 0 + T1d 0 ( 382 )
2 2
úLDWXQFLUHOD LDGHYLQH
U  T1 T2 
i f + i1d 0 = f 1 − e − t / T1 + e − t / T2  ( 383 )
rf  T1 − T2 T1 − T2 
ÌQWUXFkW  XOWLPXO  WHUPHQ  GLQ    HVWH  PLF  úL  VH  DPRUWL]HD]  UHSHGH UH]XOW  F
SUH]HQ DvQIúXUULLGHDPRUWL]DUHvQFHWLQHúWHYLWH]DGHFUHúWHUHDIOX[XOXLJHQHUDWRUXOXL
deoarece T1 > T2 .
ÌQFD]XOvQIúXUULORUVWDWRULFHFXSODWHSHRUHDFWDQ H[WHULRDUVWXGLHUHDLQIOXHQ HL
vQIúXUULLGH DPRUWL]DUHHVWHGLILFLOVLVWHPXOGHHFXD LLILLQGPDL FRPSOLFDW 7RWXúL
FRQFOX]LDDQWHULRDUvúLSVWUHD]úLDLFLYDODELOLWDWHD

137
 '(=(;&,7$5($5$3,'

'H]H[FLWDUHDUDSLGDJHQHUDWRUXOXLVLQFURQWUHEXLHUHDOL]DWDVWIHOvQFkW
- WLPSXOGHDQXODUHDFkPSXOXLPDJQHWLFVILHFkWPDLPLF
- VXSUDWHQVLXQHDODERUQHOHFLUFXLWXOXLGHH[FLWD LHVQXGHSúHDVFYDORDUHDDGPLV
GHFODVDGHL]ROD LHDDFHVWHLD
&DWLPSGHDQXODUHVWLQJHUHDFkPSXOXLVHFRQVLGHULQWHUYDOXOFDUHVHVFXUJHGLQ
PRPHQWXOGHFXSOULLH[FLWD LHLúLPRPHQWXOFkQG WHQVLXQHD  VWDWRULF  QX  PDL  vQWUH LQH
arcul la locul scurtcircuitului.
6XSUDWHQVLXQHDDGPLVLELOGHSLQGHGHWHQVLXQHDGHvQFHUFDUHDL]ROD LHLvQIúXUULLGH
H[FLWD LHGLQPRWLYHGHVLJXUDQ VHDGPLWHRYDORDUHPD[LPGHGLQWHQVLXQHDGH
încercare.
([LVWGLYHUVHSURFHGHHGHGH]H[FLWDUHUDSLGXQHOHFXFDUDFWHUJHQHUDODSOLFDELOHOD
RULFHWLSGHH[FLWD LHDOWHOHFXXQFDUDFWHUPDLUHVWUkQV

'(=(;&,7$5($5$3,'&85(=,67(1
'('(6&5&$5(

'H]H[FLWDUHD  VH  UHDOL]HD]  SULQ  FRQHFWDUHD  vQIúXUULL  GH  H[FLWD LH  D  JHQHUDWRUXOXL
VLQFURQSHRUH]LVWHQ GHVWLQJHUHúLGHFRQHFWDUHDHLGHODVXUVDGHH[FLWD LHILJ
ÌQFD]XOXQXLGHIHFWLQWHUQSURWHF LDSULQUHOHHDJHQHUDWRUXOXLH[FLWUHOHXOLQWHUPHGLDU
5,  FDUHúL  GHVFKLGH  FRQWDFWXO  GH  DOLPHQWDUH  D  ERELQHL  FRQWDFWRUXOXL  .  FD  XUPDUH
aceasta închide contactul normal deschis K2  úLO  GHVFKLGH  SH  FHO  QRUPDO  vQFKLV  .1,
GHFRQHFWkQGH[FLWD LDJHQHUDWRUXOXLGHODVXUVDGHH[FLWD LH

Fig. 143. Schema de dezexcitare a unui G.S.

'XSGHFRQHFWDUHFXUHQWXOGHH[FLWD LHVHPLFúRUHD]GXSROHJHH[SRQHQ LDOvQ

DEVHQ DvQIúXUULORUGHDPRUWL]DUHH[SUHVLDFXUHQWXOXLGHH[FLWD LHHVWHGHIRUPD

i f = I f 0 e − t / Tst (384)
unde :
If0 FXUHQWXOGHH[FLWD LHH[LVWHQWDQWHULRUGHFRQHFWULL
Tst - constanta de timp a procesului tranzitoriu de stingere a câmpului magnetic.

