6 1 57 5 1 7 1 58 6 25 175 5 5 6

VKHDU L WHUDFWLR GRPDL 6KRUW L NV GHYH RS R VKHDU LH GL J R J L NV

develop only exural yielding, while intermediate links develop both shear
and exural yielding.

H S L N S L N S L N S L N

S L N
, WHUPHGLDWH
/L N S L N S L N

6KRUW /L N

/R J /L N
H ∞
S L N

)LJXUH interaction domain: classi cation of seismic links

(TXDWLR V D G FD EH JH HUD L HG WR WKH GHVLJ

FDVHV KHUH R R H S DVWLF KL JH RX G IRUP DW R H H G RI WKH L N H J WKH
case of inverted-Y con guration, where the link end connected to the beam
develops the plastic exural hinge, while the opposite end connected to the
EUDFHV LV L WKH H DVWLF UD JH DV IR R V F DXVH
M p ,link
6KRUW L NV (
e ≤ es = 0.8 ⋅ 1 + α )V
p ,link

M p,link
/R J L NV (
e ≥ eL = 1.5 ⋅ 1 + α )V
p ,link

, WHUPHGLDWH L NV es < e < e L

KHUH LV WKH UDWLR RI WKH VPD HU EH GL J PRPH WV (G DW R H H G RI WKH

L N L WKH VHLVPLF GHVLJ VLWXDWLR WR WKH JUHDWHU EH GL J PRPH WV (G DW
WKH H G KHUH WKH S DVWLF KL JH RX G IRUP ERWK PRPH WV EHL J WDNH DV
DEVR XWH YD XHV
 1 6 1 3529 6 216 25 67 6758 785 6

,W LV L WHUHVWL J WR RWH WKDW WKH W SH RI L N S DVWLF PHFKD LVP LV GLUHFW

UH DWHG WR WKH GXFWL LW FDSDFLW DPH S DVWLF URWDWLR SURYLGHG E WKH L N L
order to withstand the seismic ductility demand. The link rotation is de ned as
WKH URWDWLR D J H S EHW HH WKH L N D G WKH H HPH W RXWVLGH RI WKH L N )LJXUH
3.14 clari es this de nition and simple equations are given for estimating the
L N URWDWLR KLFK VKRX G EH FR VLVWH W LWK J RED GHIRUPDWLR IRU WKH (%)
con gurations reported in Figure 3.2d (i.e. split-K-braced frame, V-braced,
EUDFHG IUDPH D G L YHUWHG EUDFHG IUDPH ,W FD EH REVHUYHG WKDW WKH
VKRUWHU LV WKH L N H JWK D G WKH JUHDWHU LV WKH GXFWL LW GHPD G
H H
Δ H Δ θS

θS

Δ L Δ L
θp = ⋅ θp = ⋅
H e H 2e
Δ H Δ

H θS
θS

Δ L Δ H Δ
θp = ⋅ θp = ⋅ =
H e H e e

)LJXUH 7KH L N URWDWLR D J H S for the EBF con gurations given in Figure 3.2

7KH D R DE H L N GHIRUPDWLR FDSDFLW S GHSH GV R WKH L N H JWK

DV GHSLFWHG L )LJXUH :LWK WKLV UHJDUG F DXVH VWDWHV WKDW WKH
L N URWDWLR VKRX G RW H FHHG WKH IR R L J YD XHV

6KRUW L NV S ≤ S = UDGLD V
 6 1 57 5 1 7 1 58 6 25 175 5 5 6

/R J L NV S ≤ S = UDGLD V

, WHUPHGLDWH L NV S ≤ S = WKH YD XH GHWHUPL HG E L HDU

L WHUSR DWLR EHW HH WKH DERYH YD XHV

S ( UDG )

S ( UDG ) = H S L N S L N

H /L N /H JWK
S L N S L N S L N S L N

)LJXUH R DE H L N GHIRUPDWLR FDSDFLW S

In order to guarantee a suf cient link rotation capacity, link web

VWLIIH HUV VKRX G EH GHVLJ HG 6WLIIH HUV DUH IX GDPH WD GHWDL V WKDW D R
WR SUHYH W L H DVWLF HE EXFN L J KLFK LPSDLUV WKH L N SHUIRUPD FH L
WKH UD JH RI WKH H SHFWHG GXFWL LW GHPD G +MH PVWDG D G 3RSRY
GHYH RSHG VHYHUD F F LF WHVWV L RUGHU WR UH DWH WKH HE VWLIIH HUV VSDFL J
WR L N H HUJ GLVVLSDWLR 6XEVHTXH W .DVDL D G 3RSRY GHYH RSHG
VLPS H UX HV WR UH DWH VWLIIH HUV VSDFL J D G PD LPXP L N L H DVWLF URWDWLR
S XS WR HE EXFN L J VVXPL J WKDW WKH L N HE EXFN L J PRGHV DUH
VLPL DU WR WKRVH RI D S DWH X GHU VKHDU RDGL J WKH DSS LHG S DVWLF S DWH VKHDU
EXFN L J WKHRU WR UH DWH WKH VWLIIH HUV VSDFL J WR WKH PD LPXP GHIRUPDWLR
D J H RI D VKHDU L N WKXV GHULYL J VLPS H H SUHVVLR V IRU HDFK UHTXLUHG L N
GHIRUPDWLR FDSDFLW FFRUGL J F DXVH D SURSRVHV WR GHVLJ WKH
VWLIIH HU VSDFL J IRU VKRUW L NV E PHD V RI WKH IR R L J HTXDWLR V

