Network Theorem - AC

N
Q R LRQ
D F FLUF LW LIIHUV IURP D F FLUF LW L WZR LPSRUWD W UHVSHFWV )LUVW L D F FLUF LW ZH
KD H UHVLVWD FHV R O ZKHUHDV L D D F FLUF LW L D LWLR WR UHVLVWD FH L FWD FH / D
FDSDFLWD FH DOVR SOD WKH SDUW 7KHUHIRUH L D D F FLUF LW ZH KD H WR HDO ZLWK LPSH D FHV
L VWHD RI UHVLVWD FHV DV L D F FLUF LW 6HFR O L D F FLUF LW ROWD HV RU F UUH WV FD EH D H
RU V EWUDFWH DULWKPHWLFDOO +RZH HU DOWHU DWL ROWD HV D F UUH WV DUH SKDVRUV VR WKDW WKH
D LWLR RU V EWUDFWLR RI DOWHU DWL ROWD HV RU F UUH WV UHT LUHV WKH VH RI SKDVRU DO HEUD 7KH
WHFK LT HV D WKHRUHPV VH WR VRO H F HWZRUN SUREOHPV L FKDSWHU RI WKLV ERRN FD DOVR EH
DSSOLH WR D F HWZRUNV SUR L H LI ZH NHHS L PL WKDW L D D F FLUF LW ZH KD H LPSH D FHV
L VWHD RI UHVLVWD FHV D WKDW DOWHU DWL ROWD HV RU F UUH WV FD EH D H RU V EWUDFWH E WKH VH
RI SKDVRU DO HEUD , WKLV FKDSWHU ZH VKDOO LVF VV WKH DULR V WHFK LT HV D HWZRUN WKHRUHPV WR
VRO H D F HWZRUN SUREOHPV
1 R N Q O L
7KH WHFK LT HV D WKHRUHPV HPSOR H WR VRO H F HWZRUN SUREOHPV FD DOVR EH DSSOLH WR
D F HWZRUN SUREOHPV NHHSL L LHZ WKH IROORZL SRL WV
, D D F HWZRUN ZH KD H LPSH D FHV /D L DU L SURSRUWLR V L VWHD RI
UHVLVWD FHV R O DV L D F FLUF LW
7KH DO HU D L YRO D HV D FXUUH V DUH SKDVRUV 7KHUHIRUH IRU KH D L LR RU
VXE UDF LR RI DO HU D L YRO D HV RU FXUUH V ZH KDYH R XVH SKDVRU DO HEUD
, VROYL D F H ZRUNV KH SKDVH D OHV RI DOO LPSH D FHV YRO D HV D FXUUH V PXV
EH FDUHIXOO FR VL HUH :KHUH WZR T D WLWLHV DUH WR EH P OWLSOLH RU L L H WKH VKR O
EH VWDWH L SRODU IRUP :KHUH WKH DUH WR EH D H RU V EWUDFWH WKH P VW EH FR HUWH
WR UHFWD ODU IRUP HFD VH RI WKH HFHVVLW RI FR HUWL SRODU WR UHFWD ODU IRUP D
LFH HUVD WKHUH LV P FK PRUH ZRUN L RO H L D DO VL D D F HWZRUN WKD IRU D VLPLODU
F HWZRUN
Z Z
+ + + -
6 0°V E1 E2 12 –20°V 6 0°V E1 E2 12 –20°V
- - - +
(i) (ii)
Fig. 17.1
2WKHU SDVVL H HOHPH WV YL L FWD FH / D FDSDFLWD FH DUH UHOH D W R O L D F FLUF LWV

Note that alternating voltage or current means sinusoidal voltage or current unless stated otherwise. Remember
that a sinusoidal voltage or current can be represented by a phasor.
A.C. Network Analysis 937
OWKR K DOWHU DWL ROWD HV DUH FR WL R VO UH HUVL SRODULW D WHUPL DOV
must be identi�ed at each voltage source. This is necessary because if a voltage source
LV FR HFWH L UH HUVH WKH SKDVH D OH RI WKH VR UFH R WS W LV FKD H E 7KLV
SRL W LV LOO VWUDWH L )L
)L L VKRZV D FLUF LW WKDW KDV WZR ROWD H VR UFHV ( ∠ 9D ( ∠ 9
6L FH ERWK ( D ( KD H L H WLFDO SRODULWLHV D WKH SKDVH D OH RI ( LV ZUW ( ,
)L LL WKH VR UFH ( LV RZ FR HFWH L UH HUVH 7KH UH HUVDO RI WKH R WS W RI ( KDV D H D
I UWKHU WR WKH SKDVH RI ( Z U W ( L H WKH SKDVH D OH RI ( LV RZ Z U W ( ,W LV IRU WKLV
reason that the terminals of all a.c. sources in a circuit diagram must have a polarity identi�cation.
.L KKRII IR L L
Kirchhoff’s laws for d.c. circuits can also be applied to a.c. circuits with a slight modi�cation. In
F FLUF LWV ZH WDNH DO HEUDLF VXP RI ROWD HV D F UUH WV ZKHUHDV L D F FLUF LWV ZH WDNH SKDVRU
VXP RI ROWD HV D F UUH WV
.L FKKRII V X W /DZ . / .LUFKKRII V F UUH W ODZ IRU D F FLUF LWV PD EH
VWDWH DV HU
7KH SKDVRU VXP RI KH FXUUH V H HUL D SRL L D D F FLUFXL LV HTXDO R KH SKDVRU
VXP RI KH FXUUH V OHDYL KD SRL
7KH WHUP SKDVRU V P LV VH EHFD VH ZH DUH HDOL ZLWK DOWHU DWL F UUH WV 7KLV ODZ LV
EDVH R WKH SUL FLSOH RI FR VHU DWLR RI FKDU H
.L FKKRII V 9R WD /DZ .9/ .LUFKKRII V ROWD H ODZ IRU D F FLUF LWV PD EH VWDWH
DV HU
, D FORVH HOHF ULF FLUFXL KH SKDVRU VXP RI YRO D H URSV SOXV KH SKDVRU VXP RI
YRO D H ULVHV LV HUR
FR H WLR D ROWD H ULVH LV L H D SRVL LYH VL D D ROWD H URS LV DVVL H D H D LYH
VL 5HPHPEHU WKDW SDVVL WKUR K D VR UFH RU LPSH D FH IURP WR L LFDWHV D ROWD H URS
ZKLOH SDVVL WKUR K LW IURP WR L LFDWHV D ROWD H ULVH
([D S VL .LUFKKRII V YRO D H ODZ H HUPL H KH FLUFXL FXUUH L L
Fig. 17.2
6R XWLR 7KH SKDVRU ROWD H 9 ∠ ROWV /HW , EH WKH SKDVRU F UUH W L WKH FLUF LW
SSO L .LUFKKRII V ROWD H ODZ WR WKH FLUF LW L )L ZH KD H
9 , , M ;/ ,M;
1RWH WKDW L VWD WD HR V DOWHU DWL ROWD HV D F UUH WV DUH UHSUHVH WH E H RU Y D L UHVSHFWL HO
+RZH HU D SKDVRU ROWD H RU D SKDVRU F UUH W LV UHSUHVH WH E ( RU 9 D , UHVSHFWL HO
RWK ( D ( DUH L FUHDVL L WKH SRVLWL H LUHFWLR IURP ]HUR
URS L FDSDFLWRU ,= , M; , M;
938 Basic Electrical Engineering
RU 9 , M ;/ M;
 M 
RU 9 ,  + Mω / − 
 ω
1 1
+HUH ω/
ω (100) × 1× 10 −3
∴ 9 , M M , M
9 100∠0°
RU , ∠
10 − M9 13.5∠ − 42°
7KHUHIRUH WKH FLUF LW F UUH W L LV L VL V

([D S Using Kirchhoff’s laws, �nd current in the capacitor in Fig. 17.3.
Fig. 17.3
6R XWLR :H VKDOO DSSO .LUFKKRII V ROWD H ODZ WR WKH ORRSV D ( 7KH ORRS
HT DWLR V DUH REWDL H E VHWWL WKH ROWD H URSV HT DO WR WKH ROWD H ULVHV
/RRS ) ,= , , = (
/RRS () , , = ,= (
5HDUUD L WKHVH HT DWLR V D FROOHFWL WHUPV VR WKDW WKH FD EH VRO H E UDPHU V U OH
ZH KD H
, = = , = (
D , = , = = (
Since we are required to �nd the current in the capacitor, it is necessary to �nd , UDPHU V U OH
=1 + = 2 (1
−= 2 − (2 (=1 + = 2 )(−(2 ) + (1= 2 − ( 2= 1 − ( 2= 2 + (1= 2
,
=1 + = 2 −= 2 (=1 + = 2 )( = 2 + = 3 ) − = 22 =1= 2 + =1= 3 + = 2 = 3
−= 2 = 2 + =3
1RZ ( ∠ (
9 ∠ 9 = ∠ Ω = ∠ Ω = ∠ Ω
∴ (= ∠ ∠ ∠
(= ∠ ∠ ∠
(= ∠ ∠ ∠
== ∠ == ∠ == ∠
−60∠0°− 48∠90° + 96∠90° − 60 + M 48 76.84∠141.34°
∴ , ∠
80∠90° + 40∠ − 90° + 32∠0° 32 + M 40 51.22∠51.34°
([D S H HUPL H KH LPSH D FH VHH E KH VRXUFH 9V ∠ YRO V L KH H ZRUN
VKRZ L L
Fig. 17.4
6R XWLR /HW , D , EH WKH SKDVRU F UUH WV L WKH WZR ORRSV DV VKRZ L )L
/RRS SSO L .9/ ZH KD H
9ROWD H ULVH 9ROWD H URSV
RU 9V M M , M, L
/RRS SSO L .9/ ZH KD H
9ROWD H URSV 9ROWD H ULVH
RU M M , M, LL
− M,1 − M,1 2 − M 1 − (1 + M 2) ,1
)URP HT LL , = × =
2 + M1 2 + M1 2 − M1 5
3 WWL WKLV DO H RI , L HT L ZH KD H
− M(1 + M 2)
9V M M , ,1 M ,
5
∴ ,PSH D FH VHH E VR UFH LV L H E
9V
=V M Ω ∠ Ω
,1
7 R L O 3 REO P
8VL .LUFKKRII V ROWD H ODZ HWHUPL H WKH F UUH W L )L VL
Fig. 17.5 Fig. 17.6

8VL .LUFKKRII V ODZV HWHUPL H WKH F UUH W L Ω UHVLVWRU L )L
Using Kirchhoff’s laws, determine the current owing through the branch containing 4 Ω UHVLVWD FH L
)L ∠
Fig. 17.7 Fig. 17.8

Use Kirchhoff’s laws to �nd the current owing in the capacitive branch of Fig. 17.8. All resistances and
LPSH D FHV DUH L RKPV
0 K Q Q O L
7KH SURFH UH IRU WKH D DO VLV RI D F HWZRUNV LV H[DFWO WKH VDPH DV WKDW IRU F HWZRUNV
H[FHSW WKDW LPSH D FHV ROWD HV D F UUH WV DUH H[SUHVVH DV FRPSOH[ PEHUV 5HPHPEHU WKDW
PHVK F UUH W PHWKR FR VLVWV RI WKH IROORZL VWHSV
(DFK PHVK LV DVVL H D VHSDUDWH PHVK F UUH W 7KH VDPH LUHFWLR P VW EH FKRVH IRU DOO
WKH PHVK F UUH WV L D FLUF LW V DO FR H WLR LV WR PDNH DOO WKH PHVK F UUH WV FORFNZLVH
F UUH WV
When two mesh currents are owing through the same circuit element, the net current in
WKDW FLUF LW HOHPH W LV IR L D PD HU L H WLFDO WR WKDW VH IRU F PHVK D DO VLV
.LUFKKRII V ROWD H ODZ IRU D F FLUF LWV LV DSSOLH WR ZULWH HT DWLR IRU HDFK PHVK L
WHUPV RI PHVK F UUH WV 5HPHPEHU ZKLOH ZULWL PHVK HT DWLR V ROWD H ULVH LV DVVL H
SRVLWL H VL D ROWD H URS H DWL H VL
:KH WKH D DO VLV LV FRPSOHWH WKRVH EUD FK F UUH WV WKDW FRPH R W DV SRVLWL H T D WLWLHV
DUH L VWD WD HR VO L WKH VDPH LUHFWLR DV WKDW VHOHFWH IRU WKH PHVK F UUH WV 7KH
EUD FK F UUH WV WKDW KD H H DWL H VL V KD H D D LWLR DO SKDVH VKLIW L UHODWLR WR
WKH PHVK F UUH WV
([D S Use mesh analysis to �nd the currents through the source and capacitor in the
circuit in Fig. 17.9. Also �nd the power delivered by the source.
Fig. 17.9
6R XWLR 7KHUH DUH WZR PHVKHV D WKH PHVK F UUH WV DUH , D , :H VKDOO DSSO .LUFKKRII V
ROWD H ODZ WR WKH WZR PHVKHV
0 VK , , , M , ,
0 VK , M , M , , , ,
5HDUUD L WKHVH HT DWLR V D FROOHFWL WHUPV VR WKDW WKH FD EH VRO H E UDPHU V U OH
ZH KD H
, M , M
D , M , M
10 −(104 + M 200)
0 (205 + M150) 10(205 + M150) − 0
∴ ,
(200 + M 200) −(104 + M200) (200 + M 200)(205 + M150) − (104 + M 200) 2
−(104 + M 200) (205 + M150)
2050 + M1500 2540.18∠36.19°