138
 'DFVWDWRUXOHVWHvQJROFRQVWDQWDGHWLPSDUHH[SUHVLD
xf rf
Tst = = Tf 0 (385)
rf + R s rf + R s
3HQWUXFDDUFXOHOHFWULFODORFXOGHIHFWXOXLVVHVWLQJWUHEXLDFDWHQVLXQHDLQGXV
VVFDGVXERDQXPLWYDORDUHFXUHQWXOGHH[FLWD LHFDUHGHWHUPLQDFHDVWWHQVLXQH
este:
i fst = I f0 e − t st /Tst (386)
úLDWXQFLWLPSXOGHVWLQJHUHHVWH
I
t st = Tst ln f0 (387)
i fst
ÌQWUXFkWFXUHQ LL,f0 , if stVXQWQLúWHFRQVWDQWHSHQWUXXQJHQHUDWRURDUHFDUHUH]XOWF
WLPSXOGHVWLQJHUHVHUHDOL]HD]SULQPULUHDUH]LVWHQ HLGHVWLQJHUH$FHVWSURFHGHXYLQH
vQVvQFRQWUDGLF LHFXDGRXDFRQGL LHSHFDUHWUHEXLHVRvQGHSOLQHDVFVLVWHPXOGH
GH]H[FLWDUHUDSLGúLDQXPHOLPLWDUHDVXSUDWHQVLXQLORUODERUQHOHvQIúXUULLGHH[FLWD LH
3HQWUXVFKHPDGLQILJWHQVLXQHDODERUQHOHH[FLWD LHLLPHGLDWGXSGHFRQHFWDUH
are expresia:
I rR U R
U f0 = I f0 R s = f0 f s = f s (388)
rf rf
unde UfHVWHWHQVLXQHDODERUQHOHH[FLWD LHLDQWHULRDUGHFRQHFWULLvQUHJLPQRUPDO
'LQUHOD LD UH]XOWFLPHGLDWGXSGHFRQHFWDUHWHQVLXQHDH[FLWD LHL FUHúWH  GH
Rs/rfRULGHFLHVWHGLUHFWSURSRU LRQDOFXUH]LVWHQ DGHVWLQJHUH
LQkQG  VHDPD  úL  GH  H[SUHVLD  WLPSXOXL  GH  VWLQJHUH    vQ  SUDFWLF  VH  DOHJH  R
YDORDUHLQWHUPHGLDUDUH]LVWHQ HLGHVWLQJHUHFDUHVDWLVIDFHFRQYHQDELODPEHOHFRQGL LL
DFHDVWYDORDUHHVWHGH±rf .
3UH]HQ DvQIúXUULLGHDPRUWL]DUHDUHvQJHQHUDOHIHFWHQHJDWLYHvQVHQVXOFPUHúWH
FRQVWDQWDGHWLPSGHVWLQJHUHGHFLúLWLPSXOGHVWLQJHUHWRWXúLvQWUXFkWSUHLDRSDUWH
GLQ  HQHUJLD  FkPSXOXL  PDJQHWLF  GLQ  JHQHUDWRU  IDFLOLWHD]  FRQGL LLOH  GH  OXFUX  DOH
LQVWDOD LHLGHdezexcitare.

'(=(;&,7$5($5$3,'35,17(16,81(&2167$17/$
%251(/(Ì1)ù855,,'((;&,7$,(

'H]H[FLWDUHD  UDSLG  FX  UH]LVWHQ   GH  VWLQJHUH  SUH]LQW  GH]DYDQWDMXO  F  YLWH]D  GH
PLFúRUDUH  D  FXUHQWXOXL  VH  UHGXFH  VSUH  VIkUúLWXO  SURFHVXOXL  GH  VWLQJHUH  0HWRGD  GH
GH]H[FLWDUHSULQWHQVLXQHFRQVWDQWvQOWXUDFHVWQHDMXQVDVLJXUkQGRYDULD LHOLQLDUD
FXUHQWXOXLGHH[FLWD LHúLFRUHVSXQ]WRUUHGXFHUHDWLPSXOXLGHVWLQJHUH
(FXD LD  GLIHUHQ LDO  D  SURFHVXOXL  WUDQ]LWRULX  GLQ  vQIúXUDUHD  GH  H[FLWD LH  HVWH  GH
forma:
xf dif / dt + ( Rs + rf ) if = 0 (389)
1HJOLMkQGUH]LVWHQ DvQIúXUULLGHH[FLWD LHúLQRWkQGSURGXVXORs if = Uf0 – tensiunea
ODERUQHOHvQIúXUULLGHH[FLWD LHSUHVXSXVFRQVWDQWUH]XOW
xf dif / dt + Uf0 = 0 (390)
,QWHJUDUHDHFXD LHVHSRDWHIDFHXúRUUH]XOWkQG
U
di f = − f 0 dt
xf
if (391)
Uf 0 t
∫I di f = − x f ∫0 dt
f0

139
 de unde:
Uf 0
if = If 0 − t (392)
xf
&RQVLGHUkQG SHQWUX  VLPSOLILFDUH  F  VWLQJHUHD  DUFXOXL  DUH  ORF  FkQG  FXUHQWXO  VH
DQXOHD]WLPSXOGHVWLQJHUHGHYLQH
I x
t st = f 0 f (393)
Uf 0
sau:
xf x
t st = I f 0 = f ≈ Tst (394)
If 0R s R s
'DFVHFRPSDUUHOD LDFXUHOD LDVHFRQVWDWFvQFD]XOPHQ LQHULL
tensiunii constante, timpul de stingere se reduce de 1 n (If0 / if st) ori.
ÌQILJHVWHSUH]HQWDWFRPSDUDWLYYDULD LDFXUHQWXOXLGHH[FLWD LHvQFHOHGRX
FD]XULFRQIRUPUHOD LLORUFXUEDúLFXUEDGHDVHPHQHDVHUHSUH]LQWúL
YDULD LDWHQVLXQLLODERUQHOHvQIúXUULLGHH[FLWD LH

)LJ9DULD LDFXUHQWXOXLGHH[FLWD LHúLDWHQVLXQLL

0HQ LQHUHD  WHQVLXQLL  OD  ERUQHOH  vQIúXUULL  GH  H[FLWD LH  OD  R  YDORDUH  FRQVWDQW  VH
SRDWHUHDOL]DIRORVLQGRSURSULHWDWHDDUFXOXLHOHFWULFVFXUWGHDúLPHQ LQHWHQVLXQHDOD
ERUQHFRQVWDQWFkQGFXUHQWXOYDULD]vQOLPLWHODUJL

Fig. 145. Schema de GH]H[FLWDUHUDSLGFX8 ct.

