PhysicsSE 10 Ch07 PowerPoints

Physics for Scientists and Engineers
Storyline
Tenth Edition
Raymond A. Serway & John W. Jewett, Jr., Physics for Scientists and Engineers, Tenth Edition. © 2021 Cengage. All Rights
Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Chapter 7
Energy of a System
Raymond A. Serway & John W. Jewett, Jr., Physics for Scientists and Engineers, Tenth Edition. © 2021 Cengage. All Rights
Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Systems and Environments (1 of 2)
Valid systems:
• may be a single object or particle
• may be a collection of objects or particles
• may be a region of space (such as the interior of an automobile engine
combustion cylinder)
• may vary with time in size and shape (such as a rubber ball, which deforms
upon striking a wall)
© 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly
accessible website, in whole or in part.
Systems and Environments (2 of 2)
Work Done by a Constant Force (1 of 3)
W  Fr cos
Definition of Work
W  F r cos 
W  F r cos 
for     W  F r
N  m  J  joule   kg  m /s 2 2
Work: Energy Transfer
Work is an energy transfer
Quick Quiz 7.1 (1 of 2)
The gravitational force exerted by the Sun on the Earth holds the Earth in an
orbit around the Sun. Let us assume that the orbit is perfectly circular. The
work done by this gravitational force during a short time interval in which the
Earth moves through a displacement in its orbital path is
(a) zero
(b) positive
(c) negative
(d) impossible to determine
The gravitational force exerted by the Sun on the Earth holds the Earth in an
orbit around the Sun. Let us assume that the orbit is perfectly circular. The
work done by this gravitational force during a short time interval in which the
Earth moves through a displacement in its orbital path is
(a) zero
(b) positive
(c) negative
(d) impossible to determine
The figure shows four situations in which

a force is applied to an object. In all four
cases, the force has the same magnitude,
and the displacement of the object is to
the right and of the same magnitude.
Rank the situations in order of the work
done by the force on the object, from
most positive to most negative.
The figure shows four situations in which

a force is applied to an object. In all four
cases, the force has the same magnitude,
and the displacement of the object is to
the right and of the same magnitude.
Rank the situations in order of the work
done by the force on the object, from most
positive to most negative.
(c), (a), (d), (b)

Example 7.1: Mr. Clean
A man cleaning a floor pulls a vacuum cleaner with a force of magnitude

F = 50.0 N at an angle of 30.0 with the horizontal. Calculate the work done by
the force on the vacuum cleaner as the vacuum cleaner is displaced 3.00 m to
the right.
W  F r cos 
 50.0 N 3.00 m cos 30.0 
 130 J
The Scalar Product of Two Vectors (1 of 3)
 
A  B  AB cos 
 
W  F r cos   F  r
 
A  B  AB cos 
   
AB  BA
      
 
A  B  C  A B  A C
   
A  B      A  B  0
   
A  B      A  B  AB
   
A  B   18   A  B   AB
î  î  ˆj  ˆj  kˆ  kˆ  1 î  ˆj  î  ˆj  ˆj  kˆ  0

A  Ax î  Ay ˆj  Az kˆ

B  Bx î  By ˆj  Bz kˆ
 
A  B  Ax Bx  Ay By  Az Bz
  2 2 2 2
A  A  Ax  Ay  Az  A
Which of the following statements is true about the relationship between the
dot product of two vectors and the product of the magnitudes of the vectors?
 
a  A  B is larger than AB.
 
 b  A  B is smaller than AB.
 
c  A  B could be larger or smaller than AB, depending
on the angle between the vectors.
 
d  A  B could be equal to AB.
Which of the following statements is true about the relationship between the
dot product of two vectors and the product of the magnitudes of the vectors?
 
a  A  B is larger than AB.
 
 b  A  B is smaller than AB.
 
c  A  B could be larger or smaller than AB, depending
on the angle between the vectors.
 
d  A  B could be equal to AB.
Example 7.2: The Scalar Product (1 of 2)
 
The vectors A and B are given by
 
A  2î  3ˆj and B  î  2ˆj
 
 A  Determine the scalar product A  B.
 