∠
40184 + M 29400 49790∠36.19°
(200 + M 200) 10
−(104 + M 200) 0 0 + 10(104 + M 200)
OVR ,
40184 + M 29400 40184 + M 29400
1040 + M 2000 2254.24∠62.53°
∠
40184 + M 29400 49790∠36.19°
∴ 6R UFH F UUH W , ∠
UUH W WKUR K FDSDFLWRU , ∠
3RZHU V SSOLH E VR UFH 9, FRV φ FRV
([D S Use mesh analysis to �nd the voltage across the inductor in Fig. 17.10.
Fig. 17.10
6R XWLR The current source will �rst be converted to an equivalent voltage source. Since the
F UUH W VR UFH LV L SDUDOOHO ZLWK D NΩ UHVLVWRU LW LV HT L DOH W WR D ROWD H VR UFH KD L DO H
( ∠ P ∠ NΩ ∠ 9
)L VKRZV WKH HT L DOH W ROWD H VR UFH ( UDZ L SODFH RI F UUH W VR UFH D L
VHULHV ZLWK NΩ UHVLVWRU
Fig. 17.11
5HIHUUL WR )L WKHUH DUH WZR PHVKHV D WKH PHVK F UUH WV DUH , D , :H RZ DSSO
.LUFKKRII V ROWD H ODZ WR WKH WZR PHVKHV
0 VK , = = , , = ( (
0 VK , , = ,= (
5HDUUD L D FROOHFWL WHUPV ZH KD H
, = = = , = ( (
D , = , = = (
7KH H RPL DWRU PDWUL[ ∆ LV
=1 + = 2 + = 3 −= 3
∆ = = = = = =
−= 3 =3 + =4
3 WWL = Ω = M Ω = M Ω D = M Ω ZH KD H
∆ M M M M M
M ∠
∠ ∠
∠
M M ∠
UDPHU V U OH ZH KD H
(1 − (2 −= 3
(2 =3 + = 4 ((1 − (2 )(= 3 + = 4 ) + (2 = 3
,
∆ ∆
(10∠0° − 20∠0°)(0 + M 2 × 103 − M10 3 ) + (20∠0°)(2 × 10 3∠90°)
∆
(−10∠0 °)(10 3∠90°) + 4 × 10 4 ∠90° 3 × 10 4 ∠90 °
∆ ∆
4
3 × 10 ∠90 °
∠
3.16 × 10 6 ∠18.43°
∠ P M P
=1 + = 2 + = 3 (1 − ( 2
−= 3 (2 (=1 + = 2 + = 3 ) (2 + = 3 ( (1 − (2 )
OVR ,
∆ ∆
(10 3 − M10 3 + M 2 × 103 ) (20∠0°) + (2 × 103∠90°)(10∠0° − 20∠0°)
∆
(10 3 + M10 3 )(20∠0°) + (2 × 10 3 ∠90°)(− 10∠0°)
∆
2 × 10 4 + M 2 × 10 4 − 2 × 104 ∠90° 2 × 10 4 ∠0°
∠
∆ 3.16 ×10 6 ∠18.43°
∠ P M P
, PHVK WKH HW F UUH W ,/ L WKH L FWRU LV
,/ , , M M
M P ∠ P
∴ 9ROWD H 9/ DFURVV L FWRU LV L H E

9/ ,/ ;/ ∠ P ∠ Ω
∠ 9 ∠ 9
([D S Use mesh analysis to �nd currents in the various branches of the circuit shown
L L
Fig. 17.12
6R XWLR7KHUH DUH WZR PHVKHV D WKH PHVK F UUH WV DUH , D ,
= M ; ; M Ω
= = = M )Ω
= M; ; M Ω
:H RZ DSSO .LUFKKRII V ROWD H ODZ WR WKH WZR PHVKHV
0 VK , = , , = 9
RU , = = ,= 9 L
0 VK ,= , , = 9
RU ,= , = = 9 LL
1RZ = = = = = = D = = = VR WKDW HTV L D LL FD EH ZULWWH DV
,= , = 9
D ,= , = 9
91 −=12
−92 = 22 9 = − 92 =12
, = 1 22
=11 −=12 2
=11 = 22 − =12
−= 21 = 22
10(2 + M1) − (10∠ − 60°)(1 + M 2) (20 + M10) − (5 − M5 3)(1 + M 2)

(2 + M3)(2 + M1) − (1 + M 2) 2 (1 + M8) + (3 − M 4)
(20 + M10) − (22.32 + M1.34) 8.97∠105°

∠
4 + M4 5.66∠45°
,I ZH FR VL HU PHVK WKH
9/ ∠ 9 ∠ 9
5HFDOO WKDW = LV WKH V P RI LPSH D FHV L PHVK D = = LV WKH FRPPR LPSH D FH EHWZHH
PHVKHV D
=11 91
−= 21 −92 −92 = 11 + = 2191
OVR , 2
=11= 22 − =12 5.66∠45°
−10∠ − 60°(2 + M3) + (1 + M 2)10 34.1∠139.3°
5.66∠45° 5.66∠45°
∠
∴ UUH W WKUR = , , M M
([D S In the circuit shown in Fig. 17.13, �nd the value of V VR KD FXUUH KURX K
(2 + j3) ohms impedance is zero.
Fig. 17.13
6R XWLR 7KHUH DUH WKUHH PHVKHV D WKH PHVK F UUH WV DUH , , D , SSO L .LUFKKRII V
ROWD H ODZ WR WKH WKUHH PHVKHV ZH KD H
0 VK M , M , ∠
0 VK M , M , ,
0 VK , , 9
5 + M5 30 0
− M5 0 −6
0 −92 10 (5 + M5)(− 692 ) − 30(− M50)
,
5 + M5 − M5 0 Denominator
− M5 8 + M8 −6
0 −6 10
−92 (30 + M30) + M1500
∴ ,
Denominator
,W LV L H WKDW F UUH W WKUR K M Ω LPSH D FH LV ]HUR L H ,
M1500
∴ 9 M M RU 9 ∠ 9
30 + M30
([D S Use mesh analysis to �nd voltage across 10 ohm resistor in the network shown
in Fig. 17.14. The coupling co-ef�cient is 0.8.
, , , M ∠
RU M , M , ∠
Fig. 17.14
6R XWLR ω0 ωN /1/2 N ω/1 × ω/2 = 0.8 10 × 20 Ω

/HW , D , EH WKH SKDVRU F UUH WV L WKH WZR PHVKHV DV VKRZ L )L SSO L .9/
ZH REWDL PHVK HT DWLR V E VHWWL ROWD H URSV HT DO WR ROWD H ULVHV
0 VK SSO L .9/ ZH KD H
, M M , M M , ∠
RU , M , M ∠ L
0 VK SSO L .9/ ZH KD H
, M M , , M M
RU , M , M LL
SSO L UDPHU V U OH WR HTV L D LL ZH KD H
6 + M2 100 ∠ 0°
− 6 − M 3.32 0
,
6 + M2 − 6 − M 3.32
− 6 − M 3.32 16 + M 12
100 (6 + M 3.32) 685.73 ∠ 28.96°
47.04 + M 64.16 79.56 ∠ 53.75°
∴ , ∠
9ROWD H DFURVV Ω UHVLVWRU , ∠ ∠ 9
7 R L O 3 REO P
Use mesh analysis to �nd current in the inductor in Fig. 17.15. ∠ →
Fig. 17.15 Fig. 17.16

Use mesh analysis to �nd current in the capacitor in Fig. 17.16. ∠
Use mesh analysis to �nd current in the resistor in Fig. 17.17. ∠ ↓
Fig. 17.17
8VL PHVK D DO VLV HWHUPL H WKH DO HV RI , , D , L )L
∠ ∠ ∠
Fig. 17.18 Fig. 17.19

Using mesh analysis, �nd the value of current , D DFWL H SRZHU R WS W RI WKH ROWD H VR UFH L
)L ∠
1R O Q O L
7KH SURFH UH IRU R DO D DO VLV RI D D F HWZRUN LV WKH VDPH DV WKDW IRU D F HWZRUN H[FHSW
WKDW ZH KD H WR HDO ZLWK LPSH D FHV L VWHD RI UHVLVWD FHV D WKDW WKH SKDVH D OH RI DOO T D WLWLHV
H LPSH D FHV ROWD HV D F UUH WV P VW EH WDNH L WR FR VL HUDWLR 5HPHPEHU WKDW R DO
D DO VLV UHT LUHV WKH VHOHFWLR RI R H RI WKH SUL FLSDO R HV DV WKH UHIHUH FH R H :H FD DSSO
Kirchhoff’s current law to any principal node (except the reference node) to �nd its node voltage.
2 FH R H ROWD HV DW SUL FLSDO R HV DUH HWHUPL H WKH EUD FK F UUH WV FD EH HDVLO FDOF ODWH
1RW 6L FH R H R DO HT DWLR FD EH ZULWWH IRU HDFK SUL FLSDO R H H[FHSW WKH UHIHUH FH R H WKH P
EHU RI HT DWLR V UHT LUH IRU VRO WLR ZLOO EH ZKHUH LV WKH PEHU RI SUL FLSDO R HV L WKH FLUF LW
([D S Use nodal analysis to �nd the voltage at node ‘a’ and currents I , D ,3 L KH
FLUFXL VKRZ L L
5HFDOO WKDW LI WKUHH RU PRUH FLUF LW HOHPH WV MRL DW D R H WKH WKDW R H LV FDOOH D SUL FLSDO R H
,W RHV RW PDWWHU ZKLFK SUL FLSDO R H LV VHOHFWH DV WKH UHIHUH FH R H E W LW LV HDVLHVW WR WDNH WKDW R H
ZLWK WKH UHDWHVW PEHU RI EUD FKHV FR HFWH WR LW
10 36.9°
5 a
I1 I3 I2
+ +
50 90°V
100 0°V
20 53.1° -
-
b
Fig. 17.20
6R XWLR 7KHUH DUH WZR SUL FLSDO R HV D D E L WKH FLUF LW 7DNL R H E DV WKH UHIHUH FH
R H D DSSO L .LUFKKRII V F UUH W ODZ WR R H D ZH KD H
, , ,
100 − 9D 50∠90° − 9D 9D
RU
5 10∠36.9° 20∠53.1°
RU 9D ∠ 9D ∠ 9D ∠
RU 9D ∠ ∠ ∠
RU 9D M M M
RU 9D M M
23 + M 4 23.35∠9.87°
∴ 9D ∠ 9
0.31 − M0.1 0.326∠ − 17.88°
100 − 71.62∠27.75° 100 − (63.38 + M 33.35)
,
5 5
36.62 − M33.35 49.53∠ − 42.32°
∠
5 5
50∠90° − 71.62∠27.75° ( M50) − (63.38 + M 33.35)
,
10∠36.9° 10∠36.9°
−63.38 + M16.65 65.53∠165.28°
∠
10∠36.9° 10∠36.9°
71.62∠ 27.75°
, ∠
20 ∠53.1°
([D S Using nodal analysis, �nd current in Z3 3 M;3) branch in the circuit
VKRZ L L
Fig. 17.21
6R XWLR 7KHUH DUH WZR SUL FLSDO R HV D D W E /HW V WDNH R H E DV WKH UHIHUH FH R H
Assuming that all the currents ow away from node ‘D D DSSO L .LUFKKRII V F UUH W ODZ WR
D R H D ZH KD H
9D − 91 9D 9D − 9 2
=1 =3 =2
 1 1 1  91 92
RU 9D  + +  + L
 =1 = 2 = 3  =1 = 2
*  − M 
1 1 1 1 1 1+ M1 1 − M 2
1RZ + +    
=1 = 2 = 3 2 2 2 2 5 5
M 6 ∠ 6
91 92 10∠0° 10∠ − 60°
OVR + + M M
=1 = 2 2∠45° 2∠ − 45°
M ∠
3 WWL WKH SURSHU DO HV L HT L ZH KD H
9D ∠ ∠
13.65∠ − 30°
∴ 9D ∠ 9
1.263∠ − 18.4°
9D 10.8∠ − 11.6°
∴ UUH W L = ∠
=3 5∠63.5°
([D S VH R DO D DO
VLV o �nd the current in each branch of
KH H ZRUN VKRZ L L
6R XWLR 7KHUH DUH WZR SUL FLSDO
R HV D D E L WKH FLUF LW 7DNL
R H E DV WKH UHIHUH FH R H D
DSSO L .LUFKKRII V F UUH W ODZ WR R H
D ZH KD H
, , ,
100 − 9D 50∠90° − 9D 9D
RU + Fig. 17.22
20 5 10
RU 9D ∠ 9D 9D
RU 9D ∠
5 + 10∠90° 5 + M10
∴ 9D M 9 ∠ 9
0.35 0.35
100 − 9D 100 − (14.3 + M 28.6)
, M
20 20
∠ WRZD V R
50∠90° − 9D M 50 − (14.3 + M 28.6)
, M
5 5
∠ WRZD V R
1 1 1 1 − M1 1 − M1 1 1
= = × = = − M
=1 1 + M1 1 + M1 1 − M1 2 2 2
9D 32∠63.4°
, ∠ I R R WR R E
10 10
([D S Determine the voltages at nodes ‘a’ and ‘b’ with respect to the reference node
‘c’ in the circuit of Fig. 17.23. Also �nd current through j2Ω D M Ω
Fig. 17.23
6R XWLR 7KHUH DUH WZR SUL FLSDO R HV D D E RWKHU WKD WKH UHIHUH FH R H F 7KHUHIRUH
ZH UHT LUH WZR R DO HT DWLR V IRU WKH VRO WLR RI WKLV FLUF LW
50 − 9D 9E − 9D 9D
W R + =
5 4 M2
RU 9D 9E 9D M 9D
RU 9D 9E M 9D
∴ 9D M 9E L
9E − 9D 9E 50∠90° − 9E
W R E
4 − M2 2
RU 9E 9D M 9E M 9E
∴ 9D 9E M M LL
SSO L UDPHU V U OH WR HTV L D LL ZH KD H
10 −0.25
M 25 0.75 + M 0.5 (7.5 + M5) + M6.25
9D
0.45 − M0.5 −0.25 (0.45 − M0.5)(0.75 + M0.5) − (0.25) 2
−0.25 0.75 + M 0.5
7.5 + M11.25 13.5∠56.3°
∠ 9
0.525 − M 0.15 0.546∠ − 15.95°
0.45 − M0.5 10
−0.25 M 25 (0.45 − M0.5)( M25) + 2.5
OVR 9E
0.546∠ − 15.95° 0.546∠ − 15.95°
15 + M11.23 18.75∠36.87°
∠ 9
0.546∠ − 15.95° 0.546∠ − 15.95°
9D 9 − M2
= D× M 9D
M2 M2 − M2
9D 24.7∠72.25°
UUH W WKUR K M Ω ∠
M2 2∠90°
9E 34.34∠52.82°
UUH W WKUR K M Ω ∠
− M2 2∠ − 90°
7 R L O 3 REO P
8VH R DO D DO VLV WR HWHUPL H F UUH W L WKH FDSDFLWRU L )L ∠
Fig. 17.24 Fig. 17.25