d
a = 30t w − for θ p = 0.08 radians
5
 1 6 1 3529 6 216 25 67 6758 785 6

d
a = 52t w − for θ p < 0.02 radians
5

KHUH D LV WKH GLVWD FH EHW HH HTXD VSDFHG VWLIIH HUV G LV WKH L N GHSWK
D G LV WKH HE WKLFN HVV /L HDU L WHUSR DWLR VKRX G EH XVHG IRU YD XHV RI
S EHW HH D G UDGLD V

, FDVH RI R J L NV HE VWLIIH HUV VKRX G EH S DFHG DW D GLVWD FH RI WLPHV

E IURP HDFK H G RI WKH L N KHUH D S DVWLF KL JH RX G IRUP F DXVH E
, WHUPHGLDWH L NV VKRX G EH SURYLGHG LWK L WHUPHGLDWH HE VWLIIH HUV
PHHWL J WKH UHTXLUHPH WV RI ERWK VKRUW D G R J L NV F DXVH F
6LPL DU WR KDW LV UHTXLUHG IRU %)V VHH VHFWLR D VR IRU (%)V
( DLPV DW H IRUFL J WKH IRUPDWLR RI D J RED PHFKD LVP E FR WUR L J
WKH YDULDWLR RI WKH GHVLJ RYHUVWUH JWK RI WKH GLVVLSDWLYH H HPH WV L H WKH
L NV DW HDFK VWRUH RI WKH VWUXFWXUH 7KH GHVLJ RYHUVWUH JWK IDFWRUV L GLIIHU
IRU VKRUW L WHUPHGLDWH D G R J L NV EHFDXVH WKH GHSH G R WKH L N IDL XUH
PRGH D G WKH VKRX G EH HYD XDWHG DV IR R V

1.5Vp,link,i
Ωi = for short links
VEd,i

1.5M p,link,i
Ωi = for both intermediate and long links
M Ed,i

KHUH (G L D G (G L DUH WKH GHVLJ YD XHV RI WKH VKHDU IRUFH D G WKH EH GL J

PRPH W L L N L L WKH VHLVPLF GHVLJ VLWXDWLR KL H S L N L D G S L N L
DUH WKH VKHDU D G EH GL J S DVWLF GHVLJ UHVLVWD FHV RI LWK L N DV JLYH E
HTXDWLR V D G UHVSHFWLYH

+H FH WKH GHVLJ RYHUVWUH JWK Ω RI WKH VHLVPLF L NV L L H LWK

WKH JH HUD FULWHULR H SUHVVHG E HTXDWLR LV WKH PL LPXP DPR J D
L NV EH R JL J WR WKH FR VLGHUHG D LJ PH W RI IUDPHV DV UHTXLUHG E F DXVH
D G JLYH E
⎛ 1.5Vp,link,i ⎞
Ω = min ⎜ ⎟ among all short links
⎝ VEd,i ⎠
 6 1 57 5 1 7 1 58 6 25 175 5 5 6

⎛ 1.5M p,link,i ⎞
Ω = min ⎜ ⎟ among all intermediate and long links
⎝ M Ed,i ⎠

Once the ratio Ω LV FD FX DWHG F DXVH PD GDWHV WKDW WKH YD XHV RI

D RWKHU ΩL should be in the range Ω to 1.25Ω. Consequently, this criterion
requires to t the distribution of the seismic links strengths S L N L RU
S L N L WR WKH GLVWULEXWLR RI WKH FRPSXWHG DFWLR HIIHFW (G L RU (G L
L HYLWDE HDGL J WR FKD JHV RI WKH FURVV VHFWLR RI WKH GLDJR D V DW HDFK
VWRUH