 
A  B  2î  3ˆj  î  2ˆj 
 2î  î  2î  2ˆj  3ˆj  î  3ˆj  2ˆj
 2 1  4  0   3  0   6 1  2  6  4
 
A  B  Ax Bx  Ay By   2  1  3 2   4
Example 7.2: The Scalar Product (2 of 2)
 
 B  Find the angle  between A and B.
 2   3
2 2 2 2
A Ax  Ay   13
 1   2 
2 2 2 2
B  Bx  By   5
 
AB 4 4
cos    
AB 13 5 65
1 4
  cos  60.3
65
Example 7.3: Work Done by a Constant Force
A particle moving in the xy plane undergoes a

displacement given by r  2.0î  3.0ˆj m as a

 

constant force F  5.0î  2.0ˆj N acts on the


particle. Calculate the work done by F on the
particle.
 
  
W  F  r   5.0î  2.0ˆj N    2.0î  3.0ˆj m 
    
 
 5.0î  2.0î  5.0î  3.0ˆj  2.0ˆj  2.0î  2.0ˆj  3.0ˆj N  m
 10  0  0  6 N  m  16 J
Work Done by a Varying Force (1 of 2)
xf
W  Fx x W   Fx x
xi
xf
xf xf
lim  Fx x   Fx dx W   Fx dx
x  0 xi xi
xi
Work Done by a Varying Force (2 of 2)
 F  dx  particle 
xf
W  W ext 
xi x
 
W  W ext   
 F  dr  particle 
 
W  W ext  
forces
 F  dr  deformable system 
Example 7.4: Calculating Total Work Done from a Graph (1 of 2)
A force acting on a particle varies with x as shown in the figure. Calculate the
work done by the force on the particle as it moves from x = 0 to x = 6.0 m.
Example 7.4: Calculating Total Work Done from a Graph (2 of 2)
WA to B  5.0 N  4.0 m   20 J
1
WB to C  5.0 N  2.0 m   5.0 J
2
WA to C  WA to B  WB to C
 20 J  5.0 J  25 J
Work Done by a Spring (1 of 4)

Fs   kx Fs  Fs î   kxî
 
Ws   F  dr
kxî    dxî 
xf

xi
0 1 2
  kx  dx  kxmax
 xmax 2
n 1
x
 dx  n  1
n
x
1 2
Ws  kxmax
2
xf 1 2 1
Ws    kx  dx  kxi  kx f 2
xi 2 2

Fapp  Fapp î  Fs

   kxî  kxî 
 
Wext   Fapp  dr
 kxî    dxî 
xf

xi
0 1 2
 kxdx   kxmax
 xmax 2
xf 1 1 2
Wext   2
kxdx  kx f  kxi
xi 2 2
A dart is inserted into a spring-loaded dart gun by pushing the spring in by a

distance x. For the next loading, the spring is compressed a distance 2x. How
much work is required to load the second dart compared with that required to
load the first?
(a) four times as much
(b) two times as much
(c) the same
(d) half as much
(e) one-fourth as much

much work is required to load the second dart compared with that required to
load the first?
(a) four times as much
(b) two times as much
(c) the same
(d) half as much
(e) one-fourth as much
Example 7.5: Measuring k for a Spring (1 of 4)
A common technique used to measure the force constant of a spring is

demonstrated by the setup in the figure. The spring is hung vertically, and
an object of mass m is attached to its lower end. Under the action of the “load”
mg, the spring stretches a distance d from its equilibrium position.
(A) If a spring is stretched 2.0 cm by a suspended object having a mass of

0.55 kg, what is the force constant of the spring?
 
Fs  mg  0  Fs  mg  0
 Fs  mg
mg  0.55 kg  9.80 m/s 2


k 
d 2.0  102 m
 2.7  102 N/m
(B) How much work is done by the spring on the object as it stretches through
this distance?
1 2
Ws  0  kd
2
1
   2.7  10 N/m  2.0  10 m 
2 2 2
2
2
 5.4  10 J
 
W  F  r   mg  d  cos 0  mgd
  0.55 kg  9.80 m/s 2
 2.0 10 2
m   1.110 J 1
Kinetic Energy and the Work–Kinetic Energy Theorem (1 of 2)
xf
Wext  
xi
 Fdx
xf xf dv xf dx dv vf
Wext   ma dx   m dx   m dx   mv dv
xi xi dt xi dt dx vi
1 1
Wext  mv f  mvi 2
2
2 2
1 2
K  mv
2
Wext  K f  K i  K
Kinetic Energy and the Work–Kinetic Energy Theorem (2 of 2)
Wext  K f  K i  K
When work is done on a system and the only change in the system is in the
speed of its members, the net work done on the system equals the change in
kinetic energy of the system: W = K.