8VH R DO D DO VLV WR HWHUPL H F UUH W L WKH FDSDFLWRU L )L ∠
8VH R DO D DO VLV WR HWHUPL H F UUH W L Ω UHVLVWRU L )L ∠
Fig. 17.26
8VH R DO D DO VLV WR HWHUPL H WKH DO H RI ROWD HV DW R HV D L )L
∠ 9 ∠ 9
Fig. 17.27 Fig. 17.28

Determine the current owing through branch RI WKH HWZRUN VKRZ L )L E VL R DO
D DO VLV ∠
6 S SR L LRQ 7K R P IR L L
7KH V SHUSRVLWLR WKHRUHP IRU D D F FLUF LW LV WKH VDPH DV WKDW IRU D F FLUF LW H[FHSW WKDW
SKDVH D OH RI DOO T D WLWLHV LPSH D FHV ROWD HV D F UUH WV P VW EH WDNH L WR FR VL HUDWLR
7KHUHIRUH V SHUSRVLWLR WKHRUHP IRU D F FLUF LWV FD EH VWDWH DV HU
, D D F H ZRUN FR DL L PRUH KD R H VRXUFH RI YRO D H RU FXUUH KH R DO FXUUH RU
YRO D H L D EUD FK RI KH H ZRUN LV KH SKDVRU VXP RI FXUUH V RU YRO D HV SUR XFH L KD
EUD FK E HDFK VRXUFH DF L L HSH H O
7KH SURFH UH IRU VL WKLV WKHRUHP LV DV HU
6HOHFW R H VR UFH D UHSODFH DOO RWKHU VR UFHV ZLWK WKHLU L WHU DO LPSH D FHV
HWHUPL H F UUH W WKUR K RU ROWD H DFURVV WKH HVLUH EUD FK DV D UHV OW RI WKH VL OH
VR UFH DFWL DOR H
5HSHDW VWHSV L D LL VL HDFK VR UFH L W U WLO WKH EUD FK F UUH W ROWD H
FRPSR H WV KD H EHH FDOF ODWH IRU DOO VR UFHV
HWHUPL H WKH SKDVRU V P RI F UUH W ROWD H FRPSR H WV WR REWDL WKH DFW DO F UUH W
WKUR K RU ROWD H DFURVV WKDW EUD FK
([D S Use superposition theorem to �nd current through 120Ω UHVLV RU L L
Fig. 17.29
6R XWLR 7KH VH RI V SHUSRVLWLR WKHRUHP UHT LUHV WKH IROORZL WZR VWHSV
( ∠ 9 VRX F DFWL D R To �nd the current through 120Ω UHVLVWRU H WR (
∠ 9 VR UFH DFWL DOR H ZH RSH FLUF LW WKH F UUH W VR UFH DV VKRZ L )L 6L FH R
current can ow through the capacitor, the total impedance =7 DFURVV ROWD H VR UFH LV
=7 M Ω ∠ Ω
7KHUHIRUH F UUH W , L Ω UHVLVWRU H WR ROWD H VR UFH DOR H LV
( 52∠0°
, ∠ ↓ RZ ZDU
=7 130∠22.62°
Fig. 17.30 Fig. 17.31

∠ VRX F DFWL D R In order to �nd current through 120Ω UHVLVWRU H WR
, ∠ VR UFH DFWL DOR H ZH UHSODFH WKH ROWD H VR UFH E D VKRUW FLUF LW DV VKRZ L )L
5HIHUUL WR )L D DSSO L F UUH W L L HU U OH F UUH W , WKUR K Ω UHVLVWRU LV
5HFDOO WKDW D L HDO ROWD H VR UFH KDV ]HUR L WHU DO LPSH D FH VR WKDW D L HDO ROWD H VR UFH LV UHSODFH
by a short circuit. An ideal current source has in�nite internal impedance so that an ideal current source is
UHSODFH E D RSH FLUF LW
:KH WKH L WHU DO LPSH D FH RI WKH VR UFH LV RW L H LW LV HUVWRR WKDW WKH VR UFH LV L HDO R H 6L FH
WKH F UUH W VR UFH LV L HDO LW LV UHSODFH E D RSH FLUF LW
M50 50 ∠ 90°
, , ∠
120 + M50 130 ∠ 22.62°
∠ ↑ SZDU
∴ UUH W WKUR Ω UHVLVWRU , , ∠ ∠
M M
M ∠ ↓ RZ ZD
([D S In the network shown in Fig. 17.32, the two sources acting separately produce
HTXDO FXUUH V L KH EUD FK DE L KH UD LR 9 9
Fig. 17.32
6R XWLR In order to �nd 9 9 ZH VKDOO VH WKH IROORZL WZR VWHSV
9 DFWL D R In order to �nd current through branch DE H WR VR UFH 9 DFWL DOR H ZH
UHSODFH 9 E D VKRUW FLUF LW 7KH FLUF LW EHFRPHV DV VKRZ L )L 7KH WRWDO LPSH D FH =7
DFURVV WKH ROWD H VR UFH 9 LV L H E
10 × M10
=7 M M M
10 + M10
M100 M 20
M
10 + M10 1 + M1
UUH W , HOL HUH E VR UFH 9 LV L H E
91 91(1 + M1)
,
=7 M 20
F UUH W L L HU U OH F UUH W ,DE L EUD FK DE LV
M10 91(1 + M1) M10 91
,DE ,
10 + M10 M 20 10 + M10 20
Fig. 17.33 Fig. 17.34

9 DFWL D R In order to �nd current through branch DE H WR VR UFH 9 DFWL DOR H
ZH UHSODFH 9 E D VKRUW FLUF LW DV VKRZ L )L 7KH WRWDO LPSH D FH =′7 DFURVV WKH ROWD H
VR UFH 9 LV
10(5 + M5)
= 7′ M M M
10 + 5 + M 5
50 + M50 M 200
M
15 + M5 15 + M5
UUH W ,′ HOL HUH E VR UFH 9 LV
92 92 (15 + M 5)
,′
= 7′ M 200
F UUH W L L HU U OH F UUH W ,′DE L EUD FK DE LV

5 + M5 92 (15 + M 5) 5 + M5 92 (5 + M5)
,′DE ,′
10 + 5 + M 5 M 200 15 + M5 M 200
,W LV L H WKDW ,DE ,′DE
91 92 (5 + M5)
∴
20 M 200
91 20(5 + M 5) 20 × 7.07∠45°
RU ∠
92 M 200 200∠90°
([D S Use superposition theorem to �nd the voltage across the capacitor in Fig.
17.35.
Fig. 17.35
6R XWLR 7KH VH RI V SHUSRVLWLR WKHRUHP UHT LUHV WKH IROORZL WZR VWHSV
∠ 9 VRX F DFWL D R To �nd voltage across capactior due to ( ∠ 9
VR UFH DFWL DOR H ZH UHSODFH VR UFH ( ∠ 9 E D VKRUW FLUF LW DV VKRZ L )L L
5HIHUUL WR )L L WKH L FWRU M Ω LV L SDUDOOHO ZLWK WKH FDSDFLWRU M Ω D WKH
HT L DOH W LPSH D FH RI WKLV SDUDOOHO FRPEL DWLR
M 20 × (− M 40) 20∠90°× 40∠ − 90°
∠ Ω M Ω
M 20 − M 40 20∠ − 90°
7KH FLUF LW VKRZ L )L L WKH UH FHV WR WKH R H VKRZ L )L LL
30 j 20 30
+ +
+
+
25 0°V V1 – j 40 Short 25 0°V E1 V1 j 40
E1
–
–
– –
( i) (ii)
Fig. 17.36
5HIHUUL WR )L LL WKH ROWD H 9 DFURVV WKH FDSDFLWRU H WR VR UFH ( DFWL DOR H LV

(1 25∠0°
9 M ∠ ∠ 9 M 9
30 + M 40 50∠53.13°
∠ 9 VRX F DFWL D R To �nd voltage across capacitor due to ( ∠ 9
VR UFH DFWL DOR H ZH UHSODFH VR UFH ( ∠ 9 E D VKRUW FLUF LW DV VKRZ L )L L
5HIHUUL WR )L L WKH UHVLVWRU Ω D WKH FDSDFLWRU M Ω DUH L SDUDOOHO D WKH
HT L DOH W LPSH D FH RI WKLV SDUDOOHO FRPEL DWLR
30∠0°× (− M 40) 30∠0°× 40∠ − 90° 1200∠ − 90°
∠ Ω
30∠0° − M 40 30 − M 40 50∠ − 53.13°
7KH FLUF LW VKRZ L )L L WKH UH FHV WR WKH R H VKRZ L )L LL
Fig. 17.37
5HIHUUL WR )L LL WKH ROWD H 9 DFURVV WKH FDSDFLWRU H WR VR UFH ( DFWL DOR H LV
(2 5∠0°
9 ∠ ∠
24∠ − 36.87° + M 20 20 − M14.4 + M 20
5∠0°
× 24∠ − 36.87° ∠ 9 M 9
20.77∠15.64°
1RWH WKDW ERWK 9 D 9 KD H WKH VDPH SRODULW SRVLWL H R WKH WRS VL H RI WKH FDSDFLWRU
7KHUHIRUH E V SHUSRVLWLR SUL FLSOH WKH DFW DO ROWD H 9 DFURVV WKH FDSDFLWRU H WR ERWK VR UFHV
( D ( LV WKH V P RI 9 D 9
∴ 9 9 9 M M
M 9 ∠ 9
([D S H HUPL H KH FXUUH L KH FDSDFL RU EUD FK E VXSHUSRVL LR KHRUHP L KH
circuit of Fig. 17.38 (i).
Fig. 17.38
6R XWLR )LUVW RSH FLUF LW WKH F UUH W VR UFH VR WKDW ROW
D H VR UFH LV DFWL DOR H 7KH FLUF LW WKH EHFRPHV DV VKRZ L
)L LL 5HIHUUL WR )L LL F UUH W ,′ L WKH FDSDFLWRU
EUD FK LV 4 ∠ 0°
,′ A
(3 + M 4) + (3 − M 4)
∠ 0°A  + M 0  A
2 2
3 3 
1RZ VKRUW FLUF LW WKH ROWD H VR UFH VR WKDW F UUH W VR UFH LV
DFWL DOR H 7KH FLUF LW WKH EHFRPHV DV VKRZ L )L LLL
5HIHUUL WR )L LLL WKH F UUH W ,′′ L WKH FDSDFLWRU EUD FK
E F UUH W L L HU U OH LV
3 + M4
,′′ 2 ∠ 90° × A Fig. 17.38
(3 + M 4) + (3 − M 4)
M 2(3 + M 4)
A  − + M 1 A
4
6  3 
V SHUSRVLWLR WKHRUHP WRWDO F UUH W , L WKH FDSDFLWRU EUD FK LV
 2 + M 0  +  − 4 + M 1  − 2 + M 1 A
, ,′ ,′′       ∠
3   3   3 
7 R L O 3 REO P
8VH V SHUSRVLWLR WKHRUHP WR HWHUPL H F UUH W L M Ω LPSH D FH L )L ∠
Fig. 17.39 Fig. 17.40