ÌQ  ILJ  VH  SUH]LQW  VFKHPD  GH  GH]H[FLWDUH  UDSLG  FX  SVWUDUHD  FRQVWDQW  D
WHQVLXQLL )XQF LRQDUHD  VFKHPHL  HVWH  XUPWRDUHD  VH  vQFKLGH  FRQWDFWXO  .2 care
VFXUWFLUFXLWHD]  vQIúXUDUHD  GH  H[FLWD LH  SULQ  UH]LVWHQ D  GH  OLPLWDUH  U  VH  GHVFKLGH
contactul K1  FDUH  GHFRQHFWHD]  H[FLWD LD  GH  OD  VXUV  úL  DSRL  .2. Ca urmare a
deschiderii contactului K2 între bornele sale apare un arc electric care, prin suflaj
PDJQHWLF  HVWH  vQGUHSWDW  VSUH  SOFLOH  3  FDUHO  GLYL]HD]  vQ  PDL  PXOWH  DUFH  VFXUWH

140
7HQVLXQHDODERUQHOHH[FLWD LHLGHYLQHHJDOFXVXPDWHQVLXQLORUFHORUQDUFHVFXUWHúL
VHSVWUHD]SUDFWLFFRQVWDQWvQWLPSXOPLFúRUULLFXUHQWXOXLGHH[FLWD LH&kQGFXUHQWXO
GHH[FLWD LHVHPLFúRUHD]PXOWDUFHOHvQFHSVVHVWLQJGDUQXVLPXOWDQ3HQWUXD
HYLWDUHDSULQGHULOHVDXVXSUDWHQVLXQLOHSOFLOH3VXQWFRQHFWDWHODSUL]HOHXQHLUH]LVWHQ H
R de egalizare, de valoare mai mare.

'(=(;&,7$5($5$3,'35,1,19(56$5($32/$5,7,,
7(16,81,,'((;&,7$,(

3ULQLQYHUVDUHDWHQVLXQLLGHH[FLWD LHVHRE LQH R  UHGXFHUH  UDSLG  D  FXUHQWXOXL  GH

H[FLWD LHGDUGDFQXVHvQWUHUXSHFLUFXLWXOGHH[FLWD LHvQPRPHQWXOWUHFHULLSULQ]HUR
DFXUHQWXOXLDFHVWDSRDWHFUHúWHvQVHQVLQYHUV

Fig. 146. Schema de GH]H[FLWDUHUDSLGFXLQYHUVLXQHD

WHQVLXQLLGHH[FLWD LH

ÌQILJVHSUH]LQWVFKHPDGHLQYHUVDUHDWHQVLXQLLGHH[FLWD LH±VHGHVFKLGPDL
întâi contactele 1 K1 , 1K2H[FLWD LDUPkQkQGFRQHFWDWODVXUVSULQUH]LVWHQ HOH51úL
R2 , pentru a evita supratensiunile; se închid apoi contactele 2K1 , 2K2 prin care se
LQYHUVHD]  SRODULWDWHD (VWH  QHFHVDU  UHVSHFWDUHD  DFHVWHL  RUGLQL  SHQWUX  D  HYLWD
VFXUWFLUFXLWDUHDVLVWHPXOXLGHH[FLWD LH
'DF  VLVWHPXO  GH  H[FLWD LH  HVWH  LRQLF  LQYHUVDUHD  SRODULW LL  VH  SRDWH  UHDOL]D  SULQ
comanda pe grile.

1.6.9. METODE PRACTICE PENTRU CALCULUL

&85(1,/25'(6&857&,5&8,7

(ODERUDUHD  PHWRGHORU  SUDFWLFH  VH  ED]HD]  SH  R  VHULH  GH  LSRWH]H  VLPSOLILFDWRDUH
suplimentare:
- VH  FRQVLGHU  DFHHDúL  OHJH  GH  YDULD LH  D  FRPSRQHQWHL  SHULRGLFH  SHQWUX  WRDWH
JHQHUDWRDUHOHGLQVFKHP
- FRPSRQHQWDDSHULRGLFVHFRQVLGHUDSUR[LPDWLY
- VLPHWUL]DUHD  URWRUXOXL  FHHD  FH  QX  PDL  IDFH  QHFHVDU  GHVFRPSXQHUHD  WHQVLXQLL
HOHFWURPRWRDUH  WHQVLXQLORU  úL  FXUHQ LORU  GXS  FHOH  GRX  D[H  GH  DVHPHQHD  VH  SRDWH
neglija armonica de ordinul doi în expresia curentului de scurtcircuit.
ÌQJHQHUDOQXPUXOLSRWH]HORUVLPSOLILFDWRDUHGHSLQGHGHSUHFL]LDQHFHVDUFDOFXOXOXL
DVWIHO  SHQWUX  DOHJHUHD  úL  YHULILFDUHD  DSDUDWHORU  FkQG  LQWHUHVHD]  YDORULOH  PD[LPH
QXPUXOVLPSOLILFULORUHVWHPDLPDUH  SHQWUX  UHJODUHD  SURWHF LHL  FkQG  LQWHUHVHD]  vQ
special valorile minime, este necesar un calcul mai exact, deci se va recurge la mai
SX LQHVLPSOLILFUL

141
 6&+(0$'(352,(&7$5(ù,6&+(0$(&+,9$/(17

3HQWUX  HIHFWXDUHD  FDOFXOXOXL  FXUHQ LORU  GH  VFXUWFLUFXLW  HVWH  QHFHVDU  PDL  vQWkL
FXQRDúWHUHDVFKHPHLGHSURLHFWDUH$FHDVWDHVWHRVFKHPGHSULQFLSLXPRQRILODUvQ
FDUH  VH  UHSUH]LQW  HOHPHQWHOH  FDUH  LQWHUYLQ  vQ  FDOFXOXO  FXUHQWXOXL  GH  VFXUWFLUFXLW  úL
caracteristicile lor:
- VXUVHOHFXSXWHUHDWHQVLXQHDIDFWRUXOGHSXWHUHúLUHDFWDQ HOHORU
- WUDQVIRUPDWRDUH  FX  SXWHUHD  WHQVLXQLOH  vQIúXUULORU UDSRDUWHOH  GH  WUDQVIRUPDUH
WHQVLXQLOHúLSLHUGHULOHODVFXUWFLUFXLW
- OLQLLOHHOHFWULFHFXOXQJLPHDúLSDUDPHWULLVSHFLILFLUHDFWDQ DúLUH]LVWHQ D
- UHDFWRDUHOHFXWHQVLXQHDúLFXUHQWXOQRPLQDOúLUHDFWDQ DSURFHQWXDO
- FRQVXPDWRULLPDULúLFRPSHQVDWRDUHOHVLQFURQH
3HDFHHDúLVFKHPVHILJXUHD]úLSXQFWHOHGHVFXUWFLUFXLWFDUHLQWHUHVHD]ÌQILJ
HVWHSUH]HQWDWXQH[HPSOXGHVFKHPGHSURLHFWDUH

