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Vectors
In physics we have parameters that can be completely described by a
number and are known as scalars. Temperature and mass are such
parameters.
Other physical parameters require additional information about direction and
are known as vectors. Examples of vectors are displacement, velocity, and
acceleration.
In this chapter we learn the basic mathematical language to describe
vectors. In particular we will learn the following:
s a b
Sketch vector a using an appropriate scale.
Sketch vector b using the same scale.
Place the tail of b at the tip of a.
The vector s starts from the tail of a
and terminates at the tip of b .
Vector addition is commutative:
a b b a
d a b
We write: d a b a b .
Then we add b to vector a.
We thus reduce vector subtraction to
vector addition, which we know how to do.
Note: We can add and subtract vectors using the method of components.
For many applications this is a more convenient method.
(3-4)
A component of a vector along an axis is the projection
of the vector on this axis. For example ax is the
projection of a along the x-axis. The component ax
is defined by drawing straight lines from the tail
and tip of the vector a that are perpendicular to
the x-axis.
C
From triangle ABC the x- and y -components
of vector a are given by the equations
A B ax a cos and a y a sin .
If we know ax and a y we can determine a and .
From triangle ABC we have:
ay
a a a
2
x
2
y and tan .
ax
(3-5)
Unit Vectors
(3-7)
y
d Subtracting Vectors by Components
b
a x
(3-8)
Multiplying a Vector by a Scalar
Multiplication of a vector a by a scalar s results in a new vector b sa.
The magnitude b of the new vector is given by b | s | a.
If s 0, vector b has the same direction as vector a.
If s 0, vector b has a direction opposite to that of vector a.
(3-9)
The Vector Product of Two Vectors
The vector product c a b of the vectors a and b
is a vector c .
The magnitude of c is given by the equation
c ab sin .
The direction of c is perpendicular to the plane P defined
by the vectors a and b .
The sense of the vector c is given by the right-hand rule:
a. Place the vectors a and b tail to tail.
b. Rotate a in the plane P along the shortest angle
so that it coincides with b .
c. Rotate the fingers of the right hand in the same direction.
d. The thumb of the right hand gives the sense of c .
The vector product of two vectors is also known as
(3-10) the "cross" product.
The Vector Product c a b in Terms of Vector Components
a a x ˆi a y ˆj az k,
ˆ b b ˆi b ˆj b k,
x y z
ˆ c c ˆi c ˆj c kˆ
x y z
Note: Those familiar with the use of determinants can use the expression
i j k
a b ax ay az
bx by bz
Note: The order of the two vectors in the cross product is important:
b a a b .
(3-11)