6'LJLWDO&RPPXQLFDWLRQ6\VWHPV

6SULQJ 7XWRULDO6ROXWLRQ

(
$PRELOHWHOHSKRQHLVPRYLQJLQDFLW\HQYLURQPHQW
i) 7KH UHFHLYHG VLJQDO LV H[SRVHG WR D 5D\OHLJK PXOWLSDWK IDGLQJ
:KDWLVWKHPLQLPXPUHTXLUHGIDGLQJPDUJLQLQG%WRPDNHWKH
FKDQQHODYDLODEOHZLWKDSUREDELOLW\"
ii) 7KH VLJQDO LV QRZ LQ DGGLWLRQ WR WKH PXOWLSDWK IDGLQJ DOVR
H[SRVHG WR VKDGRZ IDGLQJ ZLWK D ORJ VWDQGDUG GHYLDWLRQ RI 
G%$VVXPHWKDWWKHWRWDOIDGHPDUJLQFDQEHGHULYHGE\VXPPLQJ
WKH IDGH PDUJLQV IRU WKH 5D\OHLJK IDGLQJ DQG WKH VKDGRZ IDGLQJ
SURFHVVHV :KDW LV WKH QHZ PLQLPXP UHTXLUHG IDGLQJ PDUJLQ LQ
G%WRPDNHWKHFKDQQHODYDLODEOHZLWKSUREDELOLW\

$QVZHU
L 7KHUHFHLYHGVLJQDOLVH[SRVHGWR5D\OHLJKPXOWLSDWKIDGLQJVR
6LJQDOSRZHUSGILVH[SRQHQWLDOO\GLVWULEXWHG
γ
−
FΓ (γ ) = 1− e γ0
for γ ≥ 0
= 0 for γ < 0
Here, γ = changing signal power with time; γ 0 = average signal power = E [γ ]

Now We denote k f = fade m arg in

 γ   γ 
Channel availability, T f = 0.95 = P Γ > 0  = 1 − P Γ ≤ 0 
 k f   k f 
 γ 
Thus, P Γ ≤ 0  = 0.05;
 k f 
γ0

γ 
kf 1 1
− − −
⇒ FΓ  0  = 0.05; ⇒ 1 − e γ 0 = 0.05; ⇒ 1 − e k f = 0.05; ⇒ e k f = 0.95; ⇒ 1 = − ln(0.95)
kf  kf
 
Thus, k f = 19.495 ⇔ 12.9dB

&RXUVH$VVLVWDQW0XKDPPDG,PDGXU5DKPDQ3KRQHHPDLO imad@cc.hut.fi 1
LL 5D\OHLJKSOXVVKDGRZLQJKDYHRFFXUUHG
:HNQRZWKDWVKDGRZLQJLVORJQRUPDOIDGLQJZLWK6DVPHDQYDOXHDQGσDV
VWDQGDUGGHYLDWLRQWKXVZHFDQH[SUHVVLWDV16σ

T f = P{S ≥ S 0 − Z 2 }
 S − S0 Z 
= P ≥− 2
 σ σ 
 Z 
⇒ Q − 2  = 0.95
 σ 
Z
⇒ 2 ≈ 1.65
σ
⇒ Z 2 = 4 × 1.65 = 6.6dB
Total fade m arg in = (12.9 + 6.6)dB = 19.8dB

(
$ 5D\OHLJK IDGLQJ UDGLR FKDQQHO KDV D GHOD\ VSUHDG RI 7P  PV DQG D
'RSSOHUVSUHDG%G +]7KHVLJQDOOLQJEDQGZLGWKLVN+]
L (VWLPDWHWKHFRKHUHQFHEDQGZLGWKDQGWKHFRKHUHQFHWLPHRIWKH
FKDQQHOLL,VWKLVFKDQQHOIUHTXHQF\VHOHFWLYHLL$UHZHGHDOLQJZLWK
VORZO\IDGLQJFKDQQHOV"

$QVZHU
Delay spread , Tm = 1mS ; Doppler spread , Bd = 10 Hz
1 1
a) Coherencebandwidth, Bm ≈ = = 1KHz
Tm 1mS
1 1
Coherence time, Td ≈ = = 0.1S
Bd 10
b) Signalling bandwidth, B = 25kHz and coherenc bandwidth, Bm = 1kHz
Thus, B > Bm ⇒ The channel is frequency selective
1 1
c) Signal duration, T ≈ = −3
= 4 × 10 −5 S
B 25 × 10
Thus, T << Td ⇒ The channel is slowly fading