)LJ6FKHPDGHSURLHFWDUHDXQHLLQVWDOD LLHOHFWULFH

&XQRVFkQG  VFKHPD  GH  SURLHFWDUH  VH  SURFHGHD]  DSRL  OD  vQWRFPLUHD  VFKHPHL
echivalente, în care se înlocuiesc elementele prin LPSHGDQ HOH  ORU  ,PSHGDQ HOH  GLQ
VFKHPDHFKLYDOHQWSRWILUHSUH]HQWDWHILHSULQXQLW LDEVROXWHUDSRUWDWHODWHQVLXQHD
WUHSWHLGHFDOFXOILHvQXQLW LUHODWLYHSHQWUXDFHDVWDHVWHQHFHVDUDOHJHUHDPULPLORU
GHED]SXWHUHDSb, tensiunea UbvQUDSRUWFXFDUHVHFDOFXOHD]LPSHGDQ HOHUHODWLYH

5HOD LLGHFDOFXO a LPSHGDQ HORUHOHPHQWHORUVFKHPHLHFKLYDOHQWH

- surse:
U2
x = x "d ⋅ n [Ω ]
Sn
(395)
S
x 'b = x "d ⋅ b
Sn

142
 WUDQVIRUPDWRDUHFXGRXvQIúXUUL
U n % U 2n
x= ⋅ [Ω]
100 S n
U k % Sb
x 'b = ⋅
100 S n
(396)
U 2n
r = ∆PCU [Ω]
S 2n
Sb
rb' = ∆PCU
S 2n
WUDQVIRUPDWRDUHFXWUHLvQIúXUULVHvQORFXLHúWHPDLvQWkLVFKHPDvQWULXQJKLSULQWU
RVFKHPvQVWHDILJIRORVLQGXVHUHOD LLOH
U + U kI − III − U kII− III
U kI = kI − II
2
U + U kII− III − U kI − III
U kII = kI− II (397)
2
U + U kII− III − U kI− II
U kIII = kI − III
2

Fig. 148. Schema de transfigurare

6HIRORVHVFDSRLDFHOHDúLUHOD LLFDODWUDQVIRUPDWRUXOFXGRXvQIúXUUL
- linii electrice:
x = x 0 ⋅ I[Ω ]
Sb
x 'b = x 0 ⋅ I ⋅
U 2b
(398)
r = r0 ⋅ I[Ω]
Sb
rb' = r0 ⋅ I ⋅
U 2b

- reactoare:
x% U n
x= ⋅ [Ω]
100 3I n
(399)
x% U n I b
x =
'
b ⋅ ⋅
100 U b I n

143
 ÌQILJVHSUH]LQWVFKHPDHFKLYDOHQWSHQWUXVFKHPDGHSURLHFWDUHGLQILJvQ
XQLW LUHODWLYHFXQHJOLMDUHDUH]LVWHQ HORU

)LJ6FKHPDHFKLYDOHQW

CALCULUL CURENTULUI DE SCURTCIRCUIT ÎN CAZUL

6856(/25'(387(5(),1,7

'DF  VFXUWFLUFXLWXO  DUH  ORF vQ  DSURSLHUHD  XQHL  FHQWUDOH  QX  PDL  SXWHP  FRQVLGHUD
JHQHUDWRDUHOH  FD  DYkQG  WHQVLXQHD  FRQVWDQW  FD  XUPDUH  QLFL  FRPSRQHQWD  SHULRGLF  D
FXUHQWXOXL  GH  VFXUWFLUFXLW  QXúL  PDL  SVWUHD]  FRQVWDQW  YDORDUHD  HIHFWLY  3HQWUX
GHWHUPLQDUHD  FRPSRQHQWHL  SHULRGLFH  OD  PRPHQWHOH  FDUH  LQWHUHVHD]  VH  SRDWH  IRORVL
metoda curbelor de calcul sau metoda LPSHGDQ HORU

METODA CURBELOR DE CALCUL

$FHDVWPHWRGSHUPLWHGHWHUPLQDUHDFRPSRQHQWHLSHULRGLFHvQGLYHUVHPRPHQWHDOH
regimului tranzitoriu, cu ajutorul unor curbe trasate pentru un generator tip.

,327(=$9$5,$,(,*(1(5$/(

ÌQFD]XOFkQGVXUVHOHGLQVFKHPVXQWDVHPQWRDUHúLvQFRQGL LLLGHQWLFHvQUDSRUW
FXSXQFWXOGHVFXUWFLUFXLWGDFVHSUHVXSXQHFFRPSRQHQWDSHULRGLFDUHDFHHDúLOHJH
GHYDULD LHHOHSRWILvQORFXLWHSULQWURVXUV JHQHUDOL]DW&RQVLGHUPH[HPSOXOGLQ
ILJXUDDFXVFKHPDHFKLYDOHQWILJEvQXQLW LUHODWLYHSb = 100 MVA,
Ub = 121 Kv ).

)LJ6FKHPDGHSURLHFWDUHúLVFKHPDHFKLYDOHQW

144
 ÌQWUXFkWJHQHUDWRDUHOHVXQWGHDFHHDúLSXWHUHDFHODúLWLSúLvQFRQGL LLLGHQWLFHID 
de punctul de scurtcircuit, le înlocuim printr-un generator echivalent, de putere S=
xx
S1 + S2úLUHDFWDQ  x 5 = 1 2 . Atunci schema 150 b devine fig. 151. În continuare
x1 + x 2
VHJUXSHD]UHDFWDQ HOHvQUDSRUWFX SXQFWXO  GH  VFXUWFLUFXLW  DMXQJkQGXVH  OD  VFKHPD
ILQDO ILJ  vQ  FDUH  JHQHUDWRUXO  HFKLYDOHQW  HVWH  OHJDW  GH  SXQFWXO  GH  VFXUW FLUFXLW
SULQWURUHDFWDQ HFKLYDOHQW
x x
xΣ = x5 + 3 4 (400)
x3 + x4