much faster does the second dart leave the gun compared with the first?
(a) four times as fast
(b) two times as fast
(c) the same
(d) half as fast
(e) one-fourth as fast

much faster does the second dart leave the gun compared with the first?
(a) four times as fast
(b) two times as fast
(c) the same
(d) half as fast
(e) one-fourth as fast
Example 7.6: A Block Pulled on a Frictionless Surface (1 of 3)
A 6.0-kg block initially at rest is pulled to the right along a frictionless, horizontal
surface by a constant horizontal force of magnitude 12 N. Find the block’s speed
after it has moved through a horizontal distance of 3.0 m.
1 2 1 2
Wext  K  K f  K i  mv f  0  mv f
2 2
2Wext 2 F x
vf  
m m
2 12 N 3.0 m 
vf   3.5 m/s
6.0 kg
Suppose the magnitude of the force in this example is doubled to F = F. The
6.0-kg block accelerates to 3.5 m/s due to this applied force while moving
through a displacement x. How does the displacement x compare with the
original displacement x?
x < x
Wext  F x   K  F x
F F 1
x  x  x  x
F 2F 2
Conceptual Example 7.7: Does the Ramp Lesson the
Work Required?
A man wishes to load a refrigerator onto a truck using a ramp at angle  as shown
in the figure. He claims that less work would be required to load the truck if the
length L of the ramp were increased so that the angle  would be smaller. Is his
claim valid?
Wext  Wby man  Wby gravity  0
Wby man  Wby gravity    mg  L  cos    

 mgL sin   mgh
Potential Energy of a System

r   y f  yi  ˆj
 
Wext  
 Fapp  r
 
 mgˆj   y f  yi  ˆj
 mgy f  mgyi
U g  mgy
Wext  U g
Gravitational Potential Energy
Gravitational potential energy: depends only on vertical height of object above

surface of Earth
 
Wext  
 Fapp  r
 
 mgˆj   x f  xi  î   y f  yi  ˆj
 mgy f  mgyi
Choose the correct answer. The gravitational potential energy of a system

(a) is always positive
(b) is always negative
(c) can be negative or positive
Choose the correct answer. The gravitational potential energy of a system

(a) is always positive
(b) is always negative
(c) can be negative or positive
Example 7.8: The Proud Athlete and the Sore Toe (1 of 3)
A trophy being shown off by a careless athlete slips from the athlete’s hands and
drops on his foot. Choosing floor level as the y = 0 point of your coordinate
system, estimate the change in gravitational potential energy of the trophy–Earth
system as the trophy falls. Repeat the calculation, using the top of the athlete’s
head as the origin of coordinates.
Assume mtrophy  2 kg, the top of foot is about 0.05 m above the floor, and trophy
falls from a height h = 1.4 m.
U i  mgyi   2 kg  9.80 m/s 2  1.4 m   27.4 J
U f  mgy f   2 kg  9.80 m/s 2

 0.05 m   0.98 J
U g  0.98 J  27.4 J  26.4 J  26 J
Assume top of athlete's head is at height h = 2.0 m.
U i  mgyi   2 kg  9.80 m/s 2   0.6 m   11.8 J
U f  mgy f   2 kg  9.80 m/s 2   1.95 m   38.2 J
U g  38.2 J   11.8 J   26.4 J  26 J
Elastic Potential Energy (1 of 2)
1 2 1 2
Wext  kx f  kxi
2 2
1 2
U s  kx
2
Wext  U s
Elastic Potential Energy (2 of 2)
Quick Quiz 7.7 Part I (1 of 2)
A ball is connected to a light spring suspended vertically as

shown in the figure. When pulled downward from its
equilibrium position and released, the ball oscillates up and
down.
In the system of the ball, the spring, and the Earth, what
forms of energy are there during the motion?
(a) kinetic and elastic potential

(b) kinetic and gravitational potential
(c) kinetic, elastic potential, and gravitational potential
(d) elastic potential and gravitational potential
Quick Quiz 7.7 Part I (2 of 2)
A ball is connected to a light spring suspended vertically as

shown in the figure. When pulled downward from its
equilibrium position and released, the ball oscillates up and
down.
In the system of the ball, the spring, and the Earth, what
forms of energy are there during the motion?