(
$ORFDOVSDWLDODYHUDJHRIDSRZHUGHOD\SURILOHLVVKRZQLQ)LJXUH

L 'HWHUPLQH WKH UPV GHOD\ VSUHDG DQG PHDQ H[FHVV GHOD\

IRUWKHFKDQQHO
LL 'HWHUPLQHWKHPD[LPXPH[FHVVGHOD\G%

&RXUVH$VVLVWDQW0XKDPPDG,PDGXU5DKPDQ3KRQHHPDLO imad@cc.hut.fi 2
 0 LLL'HWHUPLQHWKHPD[LPXP5)V\PEROUDWHLI
WKHV\PEROGXUDWLRQ7LVOHVVWKDWσZKHUHσ
-5

-10

LV506GHOD\VSUHDGDQ,6,WDNHVSODFH
P ( τ ), dB

-15

-20
r

-25

LY,IWKHPRELOHWUDYHOOLQJDW.PKUUHFHLYHV
-30

-35

0 1 2
E xc e s s d e la y ( τ ) , µ s
3 4
DVLJQDOWKURXJKWKHFKDQQHOGHWHUPLQHWKH
)LJXUH3RZHUGHOD\SURILOH WLPHRYHUZKLFKWKHFKDQQHODSSHDUVVWDWLRQDU\

$QVZHU
∑ρτ i i
a) Average excess delay, τ = i

∑ρ i
i

∑ρτ i i
2

RMS delay spread , σ = τ 2 − τ 2 ; where τ 2 = i

∑ρ i
i

From figure 5.1, τ = [0 1 2] in µ sec and ρ = [0 − 10 0] in dB = [1 0.1 1] W

Thus, τ = 10 −6 sec and τ 2 = 1.952 × 10 −12 sec
⇒ This gives, RMS delay spread , σ = 9.759 × 10 −7 sec

E6LQFHDOORIWKHGHOD\FRPSRQHQWVKDYHDPSOLWXGHVLQH[FHVVRI
²G%WKHPD[LPXPH[FHVVGHOD\DWG%LVµVHF

F7KHPLQLPXPV\PEROSHULRG7PLQ  σ  VHF

7KXVWKHV\PEROUDWH5V 7PLQ .ESV

d) Assume, f c = 900 MHz;

C
Thus, carrier wavelength, λ = = 0.333m, where C = speed of light
fc
υ 30km / hr 30,000
fd = = = Hz = 25.025 Hz
λ 0.333m 0.333 * 3600
1
Coherence time, Td ≈ = 0.04 sec
fd

&RXUVH$VVLVWDQW0XKDPPDG,PDGXU5DKPDQ3KRQHHPDLO imad@cc.hut.fi 3
+RPHZRUN'HDGOLQH0DUFKDW
+RPHZRUNUHWXUQER[LVORFDWHGDW2WDNDDULQGIORRUQHDU
WKH(ZLQJ<RXFDQDOVRUHWXUQWKHDQVZHUVWRWKHDVVLVWDQW
MXVWEHIRUHWKHFODVV

,IDSDUWLFXODUPRGXODWLRQSURYLGHVVXLWDEOH%(5SHUIRUPDQFHZKHQHYHU
σ Ts ≤ 0.1 GHWHUPLQHWKHVPDOOHVWV\PEROSHULRG7VDQGWKXVWKH
JUHDWHVWV\PEROUDWHWKDWPD\EHVHQWWKURXJKWKHLQGRRUDQGRXWGRRU
5)FKDQQHOVVKRZQLQ)LJXUH7KHUHFHLYHGSRZHULVLQG%
5

0
0 O u td o o r
In d o o r
-5
-5
-1 0
-1 0
P (τ)

-1 5
P (τ)

-1 5
r
r

-2 0
-2 0
-2 5
-2 5
-3 0
-3 0
-3 5
-3 5
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 0 5 10 15
E x c e s s d e la y ( τ ) , n s E x c e s s d e la y ( τ ) , µ s

)LJXUH

&RXUVH$VVLVWDQW0XKDPPDG,PDGXU5DKPDQ3KRQHHPDLO imad@cc.hut.fi 4