)LJ6FKHPDHFKLYDOHQW)LJ6FKHPDHFKLYDOHQW

6HGHWHUPLQDSRLUHDFWDQ DGHFDOFXOFXUHOD LD

S
x calc. = x Σ (401)
Sb
unde S este puterea generatorului echivalent.
'LQUHOD LDVHFRQVWDWFUHDFWDQ DGHFDOFXOHVWHH[SULPDWvQXQLW LUHODWLYH
QRPLQDOHSULQvQPXO LUHDOXL[ΣUHDFWDQ UHODWLYGHED]±FXUDSRUWXO6Sb se
UHYLQHODFRQGL LLOHQRPLQDOH
ÌQIXQF LHGHUHDFWDQ DGHFDOFXOGHWHUPLQDWFXUHOD LDGLQFXUEHOHGHFDOFXO
ILJVHJVHúWHFXUHQWXOGHVFXUWFLUFXLWSHULRGLFvQXQLW LUHODWLYHQRPLQDOHOD
PRPHQWHOH  FDUH  LQWHUHVHD]  &XQRVFkQG  FXUHQWXO  UHODWLY  QRPLQDO  VH  GHWHUPLQ  DSRL
curentul absolut ( în A ):
Ik (t) = I*k (t) In (402)
unde:
I*k (t) - curentulSHULRGLFvQXQLW LUHODWLYHQRPLQDOHODPRPHQWXOW
In FXUHQWXOQRPLQDODOJHQHUDWRUXOXLHFKLYDOHQWFDOFXODWFXUHOD LD
S
In = (403)
3U med .
Curbele de calcul sunt trasate pentru turbogeneratoare sau hidrogeneratoare, cu sau
IU5$7,QWHUVHF LDFXUEHORUSHQWUXGLYHUVHPRPHQWHHVWHGHWHUPLQDWGHLQWHUYHQ LD
UHJXODWRDUHORUDXWRPDWHGHWHQVLXQHLQWHUYHQ LHFHVHPDQLIHVWFXRRDUHFDUHvQWkU]LHUH
ID   GH  PRPHQWXO  SURGXFHULL  VFXUWFLUFXLWXOXL GDWRULW  LQHU LHL  PHFDQLFH úL
electromagnetice).

145
Fig. 153. Curbele de calcul pentru un turbogenerator
cu reglaj automat de tensiune

Fig. 154. Curbele de calcul pentru un hidrogenerator

cu reglaj automat de tensiune

146
 ,327(=$9$5,$,(,,1',9,'8$/(

6XQWVLWXD LLFkQGVXUVHOHGLQVFKHPDXFDUDFWHULVWLFLGLIHULWHVDXVHDIOODGLVWDQ H
electrice diferite în raport cu punctul de scurtcircuit. În aceste cazuri considerarea unei
DFHOHLDúLOHJLGHYDULD LHDFXUHQWXOXLGHVFXUWFLUFXLWSHQWUXWRDWHVXUVHOHFRQGXFHOD
erori mari. Din acest motiv este necesar calculul separat al curentului pentru fiecare din
DFHVWH  VXUVH  VDX  JUXSXUL  GH  VXUVH  VH  JUXSHD]  QXPDL  DFHOH  VXUVH  FDUH  DX  DFHOHDúL
FDUDFWHULVWLFLúLVHDIOvQFRQGL LLDVHPQWRDUHvQUDSRUWFXSXQFWXOGHVFXUWFLUFXLW
(WDSHOHFDOFXOXOXLvQDFHVWFD]VXQWXUPWRDUHOH
- VHvQWRFPHúWHVFKHPDHFKLYDOHQWILJEvQXQLW LUHODWLYH
- se reduce schema în raport cu punctul de scurtcircuit (fig. 155. c, d);
- VH  FDOFXOHD]  FRHILFLHQ LL  GH  UHSDUWL LH  SHQWUX  ILHFDUH  VXUV  VDX  JUXS  GH  VXUVH
&RHILFLHQ LL  GH  UHSDUWL LH  DSUR[LPHD]  DSRUWXO  ILHFUHL  VXUVH  VDX  JUXS  GH  VXUVH  OD
curentul de scurtcircuit total.

)LJ6FKHPDGHSURLHFWDUHúLVFKHPHHFKLYDOHQWH

x3x 4 x x
x9 = + 1 2
x 3 + x 4 x1 + x 2
(x + x 6 )(x 7 + x 8 )
x 10 = 5 (404)
x5 + x 6 + x 7 + x8
x 9 x 10
xΣ =
x 9 + x 10
Astfel pentru schema din fig. 155. c, considerând curentul de scurtcircuit total ca
fiind egal cu unitatea, aplicând legile electrotehnicii, putem scrie:
Ι ⋅ xΣ = C9 ⋅ x9 = C10 ⋅ x10 (405)
GHXQGHUH]XOW

147
 xΣ
C9 = - pentru sursa G1,2 ; (406)
x9
xΣ
C10 = - pentru sursa G3,4 ;
x 10
9HULILFDUHDFRUHFWLWXGLQLLFDOFXOHORULPSXQHUHVSHFWDUHDFRQGL LHL
Σ Cj = 1 (407)
- VHGHWHUPLQUHDFWDQ HOHGHFDOFXOSHQWUXILHFDUHVXUVVDXJUXSGHVXUVHFX
UHOD LD
x S nj
x calc. = Σ ⋅ (408)
C j Sb
unde:
xΣ UHDFWDQ DHFKLYDOHQWDVFKHPHLvQUDSRUWFXSXQFWXOGHVFXUWFLUFXLW
Cj FRHILFLHQWGHUHSDUWL LHDOVXUVHLUHVSHFWLYH
Snj SXWHUHDQRPLQDODVXUVHLUHVSHFWLYH
Sb SXWHUHDGHED]DOHDV

