PHY 130

CHAPTER 3
KINEMATICS IN TWO
DIMENSION
 3.1
ADDITION
AND
SUBSTRACT
ION OF
VECTOR

KINEMATIC
IN 2 D

3.2
3.3
MULTIPLIC
PROJECTIL
ATION OF
E MOTION
VECTOR
LESSON OUTCOMES

 Able to define and differentiate between scalar and vector quantities.

 Able to solve addition of vector problems using the graphical method.

 Able to solve addition of vector problems using the component method.

 Able to solve subtraction and multiplication of a vector by scalar problems.

 Able to explain, analyze and solve projectile motion

3.1 ADDITION AND SUBSTRACTION OF VECTOR
 There are two methods involved in addition and subtraction of vectors
–Geometric (graphic)
–Analytical (calculation)

 Graphical method
For example
Graphical method

Parallelogram Triangle
3.1 ADDITION AND SUBSTRACTION OF VECTOR

 For example

Parallelogram Triangle

-
3.1 ADDITION AND SUBSTRACTION OF VECTOR

 Analytical method

- vector is resolved into the x and y component with respect to x- and y- axis
y
A

- magnitude of the vector, A =

- direction of vector,
3.1 ADDITION AND SUBSTRACTION OF VECTOR

UNIT VECTORS

• Vectors can be expressed in terms of its components by using unit vectors.

• A unit vector is a vector that has a magnitude of 1 with no unit.
• The purpose of unit vector: to describe the direction of vectors.
• Unit vectors are dimensionless.
• The symbol used:
î ĵ k̂ Unit vector symbols axis

î x
ĵ y

k̂ z

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3.1 ADDITION AND SUBSTRACTION OF VECTOR

• Vector A is written in term of unit vector:

A  Ax î  Ay ĵ  Az k̂
• For example,
If vector A has the scalar components:
Ax = 6 m, Ay = 8 m and Az = 10 m,
we can write vector A in terms of unit vectors as:
A  6î  8 ĵ  10k̂

vector
Unit vecto r of a vector 
magnitude of vector
A
 
A

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3.1 ADDITION AND SUBSTRACTION OF VECTOR

• Addition of two vectors:

C =A+ B
In notation can be expressed as:

  
C x î  C y ĵ  C z k̂  Ax î  Ay ˆj  Az k̂  Bx î  B y ĵ  Bz k̂ 
 ( Ax  Bx )î  ( Ay  B y ) ĵ  ( Az  Bz )k̂
compared to both sides we may write,

C x  Ax  Bx
C y  Ay  B y
C z  Az  Bz

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3.1 ADDITION AND SUBSTRACTION OF VECTOR

• Subtraction of two vectors:

C =A– B
In notation can be expressed as:

  
C x î  C y ĵ  C z k̂  Ax î  Ay ĵ  Az k̂  Bx î  B y ĵ  Bz k̂ 
 ( Ax  Bx )î  ( Ay  B y ) ĵ  ( Az  Bz ) k̂
compared to both sides we may write,
C x  Ax  Bx
C y  Ay  B y
C z  Az  Bz

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3.1 ADDITION AND SUBSTRACTION OF VECTOR

Example 3.1

Given vector A and B in terms of unit vectors as:

A = - 3 i -9 j +k and B = 10 i + 2 j. Find:

a. A+B (Answer: 7 i -7 j + k)
b. B–A (Answer: 13 i + 11 j – k)

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3.2 MULTIPLICATION OF VECTOR

Scalar or Dot Product of vectors

• Scalar or dot product of any two vectors,
A  B is defined as the product of their magnitudes and the cosines of the angle
between them.

• Dot product of the vectors A and B can be write as:

A  B  A B cos   AB cos 

A

B

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3.2 MULTIPLICATION OF VECTOR

Dot Product of the unit vectors

iˆ  iˆ  ˆj  ˆj  kˆ  kˆ  (1)(1) cos 0 o  1
iˆ  ˆj  iˆ  kˆ  ˆj  kˆ  (1)(1) cos 90 o  0

A  B  ( Ax iˆ  Ay ˆj  Az kˆ)  ( Bx iˆ  B y ˆj  Bz kˆ)
 ( Ax Bx )iˆ  iˆ  ( Ax B y )iˆ  ˆj  ( Ax Bz )iˆ  kˆ
 ( Ay Bx ) ˆj  iˆ  ( Ay B y ) ˆj  ˆj  ( Ay Bz ) ˆj  kˆ
 ( Az Bx )kˆ  iˆ  ( Az B y )kˆ  ˆj  ( Az Bz )kˆ  kˆ

