AAE 251 Formulas

Compiled Fall 2016

by Nicholas D. Turo-Shields,
student at Purdue University

Standard Atmosphere
p0 = 1.01325 × 105 Pascals
ρ0 = 1.225 mkg3
J
R = 287 kg·K
γ = 1.4 (for air)
p = ρRT ; Equation of State
re
h= hG
re + hG

Gradient Layer
T = T1 + a(h − h1 )
 − g0
p T aR
=
p1 T1 "
 − g0 +1
#

ρ T aR
=
ρ1 T1

Isothermal Layer
p −g0
= e[ RT (h−h1 )]
p1
ρ p
=
ρ1 p1

1
Aerodynamics
Continuity Equation: ṁ = constant → ρ1 V1 A1 = ρ2 V2 A2
Bernoulli’s Equation: p0 = p + 21 ρv 2 ; total (stagnation) p = static p + dynamic p

Aerodynamic Coefficients

L = N cos α − A sin α
D = N sin α + A cos α
N = L cos α + D sin α
A =−L sin α − D cos α

L M p − p∞
cl = ; cM = ; cp =
q∞ S q∞ Sc q∞
p v
a = γRT ; Mach Number M =
a
C0
Prandtl-Glauert Correction: Cc = p
2
1 − M∞

Wave Drag
 
−1 1
Mach Angle: µ = sin Thicker objects → shockwaves form at angle greater than µ
M
4α 4α2
cl = p ; cd = p
M∞2 −1 M∞2 −1

Induced Drag
αeff = α − αi Di = L sin αi ≈ Lαi (for small α)

CL2 CL
CDi = ; αi = elliptical lift distribution → e = 1, otherwise, e < 1
πeAR πeAR

dcl dCL
= = a0 (lift curve slope for an infinite wing)
dα dαeff
Z
dCL dCL
= → → CL = ao (α − αi ) + C
dαeff d(α − αi )

Flaps
s s
2L 2W
V∞ = , Vstall =
ρ∞ S CL ρ∞ S CL, max

2
Aircraft Performance
Thrust
  s
T CD W CL 1 πeAR
= ; TR = CL ; =
W CL CD
CD max 2 CD,0
ρ
TA, alt = TA, 0
ρ0

Power
P = F~s
· ~v s
2W 2W CD2
V∞ = = ; PR = TR V∞ ; PA = ηP , where η < 1
ρ∞ S CL ρ∞ S CL3
r r
ρ0 ρ0 ρ
Valt = V0 ; PR, alt = PR, 0 ; PA, alt = PA, 0
ρ ρ ρ0
PA − PR
R.C. = = v sin θ
W

Range and Endurance

3/2
" 3 # 3
  /2
η CL W0 η CL  − 1/2 − 1/2
 CL (3CD, 0 πAR) 4
Rprop = · · ln , Eprop = · · W1 − W0 , max =
c CD W1 c CD CD 4CD, 0
  r 1/2
" 1/2
# 1
1 CL W0 8 1 CL  1/2 1/2
 CL (CD, 0 πAR) 4
Ejet = · · ln , Rjet = · · · W0 − W1 , max =
ct C D W1 ρ ∞ S ct C D CD 4CD, 0
W0 = total gross weight, W1 = ending weight

Takeoff
F V2m
V = t, s=
m 2F
s
2W
VLO = 1.2 . For the average, V∞ = 0.7 VLO .
ρ∞ S CL, max
1.22 W 2
sLO =
. µr ranges from 0.02 (smooth surface) to 0.10 (grass)
gρ∞ S CL, max T − [D + µr (W − L)]avg

Landing
s
2W
VT = 1.3 . For the average, V∞ = 0.7 VT .
ρ∞ S CL, max
1.32 W 2
sT = µ ≈ 0.40 (paved surface; surface friction plus brakes).
gρ∞ S CL, max [D + µ(W − L)]avg