- 6H  GHWHUPLQ  FRPSRQHQWD  SHULRGLF  D  FXUHQWXOXL  GH  VFXUWFLUFXLW vQ  XQLW L

UHODWLYHQRPLQDOHSHQWUXILHFDUHVXUVVDXJUXSGHVXUVHFXDMXWRUXOFXUEHORUGHFDOFXO
ILJODPRPHQWHOHFDUHLQWHUHVHD]
- 6HFDOFXOHD]FXUHQ LLGHVFXUWFLUFXLWvQXQLW LDEVROXWHFXUHOD LLGHIRUPD
(402);
- 6HFDOFXOHD]FXUHQ LLGHVFXUWFLUFXLWWRWDOLODPRPHQWHOHFDUHLQWHUHVHD]
IkΣ (t) = Σ Ikj (t) (409)

PRECIZARE PRIVIND FOLOSIREA CURBELOR DE CALCUL

$úDFXPVH REVHUY  GLQ  ILJ    FXUEHOH  GH  FDOFXO  VXQW  UHSUH]HQWDWH  QXPDL
pentru xcalc. <ÌQFD]XOUHDFWDQ HORUGHFDOFXOPDLPDULGHFkWYDULD LDvQWLPSD
FRPSRQHQWHL  SHULRGLFH  HVWH  DWkW  GH  PLF  vQFkW  SRDWH  IL  QHJOLMDW  FD  XUPDUH  VXUVD
UHVSHFWLYSRDWHILDSUR[LPDWFXRVXUVGHSXWHUHLQILQLWFRQVLGHUkQGFRPSRQHQWD
SHULRGLFFDDYkQGDPSOLWXGLQHDFRQVWDQW
$WXQFLFRPSRQHQWDSHULRGLFDFXUHQWXOXLGHVFXUWFLUFXLWVHFDOFXOHD]FXUHOD LD
I
Ik = n (410)
x calc.
unde:
 
In - curentul nominal al sursei respective  I n = S n 
 3U 
 b

1.6.10. METODE PRACTICE DE LIMITARE

$&85(1,/25'(6&857&,5&8,7

5HGXFHUHDFXUHQWXOXLGHVFXUWFLUFXLWúLLPSOLFLWDVROLFLWULORUGHWHUPLQDWHGHDFHVWD
GHWHUPLQ  DOHJHUHD  XQRU  HOHPHQWH  GLQ  FLUFXLW  PDL  SX LQ  VXSUDGLPHQVLRQDWH  ID   GH
UHJLPXOQRUPDOGHIXQF LRQDUH(ILFLHQ DPHWRGHORUSUDFWLFHGHUHGXFHUHDFXUHQWXOXLGH
VFXUWFLUFXLWUH]XOWGLQGLIHUHQ DGLQWUH UHGXFHUHDLQYHVWL LLORUvQHOHPHQWHOHGH FLUFXLW

148
SULPDU  SH  VHDPD  UHGXFHULL  FXUHQWXOXL  GH  VFXUWFLUFXLW  úL  LQYHVWL LD  GHWHUPLQDW  GH
HOHPHQWHOHFHVHLQWURGXFGXSUHGXFHUHDFXUHQWXOXL
0HWRGHOHSUDFWLFHGH OLPLWDUHD FXUHQWXOXL  GH  VFXUWFLUFXLW  VH  ED]HD]  SH  FUHúWHUHD
UHDFWDQ HL  GLQWUH  VXUV  úL  ORFXO  GH  GHIHFW 'LQ  SXQFW  GH  YHGHUH  DO  UHJLPXOXL  QRUPDO
FUHúWHUHD UHDFWDQ HLQXHVWH DYDQWDMRDVGHWHUPLQkQGSLHUGHULGHHQHUJLHúL FGHUL  GH
WHQVLXQH  GH  DFHHD  VDX  DGRSWDW  VROX LL  FDUH  V  GHWHUPLQH  R  FRPSRUWDUH  GLIHULW  D
HOHPHQWXOXLGHOLPLWDUHvQUHJLPQRUPDOúLGHVFXUWFLUFXLW
'LQWUHPHWRGHOHGHFUHúWHUHDUHDFWDQ HLDWkWvQUHJLPQRUPDOFkWúLGHDYDULHVH
PHQ LRQHD]
- DOHJHUHDGHJHQHUDWRDUHúLWUDQVIRUPDWRDUHFXUHDFWDQ GHVFXUWFLUFXLWPDLPDUH
FHYDGHWHUPLQDvQVYDULD LLPDULDOHWHQVLXQLL
- LQWURGXFHUHDGHUHDFWDQ HVXSOLPHQWDUHERELQHGHUHDFWDQ UHDFWRDUH

%2%,1('(5($&7$15($&72$5(

5HDFWDQ HIRORVLWHvQFLUFXLWHOHSULPDUHVXQWIUPLH]PDJQHWLFGHRDUHFHSHQWUXD
HYLWD  IHQRPHQXO  GH  VDWXUD LH  vQ UHJLP GH VFXUWFLUFXLW  FLUFXLWXO  PDJQHWLF  DU  UH]XOWD  GH
GLPHQVLXQLIRUWHPDULGHFLúLIRDUWHVFXPSH

%2%,1$'(5($&7$16,03/

6HFDUDFWHUL]HD]SULQ
- WHQVLXQHQRPLQDO[ Un ] ;
- curent nominal [ In ] ;
- UHDFWDQ DUHODWLYQRPLQDOSURFHQWXDO> xn % ] ;
- SLHUGHULOHGHSXWHUHUHDFWLY[ p ]
5HDFWDQ DUHODWLYQRPLQDOSURFHQWXDOLQGLFDWvQFDWDORJHVWH
x x x 3I n ∆U n
xn % = ⋅ 100 = ⋅ 100 = ⋅ 100 = ⋅ ID (411)
xn U Un Un
3I n
unde:
x = L ω [Ω]HVWHUHDFWDQ DGHWHUPLQDWGHHOHPHQWHOHFRQVWUXFWLYHDOHUHDFWRUXOXL

L = 10,5 W2 D ( D/B )k 10-6 [mH] (412)