Use superposition theorem to �nd current in 10Ω UHVLVWRU L )L ∠
Use superposition theorem to �nd the total average power dissipated in the circuit shown in
)L
Fig. 17.41
7K QLQ 7K R P IR L L
7KH H L V WKHRUHP IRU D D F FLUF LW LV WKH VDPH DV WKDW IRU D F FLUF LW H[FHSW WKDW SKDVH
D OH RI DOO T D WLWLHV LPSH D FHV ROWD HV D F UUH WV P VW EH WDNH L WR FR VL HUDWLR
7KHUHIRUH 7KH H L V WKHRUHP IRU D F FLUF LWV FD EH VWDWH DV HU
ZR HUPL DO OL HDU D F FLUFXL FD EH UHSODFH E D VL OH D F YRO D H VRXUFH 97K) in

VHULHV ZL K D VL OH LPSH D FH =7K).
The procedure for �nding 97K D =7K LV WKH VDPH DV IRU F FLUF LWV L H 97K LV WKH RSH
FLUF LW ROWD H DW WKH FR VL HUH WHUPL DOV VD WHUPL DOV D WKH VHULHV LPSH D FH =7K LV
WKH LPSH D FH DW WHUPL DOV ZLWK DOO VR UFHV UHSODFH E WKHLU L WHU DO LPSH D FHV
Fig. 17.42
)L LL VKRZV WKH 7KH H L HT L DOH W FLUF LW RI WKH D F FLUF LW VKRZ L )L L
1RWH WKDW EHKL WHUPL DOV WKH D F FLUF LW LV UHSODFH E D VL OH D F ROWD H VR UFH 97K L VHULHV
ZLWK D VL OH LPSH D FH =7K
([D S Using Thevenin’s theorem, �nd current in the resistor R in Fig. 17.43.
Fig. 17.43
6R XWLR R VL HU WKH UHVLVWRU WR EH WKH ORD
= M Ω ∠ Ω = M Ω ∠− Ω
)L L To �nd =7K DW WKH WHUPL DOV ZH UHPR H WKH UHVLVWRU D UHSODFH WKH ROWD H
VR UFHV E VKRUW FLUF LW 7KH FLUF LW WKH EHFRPHV DV VKRZ L )L ,W LV FOHDU WKDW =7K LV WKH
SDUDOOHO HT L DOH W LPSH D FH RI WKH L FWRU D FDSDFLWRU
M 200 × (− M 300)
∴ =7K M Ω ∠ Ω
M 200 − M 300
Fig. 17.44 Fig. 17.45

)L L To �nd 97K UHPR H WKH ORD IURP WKH RUL L DO FLUF LW 7KH FLUF LW WKH EHFRPHV
DV VKRZ L )L 7KH ROWD H DFURVV WKH RSH WHUPL DOV LV 97K ,W FD EH IR DV HU
1HW FLUF LW ROWD H 9 9 ∠ ∠ ∠ 9
7RWDO FLUF LW LPSH D FH =7 ∠ ∠ ∠ Ω
91 − 92 10.3∠ − 46.9°
LUF LW F UUH W ,7
=7 100∠ − 90°
10.3∠ − 46.9°
9ROWD H DFURVV ;/ 9/ ,7 ;/ ∠ ∠ 9
100∠ − 90°
∴ 97K 9 9/ ∠ ∠ ∠ 9
:LWKR W ORD 7KH H L HT L DOH W FLUF LW DW WHUPL DOV
LV D D F VR UFH RI ∠ 9 L VHULHV ZLWK D
LPSH D FH RI ∠ Ω :KH ORD LV FR HFWH WR
WHUPL DOV WKH FLUF LW EHFRPHV DV VKRZ L )L
7KH F UUH W , WKUR K LV L H E
97K 37.2∠ − 23.8°
,
= 7K + 600∠90° + 100∠0°
37.2∠ − 23.8°
608.3∠80.5°
Fig. 17.46
∠ ∠
5HPHPEHU WKDW IRU PD D F FLUF LWV WKH L WHU DO LPSH D FH RI WKH VR UFH LV HU VPDOO VR WKDW
L WHU DO LPSH D FH RI WKH VR UFH FD EH H OHFWH
([D S Using Thevenin’s theorem, �nd the voltage across the inductor in Fig. 17.47.
Fig. 17.47
6R XWLR R VL HU WKH L FWRU WR EH WKH ORD :H VKDOO UHSODFH WKH FLUF LW H[WHU DO WR WKH
inductor with its Thevenin equivalent circuit. For this purpose, we are to �nd =7K D 97K
)L L =7K To �nd =7K DW L FWRU WHUPL DOV
UHPR H WKH L FWRU VKRUW FLUF LW WKH ROWD H VR UFH
D RSH FLUF LW WKH F UUH W VR UFH 7KH FLUF LW WKH
EHFRPHV DV VKRZ L )L ,W LV FOHDU WKDW =7K
LV HT DO WR WKH HT L DOH W LPSH D FH RI WKH SDUDOOHO
FRPEL DWLR RI WKH UHVLVWRU D WKH FDSDFLWRU
500∠0°× 1500∠ − 90° Fig. 17.48
=7K
500 − M1500
7.5 × 105 ∠ − 90°
∠ Ω M Ω
1581∠ − 71.57°
)L L 97K To �nd 97K UHPR H WKH L FWRU ORD IURP WKH RUL L DO FLUF LW 7KH ROWD H
DFURVV RSH WHUPL DOV LV 97K. We shall use superposition principle to �nd 97K )L L VKRZV
WKH FLUF LW ZLWK F UUH W VR UFH UHSODFH E D RSH FLUF LW VR WKDW RZ ROWD H VR UFH LV DFWL DOR H
5HIHUUL WR )L L
50 ∠0° 50 ∠ 0°
( × 1500 ∠ − 90° = × 1500 ∠ − 90°
500 − M 1500 1581 ∠ − 71.57°
∠ 9 M 9
Fig. 17.49
)L LL VKRZV WKH FLUF LW ZLWK F UUH W VR UFH UHVWRUH D WKH ROWD H VR UFH UHSODFH E
D VKRUW FLUF LW 5HIHUUL WR )L LL
( ∠ 0° =7K ∠ ∠
∠ 9 M 9
7KH HW ROWD H DW RSH WHUPL DOV LV ( ( D LW LV HT DO WR 97K
∴ 97K ( ( M M M 9 ∠ 9
:LWKR W L FWRU 7KH H L HT L DOH W FLUF LW DW L FWRU WHUPL DOV LV D D F VR UFH RI
∠ 9 L VHULHV ZLWK D LPSH D FH RI M Ω :KH L FWRU LV FR HFWH WR
WKH WHUPL DOV WKH FLUF LW EHFRPHV DV VKRZ L )L
Fig. 17.50
9ROWD H DFURVV L FWRU LV L H E
28.46 ∠ − 18.43°
9/ LUF LW F UUH W M × 150 ∠ 90°
(450 − M150) + M150
28.46 ∠ − 18.43°
× 150 ∠ 90° ∠ 9
450 ∠ 0°
( LV HT DO WR F UUH W RI F UUH W VR UFH P OWLSOLH E HT L DOH W LPSH D FH RI WKH SDUDOOHO FRPEL DWLR RI
WKH UHVLVWRU D FDSDFLWRU 1RZ HT L DOH W LPSH D FH RI SDUDOOHO FRPEL DWLR RI UHVLVWRU D FDSDFLWRU LV
HT DO WR =7K
([D S L KH 7KHYH L HTXLYDOH FLUFXL D HUPL DOV RI KH FLUFXL VKRZ L

Fig. 17.51.
Fig. 17.51 Fig. 17.52

6R XWLR In order to �nd Thevenin equivalent circuit, we require 97K D =7K
)L L 97K 7KH RSH FLUF LW ROWD H DW WHUPL DOV LV WKH 97K DV VKRZ L )L
5HIHUUL WR )L WKH FLUF LW F UUH W , LV L H E
100 ∠ 0° 100
, = = (6 + M8)A
2 + 4 − M8 6 − M8
URS DFURVV Ω UHVLVWRU , M M 9
∴ 97K 9 M M M
M 9 ∠ 9
Fig. 17.53 Fig. 17.54
)L L =7K To �nd =7K UHSODFH WKH ROWD H VR UFHV L WKH RUL L DO FLUF LW E VKRUW FLUF LWV 7KH
FLUF LW WKH EHFRPHV DV VKRZ L )L
4 (2 − M8)
∴ =7K M
4 + 2 − M8
8 − M 32
10 + = (13 − M 1.28)Ω
6− M8
)L VKRZV WKH 7KH H L HT L DOH W FLUF LW DW WHUPL DOV RI WKH L H FLUF LW
([D S L FXUUH KURX K Ω resistor in the circuit of Fig. 17.55 using Thevenin’s
KHRUHP 7KH DSSOLH YRO D H LV 9 D D IUHTXH F RI π+ D / P+ / P+
9 9 9
1RZ 9 M M M 9
∴ 9 9 9 M M M
Fig. 17.55 Fig. 17.56

6R XWLR R VL HU WKH Ω UHVLVWRU WR EH WKH ORD
2000
; /1 π I/ π Ω
2π
2000
; /2 π I/ π Ω
2π
)L L 97K To �nd 97K UHPR H WKH ORD Ω UHVLVWRU 7KH FLUF LW WKH EHFRPHV DV VKRZ
L )L 7KH RSH FLUF LW ROWD H DFURVV WHUPL DOV DE LV WKH 97K 1RZ 97K 9DE 9D 9E
4 160 ∠ 90°
URS L / , ; /1 × M 40 = = 2.83 ∠ 45° V
40 + M 40 2 (40 ∠ 45°)
4 480 ∠ 90°
URS L / , ; /2 × M 120 = = 3.073 ∠ 39.8° V
100 + M 120 156.2 ∠ 50.2°
1RZ 9D , ; /1 , ; / 2 9E
∴ 9D 9E , ; /1 , ; /2 ∠ ∠
M M M 9
∴ 97K 9DE 9D 9E M 9
)L L =7K To �nd =7K UHPR H WKH ORD Ω UHVLVWRU D UHSODFH WKH ROWD H VR UFH E D
VKRUW FLUF LW L WKH RUL L DO FLUF LW 7KH FLUF LW WKH EHFRPHV DV VKRZ L )L 7KH LPSH D FH
EHWZHH WHUPL DOV D D E LV HT DO WR =7K
Fig. 17.57 Fig. 17.58