Quick Quiz 7.7 Part II (1 of 2)
A ball is connected to a light spring suspended vertically

as shown in the figure. When pulled downward from its
equilibrium position and released, the ball oscillates up
and down.
In the system of the ball and the spring, what forms of
energy are there during the motion?
Quick Quiz 7.7 Part II (2 of 2)
A ball is connected to a light spring suspended vertically

as shown in the figure. When pulled downward from its
equilibrium position and released, the ball oscillates up
and down.
In the system of the ball and the spring, what forms of
energy are there during the motion?
Energy Bar Charts
Conservative and Nonconservative Forces (1 of 2)
Conservative and Nonconservative Forces (2 of 2)
Gravitational force: conservative

Friction force: nonconservative
Conservative Forces
1. Work done by a conservative force on a particle moving between any two

points is independent of the path taken by the particle.
2. Work done by a conservative force on a particle moving through any closed
path is zero.
Wg  mgˆj   y f  yi  ˆj  mgyi  mgy f
1 2 1 2
Ws  kxi  kx f
2 2
Nonconservative Forces (1 of 2)
Emech  K  U
Nonconservative Forces (2 of 2)
Relationship Between Conservative Forces and Potential Energy
Wint  U i  U f  U
xf
Wint   Fx dx  U
xi
xf
U  U f  U i    Fx dx
xi
xf
U f  x    Fx dx  U i
xi
dU   Fx dx
dU
Fx  
dx
What does the slope of a graph of U(x) versus x represent?

(a) the magnitude of the force on the object
(b) the negative of the magnitude of the force on the object
(c) the x component of the force on the object
(d) the negative of the x component of the force on the object
What does the slope of a graph of U(x) versus x represent?

(a) the magnitude of the force on the object
(b) the negative of the magnitude of the force on the object
(c) the x component of the force on the object
(d) the negative of the x component of the force on the object
Energy Diagrams and Equilibrium of a System
x = 0 position for a block–spring system:

stable equilibrium
Unstable Equilibrium
Example 7.9: Force and Energy on an Atomic Scale (1 of 3)
The potential energy associated with the force between two neutral atoms in a
molecule can be modeled by the Lennard–Jones potential energy function:
  12    6 
U  r   4      
 r   r  
where r is the separation of the atoms. The function U(r) contains two parameters
 and  that are determined from experiments. Sample values for the interaction
between two atoms in a molecule are  = 0.263 nm and  = 1.51  10−22 J. Using
a spreadsheet or similar tool, graph this function and find the most likely distance
between the two atoms.
dU  r  
d  
12
 
6
  12 12
6 
6
 4        4  13  7 
dr dr  r   r    r r 
 12 12 6 6 
 7   0  req   2  
1/6
4  13
 req req 
req   2  0.263 nm  
1/6 10
2.95  10 m

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Physics for Scientists and Engineers

The figure shows four situations in which

The figure shows four situations in which

(c), (a), (d), (b)

A man cleaning a floor pulls a vacuum cleaner with a force of magnitude

A dart is inserted into a spring-loaded dart gun by pushing the spring in by a

A dart is inserted into a spring-loaded dart gun by pushing the spring in by a

A common technique used to measure the force constant of a spring is

(A) If a spring is stretched 2.0 cm by a suspended object having a mass of

mg  0.55 kg  9.80 m/s 2

A dart is inserted into a spring-loaded dart gun by pushing the spring in by a

A dart is inserted into a spring-loaded dart gun by pushing the spring in by a

Wext  Wby man  Wby gravity  0

Wby man  Wby gravity    mg  L  cos    

Gravitational potential energy: depends only on vertical height of object above

Choose the correct answer. The gravitational potential energy of a system

Choose the correct answer. The gravitational potential energy of a system

U i  mgyi   2 kg  9.80 m/s 2  1.4 m   27.4 J

U f  mgy f   2 kg  9.80 m/s 2

Assume top of athlete's head is at height h = 2.0 m.

U i  mgyi   2 kg  9.80 m/s 2   0.6 m   11.8 J

U f  mgy f   2 kg  9.80 m/s 2   1.95 m   38.2 J

U g  38.2 J   11.8 J   26.4 J  26 J

A ball is connected to a light spring suspended vertically as

(a) kinetic and elastic potential

A ball is connected to a light spring suspended vertically as

(a) kinetic and elastic potential

A ball is connected to a light spring suspended vertically

A ball is connected to a light spring suspended vertically

Gravitational force: conservative

1. Work done by a conservative force on a particle moving between any two

Wg  mgˆj   y f  yi  ˆj  mgyi  mgy f

What does the slope of a graph of U(x) versus x represent?

What does the slope of a graph of U(x) versus x represent?

x = 0 position for a block–spring system:

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