A  B  Ax Bx  Ay B y  Az Bz
3.2 MULTIPLICATION OF VECTOR

• This leaves:

A  B  Ax Bx  Ay B y  Az Bz
A  B Ax Bx  Ay B y  Az Bz
cos   
AB AB
where AB  A x
2 2
 Ay  Az
2
 B x
2 2
 B y  Bz
2

• Therefore, angle between two vectors is:

 Ax Bx  Ay B y  Az Bz 
  cos  1 

 A
x
2
 Ay  Az
2 2
 B x
2 2
 B y  Bz
2
 


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3.2 MULTIPLICATION OF VECTOR

Dot Product of the unit vectors

Example 3.2

1. Given: A = i – 2 j and B = 2 i + 3 j. Find:

a. AB (Answer: -4)

b. Angle between vector A and B (Answer: 119.74o)

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3.2 MULTIPLICATION OF VECTOR

Dot Product of the unit vectors

Example 3.3

Given vector A and B in term of unit vectors,

A = i + 2 j – 4 k and B = 3 i – j + 5 k,

determine: (a) A  B (b) the angle between A  B

(Answer: (a) -19; (b) 134.49o)

[Source: Matrix.
Phys. 1]

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3.2 MULTIPLICATION OF VECTOR

Dot Product of the unit vectors

• Vector or Cross Product of two vectors, A x B is defined as the product of their
magnitudes and the sines of the angle between them.

A  B  A B sin   AB sin  nˆ
• Cross product has a direction, and direction of is given by the right-hand
rule.

• The direction is the advance direction of right-hand screw when turned from A
to B through angle .
• Assume that the axis of the screw is normal to the plane of vector A and B.

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3.2 MULTIPLICATION OF VECTOR

Vector or Cross Product of the unit vectors

iˆ  iˆ  0
ˆj  ˆj  0 ixi j xj kxk

kˆ  kˆ  0
because sin 0o  0
ixj
jxk
iˆ  ˆj  kˆ
k
iˆ  kˆ   ˆj i

ˆj  kˆ  iˆ kˆ  ˆj  iˆ
kˆ  iˆ  ˆj ˆj  iˆ   kˆ
j

kxi

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3.2 MULTIPLICATION OF VECTOR

Vector or Cross Product of the unit vectors

A  B  ( Ax iˆ  Ay ˆj  Az kˆ)  ( Bx iˆ  B y ˆj  Bz kˆ)
 ( Ax Bx )iˆ  iˆ  ( Ax B y )iˆ  ˆj  ( Ax Bz )iˆ  kˆ
 ( Ay Bx ) ˆj  iˆ  ( Ay B y ) ˆj  ˆj  ( Ay Bz ) ˆj  kˆ
 ( Az Bx )kˆ  iˆ  ( Az B y )kˆ  ˆj  ( Az Bz )kˆ  kˆ
   
 ( Ax B y )kˆ  ( Ax Bz )  ˆj  ( Ay Bx )  kˆ  ( Ay Bz )iˆ
 
 ( Az Bx ) ˆj  ( Az B y )  iˆ

A  B  ( Ay Bz  Az B y )iˆ  ( Az Bx  Ax Bz ) ˆj  ( Ax B y  Ay Bx )kˆ

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3.2 MULTIPLICATION OF VECTOR

Vector or Cross Product of the unit vectors

iˆ ˆj kˆ
A  B  Ax Ay Az
Bx By Bz

A  B  ( Ay Bz  Az B y )iˆ  ( Az Bx  Ax Bz ) ˆj  ( Ax B y  Ay Bx )kˆ

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3.2 MULTIPLICATION OF VECTOR

Vector or Cross Product of the unit vectors

Example 3.4

1. Given vector A and B in terms of unit vectors, A = i + 2 j –

4 k and B = 3 i – j + 5 k ; determine A x B.
(Answer: 6 i - 17 j - 7 k )

2. Given vector A and B in term of unit vectors,

A = -10 i + 9 j – 7 k and B = 3 i – j + 2 k,
determine A x B.

(Answer: 11 i – j – 17 k )

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3.2 MULTIPLICATION OF VECTOR

Vector or Cross Product of the unit vectors

Example 3.4

1. Given vector A and B in terms of unit vectors, A = i + 2 j –

4 k and B = 3 i – j + 5 k ; determine A x B.
(Answer: 6 i - 17 j - 7 k )

2. Given vector A and B in term of unit vectors,

A = -10 i + 9 j – 7 k and B = 3 i – j + 2 k,
determine A x B.

(Answer: 11 i – j – 17 k )

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