: QXPUXOGHVSLUH
' GLDPHWUXOPHGLXDOvQIúXUULL[cm]
% SHULPHWUXOvQIúXUULL[cm]
. GHUHJXOGHSLQGHGHUDSRUWXOD/B
∆ Un ± HVWH  FGHUHD  GH  WHQVLXQH  SH  UHDFWRU  FkQG  DFHVWD  HVWH  SDUFXUV  GH  FXUHQWXO
nominal.
Considerând diagrama ID]RULDOGLQILJrR > 0) în care:
U1WHQVLXQHDGHID]ODERUQHVSUHVXUVDUHDFWRUXOXLILJ
U2 WHQVLXQHDGHID]ODERUQHVSUHFRQVXPDWRU
ϕ1 GHID]DMXOGLQWUHFXUHQWXOGHVDUFLQúLWHQVLXQHD81;
ϕ2 GHID]DMXOGLQWUHFXUHQWXOGHVDUFLQúLWHQVLXQHD82;

149
 Fig.156. Diagrama ID]RULDO

x + xR
U1 = (Z S + Z R )⋅ I; ϕ1 = arctg S
rS + rR
(413)
x
U 2 = Z 2 ⋅ I; ϕ 2 = arctg S
rS
deoarece xR >>rR - ϕ2 < ϕ1UH]XOW
∆U = U1 – U2 = AD ≈ AC = XI sin ϕ2 (414)

)LJ6FKHPDHOHFWULF

'LQ  H[SUHVLD   FGHULL  GH  WHQVLXQH  SH  UHDFWRU  UH]XOW  F  DFHDVWD  GHSLQGH  DWkW  GH
YDORDUHDUHDFWDQ HLSURSULLFkWúLGHGHID]DMXOH[LVWHQWvQFLUFXLWvQWUHFXUHQWúLWHQVLXQH
În regim normal ϕ2DUHYDORULPLFLGHFLúL∆ U va fi mic, în timp ce la scurtcircuit
ϕ2 = π/2 sau ∆Uk ≈ x Ik .
%RELQHOH  GH  UHDFWDQ   VLPSOH  VH  PRQWHD]  DWkW  SH  FLUFXLWHOH  GH  DOLPHQWDUH  VSUH
FRQVXPDWRUILJFkWúLSHEDUHOHFROHFWRDUHILJ
%RELQHOH  GH  UHDFWDQ   PRQWDWH  FD  vQ  ILJ   DX  UROXO  GH  D  UHGXFH  QLYHOXO  GH
VFXUWFLUFXLWvQDYDOGHvQWUHUXSWRUGHODYDORDUHDSk (puterea de scurtcircuit în lipsa
reactorului) la valoarea Sr SXWHUHD  GH  VFXUWFLUFXLW  GXS  UHDFWRU  FRUHVSXQ]WRDUH
FDSDFLW LLGHUXSHUHDvQWUHUXSWRUXOXL
3HQWUXRVFKHPGDWFRQVLGHUkQGPULPLOHGHED]Sb, UbúLIbFXQRVFXWHUH]XOW
YDORDUHD  UHDFWDQ HL  ERELQHL  QHFHVDU  D  IL  PRQWDW  SHQWUX  D  UHGXFH  SXWHUHD  GH
VFXUWFLUFXLWvQDYDOGHvQWUHUXSWRUGHODSk la Sr :
S
x *b = b (415)
Sk
S
x *b + x bR
x
= b (416)
Sr
S S 
x
de unde x bR =  b − b  , trecând în valori relative nominale,
 Sr Sk 

150
 x S S  U I
x*Rn = x*bR ⋅ b ⇒ x*Rn =  b − b  ⋅ b ⋅ n
xn  Sr Sk  U n Ib (417)
x Rn % = x*Rn ⋅100

Fig. 158. Circuit de alimentare

%RELQHOH  GH  UHDFWDQ   PRQWDWH  SH  EDUH  DX  UROXO  GH  D  DVLJXUD  SH  VHF LD  GH  EDUH
QHDYDULDWODXQVFXUWFLUFXLWSH FHDODOWVHF LHILJRWHQVLXQH  UHPDQHQW  Urem.%.
Deci:
1
U rem. = 3X R ⋅ I k ⇒ X R = U rem. ⋅ (418)
3I k
iar în valori procentuale :
I U
X Rn % = U rem. ⋅ n ⋅ (419)
Ik Un
XQGH8HVWHWHQVLXQHDGHIXQF LRQDUHDLQVWDOD LHL
IkFXUHQWXOGHVFXUWFLUFXLWSULQERELQDGHUHDFWDQ 

Fig. 159. Bare colectoare

'LQFRQGL LDGHDDVLJXUDRDQXPLWYDORDUHSHQWUXUrem.UH]XOWYDORDUHDQHFHVDU
SHQWUXUHDFWDQ DUHDFWRUXOXLGHEDUH
6FKHPHDOHFHQWUDOHORUúLVWD LLORUFDUHIRORVHVFERELQHGHUHDFWDQ VHSUH]LQWOD
capitolul de scheme electrice.
'LQVWXGLXOERELQHLGHUHDFWDQ VLPSOVHFRQVWDWFHDVHPDQLIHVWDWkWvQUHJLP
QRUPDOFkWúLGHVFXUWFLUFXLWFXRDFHHDúLYDORDUHDUHDFWDQ HLFHHDFHFRQVWLWXLHXQ
GH]DYDQWDMLPSRUWDQWSHVHDPDFGHULORUPDULGHWHQVLXQHúLDFRQVXPXOXLGHHQHUJLH
în regim normal.
,QFRQYHQLHQWHOH  OHJDWH  GH  XWLOL]DUHD  ERELQHORU  GH  UHDFWDQ   VLPSOH  DX  GHWHUPLQDW
JVLUHDGHQRLPRGDOLW LGHXWLOL]DUHDORUúLDQXPH
- ERELQHGHUHDFWDQ FXSUL]PHGLDQjumelate);
- úXQWDUHDERELQHORUVLPSOHvQUHJLPQRUPDOFXHOHPHQWHOLPLWDWRDUHGHFXUHQW