3
Propulsion
Air-Breathing
φ = β − α, where β is the pitch angle of the propeller and α is the angle of attack
ω = 2πn, where n is number of revolutions per second the propeller spins.
V∞
tan φ = , where r is the radius at a given point of the propeller
ωr
V∞
J= ; Advance Ratio, where d is the diameter of the propeller
nd
Tturbojet = (ṁair + ṁf uel )Ve − ṁair V∞ + (pe − p∞ )Ae , where typically ṁf uel = 0.05 ṁair

Tf an = ṁF (Ve0 − V∞ ) + (p0e − p∞ )A0e

ηP
Tpropeller = , where P is the power of the engine driving the shaft
V∞
ṁF
β= ; Bypass Ratio; ṁF is the fan air mass flow rate and ṁc is the core air mass flow rate
ṁc

Rocket
T = ṁVe + (pe − p∞ )Ae
T T
Isp ≡ = , where g0 is acceleration at sea-level on EARTH
Ẇ g0 ṁ
If nozzle is designed such that pe = p∞ , then Ve = g0 Isp
 
mf
h i
∆V
∆V
Assuming constant Ve , ln = − g0 Isp =⇒ m0 = mf e g0 Isp
(Rocket Equation)
m0
m0 = initial rocket mass = mpayload + minert + mpropellant ; mf = final rocket mass = mpayload + minert
minert mprop
Inert Mass Fraction: finert = ; Propellant Mass Fraction = PMF = ζ =
mprop + minert m0
∆V ∆V ∆V
mpay (e g0 Isp − 1)(1 − finert ) mpay · finert (e g0 Isp − 1) mpay e g0 Isp (1 − finert )
mprop = ∆V ; minert = ∆V ; m0 = ∆V
1 − finert e g0 Isp 1 − finert e g0 Isp 1 − finert e g0 Isp

4
Orbital Mechanics
T12 a31
=
T22 a32

−G(M + m)r̂ p
~r¨ = 2
=⇒ r =
r 1 + e cos θ
When M  m, G(M + m) ≈ GM = µ
GM m −µm
PE = − = (≤ 0)
r r
P E + KE v2 µ
Specific Energy: ε = → ε= − (Vis-Viva Equation)
 2 /5 m 2 r
m1
rSOI = D , where m1 < M2 , and D is the distance between celestial bodies
M2

Conic Sections
2p ≡ width of each conic at the focus (latus rectum)
2a ≡ length of the chord that passes through the two foci (major axis)
2c ≡ distance between foci
c 2c ra − rp
e= = =
a 2a ra + rp
p = a(1 − e2 )
rp = a(1 − e) (periapsis)
ra = a(1 + e) (apoapsis)
ra + rp = 2a; ra − rp = 2c
µ
ε=−
2a

Elliptical Orbits
2πa3/2
T = √
µ

Circular Orbits
e = 0; r = constant = a = b = p
2πr3/2
T = √
µ
r
µ
vc =
r

5
Parabolic Orbits
p p p
e = 1; rp = = ; ra = =∞
r 1+e 2 1−e
2µ √
vesc = = 2 vc
r

Hyperbolic Orbits
δ is the turn angle or bend angle
v∞ is the hyperbolic excess speed
 
δ a 1
sin = =
2 c e r
2
v 2µ p 2
ε = ∞ −→ v∞ = v 2 − 2
= v − vesc
2 r

Ground Tracks

Posigrade Orbit: 0° ≤ i < 90°

Polar Orbit: i = 90°
Retrograde Orbit: 90° < i < 180°

T
∆= (360°) = T ω; T is the period of orbit, R is the rotational period, and ω is the rotational rate
R

Effects of Launch Sites

cos i = sin β cos λ, where i is orbit inclination, β is azimuth, and λ is latitude of the launch site
∆VEarth’s Rotation = ωE rE cos λ sin β

Plane Changes
 
∆i
∆V = 2Vi sin
2

Losses During Launch

∆Veffective = ∆Videal + ∆Vdrag + ∆Vgravity + ∆Vsteering
Z Z
dVdrag D
∆Vdrag = dt = dt
dt m
Z
∆Vgravity = g sin θ dt