∴ =7K =DE Ω M Ω Ω M Ω
40 × M 40 100 × M 120
+ = 28.29 ∠ 45° + 76.82 ∠ 39.8°
40 + M 40 100 + M 120
M M M Ω
7KH 7KH H L HT L DOH W FLUF LW DOR ZLWK WKH ORD LV VKRZ L )L
97K −0.361 + M 0.033
∴ UUH W WKUR Ω =
= 7K + 60 79 + M 69.17 + 60
0.3625 ∠ 174.8°
= ∠
155.26 ∠ 26.46°
([D S L KH PD L X H D SKDVH D OH RI FXUUH KURX K D VKRU FLUFXL SODFH
DFURVV terminals ab in the network of Fig. 17.59 (i)
Fig. 17.59
6R XWLR To �nd the desired answer, we should calculate 97K D =7K DW WHUPL DOV DE
250 ∠ 0°
1RZ 9D × (− M 20) ∠ 9
M 40 − M 20
250 ∠ 0°
9E × 20 ∠ 9
30 + 20
∴ 97K 9D 9E ∠ ∠ ∠ 9
In order to �nd =7K UHSODFH WKH ROWD H VR UFH E D VKRUW L WKH RUL L DO FLUF LW 7KH FLUF LW WKH
EHFRPHV DV VKRZ L )L LL 7KH LPSH D FH DW RSH WHUPL DOV DE LV =7K
∴ =7K M M
( M 40) (− M 20) 30 × 20
+ M Ω
M 40 − M 20 30 + 20
7KHUHIRUH 7KH H L HT L DOH W FLUF LW DW WHUPL DOV DE LV 97K 9 L VHULHV ZLWK =7K
M Ω :KH VKRUW FLUF LW LV SODFH DFURVV WHUPL DOV DE WKH VKRUW FLUF LW F UUH W ,VF LV
97K − 350 − 350
,VF =
= 7K 12 − M 40 41.76 ∠ − 73.3°
∠ I E
([D S 2E DL 7KHYH L HTXLYDOH FLUFXL ZL K UHVSHF R HUPL DOV L KH H ZRUN
shown in Fig. 17.60 (i)
Fig. 17.60
6R XWLR :LWK WHUPL DOV RSH WKH FLUF LW LV D VHULHV D F FLUF LW RI ROWD H ∠
M Ω ROWV D LPSH D FH = M M M Ω
10 ∠ 0° × M 15 150 ∠ 90°
∴ UUH W , =
5 + M 10 5 + M 10
∴ 97K 9 L )L L , M
150 ∠ 90° 750 ∠ 0°
× 5 ∠ − 90 ° ∠ 9
5 + M 10 11.18 ∠ 63.4°
In order to �nd =7K RSH FLUF LW WKH F UUH W VR UFH 7KH LPSH D FH DW WHUPL DOV LV =7K
∴ =7K M M M M
(5 + M 15) (− M 5)
∠ Ω
5 + M 15 − M 5
7KHUHIRUH 7KH H L HT L DOH W FLUF LW DW WHUPL DOV LV 97K ∠ 9 L V L V
ZLWK =7K ∠ Ω DV VKRZ L )L LL
([D S Fig. 17.61 (i) shows an a.c. circuit. Find (i) V7K D =7K ZL K UHVSHF R HUPL
nals AB (ii) active and reactive power absorbed by an impedance of (3 + j 4) Ω FR HF H DFURVV
Fig. 17.61
6R XWLR 97K D =7K DW WHUPL DOV DUH IR DV HU
97K 9 L )L L UUH W L M M
20 ∠ 90° 20 ∠ 90°
× (3 − M 4) × 5 ∠ − 53.1 ° ∠ 9
5 + M 10 + 3 − M 4 8 + M6
In order to �nd =7K UHSODFH WKH ROWD H VR UFH E D VKRUW 7KH LPSH D FH DW WHUPL DOV LV
=7K
(5 + M 10) (3 − M 4)
∴ =7K M M
5 + M 10 + 3 − M 4
(5 + M 10) (3 − M 4)
∠ Ω
8 + M6
7KHUHIRUH 7KH H L HT L DOH W FLUF LW DW LV 97K ∠ 9 L VHULHV ZLWK =7K
∠ Ω :KH LPSH D FH = M Ω LV FR HFWH DFURVV WHUPL DOV WKH FLUF LW EHFRPHV
DV VKRZ L )L LL
97K 10 ∠ 0°
/RD F UUH W ,/ = ∠
= 7K + = 5.59 ∠ − 26.6° + (3 + M 4)
FWL H SRZHU DEVRUEH ,/
5HDFWL H SRZHU DEVRUEH ,/ 9 5
7 R L O 3 REO P
Using Thevenin’s theorem, �nd current in the 50Ω UHVLVWRU IRU WKH FLUF LW VKRZ L )L
∠
Fig. 17.62 Fig. 17.63

Using Thevenin’s theorem, �nd current in (2 + M Ω LPSH D FH IRU WKH FLUF LW VKRZ L )L
∠
)L WKH 7KH H L HT L DOH W FLUF LW DW WHUPL DOV IRU WKH FLUF LW VKRZ L )L
97K ∠ 9 =7K M Ω
Fig. 17.64 Fig. 17.65

)L WKH 7KH H L HT L DOH W FLUF LW DW WHUPL DOV IRU WKH FLUF LW VKRZ L )L
97K ∠ 9 =7K M Ω
Use Thevenin’s theorem to �nd current through the capacitor in the circuit shown in Fig. 17.66.
∠
Fig. 17.66
Determine the current owing through 2 Ω UHVLVWRU RI WKH FLUF LW VKRZ L )L E 7KH H L V
WKHRUHP ∠
Fig. 17.67 Fig. 17.68

Determine the current owing through the load impedance =/ RI WKH FLUF LW VKRZ L )L E VL
7KH H L V WKHRUHP ∠
:KDW LV WKH 7KH H L HT L DOH W FLUF LW WR WKH OHIW RI WHUPL DOV RI WKH FLUF LW VKRZ L )L
9 Ω
Fig. 17.69
1R RQ 7K R P IR L L
5HFDOO WKDW 1RUWR V WKHRUHP IRU F FLUF LWV DOORZV
V WR UHSODFH D WZR WHUPL DO OL HDU F FLUF LW E D VL OH
HT L DOH W F F UUH W VR UFH ,1 L SDUDOOHO ZLWK D VL OH
HT L DOH W UHVLVWD FH 1 7KH D F HUVLR RI 1RUWR V
WKHRUHP LV VLPLODU D PD EH VWDWH DV HU
ZR HUPL DO OL HDU D F FLUFXL FD EH UHSODFH E D
VL OH HTXLYDOH D F FXUUH VRXUFH ,1 ) in parallel with a
VL OH HTXLYDOH LPSH D FH = 1 ).
)L VKRZV WKH 1RUWR HT L DOH W FLUF LW RI D
WZR WHUPL DO D F FLUF LW 7KH LPSH D FH =1 FDOOH 1RUWR
HT L DOH W LPSH D FH KDV H[DFWO WKH VDPH DO H DV WKH
7KH H L HT L DOH W LPSH D FH =7K D LV IR L
WKH VDPH ZD 7KH F UUH W ,1 FDOOH 1RUWR HT L DOH W Fig. 17.70
current) is the current that ows through a short circuit connected across the Norton terminals (L H
ORD WHUPL DOV 1RWH WKDW WKH 7KH H L D 1RUWR FLUF LWV DUH DOWHU DWL H HT L DOH WV IRU D FLUF LW
1RUWR V WKHRUHP LV SRS ODU IRU D DO VL WUD VLVWRU FLUF LWV
7K QLQ Q 1R RQ T L O Q L L
WZR WHUPL DO D F FLUF LW FD EH UHSODFH HLWKHU E 7KH H L HT L DOH W FLUF LW RU 1RUWR
HT L DOH W FLUF LW DV VKRZ L )L 6L FH ERWK FLUF LWV DUH HT L DOH W ZH FD VKRZ WKDW 97K
,1 =1 D =7K =1
Fig. 17.71
6L FH WKH WZR FLUF LWV DUH HT L DOH W WKHLU RSH FLUF LW ROWD HV P VW EH WKH VDPH )RU WKH
7KH H L FLUF LW WKH RSH FLUF LW ROWD H LV 97K ZKLOH IRU 1RUWR FLUF LW LW LV ,1 =1
∴ 97K ,1 =1
If both the equivalent circuits are short-circuited, then same short-circuit current must ow
WKUR K HDFK )RU WKH 1RUWR FLUF LW WKH VKRUW FLUF LW F UUH W LV ,1 ZKLOH IRU 7KH H L FLUF LW LW LV
97K =7K
97K
∴ ,1
= 7K
,W LV FOHDU WKDW = =7K )RU WKH VRO WLR RI D FLUF LW R FD VH HLWKHU HT L DOH W FLUF LW 7KH
FKRLFH LV S UHO D PDWWHU RI FR H LH FH
([D S Use Norton’s theorem to �nd current in (3 + j 2) Ω LPSH D FH L KH FLUFXL
VKRZ L L
Fig. 17.72 Fig. 17.73

6R XWLR R VL HU WKH M Ω LPSH D FH WR EH WKH ORD
)L L 1 To � ,1 VKRUW FLUF LW WKH ORD WHUPL DOV 7KH FLUF LW WKH EHFRPHV DV VKRZ L
Fig. 17.73. The current that oZV L WKH VKRUW FLUF LWH WHUPL DOV LV WKH 1RUWR F UUH W ,1 ,W LV FOHDU
WKDW
(1 ( 2 20 ∠ 0° 10 ∠ 0°
,1 , , + + = 10 + 2.5 = 12.5A
=1 = 2 2 ∠ 0° 4 ∠ 0°
)L L =1 In order to �nd =1 =7K UHPR H WKH ORD L H M Ω LPSH D FH D UHSODFH

HDFK ROWD H VR UFH E D VKRUW FLUF LW 7KH FLUF LW WKH EHFRPHV DV VKRZ L )L ,W LV FOHDU
WKDW =1 LV HT DO WR SDUDOOHO FRPEL DWLR RI Ω D ΩLH
2×4
=1 Ω Ω = 1.3Ω
2+4
Fig. 17.74 Fig. 17.75

)L VKRZV 1RUWR HT L DOH W FLUF LW DOR ZLWK WKH ORD F UUH W L L HU U OH F UUH W
,/ L WKH ORD LV L H E
=1 1.3 1.3
,/ , = 12.5 × = 12.5 ×
=1 + =/ 1.3 + 3 + M 2 4.3 + M 2
1.3
∠
4.74 ∠ 24.9°
([D S L KH 1RU R HTXLYDOH FLUFXL O L R KH OHI RI HUPL DOV D EL L
17.76. Also �nd Thevenin equivalent of the circuit.
Fig. 17.76
6R XWLR R VL HU WKH UHVLVWRU FDSDFLWRU FRPEL DWLR NΩ M NΩ WR EH WKH ORD
)L L =1 To �nd =1 UHPR H WKH
ORD VKRUW FLUF LW WKH ROWD H VR UFH D
RSH FLUF LW WKH F UUH W VR UFH 7KH FLUF LW
WKH EHFRPHV DV VKRZ L )L 6L FH
WKH FDSDFLWL H UHDFWD FH M NΩ L SDUDOOHO
ZLWK WKH ROWD H VR UFH LV VKRUWH R W =1 LV
VLPSO WKH VHULHV FRPEL DWLR RI UHVLVWD FH
NΩ D L FWL H UHDFWD FH M NΩ
∴ =1 NΩ M NΩ ∠ NΩ Fig. 17.77
)L L 1 We shall use the superposition principle to �nd the Norton current ,1 that ows
L WKH VKRUWH WHUPL DOV DE. To �nd current , that ows in the shorted terminals DE H WR ROWD H
VR UFH DOR H UHPR H WKH ORD D UHSODFH WKH F UUH W VR UFH E D RSH FLUF LW 7KH FLUF LW WKH
EHFRPHV DV VKRZ L )L L ,W LV FOHDU WKDW VKRUW FLUF LW F UUH W , LV L H E
26 ∠ 90° V 26 ∠ 90°V
, = ∠ P
12kΩ + M 5kΩ 13 ∠ 22.62° kΩ
1RWH WKDW WKH FDSDFLWL H UHDFWD FH M NΩ L WKH FLUF LW KDV R HIIHFW L WKH DO H RI WKH VKRUW
FLUF LW F UUH W
Fig. 17.78
To �nd current , that ows in the shorted terminals DE H WR F UUH W VR UFH DOR H UHPR H WKH
ORD D UHSODFH WKH ROWD H VR UFH E D VKRUW FLUF LW 7KH FLUF LW WKH EHFRPHV DV VKRZ L )L
LL F UUH W L L HU U OH
5 ∠ 90° k Ω 5 ∠ 90° kΩ
, ∠ P = 4 ∠ 0° mA ×
12 kΩ + M 5 k Ω 13 ∠ 22.62° kΩ
∠ P
V SHUSRVLWLR SUL FLSOH WKH 1RUWR F UUH W ,1 LV WKH V P RI VKRUW FLUF LW F UUH WV , D ,
∴ ,1 , , ∠ P ∠ P
∠ P
7K 1R WR TXL D W FL FXLW LV VKRZ L )L )URP 1RUWR HT L DOH W FLUF LW ZH FD
�nd Thevenin equivalent circuit as u HU
Fig. 17.79 Fig. 17.80

=7K =1 ∠ NΩ
97K ,1=1 ∠ P ∠ NΩ ∠ 9
7KHUHIRUH 7KH H L HT L DOH W FLUF LW LV D D F R WD VRX F RI ∠ 9 L V L V ZLWK
∠ NΩ L S D F DV VKRZ L )L
([D S Using Norton’s theorem, �nd the active and reactive powers supplied to Z in
the circuit of Fig. 17.81 (i)
Fig. 17.81
6R XWLR We �rst convert 5 ∠ F UUH W VR UFH L SDUDOOHO ZLWK Ω UHVLVWD FH L WR HT L DOH W
ROWD H VR UFH RI ROWD H ∠ Ω ∠ 9 L VHULHV ZLWK Ω UHVLVWD FH 7KH FLUF LW
WKH EHFRPHV DV VKRZ L )L LL
3 I1 I2 5 3
+ IN
10 0° V 25 0° V S.C. 5 O.C.
–
(iii) (iv)
Fig. 17.81
In order to �nd Norton current ,1 ZH VKRUW FLUF LW = L H ORD L )L LL 7KH FLUF LW WKH
EHFRPHV DV VKRZ L )L LLL 7KH F UUH W L WKH VKRUW FLUF LW LV ,1
10 ∠ 0° 25 ∠ 0°
∴ ,1 , +,
3 5
In order to �nd Norton impedance =1 RSH
FLUF LW WKH F UUH W VR UFH VKRUW FLUF LW WKH ROWD H
VR UFH D UHPR H WKH ORD = L WKH RUL L DO FLUF LW
7KH FLUF LW WKH EHFRPHV DV VKRZ L )L
LY 7KH LPSH D FH DW RSH FLUF LW ORD WHUPL DOV L
)L LY LV =1 D LV L H E
3× 5
∴ =1 Ω Ω Ω Fig. 17.81
3+5
:KH ORD = M Ω LV FR HFWH DFURVV WKH WHUPL DOV RI 1RUWR HT L DOH W FLUF LW WKH
FLUF LW EHFRPHV DV VKRZ L )L Y F UUH W L L HU U OH
1.875 ∠ 0°
/RD F UUH W ,/ 8.33 × ∠
1.875 ∠ 0° + (5 + M 4)
∴ FWL H SRZHU ,/
5HDFWL H SRZHU ,/ 9 5
7 R L O 3 REO P
8VH 1RUWR V WKHRUHP WR HWHUPL H F UUH W WKUR K M Ω LPSH D FH L )L
∠
Fig. 17.82 Fig. 17.83