151
 %2%,1(/('(5($&7$16(&,21$7(

$XRSUL]ODPLMORFXOvQIúXUULLODFDUHGHUHJXOVHUDFRUGHD]FLUFXLWXOGHVXUV
LDUODFDSHWHVHUDFRUGHD]FRQVXPDWRULL
'LQSXQFWGHYHGHUHFRQVWUXFWLYHVWHDVHPQWRDUHFXERELQDVLPSOILJ

)LJ6HF LXQHDXQHLERELQH

)81&,21$5($%2%,1(,'(5($&7$16(&,21$7(
ÎN REGIM NORMAL

&RQVLGHUkQGERELQDVHF LRQDWGLQILJFDUHDOLPHQWHD]GRXFLUFXLWHLQGHSHQGHQWHúL
VLPHWULFHFGHUHDGHWHQVLXQHSHUDPXULOHERELQHLYDIL
1 1 I
U = (xl − xf c ⋅ I ) = Ix (1 − f c ) = x' (420)
2 2 2
unde x’ = x ( 1- fcHVWHUHDFWDQ DHFKLYDOHQWDXQHLUDPXULvQUHJLPVLPHWULFGH
vQFUFDUH
5H]XOWGHFLFUHDFWDQ DHFKLYDOHQWvQUHJLPQRUPDOHVWHFXDWkWPDLPLFFXFkW
factorul de cuplaj magnetic fcvQWUHUDPXULOHvQIúXUULLHVWHPDLPDUH
&RQVLGHUkQG  VXUVD  PRQWDW  OD  XQ  FDSW  OD  FHOODOW  FDSW  ILLQG  FRQVXPDWRUXO
ILJUH]XOWUHDFWDQ DHFKLYDOHQW;” = 2x + 2xfc = 2(1 + fc), mai mare decât a unei
ERELQHVLPSOHFXUHDFWDQ SURSULH;SHVHDPDLQGXF LHLPXWXDOH

Fig.161. Schema unui comutator inductiv

)81&,21$5($%2%,1(,'(5($&7$16(&,21$7Ì1
REGIM DE SCURTCIRCUIT

ÌQ  VLWXD LD  vQ  FDUH  OD  XQXO  GLQ  FDSHWHOH  ERELQHL  FH  DUH  VXUVD  FRQHFWDW  OD  SUL]D
PHGLDQDSDUHXQGHIHFWILJFXUHQWXOSULQUDPXUDDYDULDWGHYLQHPXOWPDLPDUH
GHFkWFHOGHSHUDPXUDVQWRDVDVWIHOvQFkWFGHUHDGHWHQVLXQHSHUDPXUDGLQWkL
devine: Uk = xIk – xfc ≅ xIkGHXQGHUHDFWDQ DHFKLYDOHQWDXQHLUDPXULvQFD]XOXQXL
VFXUWFLUFXLWODFDSWXOHLHVWH
xk ≅ x > x’ = x ( 1- fc ) (421)
xk 1
iar = > 1 FHHDFHGXFHODFRQFOX]LDFXQUHDFWRUVHF LRQDWHVWHFXDWkW
x' 1 − f c
mai bun cu cât factorul de cuplaj magnetic este mai mare.

152
 6HPDLSXQHvQVRFRQGL LHvQFHHDFHSULYHúWHFRQHFWDUHDUHDFWRUXOXLVHF LRQDWúL
DQXPHDFHHDGHDDYHDFHOHGRXUDPXULFRQHFWDWHODFLUFXLWHLQGHSHQGHQWHDOWIHOODXQ
VFXUWFLUFXLWFXUHQ LLGHSHFHOHGRXUDPXULYRUILHJDOLLDUUHDFWDQ DHFKLYDOHQWHVWH
tot x’.
7HQVLXQHDODFDSWXOUDPXULLneavariate:
U1 = U − 3I1 + 3xf c I k (422)
sau
U1 3x
= 1+ (f c I k − I1 ) > 1 (423)
U U
'HFL  FXQRVFkQG  F  YDORDUHD  FXUHQWXOXL  GH  VFXUWFLUFXLW  HVWH  PXOW  PDL  PDUH  GHFkW
curentul de regim normal (deci Ik >> I1WHQVLXQHDODFDSWXOUDPXULLneavariate devine
PDL  PDUH  GHFkW  WHQVLXQHD  VXUVHL  GH  DOLPHQWDUH  FHHD  FH  GHWHUPLQ  R  FUHúWHUH  D
FXUHQWXOXLUHDFWLYDOVDUFLQLLúLGHFLWHQVLXQHDOD FRQVXPDWRULLGHSH DFHDVWUDPXU
SRDWHILPHQ LQXWFRQVWDQW

)LJ6FKHPDXQXLGHIHFWODRERELQ

'DFúLODFDSWXOUDPXULLQHDYDULDWHDUHDFWRUXOXLHVWHPRQWDWRVXUVILJ
DWXQFLFGHULOHGHWHQVLXQHSHUDPXULOHERELQHLúLUHDFWDQ HOHHFKLYDOHQWHDOHDFHVWXLD
devin:
U Bk = I i x b + I1 (x + xf c ) + I k (x + xf c )
U Ak = Ix a + I k x + I1 xf c dar : (424)
I k = I + I1 ⇒ U Ak = I(x a − xf c ) + I k (x 1 − xf c ).

)LJ6FKHPDXQHLERELQHGHUHDFWDQ 

'HRDUHFHFHOHGRXVLVWHPHVXQWvQSDUDOHOUAk = UBk ;
I ( xa – xfc ) = I ( xb + x1 + xfcFHHDFHFRUHVSXQGHXUPWRDUHLVFKHPHHFKLYDOHQWHILJ
164):

)LJ6FKHPDHFKLYDOHQW

'DFH[SUHVLDxa – xfcHVWHQHJDWLYDWXQFLVHFRQVLGHUQXO

153