RGH UHT LUHPHQ V IRU PHPEHUV QR FRQ DLQLQ VHLVPLF OLQNV

DXVH UHFRPPH GV WR YHULI L FRPSUHVVLR D PHPEHUV

RW FR WDL L J VHLVPLF L NV VXFK DV WKH FR XP V D G WKH GLDJR D PHPEHUV
LI KRUL R WD L NV DUH XVHG L WKH EHDPV D G D VR WKH EHDP PHPEHUV LI
YHUWLFD L NV DUH XVHG FR VLGHUL J WKH PRVW X IDYRXUDE H FRPEL DWLR RI
D LD IRUFH D G EH GL J PRPH WV , DFFRUGD FH LWK WKH JH HUD KLHUDUFK
FULWHULR H SUHVVHG E HTXDWLR VHH VHFWLR WKH DFWLR HIIHFWV
R FR HFWLR V EHDPV D G FR XP V FD FX DWHG E XVL J D H DVWLF PRGH
under the design seismic action, have to be ampli ed using the minimum
RYHUVWUH JWK IDFWRU Ω JLYH E HTXDWLR IRU VKRUW L NV D G HTXDWLR
IRU L WHUPHGLDWH D G R J L NV 6XEVHTXH W WKH GHVLJ FKHFN RI D
PHPEHU RI WKH IUDPH LV EDVHG R

( )
N pl,Rd M Ed ,VEd ≥ N Ed,G + 1.1⋅ γ ov ⋅ Ω ⋅ N Ed,E

KHUH
S G (G (G LV WKH GHVLJ D LD UHVLVWD FH RI WKH FR XP RU WKH
GLDJR D PHPEHU FD FX DWHG L DFFRUGD FH LWK
(1 WDNL J L WR DFFRX W WKH L WHUDFWLR LWK
WKH GHVLJ YD XH RI WKH EH GL J PRPH W (G D G WKH
VKHDU IRUFH (G L WKH VHLVPLF GHVLJ VLWXDWLR ,W LV
LPSRUWD W WR KLJK LJKW WKDW IRU EUDFHV D G FR XP V L
FRPSUHVVLR HTXDWLR L WH GV WR UHIHU WR WKH
EXFN L J VWUH JWK EHFDXVH LW LV FUXFLD WR DYRLG WKH
EXFN L J RI WKH EUDFHV DIWHU LH GL J RI WKH L N
 1 6 1 3529 6 216 25 67 6758 785 6

(G LV WKH FRPSUHVVLR IRUFH L WKH FR XP RU GLDJR D

PHPEHU GXH WR WKH R VHLVPLF DFWLR V L F XGHG L WKH
FRPEL DWLR RI DFWLR V IRU WKH VHLVPLF GHVLJ VLWXDWLR
(G ( LV WKH FRPSUHVVLR IRUFH L WKH FR XP RU GLDJR D
PHPEHU GXH WR WKH GHVLJ VHLVPLF DFWLR
R LV WKH PDWHULD RYHUVWUH JWK IDFWRU VHH VHFWLR

, D FDVH WKH D LD IRUFHV (G ( (G L GXFHG E VHLVPLF D G R

VHLVPLF DFWLR V DUH GLUHFW SURYLGHG E WKH H DVWLF XPHULFD PRGH

RGH UHT LUHPHQ V IRU FRQQHF LRQV RI H VHLVPLF OLQNV

DXVH UHFRPPH GV WKDW WKH FR HFWLR V RI WKH L NV RU RI WKH

H HPH W FR WDL L J WKH L NV VKRX G EH GHVLJ HG WR UHVLVW WKH DFWLR HIIHFWV (G
FRPSXWHG DV IR R V
Ed ≥ Ed,G + 1.1⋅ γ ov ⋅ Ω i ⋅ Ed ,E

KHUH
(G LV WKH DFWLR HIIHFW L WKH FR HFWLR GXH WR WKH R VHLVPLF DFWLR V
L F XGHG L WKH FRPEL DWLR RI DFWLR V IRU WKH VHLVPLF GHVLJ VLWXDWLR
(G ( LV WKH DFWLR HIIHFW L WKH FR HFWLR GXH WR WKH GHVLJ VHLVPLF DFWLR
R LV WKH PDWHULD RYHUVWUH JWK IDFWRU VHH VHFWLR RI WKLV
+D GERRN
L LV WKH RYHUVWUH JWK IDFWRU FRPSXWHG DV JLYH E HTXDWLR
IRU VKRUW L NV RU HTXDWLR IRU L WHUPHGLDWH D G R J L NV

,W LV RWHG WKDW L WKLV FDVH WKH GHVLJ HU PXVW XVH WKH S DVWLF VWUH JWK RI
WKH L N WR GHVLJ WKH FR HFWLR HYHU WKH PL LPXP RYHUVWUH JWK UDWLR DV
done for the members. This veri cation is in line with the criterion expressed
E HTXDWLR VHH VHFWLR KHUH WKH S DVWLF UHVLVWD FH RI WKH
FR HFWHG GLVVLSDWLYH PHPEHU EDVHG R WKH GHVLJ LH G VWUHVV RI WKH
PDWHULD LV JLYH E Lw(G (

1 % IRU VKRUW L NV WKH PDL WUD VIHUUHG HIIHFW LV WKH VKHDU IRUFH WKXV (G ( = (G L VR
WKDW Lw(G ( = S L N L / (G L w (G L S L NL