8VH 1RUWR V WKHRUHP WR HWHUPL H F UUH W WKUR K WKH FDSDFLWRU L )L ∠
R HUW WKH 7KH H L FLUF LW L )L WR D HT L DOH W 1RUWR FLUF LW
∠ L SD D ZLWK ∠ ΩL S D F
Fig. 17.84 Fig. 17.85

R HUW WKH 1RUWR FLUF LW L )L WR D HT L DOH W 7KH H L FLUF LW
9 ∠ 9 L V L V ZLWK ∠ ΩL S D F
Use Norton’s theorem to �nd current in the capacitor in Fig. 17.86. ∠
Fig. 17.86
0LOOP Q 7K R P IR L L
0LOOPD V WKHRUHP LV VH WR UHSODFH D PEHU RI SDUDOOHO FR HFWH D F ROWD H F UUH W VR UFHV
E D VL OH HT L DOH W D F ROWD H F UUH W VR UFH
)RU SDUDOOHO FR HFWH D F F UUH W VR UFHV 0LOOPD V WKHRUHP PD EH VWDWH DV HU
XPEHU RI SDUDOOHO FR HF H D F FXUUH VRXUFHV FD EH UHSODFH E D VL OH HTXLYDOH
D F FXUUH VRXUFH 7KLV VL OH HTXLYDOH D F FXUUH VRXUFH FR VLV V RI D L HDO D F FXUUH VRXUFH
D D SDUDOOHO HTXLYDOH VRXUFH LPSH D FH
7KH F UUH W RI WKH HT L DOH W D F F UUH W VR UFH LV HT DO WR WKH SKDVRU V P RI L L L DO VR UFH

F UUH WV 7KH SDUDOOHO HT L DOH W VR UFH LPSH D FH LV WKH SDUDOOHO FRPEL DWLR RI L L L DO VR UFH
LPSH D FHV
)RU SDUDOOHO FR HFWH D F ROWD H VR UFHV 0LOOPD V WKHRUHP PD EH VWDWH DV HU
XPEHU RI SDUDOOHO FR HF H D F YRO D H VRXUFHV FD EH UHSODFH E D VL OH HTXLYDOH
D F YRO D H VRXUFH 7KLV VL OH HTXLYDOH D F YRO D H VRXUFH FR VLV V RI YRO D H 9P L VHULHV ZL K
HTXLYDOH VRXUFH LPSH D FH =P ZKRVH YDOXHV DUH LYH E
91 1 + 92 2 + 93 3 + ...
9P
1 + 2 + 3 ...
ZKHUH 9 9 9 9ROWD HV RI SDUDOOHO FR HFWH D F ROWD H VR UFHV
= = = ,PSH D FHV RI WKH D F ROWD H VR UFHV
1 1 1
=1 =2 =3
1
=P
1 + 2 + 3 + ...
1RW ,I WKH FLUF LW KDV D FRPEL DWLR RI SDUDOOHO D F ROWD H D F UUH W VR UFHV HDFK SDUDOOHO FR HFWH
D F ROWD H VR UFH LV FR HUWH L WR HT L DOH W D F F UUH W VR UFH 7KH UHV OW LV D VHW RI SDUDOOHO FR HFWH D F
F UUH W VR UFHV D ZH FD UHSODFH WKHP E D VL OH HT L DOH W D F F UUH W VR UFH OWHU DWL HO HDFK SDUDOOHO
FR HFWH D F F UUH W VR UFH FD EH FR HUWH L WR D HT L DOH W D F ROWD H VR UFH D WKH VHW RI SDUDOOHO
FR HFWH D F ROWD H VR UFHV FD EH UHSODFH E D VL OH HT L DOH W D F ROWD H VR UFH
([D S VH 0LOOPD V KHRUHP R RE DL D HTXLYDOH FXUUH VRXUFH IRU KH FLUFXL
of Fig. 17.87. Also obtain the equivalent voltage source
Fig. 17.87
6R XWLR 7KH ROWD H VR UFH RI ∠ 9 L VHULHV ZLWK LPSH D FH RI M Ω LV HT L DOH W
WR D F UUH W VR UFH RI
4 ∠ 30° 4 ∠ 30°
= ∠ ∠ P
20 + M 30 36.1 ∠ 56.3°
L SDUDOOHO ZLWK D LPSH D FH RI ∠ Ω 7KH FLUF LW WKH EHFRPHV DV VKRZ L

)L 1RZ WKH WKUHH F UUH W VR UFHV DUH L SDUDOOHO D WKH F UUH W ,1 RI WKH HT L DOH W F UUH W
VR UFH LV
,1 ∠ ∠ ∠ P
M M M
M P ∠ P
7KH 1RUWR V LPSH D FH =1 LV L H E
1 1 1 1
+ +
=1 10 + M 20 36.1 ∠ 56.3° 15 + M 20
M M M
M ∠
1
∴ =1 ∠ Ω M Ω
0.112 ∠ − 57.98°
Fig. 17.88
7KHUHIRUH WKH HT L DOH W F UUH W VR UFH IRU WKH FLUF LW L )L LV
∠ L SD D ZLWK Ω DV VKRZ L )L L
Fig. 17.89
7KH HT L DOH W ROWD H VR UFH LV 97K L VHULHV ZLWK =7K ZKHUH
97K ,1=1 ∠ M ∠ 9
=7K =1 Ω
)L LL VKRZV WKH HT L DOH W ROWD H VR UFH RI WKH FLUF LW
([D S , KH FLUFXL VKRZ L L ZR YRO D H VRXUFHV DF R KH ORD LPSH D FH
FR HF H R HUPL DOV ,I KH ORD LV YDULDEOH L ER K UHDF D FH D UHVLV D FH ZKD ORD =/ ZLOO
UHFHLYH PD LPXP SRZHU SSO 0LOOPD V KHRUHP D DOVR FDOFXOD H PD LPXP SRZHU
Fig. 17.90
6R XWLR 9 ∠ 9 9 ∠ 9
1 1
M 6 ∠ 6
=1 (5 + M 5)
1 1
= M 6 ∠ 6
= 2 (3 − M 4)
FFRU L WR 0LOOPD V WKHRUHP WKH WZR SDUDOOHO FR HFWH ROWD H VR UFHV FD EH UHSODFH
E D VL OH HT L DOH W ROWD H VR UFH RI ROWD H 9P L VHULHV ZLWK HT L DOH W VR UFH LPSH D FH =P
ZKHUH
91 1 + 92 2 1
9P =P
1+ 2 1 + 2
50 ∠ 0° × 0.1414 ∠ − 45° + 25 ∠ 90° × 0.2 ∠ 53.13°

∴ 9P
(0.1 − M 0.1) + (0.12 + M 0.16)
7.07 ∠ − 45° + 5 ∠ 143.13° 5 − M5 − 4 + M3
(0.22 + M 0.06) (0.22 + M 0.06)
1− M2
∠ 9
(0.22 + M 0.06)
1 1
=P ∠ Ω
(0.1 − M 0.1) + (0.12 + M 0.16) 0.22 + M 0.06
M Ω
)RU PD[LP P SRZHU WUD VIHU WKH ORD LPSH D FH =/ VKR O EH WKH FR M DWH RI =P L H
=/ Ω
0D[LP P SRZHU WUD VIHUUH WR ORD LV
9P2 (9.8) 2
PD =
4 / 4 × 4.23
5 LS R L 7K R P
7KLV WKHRUHP SHUPLWV V WR WUD VIHU ROWD H F UUH W VR UFH IURP R H SRVLWLR L WKH FLUF LW WR
D RWKHU D LV DSSOLFDEOH WR FLUF LWV ZKLFK FR WDL R O R H ROWD H VR UFH RU R H F UUH W VR UFH ,W
PD EH VWDWH DV HU
, D OL HDU ELOD HUDO FLUFXL LI D YRO D H VRXUFH DF L L EUD FK ; FDXVHV D FXUUH , L
branch Y, then shifting the voltage source (but not its impedance) to branch Y will cause the same
FXUUH , L EUD FK ; +RZHYHU FXUUH V L KH R KHU SDU V RI KH FLUFXL ZLOO R UHPDL KH VDPH
DI HU KLV L HUFKD H
7KH DO LV DOVR WU H ,I F UUH W DSSOLH DW R H RI WKH FLUF LW SUR FHV ROWD H 9 DW D RWKHU
R H WKH WKH VDPH F UUH W DSSOLH DW R H ZLOO SUR FH WKH VDPH ROWD H 9 DW R H 7KH
UHFLSURFLW WKHRUHP VHHPV T LWH VWUD H E W LW LV WU H :H VKDOO HULI WKLV WKHRUHP L WKH IROORZL
H[DPSOH
([D S Verify reciprocity theorem for the network shown in Fig. 17.91 (i)
Fig. 17.91
6R XWLR 5HIHUUL WR )L L WKH LPSH D FH RIIHUH WR WKH VR UFH LV
(2 − M 1) M 1 1+ M2
= M M 1+ 1+
(2 − M 1) + M 1 2
M Ω ∠ Ω
∴ UUH W V SSOLH E WKH VR UFH L )L L LV
9 5 ∠ 0°
= ,6 ∠
= 1.8 ∠ 33.7°
M1
UUH W L Ω ,/ , 6 × UUH W L L HU U OH
M 1 + (2 − M1)
M1
,6 × ∠ ∠ ∠
2
:KH WKH VR UFH LV VKLIWH WR WKH EUD FK FR WDL L Ω WKH FLUF LW EHFRPHV DV VKRZ L
)L LL
5HIHUUL WR )L LL WKH LPSH D FH RIIHUH WR WKH VR UFH LV
M1
=′ M M M
1 + M1
M M M Ω ∠ Ω
∴ UUH W V SSOLH E WKH VR UFH L )L LL LV
9 5 ∠ 0°
, 6′ ∠
=′ 2.55 ∠ − 11.31°
UUH W L WKH EUD FK IURP ZKHUH VR UFH LV UHPR H LV
M1 1 ∠ 90°
, /′ , ′6 × ∠ ∠
(1 + M 1) 2 ∠ 45°
,W PD EH VHH WKDW , /′ ,/. Therefore, reciprocity theorem stands veri�ed.
0 LP P 3R 7 Q I 7K R P IR L L
, D F FLUF LW WKH F VR UFH KDV R O UHVLVWD FH 6 D WKH ORD DOVR KDV R O UHVLVWD FH /
0D[LP P SRZHU LV WUD VIHUUH IURP WKH VR UFH WR WKH ORD ZKH / 6 +RZH HU L D D F FLUF LW
WKH D F VR UFH KDV LPSH D FH D V SSOLHV SRZHU WR ORD KD L LPSH D FH 7R HUVWD KRZ WKH
PD[LP P SRZHU WUD VIHU WKHRUHP DSSOLHV WR D F FLUF LWV OHW V FR VL HU WKH IROORZL FDVHV
K RD LV SX VLVWL 5/ D D LDE 7KLV FDVH LV VKRZ L )L 7KH D F
VR UFH ZLWK U P V ROWD H 96 D VR UFH LPSH D FH =6 M ;6 LV V SSO L SRZHU WR D DULDEOH
ORD UHVLVWD FH / 1RWH WKDW ORD UHDFWD FH LV ]HUR 7KH FLUF LW F UUH W , LV L H E
96
,
( 6 + / ) 2 + ; 62
3RZHU HOL HUH WR ORD LV L H E
96 2 /
/ , /
( 6 + / ) 2 + ; 62
7R HWHUPL H WKH DO H RI / IRU PD[LP P WUD VIHU RI SRZHU / / VKR O EH ]HUR L H
/
 2
96 / 
 2 2
/ / ( 6 + /) + ; 6 
( + /) +2
; 62 − / (2)( 6 + /)

RU 962  6
2 2 2 =0
 [( 6 + /) + ; 6 ] 
RU 6 6 / / ;6 / 6 /
RU 6 ;6 /
2
∴ / 6 + ; 62 = =6
+H FH ZKH ORD L D D F FLUFXL FR VLV V RI YDULDEOH UHVLV D FH /) only, maximum power is

UD VIHUUH R / ZKH / LV PD H HTXDO R KH PD L X H RI VRXUFH LPSH D FH L H
2
/ 0D LW H RI VR UFH LPSH D FH 6 + ; 62
Fig. 17.92 Fig. 17.93

K RD KDV D LDE 5/ D D LDE ;/ 7KLV FDVH LV VKRZ L )L +HUH UHVLV
WL H FRPSR H W / DV ZHOO DV UHDFWL H FRPSR H W ;/ RI WKH ORD LV DULDEOH 7KH FLUF LW F UUH W
, LV L H E
96
,
( 6 + /) + ( ; 6 + ; /)2
2
962 /
3RZHU HOL HUH WR ORD / , / L
( 6 + / ) 2 + ( ; 6 + ; /) 2
)RU WR EH PD[LP P WKH H RPL DWRU RI HT L VKR O EH PL LP P 7KLV ZLOO RFF U ZKH
;/ ;6 , WKDW FDVH
962 /
/ PD
( 6 + /)2
:KH ;/ ;6 WKH FLUF LW EHFRPHV UHVLVWL H ;/ D ;6 FD FHO HDFK RWKHU )RU PD[LP P
SRZHU WUD VIHU WKH UHT LUHPH W LV / 6
7K V ZLWK D FRPSOH[ ORD LPSH D FH D FRPSOH[ VR UFH LPSH D FH WKH FR LWLR IRU
PD[LP P SRZHU WUD VIHU LV ;/ ;6 D / 6
∴ =/ 6 M; 6
1RWH WKDW ORD LPSH D FH LV WKH FR M DWH RI VR UFH LPSH D FH
+H FH LI ORD L D D F FLUFXL FR VLV V RI YDULDEOH UHVLV D FH D YDULDEOH UHDF D FH PD LPXP
SRZHU LV UD VIHUUH IURP KH D F VRXUFH R KH ORD ZKH ORD LPSH D FH LV KH FR MX D H RI KH
VRXUFH LPSH D FH
)RU H[DPSOH V SSRVH D D F VR UFH KDV D LPSH D FH RI M Ω 7KLV VR UFH ZLOO HOL HU
PD[LP P SRZHU ZKH ORD LPSH D FH LV M Ω , RWKHU ZRU V IRU PD[LP P SRZHU WUD VIHU
WKH UHVLVWL H FRPSR H WV RI WKH VR UFH LPSH D FH D ORD LPSH D FH VKR O EH HT DO L H / 6
D UHDFWL H FRPSR H WV RI WKH VR UFH LPSH D FH D ORD LPSH D FH VKR O EH HT DO L PD LW H
D RSSRVLWH L VL L H ;/ ;6
K RD KDV D LDE 5/ and �xed X/ 7KLV FDVH LV VKRZ L )L +HUH UHVLVWL H
FRPSR H W / RI WKH ORD LV DULDEOH ZKLOH WKH UHDFWL H FRPSR H W ;/) of the load is �xed. The
FLUF LW F UUH W LV L H E
3RZHU LV R O LVVLSDWH L WKH UHVLVWL H FRPSR H W / RI WKH ORD

96
,
2
( 6 + /) + (; 6 + ; / )2
962 /
3RZHU HOL HUH WR ORD / , /
( 6 + / ) 2 + (; 6 + ; / )2
/
)RU PD[LP P SRZHU WUD VIHU
/
2 2 2 2
[( 6 + / ) + ( ; 6 + ; / ) ]96 − 96 / × 2( 6 + /)
RU
[( 6 + / ) 2 + ( ; 6 + ; / ) 2 ] 2
RU 6 / ;6 ;/ 6 / /
RU 6 / 6 / ;6 ; / 6 / /
RU / 6 ;6 ;/
+H FH ZKH ORD KDV YDULDEOH / but �xed X/ SRZHU UD VIHUUH R KH ORD LV PD LPXP ZKH
/ 6 ;6 ;/
Fig. 17.94 Fig. 17.95

K VRX F L S D F LV VLVWL D RD KDV D LDE 5/ but �xed X/ 7KLV FDVH LV
VKRZ L )L +HUH WKH VR UFH LPSH D FH LV S UHO UHVLVWL H L H =6 6 D WKH UHVLVWL H
FRPSR H W RI ORD / LV DULDEOH ZKLOH UHDFWL H FRPSR H W RI ORD ;/ ) is �xed. The circuit current
LV L H E 96
,
( 6 + / ) 2 + ; /2
962 /
3RZHU HOL HUH WR ORD / , /
( 6 + / ) 2 + ; /2
/
)RU PD[LP P SRZHU WUD VIHU
/
2
[( 6 + /) + ; /2 ]962 2
− 96 / × 2( 6 + /)
RU 2
[( 6 + / ) + ; /2 ]2
RU 6 / ;/ / 6 /
RU / 6 ;/
+H FH ZKH KH VRXUFH LPSH D FH LV SXUHO UHVLV LYH D KH ORD KDV YDULDEOH / but �xed X/
SRZHU UD VIHUUH R KH ORD LV PD LPXP ZKH
/ 6 ;/
K D LWX RI RD L S D F LV D LDE EXW RW LWV SKDV D 7KLV FDVH KDV
SUDFWLFDO LPSRUWD FH EHFD VH LW LV WKH NL RI FKD H L LPSH D FH WKDW FD EH SUR FH E D
RU L DU WUD VIRUPHU , V FK D VLW DWLR LW FD EH SUR H WKDW PD[LP P SRZHU LV WUD VIHUUH WR WKH
ORD ZKH
0D LW H RI ORD LPSH D FH =/ 0D LW H RI VR UFH LPSH D FH =6

+H FH LI R O KH PD L X H RI ORD LPSH D FH FD EH FKD H EX R L V SKDVH D OH
PD LPXP SRZHU LV UD VIHUUH R KH ORD ZKH KH PD L X H RI ORD LPSH D FH LV PD H HTXDO R
KH PD L X H RI KH VRXUFH LPSH D FH
+RZH HU PD[LP P SRZHU WUD VIHUUH WR WKH ORD L WKLV FDVH LV RW DV UHDW DV ZKH FR M DWH
PDWFKL LV VH 1H HUWKHOHVV LW LV WKH EHVW WKDW FD EH R H HU WKH UHVWULFWLR WKDW ORD SKDVH
angle is �xed.
([D S RU KH FLUFXL VKRZ L L H HUPL H KH ORD LPSH D FH IRU PD LPXP
SRZHU KH FXUUH KURX K KH ORD D KH SRZHU D PD LPXP SRZHU
Fig. 17.96 Fig. 17.97

6R XWLR The �rst step is to �nd the Thevenin equivalent circuit to the left of terminals )RU
WKLV S USRVH ZH UHT LUH 97K D =7K. To �nd 97K UHPR H WKH ORD =/ D WKH FLUF LW WKH EHFRPHV DV
VKRZ L )L 7KH RSH FLUF LW ROWD H DW WHUPL DOV LV WKH 97K :H VKDOO VH V SHUSRVLWLR
theorem to �nd 97K
:LWK WKH ∠ 9 VR UFH UHSODFH E D VKRUW FLUF LW L )L WKH FLUF LW F UUH W H WR
∠ 9 VR UFH DFWL DOR H LV M D ROWD H DFURVV WHUPL DOV LV
10 − M 20
9 × (− M 20)
10 − M 20 1 − M2
:LWK WKH ∠ 9 VR UFH UHSODFH E D VKRUW FLUF LW L )L WKH FLUF LW F UUH W H WR
∠ 9 VR UFH DFWL DOR H LV M D ROWD H DFURVV WHUPL DOV LV
20 20
9 × 10
10 − M 20 1 − M2
7KHUHIRUH RSH FLUF LW ROWD H H WR WKH WZR VR UFHV DFWL VLP OWD HR VO LV
− M 20 20 20 − M 20
97K 9 9 +
1 − M 2 1 − M2 1 − M2
20 − M 20 1 + M 2 60 + M 20
× M 9
1 − M2 1 + M2 5
To �nd =7K UHPR H WKH ORD D UHSODFH HDFK ROWD H VR UFH E D VKRUW FLUF LW L WKH RUL L DO
FLUF LW 7KH FLUF LW WKH EHFRPHV DV VKRZ L )L ,W LV FOHDU WKDW
1 1 1 1 − M2
+ =
= 7K 10 − M 20 − M 20
− M 20 − M 20(1 + M 2)
∴ =7K M Ω
1 − M2 (1 − M 2)(1 + M 2)
)RU PD[LP P SRZHU WUD VIHU WKH ORD LPSH D FH VKR O EH WKH FR M DWH RI VR UFH LPSH D FH
=7K
∴ =/ M Ω
A (8 – j 4)
A
ZTh
I
10 +
– j 20 ZTh ZL
VTh (12 + j 4)V
–
B
B
Fig. 17.98 Fig. 17.99
)L VKRZV WKH 7KH H L HT L DOH W FLUF LW DW WHUPL DOV DOR ZLWK WKH ORD =/ 7KH
F UUH W , WKUR K WKH ORD DW PD[LP P SRZHU LV L H E
97K 12 + M 4 12 + M 4
,
= 7K + = / (8 − M4) + (8 + M4) 16
M ∠
PD , /
([D S In the circuit shown in Fig. 17.100, �nd the value of load to be connected
DFURVV HUPL DOV FR VLV L RI YDULDEOH UHVLV D FH / D YDULDEOH FDSDFL LYH UHDF D FH ; ZKLFK
ZRXO UHVXO L PD LPXP SRZHU UD VIHU
Fig. 17.100 Fig. 17.101

6R XWLR Let us �nd the Thevenin equivalent circuit at the terminals )RU WKLV S USRVH ZH
UHT LUH 97K D =7K. To �nd 97K UHPR H WKH ORD 7KH FLUF LW WKH EHFRPHV DV VKRZ L )L
7KH RSH FLUF LW ROWD H EHWZHH WHUPL DOV D LV WKH 97K
50∠45° 50∠45°
LUF LW F UUH W ,
5 + 2 + M10 (7 + M10)
50∠45°
∴ 97K , M × (2 + M10)
(7 + M10)
50∠45°
× 10.2∠78.7° ∠ 9
12.2∠55°
To �nd =7K UHPR H WKH ORD D UHSODFH WKH ROWD H VR UFH E D VKRUW FLUF LW L WKH RUL L DO
FLUF LW 7KH FLUF LW WKH EHFRPHV DV VKRZ L )L ,W LV FOHDU WKDW
5(2 + M10) 10 + M 50
=7K M
5 + 2 + M10 7 + M10
51∠78.7°
∠ Ω M Ω
12.2∠55°
Fig. 17.102 Fig. 17.103

)L VKRZV WKH 7KH H L HT L DOH W FLUF LW DW WHUPL DOV DOR ZLWK WKH ORD =/ )RU
PD[LP P SRZHU WUD VIHU ORD LPSH D FH VKR O EH WKH FR M DWH RI VR UFH LPSH D FH =7K
∴ =/ Ω
([D S ORX VSHDNHU LV FR HF H DFURVV HUPL DOV D RI KH H ZRUN VKRZ L
Fig. 17.104 (i). What should its impedance be to obtain maximum power dissipation in it ?
Fig. 17.104
6R XWLR In order to �nd the required impedance, we should �rst �nd Thevenin impedance =7K
DW WHUPL DOV 7R R VR VKRUW FLUF LW WKH ROWD H VR UFH 7KH FLUF LW WKH EHFRPHV DV VKRZ L )L
LL 7KH LPSH D FH DW RSH FLUF LWH WHUPL DOV L )L LL LV WKH =7K
(3 + M 4) (− M 5)
∴ =7K M M
3+ M4 − M5
20 − M 15
M Ω
3 − M1
)RU PD[LP P SRZHU LVVLSDWLR L WKH OR VSHDNHU LWV LPSH D FH VKR O EH FR M DWH RI
M Ω L H LPSH D FH RI OR VSHDNHU Ω.
([D S For the circuit shown in Fig. 17.105, which load impedance of p.f. = 0.8 lag
when connected across terminals A and B will draw the maximum power from the source. Also �nd
KH SRZHU HYHORSH L KH ORD D KH SRZHU ORVV L KH VRXUFH
Fig. 17.105
6R XWLR +HUH WKH PD LW H RI ORD LPSH D FH FD EH DULH E W RW LWV SKDVH D OH EHFD VH
load p.f. is �xed. In this case, the condition for maximum power transfer [See Art. 17.11] is
0D LW H RI ORD LPSH D FH 0D LW H RI VR UFH LPSH D FH
RU =/ 4 2 + 52 Ω
7KH ORD S I OD VR WKDW FRV φ D VL φ
∴ / =/ FRV φ Ω
;/ =/ VL φ Ω
∴ /RD LPSH D FH IRU PD[LP P SRZHU WUD VIHU LV
=/ M Ω
2
7RWDO FLUF LW LPSH D FH =7 ( 6 + /) + (; 6 + ; / )2
(4 + 5.12) 2 + (5 + 3.84) 2 Ω
9 50
∴ LUF LW F UUH W ,
=7 12.70
3RZHU H HORSH L ORD , /
3RZHU ORVV L WKH VR UFH
7 R L O 3 REO P
VR UFH UHSUHVH WH E D ROWD H RI ∠ 9 D L WHU DO LPSH D FH M Ω LV FR HFWH WR D
ORD E PHD V RI D FLUF LW ZLWK D LPSH D FH RI M Ω :KDW LV WKH ORD LPSH D FH ZKLFK ZR O
L H PD[LP P SRZHU WUD VIHU M Ω
)RU WKH FLUF LW VKRZ L )L HWHUPL H WKH DO H RI WKH ORD LPSH D FH IRU PD[LP P SRZHU
WKH ORD F UUH W DW PD[LP P SRZHU D WKH DO H RI PD[LP P SRZHU
M Ω ∠
10 j5
–j 10
10
+
5 0°V + + ZL
ZL
– 2 0°V 4 0°V
– –
Fig. 17.106 Fig. 17.107

)RU WKH FLUF LW VKRZ L )L HWHUPL H WKH DO H RI WKH ORD LPSH D FH IRU PD[LP P SRZHU
WKH ORD F UUH W DW PD[LP P SRZHU D WKH DO H RI PD[LP P SRZHU
M Ω ∠
1 R N 7 Q IR P LRQ
7KHUH DUH VRPH D F HWZRUNV L ZKLFK WKH LPSH D FHV DUH HLWKHU L VHULHV RU L SDUDOOHO
IDPLOLDU FDVH LV D WKUHH WHUPL DO HWZRUN V FK DV D HOWD HWZRUN RU D VWDU HWZRUN , V FK VLW DWLR V
LW LV RW SRVVLEOH WR VLPSOLI WKH HWZRUN E VHULHV D SDUDOOHO FLUF LW U OHV +RZH HU FR HUWL
delta network into star and vice versa often simpli�es the network and makes it possible to apply
VHULHV SDUDOOHO FLUF LW U OHV
WD 6WD 7 D VIR DWLR R VL HU WKUHH LPSH D FHV = = D = FR HFWH L
HOWD WR WKUHH WHUPL DOV D DV VKRZ L )L L /HW WKH HT L DOH W VWDU FR HFWH
HWZRUN KDV LPSH D FHV = = D = DV VKRZ L )L LL 8VL WKH VDPH PHWKR DV IRU
F FLUF LWV LW FD EH SUR H WKDW WKH LPSH D FHV RI WKH HT L DOH W VWDU HWZRUN DUH
= =
=
= += +=
= =
=
= += +=
= =
=
= += +=
Fig. 17.108
1RWH WKDW WKHVH HT DWLR V DUH L H WLFDO WR WKHLU F FR WHUSDUWV ZLWK LPSH D FHV V EVWLW WH IRU
UHVLVWD FHV V IRU F FLUF LWV WKH HT L DOH W VWDU LPSH D FHV DUH IR DV HU
(DFK V DU LPSH D FH LV HTXDO R KH SUR XF RI KH ZR HO D LPSH D FHV FR HF H R L LYL H
E KH VXP RI KH HO D LPSH D FHV
6WD WD 7 D VIR DWLR /HW V RZ FR VL HU KRZ WR UHSODFH WKH VWDU FR HFWH HWZRUN
L )L LL E WKH HT L DOH W HOWD FR HFWH HWZRUN RI )L L 8VL WKH VDPH
PHWKR DV IRU F FLUF LWV LW FD EH SUR H WKDW WKH LPSH D FHV RI WKH HT L DOH W HOWD HWZRUN DUH
= =
= = =
=
= =
= = =
=
= =
= = =
=
1RWH WKDW WKHVH HT DWLR V DUH L H WLFDO WR WKHLU F FR WHUSDUWV ZLWK LPSH D FHV V EVWLW WH IRU
UHVLVWD FHV V IRU F FLUF LWV WKH HT L DOH W HOWD LPSH D FHV DUH IR DV HU
(DFK HO D LPSH D FH LV HTXDO R KH VXP RI ZR V DU LPSH D FHV FR HF H R L SOXV KH
SUR XF RI KH VDPH ZR LPSH D FHV LYL H E KH KLU V DU LPSH D FH
([D S 6LPSOLI KH FLUFXL VKRZ L L E HO D V DU UD VIRUPD LR
6R XWLR 5HFDOO WKDW L RU HU WR FR HUW D HOWD ∆ HWZRUN L WR HT L DOH W VWDU HWZRUN
WKH IROORZL U OH LV VH
(DFK LPSH D FH LV WKH SUR FW RI WZR HOWD LPSH D FHV FR HFWH WR LW L L H E WKH V P RI
HOWD LPSH D FHV 7KHUHIRUH WKH LPSH D FHV RI WKH HT L DOH W VWDU HWZRUN 6HH )L DUH
Fig. 17.109
= = ( M50)( M10)
=
= += += M50 + M10 + M 40
5
− M Ω
M
= = ( M10)( M 40)
=
= += += M50 + M10 + M 40
4
− M Ω
M
= = ( M50)( M 40)
=
= += += M50 + M10 + M 40 Fig. 17.110
20
− M Ω
M
)L VKRZV WKH FLUF LW ZLWK HOWD HWZRUN RI WKH RUL L DO FLUF LW UHSODFH E WKH HT L DOH W
star network. Note the utility of this transformation. The circuit is now simpli�ed and we can use
series -parallel circuit rules to �nd the solution.
([D S L KH LPSH D FH RI KH EUL H FLUFXL VKRZ L L VH HO D V DU
UD VIRUPD LR
Fig. 17.111 Fig. 17.112

6R XWLR 7KH HOWD VWDU WUD VIRUPDWLR FD EH DSSOLH WR HLWKHU WKH SSHU KDOI RU WKH ORZHU KDOI
RI WKH FLUF LW , WKH SUHVH W FDVH ZH FKRRVH WKH SSHU KDOI )L VKRZV WKH HT L DOH W VWDU
HWZRUN WKDW UHSODFHV WKH = = = HOWD 7KH VWDU LPSH D FHV DUH
= = 3(− M3) 9∠ − 90°
= M Ω
= += += 3 − M3 + 3 6 − M3
= = (− M3)3
= M Ω
= += += 6 − M3
= = 3× 3
= M Ω
= += += 6 − M3
)L VKRZV WKH FLUF LW ZLWK WKH VWDU FRPSR H WV = = D = L VHUWH D WKH HOWD
FRPSR H WV UHPR H ,W LV FOHDU WKDW
= M M M M
(3.6 − M1.2)(1.2 + M3.6)
M
(3.6 − M1.2) + (1.2 + M3.6)
(3.6 − M1.2)(1.2 + M3.6)
M
(4.8 + M 2.4)
M M ∠ Ω
7 R L O 3 REO P
Using delta-star transformation, �nd the current taken from the supply in Fig.17.113. ∠
Fig. 17.113 Fig. 17.114

Using delta-star transformation, �nd (L WRWDO FLUF LW LPSH D FH D LL WRWDO F UUH W WDNH IURP WKH
VR UFH L )L M Ω M
VWDU FR HFWH HWZRUN FR VLVWV RI WKUHH LPSH D FHV HDFK RI M Ω :KDW ZLOO EH WKH LPSH D FHV
L WKH HT L DOH W HOWD HWZRUN M Ω DFK
HOWD FR HFWH HWZRUN FR VLVWV RI WKUHH LPSH D FHV HDFK RI M Ω :KDW ZLOO EH WKH LPSH D FHV
L WKH HT L DOH W VWDU HWZRUN M Ω DFK
* Since we are not required to �nd the voltage or current in any particular component, it does not matter
ZKLFK RI WKH WZR HOWDV LV WUD VIRUPH
2EM L 4 LRQ
.LUFKKRII V F UUH W ODZ IRU D F FLUF LWV LV EDVH , )L WKH 1RUWR LPSH D FH =1 LV
R WKH SUL FLSOH RI FR VHU DWLR RI L M Ω LL M Ω
L FKDU H LL H HU LLL M Ω LY M Ω
LLL PRPH W P LY R H RI DER H , )L WKH 7KH H L ROWD H 97K LV
.LUFKKRII V ROWD H ODZ IRU D F FLUF LWV LV EDVH
L ∠ 9 LL ∠ 9
R WKH SUL FLSOH RI FR VHU DWLR RI
L FKDU H LL H HU LLL ∠ 9 LY ∠ 9
LLL PRPH W P LY R H RI DER H
OWHU DWL ROWD HV D F UUH WV DUH
L HFWRUV LL VFDODUV
LLL SKDVRUV LY R H RI DER H
, )L WKHUH DUH
L WZR ORRSV LL WKUHH ORRSV
LLL IR U ORRSV LY R H RI DER H
Fig. 17.117
, )L WKH 7KH H L LPSH D FH =7K LV
L M Ω LL M Ω
LLL M Ω LY M Ω
VWDU FR HFWH HWZRUN FR VLVWV RI WKUHH
LPSH D FHV HDFK RI M Ω 7KH LPSH D FH
RI HDFK HT L DOH W HOWD HWZRUN LV
L M Ω LL M Ω
LLL M Ω LY M Ω
Fig. 17.115 7KH DO H RI ORD LPSH D FH IRU PD[LP P
, )L WKHUH DUH SRZHU WUD VIHU L )L LV
L WZR PHVKHV LL WKUHH PHVKHV L M Ω LL M Ω
LLL IR U PHVKHV LY R H RI DER H LLL M Ω LY R H RI DER H
7KH PEHU RI SUL FLSDO R HV L )L LV
L LL LLL LY
, )L WKH VRO WLR E R DO D DO VLV
ZLOO UHT LUH
L R H HT DWLR LL WZR HT DWLR V
LLL WKUHH HT DWLR V LY R H RI DER H
7KHUH DUH SUL FLSDO R HV L D HWZRUN )RU
WKH VRO WLR RI WKLV HWZRUN WKH PEHU RI
HT DWLR V UHT LUH LV Fig. 17.118
L LL LLL LY , )L WKH ORD F UUH W DW PD[LP P
, )L WKH 1RUWR F UUH W ,1 LV SRZHU WUD VIHU LV
L ∠ LL ∠ L LL
LLL ∠ LY R H RI DER H LLL LY
Q
L LL LLL
LL L LY
L LLL LL
LY L LLL
LL L L
Fig. 17.116

Network Theorem - AC

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Network Theorem - AC

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2WKHU SDVVL H HOHPH WV YL L FWD FH / D FDSDFLWD FH DUH UHOH D W R O L D F FLUF LWV

7KHUHIRUH WKH FLUF LW F UUH W L LV L VL V

8VL .LUFKKRII V ROWD H ODZ HWHUPL H WKH F UUH W L )L VL

Fig. 17.5 Fig. 17.6

Fig. 17.7 Fig. 17.8

2050 + M1500 2540.18∠36.19°

∴ 9ROWD H 9/ DFURVV L FWRU LV L H E

10(2 + M1) − (10∠ − 60°)(1 + M 2) (20 + M10) − (5 − M5 3)(1 + M 2)

(20 + M10) − (22.32 + M1.34) 8.97∠105°

6R XWLR ω0 ωN /1/2 N ω/1 × ω/2 = 0.8 10 × 20 Ω

Fig. 17.15 Fig. 17.16

Use mesh analysis to �nd current in the resistor in Fig. 17.17. ∠ ↓

Fig. 17.18 Fig. 17.19

Fig. 17.24 Fig. 17.25

Fig. 17.27 Fig. 17.28

Fig. 17.30 Fig. 17.31

Fig. 17.33 Fig. 17.34

F UUH W L L HU U OH F UUH W ,′DE L EUD FK DE LV

5HIHUUL WR )L LL WKH ROWD H 9 DFURVV WKH FDSDFLWRU H WR VR UFH ( DFWL DOR H LV

Fig. 17.39 Fig. 17.40

ZR HUPL DO OL HDU D F FLUFXL FD EH UHSODFH E D VL OH D F YRO D H VRXUFH 97K) in

Fig. 17.44 Fig. 17.45

([D S L KH 7KHYH L HTXLYDOH FLUFXL D HUPL DOV RI KH FLUFXL VKRZ L

Fig. 17.51 Fig. 17.52

Fig. 17.53 Fig. 17.54

Fig. 17.55 Fig. 17.56

Fig. 17.57 Fig. 17.58

Fig. 17.62 Fig. 17.63

Fig. 17.64 Fig. 17.65

Fig. 17.67 Fig. 17.68

Fig. 17.72 Fig. 17.73

)L L =1 In order to �nd =1 =7K UHPR H WKH ORD L H M Ω LPSH D FH D UHSODFH

Fig. 17.74 Fig. 17.75

Fig. 17.79 Fig. 17.80

Fig. 17.82 Fig. 17.83

Fig. 17.84 Fig. 17.85

7KH F UUH W RI WKH HT L DOH W D F F UUH W VR UFH LV HT DO WR WKH SKDVRU V P RI L L L DO VR UFH

L SDUDOOHO ZLWK D LPSH D FH RI ∠ Ω 7KH FLUF LW WKH EHFRPHV DV VKRZ L

50 ∠ 0° × 0.1414 ∠ − 45° + 25 ∠ 90° × 0.2 ∠ 53.13°

+H FH ZKH ORD L D D F FLUFXL FR VLV V RI YDULDEOH UHVLV D FH /) only, maximum power is

Fig. 17.92 Fig. 17.93

3RZHU LV R O LVVLSDWH L WKH UHVLVWL H FRPSR H W / RI WKH ORD

Fig. 17.94 Fig. 17.95

0D LW H RI ORD LPSH D FH =/ 0D LW H RI VR UFH LPSH D FH =6

Fig. 17.96 Fig. 17.97

Fig. 17.100 Fig. 17.101

Fig. 17.102 Fig. 17.103

Fig. 17.106 Fig. 17.107

Fig. 17.111 Fig. 17.112

Fig. 17.113 Fig. 17.114

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